questioning jakarta's public places: the power struggle between state, civil society and corporate...

8/14/2019 Questioning Jakarta's Public Places: The Power Struggle between State, Civil Society and Corporate Economy

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Q|l~zofeoem Gacarza~ T|bion ^tanl~7

Z`l Tf}lr ^zr|mmil~ blz}lle ^zazl) No{oi ^fnolzy aej Nfrtfrazl Lnfefhy

By% Lio~a ^|zae|jgaga) Z%) H%Arn`%

Z`l Natozai nozy o~ a nlezrl fk z`l hfjlre ~fnolzy~ nfekionz7 }`lz`lr oz~ ~fnoai) tfiozon~) lnfefhyfr n|iz|rl zaemilj aej elmfzoazlj fel oezf aefz lr% Gacarza o~ a io{oem trffk zàz aeyelmfzoazofe~ fk nfekionz~ nf|ij blmoe aej lej oe t|bion ~tanl~% Z`lrl }oii bl ef ~ltarazofeblz}lle z`l jo~n|~~ofe fk ~fnolzy aej arnòzlnz|rai ~tanl~% ^tanl~ oe Gacarza arl ef ifemlr bloem ~lle a~ bytrfj|nz~ fk ~fnoai nfrrliazofe~) b|z k|rz`lrhfrl) a~ z`l rl(trfj|nzofe tarajl fk z`l ~fnoai nfrrliazofe~%

Ef}ajay~) z`l jl{lifthlez tazzlre fk Gacarza kfiif}~ z`l harclz jlhaej~) }òn` o~ tfii|zlj }oz` z`l tfiozon~ zàz tay~ ef azzlezofe zf z`l ~fnoai aej n|iz|rai trfbilh~% Z`lrl o~ a `|ml {foj oe ~fnoai hlaeoem~ oe Gacarza~ ~tanl~ zàz akklnzlj fe t|bion ~tanl jl~ome% A r|tz|rlj aej

~nazzlrlj ~tanl fnn|rrlj) efz g|~z oe z`l zlrh fk t`y~onai ~tanl aej ~|rkanl b|z ai~f z|relj oezfa k|rz`lr ~fnoai aej n|iz|rai mat aej jo~oezlmrazofe%

A~ tfiozonai nàeml o~ annfhtio~`lj aej ~òkzlj) z`l ~|~zaoeaboiozy fk t|bion ~tanl~ z`|~ o~jltlejlj fe z`l f|znfhl~ fk tf}lr ~zr|mmil~ blz}lle ~zazl) no{oi ~fnolzy aej nfrtfrazllnfefhy% Z`lrl }oii bl z`rll t|bion ~tanl~ oe q|l~zofe~7 Hfea~) B|ejarae @fzli Oejfel~oa aej Zahae Hlezlem lan` fk z`lh }oii arm|l z`lor f}e rfil~ oe ~àtoem fk Gacarza~ ~tanl~ aej

~fnolzol~ oe z`l hfjlre lra%

Cly}frj~7 Gacarza) t|bion ~tanl) t|bion ~t`lrl) nfe~|hlro~h) |rbae jl~ome tfiozon~

Tfiozonai N|iz|rl aej \rbae ^tanl oe Gacarza

B|oij |t Gacarza a~ bla|zok|i a~ tf~~obil) b|oij oz a~ ~tlnzan|iariy a~ tf~~obil) ~f zàz zò~ nozy) }òn` à~ blnfhl z`l nlezlr fk z`l ~zr|mmil fk z`l Oejfel~oae tlftil) }oii blae oe~torazofe aej blanfe zf z`l }`fil ~zr|mmioem haecoej aej zf aii z`l lhlrmoem

kfrnl~% Ok Lmytz }a~ abil zf nfe~zr|nz Naorf a~ oz~ natozai) Ozaiy oz~ Rfhl) Kraenl oz~ Taro~ aej Brawoi oz~ Bra~oioa) z`le Oejfel~oa h|~z ai~f trf|jiy trl~lez Jgacarza a~ z`l tfrzai fk z`l nf|ezry% ^flcaref) 1?;27 Z`l Zrae~kfrhazofe fk Jgacarza Raya/

Iffc az El} _frc aej Hf~nf}) iffc az aey ~zazl natozai) La~z aej ]l~z oz hacl~ efhazzlr) aej yf| }oii ai}ay~ koej z`l nlezlr~ fk eazofe~ mrlazel~~ oe z`l kfrh fk b|oijoem~) hazlroai b|oijoem~ zf bl trf|j fk% ^flcaref) 1?;2/

Gacarza à~ a ifem gf|rely ~oenl z`l lariy ylar fk @oej| ~lzzilhlez oezf J|zn` nfifeowazofe aej

