question of the day feb 28 a farmer’s use of the best livestock for breeding is called a. natural...
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Question of the DAY Feb 28 A farmer’s use of the best livestock for
breeding is called A. natural selection B. artificial selection C. fitness D. common descent E. extinction
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DO NOW Feb 28 Complete the timeline activity.
Arrange the events you have received with the correct time in the evolutionary history of Earth
Refer to the handout for directions.
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DO NOW TIMELINE Mankind – 1.8 million years to present Extinction of Dinosaurs – 78 million years ago First Primates – 90 million years ago First Birds – 150 million years ago First Mammals – 250 to 200 million years ago First Dinosaurs – 250 to 200 million years ago First Upright Growing Trees – 320 million years ago First Vascular Land Plants – 430 millions years ago First Fish – 500 to 490 million years ago (Cambrian
Explosion)
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Evolutionary Timeline
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AGENDA Feb 28 BIG Question: What patterns did Darwin
observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?
1. Question and DO NOW 2. Trimester 2 Exams 3. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 4. Review and Homework
Timeline Activity T2 Project – DUE TUESDAY MARCH 4
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Chapter 15Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution
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Question of the DAY Mar 3 What two factors were most important to
sustaining the first life on the surface of Earth?
A. Sunlight and oxygen B. Carbon dioxide and oxygen C. Sunlight and carbon dioxide D. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide
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AGENDA Mar 3 BIG Question: What patterns did Darwin
observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?
1. Question and DO NOW 2. Trimester 2 Exams
Trimester 2 Ends on Friday Mar 7 3. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 4. Review and Homework
Timeline Activity – Due Tues Mar 4 HONORS T2 Project – DUE TUES MAR 4
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15-1: Puzzle of Life’s Diversity evolution: process by
which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
What is a theory? Well supported
testable explanation of phenomena occurring in the natural world
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
set sail on HMS Beagle for a cruise around the world
collected animal and plant specimens Evidence explained how life
changes over time
How many species of life ever to live are now extinct?
of all species that have ever lived, 99.9 percent are now extinct
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Darwin’s Observations Darwin collected plant and animal specimens at every stop.
How many species are currently on the planet? Approximately 10 million species have been identified Research suggests that 80% of total species remain undiscovered
Used his curiosity and analytical nature to develop a scientific explanation of life
Most plants and animals well suited to life in the environments they were observed living in.
Dissimilar plants/animals observed living in very similar environments. Argentina and Australia Similar grassland ecosystems Why were the organisms living there very different?
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The Fossil Record Fossils are preserved remains
of ancient organisms
most fossils are found in sedimentary rock: formed when exposure to rain, heat, and cold breaks down existing rocks into small particles
pressure of the layers turn them into rock
fossils form by chance Some organisms die without
leaving a trace.
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Galapagos Islands Group of small islands 1000 km
west of South America Very different climates
Smallest, lowest islands – hot, dry, no vegetation Higher islands – more rainfall, rich vegetation, diverse
plants and animals
Different characteristics
dependent upon the island Giant tortoises, iguanas, and birds
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AGENDA Mar 4 BIG Question: What factors shaped Darwin’s
thinking? 1. Question of the Day 2. Hand in Timeline Activities 3. Begin 15-2 Influences on Darwin’s Thinking 4. T2 Projects – VOLUNTEERS!!! 5. Review and Homework
Section 15-1 Guided Reading Due Tomorrow
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Question of the Day Mar 4 Which of the following are most likely
inherited traits of an animal living in a desert environment?
A. Ability to find water from cacti and other plant life
B. Burrowing underground for shelter C. Ability to camouflage itself to evade
predators D. Square, flat teeth for consuming plants
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15-2: Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking At the time of Darwin, most
Europeans believed the Earth and all life on the planet was only a few thousand years old.
Life remained unchanged from the point of creation. A deer was always a deer Same traits and characteristics
Fossil evidence discovered in the early 1800s began to change this line of thought
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15-2: Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
James Hutton (1788) supported the idea that the Earth
was very old land has been changed gradually
by natural forces Charles Lyell (1830)
Earth changed slowly and gradually
was an important influence on Darwin
other scientists discovered fossils: preserved remains of ancient organisms
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15-2: Geological Change Earth is many millions of years old.
Processes that have changed Earth in the past still operate in the present.
