Questions on TRQuestions on TR

1. Under what circumstances did Theodore Roosevelt first become President of the United States?

a. the assassination of President McKinley

b. his overwhelming win of the popular vote

c. the impeachment of President McKinley

d. a margin of one electoral vote

2. Which quotation best exemplifies the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

a. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

b. "This was their finest hour."

c. "Speak softly, and carry a big stick.”

d. "All men are created equal."

3. What significant role did Roosevelt play in the Spanish-American War?

a. He captured the Panama Canal.

b. He led the Rough Riders regiment to victory.

c. He planned the U.S. military strategy for the war.

d. He was the official U.S. negotiator with the Spanish.

BackgroundBackground

Came from $

NY legislator

US civil service commissioner, and Assistant Sec. of the Navy

Spanish American War elected Gov. in NY 1898 and VP 1900

McKinley assassinated. TR steps in.

“Strenuous life”- boxing, wrestling, hunting, rowing, ranching, etc

<3’s being center of attention

Twain on TRTwain on TR

“Mr. Roosevelt is the Tom Sawyer of the political world of the twentieth century; always showing off; always hunting for a chance to show off; in his frenzied imagination the Great Republic is a cast Barnum circus with him for a clown and the whole world for audience” What Issue does Twain have with TR? How does this behavior actually help TR?

TR and the Modern TR and the Modern PresidencyPresidency

Thought the president could do anything to meet national needs that the Constitution did not specifically prohibit.

Policy goals he sent to Congress Starts the shift in balance of power within the national

government

Efficient and expert executive branch Rational policy making Public management (NOT JUST DOLING OUT JOBS ANYMORE

Used media to his advantage. Celebrity Status

United Mine Workers Union walked off the job in 1902 Owners waited for the union to collapse, but it did not. TR does not have constitutional authority to intervene. He acts anyway, and invites owners and union leaders to

White House National interest makes it necessary for the government to

take action Owners refuse and want TR to use army to break union

and force workers back to work. When had government done this before?

What did TR do?

Outcome Square deal active role in gov’t in labor dispute Strong president acts as a steward of the public

Roosevelt and LaborRoosevelt and Labor

Managing Natural Managing Natural ResourcesResources

Conservation: The efficient management and use of natural resources, such as forests, grasslands, and rivers as opposed to preservation or controlled exploitation Forest Reserve Act and Forest Management Act

Authorizes federal gov’t to withdraw timberlands from development and to regulate grazing, lumbering, and hydroelectric sites in the forest

Gifford Pinchot head of Division of Forestry (Forest Service) Gave advice to TR who then was able to reserve 150 million

acres, and set aside another 80 million acres for minerals and petroleum

Dozens of wildlife refuges Created the National Conservation Commission

Map 21-1  The growth of National Forests and National Parks

Rapid exploitation of the West prompted demands to preserve its spectacular scenery and protect its remaining forests. In 1872 Yellowstone became the first National Park, and the National Forest system began in the 1890s. Conservation became increasingly important during the Progressive Era but often provoked Western hostility.

Cont.Cont.

Some people not fans Farmers did not want to pay grazing fee Some people set fire to forests Happy to take money from gov’t

National Reclamation Act est. by the Bureau of Reclamation Federal agency est. in 1902 providing

public funds for irrigation projects in arid regions

Corporate RegulationCorporate Regulation

TRUST BUSTER Develop an orderly system, and such a system can only

come through the gradually exercised right of efficient gov’t control <3’s gov’t regulation to prevent corporate abuses and

defend the public interest Sues “bad trusts”

1902 antitrust suit against Northern Securities Company organized by JP Morgan Government asserting itself 1904 Supreme Court dissolved trust

1904 election TR v. Judge Alton B. Parker Won by pushing for more regulatory gov’t

Hepburn Act

1906

ICC sets max railroad rates and extended its jurisdiction

First time gov’t sets rules in a private enterprise

Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act

Many business leaders also supported too Certifed

quality would mean more ppl buyWhat else? In 1907 and

1908 pushed for: --an 8 hour workday--stock market regulation--inheritance--income taxes

Roosevelt

Roosevelt enjoyed this cartoon illustrating his distinction between good trusts, retrained by government regulations for public welfare, and bad trusts. On those he put his foot down.

Conclusion:

Lots of smoke, but modest accomplishment

How much was really done??