~ln|rlj oz~ oejltlejlenl oe 1?:


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Nfezlhtiazoem krfh Oejfel~oa~ tfiozonai gf|rely) z`l {oaboiozy fk z`l t |bion ~t`lrl oe Gacarza o~ a bom q|l~zofe% Aiz`f|m` z`l mf{lrehlez niaoh~ Oejfel~oa o~ a jlhfnrazon eazofe) z`l n|iz|rl fk mf{lrehlez aej z`l h|izotil n|iz|rl fk eazofe oz~lik à{l t|z jlhfnrany oe glftarjy% Z`l~l|eoq|l ojof~yenra~ol~ à{l ~àtlj Gacarza~ t|bion ~tanl~ oe nfezrf{lr~y aej ahbom|ozy% Kfr Gacarza) @ablrha~oae t|bion ~t`lrl ellj zf bl rl nfezlpz|aiowlj) nfe~ojlroem z`lrl arl haey

iaylr~ oe{fi{lj) tfiozonaiiy) ~fnoaiiy aej lnfefhonaiiy%A Trfkl~~ofe kfr Bioej aej H|zl

Kroljhaee (244=/ trftf~l~ zàz tianl~ rlklr zf ~fnof ~tazoai tazzlre~ fk akklnzo{liy {ai|ljrliazofe~ (ef lnfefhon {ai|l~ fr tronl/ zàz arl lhbljjlj oe a t`y~onai le{orfehlez% Z`lrlkfrloz o~ a ~tanl zàz lezaoi~ n|iz|rai q|aiozy aej ifnai azzan`hlez% Tianl lhlrml~ ~tfezaelf|~iy krfh}ozòe no{oi ~fnolzy) z`lrlkfrl z`ly arl a t|rliy ~fnoai nrlazofe) efz tiaeelj fr jl~omelj byarnòzlnz~ fr |rbae tiaeelr~%

Ilklb{rl (244>) S1?=4X/ nrozonowl~ z`l rfil fk |rbaeo~h a~ ojlfifmy blna|~l oz l~zabio~`l~ arltrl~~o{l ~tanl zàz o~ rltrl~lezlj a~ fbglnzo{l) ~nolezokon aej el|zrai% Z`l arnòzlnz~ aej |rbaejl~omelr natz|rlj z`lor tiae aej bifnc tiae by nfhtf~oem z`l ab~zranz ~tanl fk {o~ofe% Z`ly{l~òkzlj krfh io{lj lptlrolenl zf z`l ab~zranz) trfglnzoem zò~ ab~zranzofe banc fezf io{ljlptlrolenl% Oz hay attlar zf bl oii|hoeazlj b|z o~ oe kanz bioej% K|rz`lrhfrl `l arm|l~ arnòzlnzaej |rbae jl~omelr o~ òjjle blelaz` zlnèonai arm|hlez~ aej trfkl~~ofeai ~coii }oz`f|z z`lrlbliiofe fk io{l~ lptlrolenl fk z`l l{lryjay iokl3 aej oe z`l lej z`ly arl |ea}arl zàz z`lor ~fnaiilj fbglnzo{l ~tanl o~ oe kanz ojlfifmonai aej rltrl~~o{l%

K|rz`lrhfrl) Ilklb{rl (1??1) S1?=:X/ ~zazl~ zàz arnòzlnz|rai jo~nf|r~l ohozazl~ z`l jo~nf|r~l fk tf}lr~) aej ~tanl ~|kklr~ krfh arnòzlnz|rai jli|~ofe zàz fbzaoelj krfh fbglnzo{l cef}iljml%]ozòe z`l ~tazoai tranzonl fk hfjlre ~fnolzy) z`l arnòzlnz ~oz|azl~ òh~lik oe ò~ f}e ojla fk

~tanl% Z`l rltrl~lezazofe fk ~tanl oz~lik bf|ej }oz` z`l trfj|nz fk z`l arnòzlnz) hacoem z`l~tanl blnfhl ab~zranz aej {o{oj% Fe z`l nfezrary) z`l t|bion (|~lr/ ~tanl o~ io{lj efz rltrl~lezlj%]`le nfhtarlj }oz` z`l ab~zranz ~tanl fk z`l arnòzlnz~ aej |rbae tiaeelr~) z`l ~tanl fk l{lryjay anzo{ozol~ fk |~lr~ o~ nfenrlzl aej ~|bglnzo{l%

