quarkonium production in heavy ion collisions · 2012. 10. 19. · quarkonia not produced in qgp...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Return of the Prodigal Son ?
Quarkonium Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions
Thomas S. Ullrich (BNL)International Workshop on Heavy Quarkonia 2008December 2-5, 2008Nara, Japan
The Return of the Prodigal Son Pompeo Batoni (1773)
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The Phases of QCD
2
Quark Gluon PlasmaA state of matter without color confinement that exhibits collective effects
• Lattice says crossover at µB = 0 • Some discussion on methods to extract TC (175 ≤ TC/MeV ≤ 191)• Lattice suggest the transition becomes 1st order at µB above the
critical point (2nd order at the CP)
Nuclear
Matter
Color Flavor Locking Phase
QGP
Color
Superconductivity
Vacuum
Early Universe
Crossover
CriticalPoint
Hadron Gas
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 20001400 1600 18000
50
100
150
200
250
T (
Me
V)
µB (MeV)
CHEN06
KSTD02
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The Phases of QCD
2
Quark Gluon PlasmaA state of matter without color confinement that exhibits collective effects
• Need experiments to explore the phase diagram of QCD• Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC create conditions sufficient to “melt”
matter into a quark gluon plasma
Nuclear
Matter
Color Flavor Locking Phase
QGP
Color
Superconductivity
Vacuum
Early Universe
Crossover
CriticalPoint
Hadron Gas
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 20001400 1600 18000
50
100
150
200
250
T (
Me
V)
µB (MeV)
CHEN06
KSTD02
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3
The Phase Transition in the Laboratory
time !0
QGP
pre
- e
qu
ilib
riu
m
Co
llisio
n
Thermal Freeze-Out (el. collisions cease)
Chemical Freeze-Out (inel. collisions cease)
Phase Transition/ Cross-Over
Hadron Gas
Tc Tch Tfo
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3
The Phase Transition in the Laboratory
time !0
QGP
pre
- e
qu
ilib
riu
m
Co
llisio
n
Thermal Freeze-Out (el. collisions cease)
Chemical Freeze-Out (inel. collisions cease)
Phase Transition/ Cross-Over
Hadron Gas
Tc Tch Tfo
non-linear QCD, BK, Color Glass Condensate
pQCD (LO, NLO)
Non-perturbative QCD, Hydrodynamics
Hadronic Models(RQMD, AMP)
Statistical thermal models,Fragmentation Functions
• Gluon density in initial state?
• saturation phenomena
• initial state effects (shadowing, EMC)
• thermalization (how?)
• Hard Processes
• High-pt partons• Heavy Flavor• direct photons
• Collective Flow• Color screening• Jet quenching &
medium response• Chiral Symmetry
Restoration ⇒ mass shifts
• thermal radiation
• Particle formation
• Fragmentation• Recombination
/ Coalescense• Hadronic
absorption
• Particle ratios• Particle yields• Hadrochemistry• High-pT partons
fragment ⇒ jets
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4
Bevalac-LBL and SIS-GSI fixed target max. 2.2 GeV
AGS-BNL fixed targetmax. 4.8 GeV
SPS-CERN fixed targetmax. 17.3 GeV
TEVATRON-FNAL (fixed target p-A)max. 38.7 GeV
RHIC-BNL collidermax. 200.0 GeV
LHC-CERN collidermax. 2760.0 GeV
BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS, STAR
ALICE, ATLAS, CMS
NA35/49, NA44, NA38/50/51, NA45, NA52, NA57, WA80/98, WA97, …
E864/941, E802/859/866/917, E814/877, E858/878, E810/891, E896, E910 …
1992Au-Au
1994Pb-Pb
2000Au-Au
2009?Pb-Pb
Energy Frontier HistoryNuclear FragmentationResonance ProductionStrangeness Near Threshold
Resonances DominateLarge Net Baryon DensityStrangeness Important
Charm Production Starts
Low Net Baryon DensityHard Parton Scattering, JetsBeauty Production
Z-jet ProductionMore of everything
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Discoveries at RHIC
5
• Strong Elliptic Flow‣ Collective flow of created matter‣ Constituent quark number degrees
of freedom apparent in scaling laws of elliptic flow
• Jet Quenching‣ Energy loss of high-pT partons
traversing the hot and dense matter‣ Medium response: conical flow (?),
ridge
• “Black Body” Radiation‣ Thermalized hot matter emits EM
radiation ⇒ Ti = 300-600 MeV
• Particle Production through recombination/coalescence dominates over fragmentation at medium pT
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Discoveries at RHIC
5
• Strong Elliptic Flow‣ Collective flow of created matter‣ Constituent quark number degrees
of freedom apparent in scaling laws of elliptic flow
• Jet Quenching‣ Energy loss of high-pT partons
traversing the hot and dense matter‣ Medium response: conical flow (?),
ridge
• “Black Body” Radiation‣ Thermalized hot matter emits EM
radiation ⇒ Ti = 300-600 MeV
• Particle Production through recombination/coalescence dominates over fragmentation at medium pT
⇐ these and comparisons to models led to the “perfect fluid” hypothesisParadigm shift: strongly coupled QGP = sQGP
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dN
dϕ∝ 1 + 2v2 cos[2(ϕ− ψR)] + ...