The Granger Collection, New York

Questions on TaftQuestions on Taft

1. Why did Theodore Roosevelt refuse to support President Taft's bid for reelection?

a. He felt Taft was not continuing his policies.

b. He wanted to run for reelection.

c. He felt Taft was an unfair and ineffective leader.

d. He felt Taft was too sick to continue his Presidency.

Questions on TaftQuestions on Taft 2. Which of the

following was NOT one of Taft's achievements?

A) He filed many anti-trust suits against big business.

B) He strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission.

C) He encouraged the rights of women.

D) He continued diplomatic ties with Latin American countries.

3. To which position was Taft referring when he said, "This is the lonesomest place on Earth."?

A) Secretary of War

B) President of the United States

C) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

D) leader of the Republican Party

Taft and the InsurgentsTaft and the Insurgents

William Howard Taft Federal judge Governor-general of the Philippines TR’s Sec. of War

President Roosevelt didn’t run for a third term, instead supporting William Howard Taft, a friend and advisor who, despite a more cautious view on reform, pledged loyalty to the Roosevelt program.

Upon his election, Taft worked to secure Roosevelt’s reforms rather than build upon them.

Taft worked to secure several reforms, such as creating a Labor Department to enforce labor laws and increasing national forest reserves.

Taft’s administration is also credited with the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment, which granted Congress the power to levy taxes based on individual income.

Trouble In PresidencyTrouble In PresidencyTARIFF TROUBLE

President Taft lost the support of most of the Progressive Republicans, despite the reforms he helped secure.

In April 1909, Congress passed a bill on tariffs, or taxes charged on import and export goods.

The House passed a version that lowered tariffs on imports, but the Senate added so many amendments that it became a high-tariff bill instead.

Taft nevertheless signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law.

Progressives were outraged because they saw tariff reduction as a way to lower consumer good prices

CONSERVATION TROUBLE

1910: Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger let business leaders illegally buy millions of acres of protected public land in Alaska.

When Gifford Pinchot, head of the U.S. Forest Service, accused Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot, not Ballinger.

Progressives thought this showed Taft was not committed to conservation, and Roosevelt refused to support Taft from that point on.

Democrats-

William Jennings Bryan steps aside so that Woodrow Wilson would have a better chance

Republicans-

Issues within party…. Candidate should be Taft or TR?

Pick Taft

TR creates Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)

Socialists- Eugene V. Debs

The Election of 1912The Election of 1912

• Combo of public eloquence and cold personality• Self-righteous and stubborn inflexibility

• President of Princeton University

• Started out conservative, but championed for popular reforms and immediately began campaign

Wilson’s BackgroundWilson’s Background

• TR’s Policy New Nationalism- 1912 program calling for a strong national government to foster, regulate, and protect business, industry, workers and consumers.

• WW New Freedom• Rejects TR’s “regulated monopoly”• WW wants limited gov’t intervention to break up

trusts• Does not like social welfare legislation

Wilson’s PolicyWilson’s Policy

Map The Election of 1912Map The Election of 1912

The split within the Republican party enabled Woodrow Wilson to carry most states and become president even though he won only a minority of the popular vote.

• TR couldn’t get enough Progressive Dems

• Debs got 6%

• Taft- “I might as well give up…”

• Wilson won electoral college (only 42% of popular vote though)• Dems gain control of Congress so he will be able

to enact New Freedom program

WILSON WINS!WILSON WINS!

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

• Built on Teddy’s strong model of executive authority

• Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act• (1913) reform law that lowered tariff rates and

levied the first regular federal income tax

• Federal Reserve Act • (1913) law that revised banking and currency

through creation of the Federal Reserve System• ACCESS TO CREDIT

Implementing the New Implementing the New FreedomFreedom

• Federal Trade Commission• (1914) gov’t agency established to regulate

business activity• (embraces positive regulation)

• No further reform necessary• What about women??

• No support

• Killed legislation trying to abolish child labor• Since raised in the south, he was all for

segregation

Wilson won again in 1912

To gain support he pushed for: The Federal Farm Loan Act

Farmers will be financed, and have long-term agricultural credit

The Warehouse Act of 1916 Improved short-term agricultural credit

Highway Act of 1916 Provided funds to construct and improve rural roads

The Expansion of The Expansion of ReformReform

Known as the “people’s lawyer”

Wilson nominated to the Supreme Court

First Jew nominated to the court and anti-Semitism motivated some of his opponents.

Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis

Wilson brought progressivism to a culmination in a way Guided unprecedented expansion of federal power Consolidated reformers