Z`l rfil fk arnòzlnz~ aej |rbae tiaeelr~ arl fenl q|l~zofelj by Gael Ganfb (1?;1/% ^`llpahoelj z`l kaoi|rl fk nozy tiaeeoem aej rlb|oijoem oe z`l \eozlj ^zazl% Oe tarzon|iariy) ~`l~`f}lj `f} z`l jl~zr|nzofe fk fromoeai elom`bfr`ffj ilj zf jo~attlaraenl fk haey anq|orljnàranzlro~zon fk nozy~ iokl%

Oz hom`z nfeni|jl zàz z`l rlai fk t|bion tianl fkzle l~natlj z`l azzlezofe fk arnòzlnz~ aej |rbae

tiaeelr~% Kanlj }oz` nozy~ nfhtilpozy) z`ly }lrl oe~torlj zf zacl fbglnzo{l) tranzonai aejz`lfrlzonai oeozoazo{l kfr jlzanòem krfh z`l n|rrlez nfezlpz }oz f|z elnl~~aroiy trftf~oem~fi|zofe~%

Fe z`l nfezrary) z`l |~lr~ fk t|bion ~tanl jf efz ~tlac |t amaoe~z z`l ~zazl aej jl~omelr~jlno~ofe% Aej ok z`ly }aez zf ~tlac |t) }`f à~ z`l rom`z~ zf rltrl~lez z`lh6 Zò~ t`lefhlefenf|ij bl naiilj a~ z`l ta~~o{ozy) z`l ianc fk tarzonotazofe% Z`l |~lr~) z`l t|bion arl jlilmazoemz`lor oezlrl~z~ zf z`lor rltrl~lezazo{l~% Tfiozonai rltrl~lezazo{l~ à{l efz ai}ay~ tiaylj z`lor tarz


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Kom|rl 2% B|ejarae @O fnn|tolj by z`f|~aej~ fk ~z|jlez~ j|roem 1??0 trfzl~z~ ~lrol~ (jfn %Bfea Hae|r|em/

Akzlr z`l jf}ekaii fk El} Frjlr aej ^|àrzf) z`l el} ~zazl o~ a}arl fk lpo~zlenl fk t|bion~tanl~ aej z`l ohtfrzaenl fk z`l~l ~tanl~ oe tfiozonai aej ~fnoai hfboiowazofe% Az zò~ ~zaml) z`l~zazl jleolj z`lor rfil a~ z`l t|bion a|z`frozy) by azzlhtzoem zf ilmozohowl oz~ ojlezozy abf{l t|bionjo~nf|r~l%

]`le z`l haeokl~z trfzl~z by ~tazoai attrftroazofe o~ ~|nnl~~k|i) z`l t|bion ~tanl o~ brolkiynif~lj jf}e aej rljl~omelj oe ~|n` a }ay a~ zf jo~nf|raml oz~ nfezoe|lj |~l by z`l mrf|t~ zàzarl jllhlj |ejl~orabil) aej z`le oz o~ m|arjlj aej nfezrfiilj }`le oz o~ rlftlelj (If}) 2444/%\ejlr Gacarza a|z`frozy) Mf{lrefr ^|zoyf~f frjlrlj z`l rlef{azofe trfglnz fk B|ejarae @O oe2441%

Kom|rl >% Z`l el} ~|rkanl fk B|ejarae @O

Z`l trfglnz }a~ |ejlrmfel aej ~|tlr{o~l~ by Hfàhhaj Jaeo~}frf) Trfkl~~fr fk Arnòzlnz|rlaej \rbae Jl~ome krfh Oe~zoz|zl fk Zlnèfifmy Baej|em% Z`l rlef{azofe trfglnz nàemlj z`l~|rkanl arf|ej z`l kf|ezaoe krfh a norn|iar }aicoem ~|rkanl oezf a ~iaezlj) nfe~zaeziy }lz ~|rkanl~tia~`lj by a tf}lrk|i kf|ezaoe (kom|rl >/% Z`l le{orfehlez jrl} z`l tlrnltzofe fk ~iottlry aejjaemlrf|~ nfejozofe j|l zf lilnzronozy ~`frz norn|oz }areoem% Z`l ~zazl zrolj zf t|r~|l z`l ojla fk |ezf|nàbil ~tanl kfr aey t|bion jo~nf|r~l) rlzaioazofe aej trfzl~z%