v2 = 〈cos[2(ϕ− ψR)]〉
Elliptic Flow – Indicator for Early Thermalization
6
!
!-"R
"R
Reaction Plane
Initial spatial anisotropy
Final state anisotropy in momentum space
Interactions
Use a Fourier expansion to describe the angular dependence of the particle density
bbeam
!10 !5 0 5 10
!10
!5
0
5
10
x (fm)
y (
fm)
Au+Au at b=7 fm
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Elliptic Flow – Indicator for Early Thermalization
6
!
!-"R
"R
Reaction Plane
!10 !5 0 5 10
!10
!5
0
5
10
x (fm)
y (
fm)
Au+Au at b=7 fmP. Kolb, J. Sollfrank, and U. HeinzAu+Au at b=7 fm
τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4
driving spatial anisotropy vanishes ⇒ self quenching v2 → sensitive to early interactions and pressure gradients
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7
The Flow is ≈ Perfect Huge asymmetry found at RHIC
‣ massive effect in azimuthal distribution w.r.t reaction plane
“Fine structure” v2(pT) for different mass particles ‣ good agreement with ideal (zero
viscosity η, λ=0) hydrodynamics
‣ small η ⇒ large σ ⇒ strong coupling ⇒ “perfect liquid”
Conjectured quantum limit: ‣ Kovtun, Son, Starinets, PRL.94:111601,
motivated by AdS/CFT correspondence
2v2
Turns out RHIC is very close to this limit (factor ~2)
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Probes of Dense Matter – Jet Tomography
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8
Probes of Dense Matter – Jet Tomographyp+p Collision
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8
Probes of Dense Matter – Jet TomographyAu+Au Collision
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8
Probes of Dense Matter – Jet TomographyAu+Au Collision
Induced Gluon Radiation: Multiple final-state gluon radiation off the produced hard parton induced by the traversed dense colored medium
Medium
EHard
Production
!=xE
!=(1-x)E
"!
"qT~µ
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8
Probes of Dense Matter – Jet TomographyAu+Au Collision
Induced Gluon Radiation: Multiple final-state gluon radiation off the produced hard parton induced by the traversed dense colored medium
Medium
EHard
Production
!=xE
!=(1-x)E
"!
"qT~µ
• Mean parton energy loss ∝ medium properties:‣ ΔEloss ~ ρgluon and ~ ΔL2
• Characterization of medium‣ transport coefficient‣ gluon density dNg/dy
‣ RHIC:‣ 〈q〉 ~ 13 GeV2/fm (model
dependent!)‣ dNg/dy ~ 1400
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High-pT Suppression – Matter is OpaqueHow to Measure Suppression?
9
Nuclear Modification Factor:
Ncoll = 〈# of NN collision〉 in AA collision
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High-pT Suppression – Matter is OpaqueHow to Measure Suppression?
9
Nuclear Modification Factor:
Ncoll = 〈# of NN collision〉 in AA collision
Observations at RHIC:1. Photons are not suppressed
Expected! γ don’t interact with medium
Ncoll scaling works2. Hadrons are suppressed in
central collisions Huge: factor 5
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High-pT Suppression – Matter is OpaqueHow to Measure Suppression?