HUTTON – proposed layers of rock form very slowly Lower layers of rock moved upward by forces beneath Earth
Some layers buried or pushed upward from sea floor
Rain, wind, heat, and cold all helped to shape Earth
CONCLUSION – Earth must be much older than a few thousand years
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15-2: Geological Change LYELL – His book Principles of Geology
Past events must be explained by processes that can be observed
Volcanoes and erosion have same effects past and present Influenced and explained natural phenomena that Darwin
observed on his voyage
Two Major Influences to Darwin’s Thinking1. If Earth could change, why couldn’t life also change
2. Life would take many, many years to change the way he suggested it had
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15-2: Evolution Hypothesis Jean-Baptiste Lemarck (1809) – also recognized that
life changed over time All species were descendant from other species Organisms were adapted to their environments
Lemarck proposed organisms… 1. Tendency toward Perfection – constantly change to live
successfully
2. Use and Disuse – alter size and shape of body parts
3. Inheritance of Acquired Traits – changes passed on
He did not know how traits were passed on to offspring Behavior has no effect on inherited traits
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Question of the Day Mar 5 Which of Lemarck’s principles does the
following statement support? “Upright walking mammals see a
shortening of their tails.” A. Tendency toward Perfection B. Use and Disuse C. Inheritance of Acquired Traits D. Learned Behavior
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DO NOW Mar 5 How can you tell the difference between an
ape and a monkey?
http://video.pbs.org/video/2365146143/
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AGENDA Mar 5 BIG Question: What patterns did Darwin
observe among organisms of the Galapagos Islands?
1. Question and DO NOW 2. Introduce 15-3 3. Lab Investigation 4. Review and Homework
HONORS T2 Projects VOLUNTEERS
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15-2: Population Growth Thomas Malthus (1798) - babies born faster than people dying Reasoned that if human population grew unchecked there would
be insufficient living space and food Opposing forces were war, famine, and disease
Darwin reasoned that this also affected plants and animals Some organisms could produce thousands or millions of seeds or eggs If every offspring survived the Earth would be overpopulated after a few
generations
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15-3 Darwin Presents his Case Darwin returned to England in 1836
Brought many of the specimens he collected Led to the discovery of new species found nowhere else in the world
Publishes On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Darwin realizes that humans breed plants and animals for their own benefit.
Artificial selection benefits humans but often is harmful to the plant or animal being bred.
These desirable traits are produced through natural selection.
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Question of the DAY Mar 6 Which of the following ideas proposed by
Lemarck is incorrect?
A. Acquired traits can be inherited B. All species were descended from other species C. Living things change over time D. Organisms are adapted to their environments
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AGENDA Mar 6 BIG Question: How is the struggle for
existence central to the theory of evolution? 1. Question of the Day 2. Lab Discussion Questions 3. Begin 15-3
15-1 Homework Check 4. HONORS T2 Projects – VOLUNTEERS!!! 5. Review and Homework
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Fitness the physical traits and
behaviors organisms survive and
reproduce in their environment
explained evolution
fitness arises through adaptations: any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s survival
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15-3: Evolution by Natural Selection
natural selection: process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing offspring
happens because of their inherited variation and their struggle for survival
individuals whose characteristics are well suited for the environment survive and reproduce
called survival of the fittest
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Examples of FitnessFuschia excorticata
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Descent with Modification Darwin proposed that
species living today can look different from their ancestors.
Different structures Different niche Different habitats
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Evidence of Evolution 1. The Fossil Record
2. Geographical distribution of living species
3. Homologous structures of living organisms
4. Similarities in early development
All living and extinct species were derived from common ancestors – common descent
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Evidence of Evolution All of the different finches found on
the Galapagos islands were very similar to one another Slight differences Different than finches found on
mainlands of South America
Similar organisms were not always found in similar environments.
Similar conditions for survival = similar characteristics in very different animals
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Similarities in Body Structure homologous structures: parts of different organisms, often
quite dissimilar, that developed from the same ancestral body parts Bird wings share their structure more with the bones of reptiles
(dinosaurs). Bat wings share their structure more with front limbs of humans
and mammals
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Vestigial Organs organs that have no apparent function in an organism Why would an organism possess an organ with
little or no function? The organ may not affect its ability to survive Natural selection would not eliminate it.
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Evidence from Living Organisms
animals of different organisms have similar looking embryos: organisms at early stages
of development show similar genes are at
work show the sharing of a
common ancestor as development occurs,
organisms become dissimilar shows the genes that changed
due to evolution
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Common Descent
principle that species have descended from a common ancestor
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Evolution Review Modern organisms
descended from ancient ones.
Fitness enables organisms to survive and reproduce.
Evidence of evolution from the Earth, fossils, and similarities in body structures.
All animals descended from a common ancestor (Different species are the branches of a tree.)
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River Monsters http://msnvideo.msn.com/?channelindex=8
&from=en-us_msnhpvidmod#/video/1b8e95c3-63ea-444b-b64d-df7db764f315