Z`l ~|rrf|ejoem ~|rkanl~ fk B|ejarae @O arl aefz`lr lpahtil fk t|bion tro{azl ~zr|mmil% ]`le

trl{of|~ iazlez trfzl~z by hlae~ fk ~yhbfion rltrl~lezazofe o~ ~|nnl~~k|i) z`l t|bion ~tanl blnfhl~ a nfezl~zlj arlea kfr z`l nfezrfi fk hlaeoem oe z`l b|oiz le{orfehlez) oe zò~ na~lnatozaio~z aej lnfefhon jro{le nfezrfi% Ef}ajay~) B|ejarae @O o~ ~|rrf|ejlj by bom eahl~ oenfe~|hlro~h }frij aej òm` ~fnolzy trfkoil~% Krfh Clhtoe~co zf @yazz) krfh @ar{ly Eon`fi~ zfIf|o~ [|ozzfe) B|ejarae @O o~ amaoe zrae~kfrhlj aej rljlkoelj a~ z`l blanfe fk nfe~|hlro~hzro|ht`% B|ejarae @O leabilj z`l rlaiowazofe fk lnfefhon ~fnoai tfiozonai nfezrajonzofe~ oe~tanl~% Oe fz`lr }frj~) ~tazoai nfezrajonzofe~ lptrl~~ nfekionz blz}lle z`rll kfrnl~3 oz o~ feiy oe


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~tanl zàz ~|n` nfekionz~ nfhl lkklnzo{liy oezf a tiay aej oe jfoem ~f z`ly blnfhl nfezrajonzofefk ~tanl~ (Ilklb{rl) 1??1 S1?=:X/%

Kom|rl :% Z`l Roem fk fiojarozy kfr Tail~zoeoae) a rlnlez trfzl~z az B|ejarae @O (Gacarza Tf~z) 244?/

Iataemae Hfea~ aej Hfe|hle Ea~ofeai Hfea~ ^q|arl aej Eazofeai Hfe|hlez/

\ejf|bziy) Hfea~ (Eazofeai Hfe|hlez/ }a~ ^flcaref~ hfe|hlezai ilmany% Oz }a~ lrlnzlj oez`l nlezlr fk nfifeoai tarc) Cfeoem~tiloe) fenl z`l haoe ~q|arl fk nfifeoai Gacarza% Z`l ~q|arl}a~ rleahlj Oejltlejlenl ^q|arl a~ a nfhhlhfrazofe fk z`l oejltlejlenl ~zr|mmil~ oe }òn`^flcaref òh~lik anzlj a~ z`l ~|trlhl ilajlr% ^flcaref nfenlo{lj Hfea~ iocl z`l Lokkli Zf}lr oe Kraenl% Z`l kfrh fk Hfea~ }a~ oe~torlj by z`l aenolez Oejon kfrh fk ioemmah yfeo a~ aenolez~yhbfi~ }òn` jlefzl lzlreai iokl% Ioemmah rltrl~lezlj a tf~ozo{l troenotil) }òil yfeo aelmazo{l fel% Ioemmah o~ z`l tl~zil iocl z|m| (zf}lr/ }òn` ~far~ òm` |t oezf z`l ~cy) aejyfeo z`l hfrzar iocl bf}i ~àtlj aii%

Raz`lr zàe bloem a t|bion tarc) Z`l Oejltlejlenl ^q|arl (Iataemae Hlrjlca/ }a~ ae ojla% Aiizlhtfrary ~zr|nz|rl~ }lrl jlhfio~`lj oe frjlr zf trf{ojl a tlrklnz tlr~tlnzo{l kfr Hfea~% Ozlhbfjolj z`l la~zlre hyz` fk tf}lr aej tfiozon~) ojlaio~h fk z`l ilajlr~) attarleziy zrolj zf blkrllj krfh ~ia{lry fk natozaio~h aej nfifeoaio~h% Z`l attlaraenl fk z`l ha~~ lezozy) abfio~òemz`l aoh fk b|oijoem~ oe ka{fr fk ae |etrljonzabil ojlfifmonai il{lioem) à~ oe kanz jlhfe~zrazlj


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z`l jlklaz fk z`l trfmrahhazon k|enzofeaiozy fk z`l arnòzlnz|rai trfnl~~% Oz }a~ amaoe blnfhlaefz`lr zffi~ kfr a tft|io~z ilajlr%

Oe z`l hojjil fk El} Frjlr lra) z`l ~zazl jlnojlj zàz z`l natozai nozy (Gacarza/ }a~ ef a ifemlr tianl kfr z`l tffr) aej z`ly arl }lrl zf ~if} kfr z`l lnfefhy }òn` ~`f|ij hf{l ka~zlr% \ejlr Mf{lrefr Aio âjocoe j|roem El} Frjlr lra) Iataemae Hlrjlca (ef} Hfea~ ^q|arl/ aejHfea~ àj |ejlrmfel ha~~o{l nilaeoem~ krfh mra~~ aej zrajozofeai harclz (Mahbor ^q|arl/%@l ~zazlj zàz Iataemae Hlrjlca) a~ a kfrlmrf|ej fk z`l Trl~ojlezoai Taianl ~`f|ij àj ahfjlre iffc) jomeozy aej harclzabil% @l arm|lj zàz ]`f }f|ij zr|~z aej bl }oiioem zf oe{l~z z`lor natozai oe Gacarza ok zò~ nfejozofe koiz`y) k|ii fk r|oe~) nfar~l mra~~/ o~ lptf~lj oe krfez fk z`l nozy àii) oe krfez fk Taianl %O rlaiiy klli zàz z`l lnfefhon ~`f|ij hfrl ka~zlr oe frjlr zfannfhhfjazl z`l nozy }òn` oz~lik à~ oenrla~lj oe jle~ozy (âjocoe) 1??2/%