9
Nuclear Modification Factor:
Ncoll = 〈# of NN collision〉 in AA collision
Observations at RHIC:1. Photons are not suppressed
Expected! γ don’t interact with medium
Ncoll scaling works2. Hadrons are suppressed in
central collisions Huge: factor 5
3. Azimuthal correlation function shows ~complete absence of “away-side” jet
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Unexpected: Heavy Quarks Suppressed and Flow
10
ωdI
dw
∣∣∣∣HEAVY
=ω dI
dw
∣∣LIGHT(
1 +(
mQ
EQ
)21θ2
)2
Q
Dead cone effect implies lower heavy quark energy loss in matter:
Dokshitzer and Kharzeev, PLB 519 (2001) 199.
• Substantial suppression on same level to that of light mesons
• Charm flows !• Describing suppression and flow is
difficult for models
Semileptonic decays: c,b→e X
(GeV/c)T
p0 2 4 6 8 10
AA
R
1
0.1
/dy = 1000gDVGL Rad dN
/fm 2= 10 GeVqBDMPS c+b
DGLV Rad+EL
van Hees Elastic
DGLV charm Rad+EL
Collisional dissociation
STAR Au+Au 0-5% (PRL98, 192301)PHENIX Au+Au 0-10% (PRL96,032301)
(e++e-)/2
Au+Au (central) !sNN=200 GeV
hadrons
Alan Dion, QM2008
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Quarkonia: A Compelling Probe
11
Key Idea: Melting in the plasma (Matsui & Satz PLB 178 (86) 416)• Color (Debye) screening of static potential between heavy quarks• Suppression of states is determined by TC and their binding energy
Sequential disappearance of states:⇒ QCD thermometer ⇒ Properties of QGP !c(1P)
"(1S)
"(2S)
"(3S)J/#(1S)
#$(2S)
Tc
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Quarkonia: A Compelling Probe
11
Reality Check:‣ Almost all we learned about the (s)QGP comes from the light quark sector‣ Little insight from quarkonia (yet)‣ Formation time is not short compared to plasma formation time (τ~ 0.45 fm)
Key Idea: Melting in the plasma (Matsui & Satz PLB 178 (86) 416)• Color (Debye) screening of static potential between heavy quarks• Suppression of states is determined by TC and their binding energy
Sequential disappearance of states:⇒ QCD thermometer ⇒ Properties of QGP !c(1P)
"(1S)
"(2S)
"(3S)J/#(1S)
#$(2S)
Tc
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Quarkonia: A Compelling Probe
11
Reality Check:‣ Almost all we learned about the (s)QGP comes from the light quark sector‣ Little insight from quarkonia (yet)‣ Formation time is not short compared to plasma formation time (τ~ 0.45 fm)
Key Idea: Melting in the plasma (Matsui & Satz PLB 178 (86) 416)• Color (Debye) screening of static potential between heavy quarks• Suppression of states is determined by TC and their binding energy
Sequential disappearance of states:⇒ QCD thermometer ⇒ Properties of QGP
But then: Quarkonia suppression is the only signature of a deconfined state we have!
!c(1P)
"(1S)
"(2S)
"(3S)J/#(1S)
#$(2S)
Tc
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What’s the Problem with Quarkonia in HI ?The initial assumption (hope) was:
• Detailed understanding of production mechanism not essential• Suppression of J/ψ(A, centrality, pT) does the job
12
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What’s the Problem with Quarkonia in HI ?The initial assumption (hope) was:
• Detailed understanding of production mechanism not essential• Suppression of J/ψ(A, centrality, pT) does the job
12
Wrong
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What’s the Problem with Quarkonia in HI ?The initial assumption (hope) was:
• Detailed understanding of production mechanism not essential• Suppression of J/ψ(A, centrality, pT) does the job
12
Wrong
1. Feed down • ψ’ and χc melt at low T• ψ’ / χc → J/ψ + X
• B → J/ψ + X (≥RHIC)• ⇒ Measure in pp, pA
Example:Study for SPS: Can explain J/ψ suppression with melting of ψ’,χc Right or wrong, it shows how importantthe χc measurement is!
