question paper 1997. 1)what is a research design? how is it formulated? it is a framework or...
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Question paper 1997
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1)What is a research design? How is it formulated?
• It is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project
• It specifies the details of the procedure necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure and/or solve marketing research problem
• It lays the foundation for conducting the project
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Steps involved in the formulation of research design
• Design the exploratory, descriptive and/or causal phases of the research
• Define the information needed
• Specify the measurement & scaling procedures
• Construct and pretest a questionnaire or an appropriate form for data collection
• Specify the sampling process & sampling size
• Develop a plan of data analysis
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2)What is meant by experimental research?
• It is classified under social science research• It is based on experiments conducted in the
laboratory• Investigator creates an artificial environment
under which he controls and manipulate the variable
• Experimental research enable the investigator to quantify the findings, to apply statistical & mathematical tools and measure the results thus quantified
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3)Distinguish between null hypothesis & alternate hypothesis?
• Hypothesis
• An unproven proposition or supposition that tentatively explains certain facts or phenomena
• A proposition that is empirically testable
• Null hypothesis
• A statement about a status quo ascertaining that any change from what has been thought to be true will be due entirely at random error
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• Alternate hypothesis
• A statement indicating the opposite of the null hypothesis
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4)What is meant by systematic sampling? Is this method free from
bias?• A probability sampling technique in which the
sample is chosen by selecting a random sampling point and picking every ‘I’th element in succession from the sampling frame
• It is an easier and less costlier method of sampling and can be conventionally used even in case of large population
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Limitations of systematic sampling
• systematic sampling is biased in the following cases
• If the sampling frame has any periodicity that parallels the sampling rates
• If the frame is arranged in way ascending or descending order of some attribute, then the location of the first sample element may affect the result of the study
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Distinguish between experimental design and factorial design?
• Experimental design
• It is a set of procedures specifying
1. The test units & sampling procedures
2. Independent variables
3. Dependent variables
4. How to control the extraneous variables
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Factorial design
• It is used to measure the effects of two or more independent variables at various levels and to allow for interactions between variables
• An interaction is said to take place when the simultaneous effect of two or more variables is different from the sum of their separate effects
• Simple factorial design and complex factorial design are the two major categories of factorial design
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Examine the relevance of pilot study in social research ?
• The term 'pilot studies' refers to mini versions of a full-scale study (also called 'feasibility' studies), as well as the specific pre-testing of a particular research instrument such as a questionnaire or interview schedule.
• Pilot studies are a crucial element of a good study design. Conducting a pilot study does not guarantee success in the main study, but it does increase the likelihood.
• Pilot studies fulfil a range of important functions and can provide valuable insights for other researchers. There is a need for more discussion amongst researchers of both the process and outcomes of pilot studies
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Standard error
• The standard deviation of sampling distribution of a statistic is known as its standard error and is considered the key to sampling theory.
• the standard error helps in testing whether the differences between observed and expected frequencies could arise due to chance.
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• Standard error gives an idea about the reliability and precision of a sample.
• Standard error enables us to specify the limits within which the parameters of the population are expected to lie with a specified degree of confidence
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Chi square as a test of goodness of fit
• Chi square enable us to see how well does the assumed theoretical distribution fit to the observed data.
• If the calculated value of chi-square is less than the table value at a certain level of significance, the fit is considered to be a good one
• If it is greater than the table value, the fit is not considered to be a good one
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Steps in testing of hypothesis
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• Making formal statement
• Selecting a significant level
• Deciding the distribution to use
• Selecting a random sample and computing an appropriate value
• Calculation of the probability
• Comparing the probability
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11.(a)What is a research problem ?Define the main aspects which would receive the attention of the researcher in formulating the research problem? Give suitable eg.
• A research problem refers to some kind of problem which a researcher experiences or observes in the context of either a theoretical or a practical situation
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• A research problem can be identified on the basis of
• The researchers familiarity and experience in the field of study
• Personal interest and aptitude in the field of study
• Availability of data and other information relating to a particular field of study
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Factors to be considered while selecting a research problem
• Definition of the problem
• Scope of the problem
• Justification of the problem
• Feasibility of the problem
• Originality of the problem
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Steps involved in defining a problem
• Stating the problem in a general way
• Understanding the nature of the problem
• Surveying the available literature
• Developing the ideas through discussion
• Rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition
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Q. Define Rank Correlation ?
• It is a Non parametric test of statistical dependence for a random sample of paired observations.
• A rank correlation is the study of relationships between different rankings on the same set of items.
• A rank correlation coefficient measures the correspondence between two rankings and assesses its significance.
• Rank Correlation Coefficient is used when the population not normal.
• r = 1 – 6 ∑D² ÷ N (N³ – 1), where• D = Difference of rank between paired items in two • Series• N = Number of observations