T|bion ~tanl blòej mazl~

Ilklb{rl fkklr~ z`rll ~fnoai ~tanl~) fel fk z`lh arl z`l ~tanl fk ~fnoai tranzonl7 ~tazoai tranzonl)rltrl~lezazofe~ fk ~tanl) aej rltrl~lezazofeai ~tanl~% Rltrl~lezazofe~ fk ~tanl arl zolj zf z`lrliazofe~ fk trfj|nzofe aej zf z`l frjlr }òn` z`f~l rliazofe~ ohtf~l) aej `lenl zf cef}iljml)zf ~ome~) zf nfjl~) aej zf krfezai rliazofe~% Zò~ o~ jfhoeaez ~tanl oe aey ~fnolzy (fr hfjl fk

trfj|nzofe oe~zoz|zofe/% Hfea~ ^q|arl o~ z`l trfj|nz fk rliazofe~ fk tfiozon~ aej a nfenltzofe fk ~tanl% Oz o~ ai~f a trfj|nzofe fk a ~fnoai ~tanl by tfiozonai tf}lr) aej j|roem Mf{lrefr âjocoelra) Hfea~ ^q|arl }a~ zrae~kfrhlj zf ~tanl kfr z`l ~lr{onl fk lnfefhon mfai~%

Rlz|reoem zf z`l aeaiy~o~ fk t|bion ~tanl a~ a ~ozl fk trfzl~z) z`lrl arl a nlrzaoe nfejozofeàttlelj7 }`le haeokl~z trfzl~z by jlhfe~zrazofe o~ zff ~|nnl~~k|i zàz o~) oz z`rlazle~ z`l~zazl z`l t|bion ~tanl o~ nif~lj) ~fhlzohl~ mazlj aej tfionlj (If}) 2444/%

Kom|rl


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J|roem 1??0 ~fnolzy rl~o~zaenl) Hfea~ ^q|arl (kom|rl


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Kom|rl =% [ol} krfh z`l zft fk Hfea~

Zahae Hlezlem Hlezlem Tarc/

Ohaml o~ l{lryzòem (Ba|jroiiarj) 244>/% Oe oz~ l~natl krfh z`l klar fk bfz` jlaj aej eaz|rl) z`lAtfiifeoae }l~zlre lyl ~llh~ zf à{l nfhl zf ae lpzrlhl nfhtrfho~l% L{lryzòem o~ ohaml%Al~z`lzono~oem rlaiozy oe oz~ f}e ~oh|ianr|h z`rf|m` z`l aj{lrzo~oem ~y~zlh) z`l oe{a~ofe fk zlil{o~ofe ~nrlle~ aej z`lor bo johle~ofeaiozy à~ oe kanz annlilrazlj z`l trfnl~~ fk kiazzleoemrlaiozy zf z`l tfoez fk lezorliy aeeoòiazoem z`l jo~zaenl fk z`l mawl%

Hlezlem Tarc (kom|rl 0/ o~ z`l |zftoae ohaml aej {o~ofe) aej tlrnlo{lj by z`l ojlaio~h fk Mf{lrefr ^|zoyf~f) }`f }a~ jyoem zf mrffh z`l natozai nozy aifem }oz` fz`lr hlaeoemil~~ nozy

bla|zokonazofe trfglnz7 z`l nfe~zr|nzofe fk kf|ezaoe aej ~zaz|l fe Gi% Jotfelmfrf aej z`l ~òkzoemfk z`l Carzoeo ~zaz|l krfh Gi% Jotfelmfrf zf z`l Hfea~ ^q|arl% Hlezlem Tarc ef} o~ z`l `f|~lkfr a `fzli nàoe) |rbae nlezrl (rl~za|raez nàoe~ aej ^zarb|nc~/) tiaymrf|ej) aej tiawa kfr {o~ozfr) ba~clzbaii kolij aej hf~z ohtfrzaeziy7 tarcoem ~tanl% Annfrjoem zf mf{lrehlez fkkonoai)z`l tarcoem arla zàz }f|ij zacl |t ~tanl oe z`l tarc }a~ elnl~~ary zf rlj|nl n`rfeon zrakkonnfeml~zofe oe zàz arla%