F. Karsch, D. Kharzeev, H. Satz, hep-ph/0512239
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... More Issues ...2. RegenerationStatistical coalescence:Quarkonia not produced in QGP but produced statistically at hadronizationfrom available c c pairs
13
Coalescence in QGP:Quarkonium can exist together with un-bound heavy quarks in QGP
Very sensitive to σc c
Understanding of detailed balance of J/ψ depletion and restoration is necessary
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A. Andronic et al. NPA 789 (2007) 334
... More Issues ...2. RegenerationStatistical coalescence:Quarkonia not produced in QGP but produced statistically at hadronizationfrom available c c pairs
13
Coalescence in QGP:Quarkonium can exist together with un-bound heavy quarks in QGP
Very sensitive to σc c
Understanding of detailed balance of J/ψ depletion and restoration is necessary
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... and More ...3. Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM) Effects
Initial state effects:
‣ pT broadening (Cronin)
‣ PDF modification (shadowing)
‣ Gluon saturation (initial)Final state effects
‣ Breakup cross section of cc in the nucleus
‣ Energy-loss (dE/dx)
4. Hot Matter EffectsCharm quark energy loss
‣ induced gluon bremsstrahlung
‣ collisional energy lossCo-mover absorption
‣ absorption by abundantly produced hadrons in final state
14
LHC |y|<1
RH
IC |y|<
1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 10.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
RgP
b(x
)
x
EPS08EKS98HKN07EKPS
Q2=1.69 GeV2
Eskola, Paukkunen, Salgado,
arXiv:0802.0139 [hep-ph]
anti-shadowing E
MC
Ferm
i-M
otion
shadowing Shadowing|Antishadowing|EMC
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N.B.: Measuring Suppression
15
CERN/SPS: NA50• S = J/ψ / Drell-Yan
+ direct measurement+ model independent+ DY A-scaling under control- statistics
CERN/SPS (NA60)• Glauber
χ2/ndf = 1.24
DYJ/ψ, ψ’DD
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RHIC
!s = 200 GeV
N.B.: Measuring Suppression
15
CERN/SPS: NA50• S = J/ψ / Drell-Yan
+ direct measurement+ model independent+ DY A-scaling under control- statistics
CERN/SPS (NA60)• Glauber
χ2/ndf = 1.24
DYJ/ψ, ψ’DD
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N.B.: Measuring Suppression
15
CERN/SPS: NA50• S = J/ψ / Drell-Yan
+ direct measurement+ model independent+ DY A-scaling under control- statistics
CERN/SPS (NA60)• Glauber
χ2/ndf = 1.24
DYJ/ψ, ψ’DD
BNL/RHIC• Cannot use DY (cc > DY)• Use:
+ statistics independent+ Glauber (Ncoll) under control- systematic uncertainties large for peripheral collisions
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16
CERN/SPS: NA38/NA50/NA60Charmonium suppression at SPS energies (√s~29 GeV, √sNN~17 GeV)
• Studied since 1986 by NA38, NA50 and NA60 experiments• Large variety of nuclear beams‣ S-U at 200 GeV/nucleon (NA38)‣ Pb-Pb at 158 GeV/nucleon (NA50)‣ In-In at 158 GeV/nucleon (NA60)
• Proton beams used to collect reference data‣ p-A at 400/450 GeV (NA50)‣ p-A at 400/158 GeV (NA60)
hadronabsorber Muon
Other
NA10/38/50 spectrometer Muon trigger & tracking
magnetic field
Iron wall
2.5 T dipole magnet
Matching in coordinate and momentum space
targets
beam tracker
vertex tracker
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p+A: Systematic Study of σabsJ/ψ
17
Revisiting measurementsfor y=0: Indication of energy dependence
see talk by H.Woehri’s later
σabsJ/ψ is essential to extract suppression in A+A collisions
Main assumptions used up to now: σabsJ/ψ energy independent
Surprise NA60 at Ebeam=158 GeV: σabs J/ψ = 7.1 ± 1.0 mb
NA50 at 400/450 GeV: σabs J/ψ = 4.2 ± 0.5 mb
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7189:;
7)<,=:>?/'1@A)*+B)/C.