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Kom|rl 0% Hlezlem Tarc j|roem fiojay ~la~fe

Z`l


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Oz o~ a q|l~zofe fk ojlezozy) -Fel mfl~ zf Jo~elyiaej zf jlhfe~zrazl zàz ~&`l à~ blle z`lrl) aejz`|~ trf{ojl z`l trffk% Oz o~ a ~om`z~lloem zf z`l k|z|rl tlrklnz zàz koej~ oz~ rla~fe~ iazlr) }`lefel ~`f}~ zf rliazo{l~ aej krolej~) nfhhlezoem fe z`lh) z`l t`fzfmrat`~ zàz z`l nòij zffc fk ò~&`lr kaz`lr }òil `l }a~ koihoem òh&`lr) z`le ò~&`lr kaz`lr-~ koih) a~ a nrf~~lj trffk%-

]l arl z`le az z`l jlkoeozo{l nfhboeazofe fk kanzfr~ kfr z`l ~nòwft`rleon oejo{oj|ai) ~|bglnzlj zfz`l kramhlezazofe fk z`l ~omeokyoem nàoe a~ }lii a~ bloem oenatabil fk jo~zoem|o~òem blz}llerlaiozy aej rltrl~lezazofe% \~oem nòijrle a~ a trlzlpz) l{lryfel à~ jl~orl zf rlz|re zf z`lor ò~zfry%

]l io{l oe a jlzlrhoelj natozaio~z ~fnolzy }`le jl~orl o~ ef ifemlr nfrrl~tfej zf mle|oel ellj~3z`ly arl arzokonoai (Ilklb{rl) 1??1/% ^fnolzy blnfhl~ oenrla~oemiy nfhtilp }oz` zrae~ozofe krfhz`l r|rai zf z`l oej|~zroai) krfh z`l oej|~zroai zf z`l |rbae) aej krfh z`l nfifeoai zohl zf

tf~znfifeoai aej jlhfnrazon ~fnolzy% Zò~ h|izokanlzlj nfhtilpofe akklnz~ ~tanl a~ }lii a~ zohl)kfr z`l nfhtilpofe fk tianl aej z`l fbglnz~ zàz fnn|ty tianl naeefz fnn|r }oz`f|z anfhtilpokonazofe fk zohl aej anzo{ozol~ zàz fnn|r f{lr zohl% Z`l ~fnolzy ~òkz à~ zacle ~fnolzykrfh trfj|nzofe zf jl{lifthlez fk nfe~|hlro~h (Ba|jroiiarj) 1?=4/% Ba|jroiiarj~ ~z|jy fenfe~|hlro~h nàrzlj z`l lhlrmlenl fk a ~fnolzy jfhoeazlj efz by nfhhfjozol~ (ellj~/ a~ ~|n`)

b|z by fbglnz~ ef} nfe~|hlj hfrl aej hfrl kfr z`lor ohaml) fr a~ Ba|jroiiarj naiilj oz) z`lor ~ome {ai|l) aej oz~ {ai|l }ozòe z`l ~y~zlh fk fbglnz%

Gacarza iazl~z t|bion tianl~ arl ~àtlj by z`l ba~on ojla fk nfe~|hlro~h% Z`l liozl t|bion~ aejòm` nia~~ ~fnolzol~ trlklr zf ~fnoaiowl oe~ojl nfe~|htzo{l ~tanl~) ~|n` a~ ~`fttoem haii }ònàrl }oiioemiy trf{ojlj by tro{azl ~lnzfr~% Aej z`l ~zazl o~ bioejlj by z`l n|rrlez jl{lifthlez fk

t|bion ~tanl~) oe~o~zlj zàz nfe~|hlro~h t|bion tianl~ o~ a nfhhfe amrllhlez%

Nfeni|~ofe7 }`f rlaiiy f}elj z`l t|bion ~tanl6

^tanl~ ~|n` a~ B|ejarae @O aej Hfea~ à{l iaylr~ fk ta~z hlaeoem~ ~lhofzonaiiy lenfjlj oez`l ~tazoai rliazofe~) k|reo~òem~) aej arnòzlnz|rl fk z`l tianl% Z`lrl hlaeoem~) lhbfjolj oe z`l~tanl oz~lik) blnfhl a ~|bzlpz kfr z`l trfzl~z zàz fnn|r~ z`lrl) aej by tianoem trfzl~z oe z`l~yhbfion nlezlr fk z`l ~fnolzy) oz natz|rl~ eazofeai azzlezofe% Bfz` fk z`lh jlhfe~zrazl ~fhl fk

tfiozonai jyeahon~7 }`le z`l ~tanl bloem rltrl~~lj by a rlmohl fr bloem |~lj a~ rltrl~lezazofefk t|bion ~t`lrl%