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Anomalous J/ψ suppression at SPS
Using higher σabsJ/ψ does not change the qualitative picture
• S+U shows no anomalous suppression • In+In exhibits a smaller effect • Pb+Pb shows anomalous suppression in central events
〈# of Participants in Collision〉 ~ Centrality
P. Cortese/Hard Probes 2008NA60 Preliminary
Using new NA60 σabs
J/ψ results
450, 400 and 200 GeV results rescaled to 158 GeV!
〈Length Traversed〉 (fm)
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19
Quarkonia Measurements at RHICPHENIX• Central Arms:‣ J/ψ→ e+e-, ψ’ → e+e-, χc → e+e-γ‣ |η|<0.35, Δφ=2⋅π/4, pe > 0.2 GeV/c
• Forward Arms:‣ J/ψ → µ+µ- ‣ 1.2<|η|<2.2, pµ > 1 GeV/c, Δφ = 2π‣ Trigger
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19
Quarkonia Measurements at RHICPHENIX• Central Arms:‣ J/ψ→ e+e-, ψ’ → e+e-, χc → e+e-γ‣ |η|<0.35, Δφ=2⋅π/4, pe > 0.2 GeV/c
• Forward Arms:‣ J/ψ → µ+µ- ‣ 1.2<|η|<2.2, pµ > 1 GeV/c, Δφ = 2π‣ Trigger
STAR• Main Barrel‣ J/ψ→ e+e-, ϒ→ e+e-
‣ |η|<1, Δφ=2 π, pe > 0.2 GeV/c‣ Trigger for high-pT e
• Forward Meson Spectrometer:‣ J/ψ → e+e- ‣ 2.5 ≤ η ≤ 4.0, Δφ = 2π
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RHIC: J/ψ in p+p at √s = 200 GeV
20
PHENIX and STAR results are consistent‣ High statistics ay low-pT from
PHENIX‣ High pT from STAR
PHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007)
STAR arXiv: 0806.0353 [nucl-ex]
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RHIC: J/ψ in p+p at √s = 200 GeV
20
PHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007)
STAR arXiv: 0806.0353 [nucl-ex]
PHENIX PRL 98, 232002 (2007)STAR arXiv: 0806.0347 [nucl-ex]
BR(J/ψ→ℓ+ℓ-)σ(J/ψ) =178 ± 3(stat) ± 53(syst) ± 18(norm) nb
Theory: see talk by J.-P. Lansberg later
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RHIC: ϒ in p+p at √s = 200 GeV
21
STAR 2006: ϒ+ϒ′+ϒ Bee×(dσ/dy)y=0=91±28(stat)±22(sys) pb
STAR 2008:Minimized material ⇒ less bremsstrahlung
First Look: ‣ Robust signal‣ Excellent S/B‣ Separation of ϒ
states possible
Compatible with world-data and NLO
STARPreliminary
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First Measurements of Feeddown Contributionsψ′→ee χc→ee
Luminosity hungry measurements
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First Measurements of Feeddown Contributions
22
PHENIX preliminary ‣ BRψ’→eeσ(ψ’) / BRJ/ψ→eeσ(J/ψ)
=0.019±0.005(stat)±0.002 (syst)‣ Feed-down fraction of J/ψ from ψ’:
R (ψ’) = 0.086 ± 0.025‣ R(ψ’) =8.1±0.3% from world average
(hep-ph/0809.2153v1)
ψ′→ee χc→ee
‣ R(χc) < 42% (90%C.L.)‣ R (χc) = 25% ± 5.0 world average
(hep-ph/0809.2153v1) (final Hera-B : 18% ± 2.8% hep-ex/08087.2167v1)
see talk by Pietro Faccioli
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A new background at RHIC: B→J/ψ+X PHENIX & STAR: no Si vertex detectors yet
New Approach:• Study J/ψ-hadron azimuthal
correlations• For now: PYTHIA Simulations:
➡ prompt J/ψ (incl. ψ, χc feeddown) (NRQCD)
➡ B→J/ψ+X➡ Other, fragmentation, ... ?