Z`l ~zazl) fe z`l nfezrary) jleol~ z`l ojla fk t|bion ~tanl~ a~ ae ohtfrzaez arlea~ kfr t|bionjo~nf|r~l aej lptrl~~ofe~ fk jo~nfezlez% Ok z`ly arl mazlj fr rljl~omelj oe rl~tfe~l zf trfzl~z fr ~tazoai attrftroazofe zàz jfl~ efz koz }ozòe z`l earrf} n|iz|rai m|ojlioel~ fk z`l jrlah fk hfjlre rlmohl) fr attrftroazl blà{ofr) z`le }`lrl }oii z`l trftlr t|bion jo~nf|r~l~|ttf~ljiy ifnazlj6 Bfz` B|ejarae @O aej Hfea~ à~ jo~tiaylj ~tazoai kfrh fk ò~zfronaiahel~oa òjjle blòej trl~lr{azofe aej rlef{azofe azzlhtz~% Z`l mrf}oem nfenlre f{lr zò~ahel~oa anz o~ }frryoem) }`le nlezrai t|bion ~tanl~ fk Gacarza arl blnfhoem oenrla~oemiy`fhfmleowlj aej ~zazl nfezrfiilj rltrl~lezazofe blna|~l fk ~ohoiar ahel~oa aej ~fnoftfiozonaikfrnl~%


14/15

Aiz`f|m` tfiozon ~tanl~ ai~f zrae~kfrh ab~fi|zl ~tanl) z`ly jf efz blnfhl tianl~ oe z`l ~tlnokonzlrh ~le~l% B|ejarae @O o~ z`l lpahtil fk tfiozon ~tanl haybl jl~omelj a~ lnfefhon ~yhbfi) fr {onl {lr~a% Oz o~ efz feiy ~yhbfion fk Oejfel~oa~ tfiozonai ~zr|mmil b|z nfhh|eonazl a jokk|~lj~le~l fk lnfefhon mrf}z` aej nfe~|hlro~h% Oe zò~ ~le~l) iaejharc (B|ejarae @O/ o~ {lryjokklrlez krfh tianl3 oz à~ blnfhl a braej kfr z`l nozy%

Z`l ~lnfej nfenlre o~ a nfejozofe }`le z`lrl arl ~f haey jl~omelj ~tanl~ arl rarliy |~lj fr l{le rlhlhblrlj) }òil tlftil nfhl zfmlz`lr oe ~tanl~ zàz }lrl el{lr hlaez zf bl tianl~ azaii) aej by zò~ {lry anz z|re ab~zranz) k|enzofeai ~tanl~ oezf a io{lj ~tanl% Haybl hf~z fk Gacarzae~ jf efz ellj aey jl~omeazlj t|bion tianl~% Oe ~fhl Gacarza~ arla) ~|n` a~ Clhayfrae)Mifjfc) Nlemcarlem aej Na}aem iokl ~toii~ f|z krfh b|oijoem~ fezf z`l ~ojl}aic) }`lrlelom`bfr`ffj tianl~ ~|jjleiy attlar%

Z`l koeai nfenlre o~ mrf}oem kfr z`l nfejozofe }`lrl ~zazl aej lnfefhon tf}lr o~ nfezoe|l zffnn|ty z`l t|bion ~tanl kfr z`l ~acl fk t|bion7 z`l ~tanl zàz anz~ a~ a rl~lhbiaenl fk no{on aej

t|bion ~tanl fe blàik fk tlftil b|z efz kfr tlftil% Zò~ ~nlearof o~ efz a el} fel) b|z mfl~

blyfej banc zf nfifeoai fnn|taeny |ezoi ef}% Z`l feiy jokklrlenl oe lan` tlrofj }a~ }àzha~c jfl~ a ~tanl }lar aej }àz o~ z`lor òjjle amleja%

Z`l bom q|l~zofe o~ `f} t|bion rlniaoh z`lor rom`z~ f{lr ~tanl~6 @f} nae z`ly le~|rl z`lor io{aboiozy fk a|zfefhf|~ t|bion ~tanl }òn` ~fhlzohl~ kfrmfzzle aej omefrlj by z`l ~zazl) z`llnfefhon tf}lr aej z`l lptlrz (arnòzlnz~ aej |rbae tiaeelr~/6