• For pT(J/ψ) > 5 GeV/c:N(B→J/ψ):N(all J/ψ) ≈ (13±5)%
23
!"#$%&'()*+*,-'.%/01!%2%34
5"/01!"#6%7%8(91:
5"/3"#6%;<7%8(91:
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Promising method butNeed better theory constraints
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24
d+A: Studying Cold Nuclear Matter EffectsConfusion on σabsJ/ψ also at RHIC
Phys Rev C 77, 024912
‣ PHENIX: σabsJ/ψ ~ 2.8 mb
dAu
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24
d+A: Studying Cold Nuclear Matter EffectsConfusion on σabsJ/ψ also at RHIC
Phys Rev C 77, 024912
‣ PHENIX: σabsJ/ψ ~ 2.8 mb
dAu
‣ Error on breakup cross section are being re-evaluated
‣ Model dependent results- nuclear modified PDFs - Glauber geometry in d+Au
‣ Revised errors soon ... X
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d+Au Measuring at Forward Rapidities
25
‣ α(x2=xAu) follows trend ?• Assumes 2 → 1 (see talk
by J.-P Lansberg)
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d+Au Measuring at Forward Rapidities
25
‣ α(x2=xAu) follows trend ?• Assumes 2 → 1 (see talk
by J.-P Lansberg)
‣ α does not scale with xF
‣ Another hint that we cannot capture all of the physics in the nPDF
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d+Au Measuring at Forward Rapidities
25
‣ α(x2=xAu) follows trend ?• Assumes 2 → 1 (see talk
by J.-P Lansberg)
‣ Soon more at larger xF
‣ α does not scale with xF
‣ Another hint that we cannot capture all of the physics in the nPDF
STAR FMS 2.5 ≤ η ≤ 4.0p+p & d+Au on tape
From test sample
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Suppression in √sNN=200 GeV A+A 1. Suppression ∝ Centrality
2. Forward rapidity more suppressed than mid-rapidity• Ratio in Au+Au flat for
Npart > 100
26
nucl-ex/0611020Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 232301
Au+Au
mid-rapidity
forward-rapidity
# of Participants ~ Centrality
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Suppression in √sNN=200 GeV A+A 1. Suppression ∝ Centrality
2. Forward rapidity more suppressed than mid-rapidity• Ratio in Au+Au flat for
Npart > 100
26
3. Suppression in Cu+Cu ≈ Au+Au within errors
Au+Au Phys Rev Lett 98:232301Cu+Cu: Phys Rev Lett 101:122301
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Suppression in √sNN=200 GeV A+A 1. Suppression ∝ Centrality
2. Forward rapidity more suppressed than mid-rapidity• Ratio in Au+Au flat for
Npart > 100
26
3. Suppression in Cu+Cu ≈ Au+Au within errors
4. Suppression RHIC ≈ SPS
|y|<0.35
1.2<|y|<2.2PRL.98, 232301 (2007)arXiv:0801.0220
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Suppression in √sNN=200 GeV A+A 1. Suppression ∝ Centrality
2. Forward rapidity more suppressed than mid-rapidity• Ratio in Au+Au flat for
Npart > 100
26
3. Suppression in Cu+Cu ≈ Au+Au within errors
4. Suppression RHIC ≈ SPS
|y|<0.35
1.2<|y|<2.2PRL.98, 232301 (2007)arXiv:0801.0220
Many Questions ‣ Recombination compensates stronger suppression? ‣ Cold matter effects? ‣ Melting of only higher states (+ small fraction of direct J/ψ)?
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Cold Nuclear Matter Effects ?
27
‣ CNM effect is similar between both rapidities ‣ Stronger suppression than expectations from CNM effect‣ Need more d+Au data to constraint CNM effects.
Extrapolation from d+Au collisions:
Forward rapidityMid rapidity
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Why regeneration explains rapidity trend?
‣ Uncorrelated c and c quarks coalesce at hadronization‣ At y≈0, more charm quarks ⇒ enhance the direct J/ψ yield
‣ Just an example below, a number of other models do as good a job
Dissociation versus Recombination?