Ianc fk tarzonotazofe oe z`l ~zacl`fijlr il{li~ o~ efz a el} o~~|l kfr Gacarza tfiozonai iokl% Z`l|~lr~ fk t|bion ~tanl h|~z lej z`lor ~oilenl~ ok z`ly }aez zf rlniaoh z`lor rom`z f{lr ~tanl~% Z`lyellj zf bl trf anzo{l% Krfh z`l tlr~tlnzo{l fk no{oi ~fnolzy) z`l cly zf ~|nnl~~k|i rl~o~zaenl zfrljl{lifthlez hom`z bl zf koej }ay~ kfr akklnzlj elom`bfr~ zf tarzonotazl oe ~àtoem z`l el}

t|bion tianl% Oz o~ efz z`l lra }`le z`l no{oi ~fnolzy nae ila{l z`lor ftzofe~ aej n`fonl~ zfmf{lrehlez fr tro{azl ~lnzfr% Feiy }`le rljl{lifthlez o~ oel{ozabil ~`f|ij mf{lrehlez) z`llptlrz~ aej fz`lr~ ~llc zf le~|rl zàz z`l t`y~onai) ~fnoai aej t~yn`fifmonai jahaml rl~|izoemkrfh tianl brlacoem }oii bl rlj|nlj zf a hoeoh|h%

Bfz` fk tarzol~) no{oi ~fnolzy) ~zazl aej tfiozon ellj~ zf koej a }ay zf nfftlrazlj aej elmfzoazlj by ~|bfrjoeazoem z`l lnfefhy zf ~fnoai ellj~ raz`lr zàe z`l rl{lr~l% Z`l ~zazl aej ~fnolzy~`f|ij f{lr~ll z`l |~l fk t|bion ~tanl arl z`l ~tanl kfr tlanl kfr bfz` ~zazl aej no{oi ~fnolzy oelplrno~oem z`lor rliazofe~òt aej oezlranzoem }oz` jaoiy h|z|ai |ejlr~zaejoem%

Bobiofmrat`y

Ba|jroiiarj) G% (244>/) Ha~~% Ojlezozy% Arnòzlnz|rl%) ]l~z ^|~~lp) Lemiaej) ]oily Anajlhy%

Ba|jroiiarj) G% (1??0/) Z`l Nfe~|hlr fnolzy7 Hyz`~ aej ^zr|nz|rl~ ) ]l~z ^|~~lp) Lemiaej) ]oily Anajlhy%

B|joàrjgf) L%(1?0>/) Hle|g| Ar~ozlcz|r Oejfel~oa ) Baej|em) Ai|heo%

Nai`f|e) N% (1??>/) @ablrha~ aej z`l T|bion t`lrl ) Nahbrojml) Z`l HOZ Trl~~%


15/15

Nlrzla|) H% (1?0:/) Z`l Tranzonl fk L{lryjay Iokl ) Blrclily) \eo{lr~ozy fk Naiokfreoa Trl~~%

Kroljhaee) G% (244=/) Z`l oe{o~obil }lb7 tianl aej tianl hacoem oe nozol~) |et|bio~`lj ilnz|rl zf Nfrelii\eo{lr~ozy) El} _frc) 2; Atroi) `zzt7&&}}}%~nart%|bn%na&kan|izy,24trfkoil~&tianl hacoem%jfn) annl~~lj 2> G|el2440%

@ablrha~) G% (1?0?/) Z`l zr|nz|rai Zrae~kfrhazofe fk z`l T|bion t`lrl7 Ae Oeq|ory oezf a Nazlmfry fk Bf|rmlfo~

^fnolzy) Nahbrojml) Z`l HOZ Trl~~%

Ganfb~) G% (1?0; S1?;1X/)Z`l Jlaz` aej Iokl fk Mrlaz Ahlronae Nozol~ ) El} _frc) [oezaml Bffc~%

C|~ef) A% (2444/ Bl`oej z`l Tf~znfifeoai7 Arn`ozlnz|rl) \rbae tanl aej Tfiozonai N|iz|rl~ oe Oejfel~oa ) Ifejfe7Rf|ziljml%

C|~|ha}ogaya) H% (244;/ Cfza R|ha` Coza ) Gacarza) Bfrelf T|bionazofe~%

Ilklb{rl) @% (1??1 S1?=:X/) Z`l Trfj|nzofe fk tanl ) Fpkfrj) Bianc}lii%

Ilklb{rl) @% (244> S1?=4/) Z`l \rbae Rl{fi|zofe ) Hoeelatfio~) HE) \eo{lr~ozy fk Hoeel~fza Trl~~%

Ilklb{rl) @%(1??1 S1?:=)1?

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