28
!"#$%& '& (&& ('& )&& )'& *&& *'& +&&
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!"#$%&'((%#')#%("*#%+,-./0123"4552.2
Sensitive to σcc(y): not too well known to-date
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29
pT Dependence of Suppression
RHIC Cu+Cu: J/ψ for pT > 5 GeV/c:• STAR only: RAA = 1.2 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 0.2 (sys)• STAR + PHENIX: RAA = 0.96 ± 0.20(stat) ± 0.13(sys)
SPS In+In:• Consistent with no suppression at pT > 1.8 GeV
Recall that charm is massively suppresses at RHIC !!!Only way to escape the colored medium: color neutral object
!"#$%&'()
)*+,-.$*-$!/0/$,12/!34 5 6 7 8 9 : ; <
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R. Arnaldi (NA60) QM08
SPS/NA60
RHIC
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Does the J/ψ Flow ?Recall: charm shows large v2 ⇒ c, c flow
J/ψ’s from recombination should inherit large charm-quark flow
30
First J/ψ flow measurement by PHENIX.• Limited statistics do not allow one to differentiate between models • Need more data ...
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What’s next at RHIC?• Improve Understanding of CNM effects better
‣ 2008 d+Au run ⇒ more statistics
• Understand recombination contribution‣ Improve knowledge on c c production - y dependence‣ Vary √s, A
• Solid measurements of χc, ψ’ and ϒ family in p+p/d+Au/A+A‣ Requires more luminosity‣ ϒ better in many ways (e.g. no recombination) but σ small
31
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What’s next at RHIC?• Improve Understanding of CNM effects better
‣ 2008 d+Au run ⇒ more statistics
• Understand recombination contribution‣ Improve knowledge on c c production - y dependence‣ Vary √s, A
• Solid measurements of χc, ψ’ and ϒ family in p+p/d+Au/A+A‣ Requires more luminosity‣ ϒ better in many ways (e.g. no recombination) but σ small
31
Ongoing RHIC Upgrades:1. RHIC stochastic cooling (~tenfold delivered luminosity)2. High-precision Si vertex tracking in STAR+PHENIX3. Improved PID, trigger, DAQ rate, ...
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LHCA unique opportunity to investigate QGP at unparalleled high √sCMS & ATLAS have a solid HI programALICE is dedicated HI experiment
32
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LHCA unique opportunity to investigate QGP at unparalleled high √sCMS & ATLAS have a solid HI programALICE is dedicated HI experiment
32
• All cross-section up × 30-50
‣ better statistics everywhere‣ but also new background sources
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LHCA unique opportunity to investigate QGP at unparalleled high √sCMS & ATLAS have a solid HI programALICE is dedicated HI experiment
32
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
100 200 300 400 500 600
!SB/T4RHIC
LHC
SPS
3 flavor
2 flavor
2+1 flavor
0 flavor
T (MeV)
!/T
4
• All cross-section up × 30-50
‣ better statistics everywhere‣ but also new background sources
• Lifetime & Tinitial of plasma ~ 2 × RHIC
• Is it the same medium (sQGP versus wQGP)?
• Will need same level (or even more) of systematic studies than at RHIC to deconvolute suppression pattern from “ordinary” side effects
• Heavy-ion run in 2010?
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SummaryRHIC• We see the, hottest, densest, matter, ever studied in the laboratory• Increasing evidence for a strongly couple plasma ⇒ sQGP• Next goal: Quantify properties such as EOS, transport coefficients, ...
33
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SummaryRHIC• We see the, hottest, densest, matter, ever studied in the laboratory• Increasing evidence for a strongly couple plasma ⇒ sQGP• Next goal: Quantify properties such as EOS, transport coefficients, ...
33
Quarkonia• Less insights on the property of the plasma from quarkonia than originally
expected• Long systematic process to extract suppression
‣ Progress in many fronts: CNM, feed-down, ...‣ Next: ψ’, χc, ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), ϒ(3S)‣ Need more luminosity
• Using quarkonia to probe the medium vs. using known medium to learn about quarkonia production
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SummaryRHIC• We see the, hottest, densest, matter, ever studied in the laboratory• Increasing evidence for a strongly couple plasma ⇒ sQGP• Next goal: Quantify properties such as EOS, transport coefficients, ...
33
RHIC Upgrades & LHC: • New possibilities but also new challenges for HI
Quarkonia• Less insights on the property of the plasma from quarkonia than originally
expected• Long systematic process to extract suppression
‣ Progress in many fronts: CNM, feed-down, ...‣ Next: ψ’, χc, ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), ϒ(3S)‣ Need more luminosity
• Using quarkonia to probe the medium vs. using known medium to learn about quarkonia production