quan ly moi truong- Đh tn&mt
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CNG QUN L MI TRNG
CNG QUN L MI TRNG1.Phn tch khi nim, nguyn tc QLMT. Lin h thc t vic p dng cc nguyn tc Vit Nam?Khi nim qun l mi trng:
Qun l mi trng l mt lnh vc qun l x hi, c tc ng iu chnh hnh vi ca con ngi da trn s tip cn c h thng v k nng iu phi thng tin i vi cc vn mi trng c lin quan n con ngi hng ti s PTBV v s dng hp l ti nguyn Tip cn h thng:V mi trng bao gm nhiu yu t lin quan mt thit vi nhau, khi mt yu t b tc ng th cc yu t cn li cng b nh hng.
K nng iu phi thng tin (l mt k nng ca nh qun l): bit chn lc thng tin, u tin gii quyt cc vn bc xc trc. Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin nhm tho mn cc nhu cu hin ti ca con ngi nhng khng tn hi ti s tho mn cc nhu cu ca th h tng lai.Nguyn tc qun l mi trng:
1. Hng ti s pht trin bn vng
Nguyn tc ny quyt nh mc ch ca vic qun l mi trng. Nguyn tc ny cn c th hin trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin ng li, ch trng, lut php v chnh sch nh nc, ngnh v a phng.
2. Kt hp cc mc tiu quc t - quc gia - vng lnh th v cng ng dn c trong vic qun l mi trng.
Mi trng khng c ranh gii khng gian, do vy, s nhim hay suy thoi thnh phn mi trng quc gia, vng lnh th ny s c nh hng trc tip ti quc gia khc v cc vng lnh th khc. vic kt hp cc mc tiu ny c thc hin thng qua cc quy nh lut php, cc chng trnh hnh ng, cc ti hp tc quc t v khu vc.
3. Qun l mi trng xut pht t quan im tip cn h thng v cn c thc hin bng nhiu bin php v cng c tng hp a dng v thch hp.
Cc bin php v cng c lin quan mi trng rt a dng: lut php, chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch, chnh sch, khoa hc, kinh t, cng ngh, v.v mi mt loi bin php v cng c trn c phm vi v hiu qu khc nhau trong tng trng hp c th. v d bo v mi trng trong nn kinh t th trng, th cng c kinh t c hiu qu tt hn. trong khi , trong nn kinh t k hoch ho th cng c lut php v chnh sch li c cc th mnh ring.
4. Phng nga tai bin, suy thoi mi trng cn c u tin hn vic phi x l hi phc mi trng nu xy ra nhim. Phng nga l bin php t tn km hn x l, nu xy ra nhim. VD: phng nga bu c bng bin php s dng mui it t tn km hn gii php cha bnh biu c khi n xy ra vi c dn.
5. Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin
Nguyn tc PPP c dng lm c s xy dng cc quy nh v thu, ph, l ph mi trng v cc quy nh x pht hnh chnh i vi cc vi phm v qun l mi trng. Da trn nguyn tc ny, cc nc a ra cc loi thu sut nh thu nng lng, thu cacbon, thu SO2.*Lin h thc t vic thc hin cc nguyn tc VN2.Trnh by h thng t chc qun l nh nc v mi trng Vit Nam? Phn tch thun li v kh khn trong cng tc QLMT Vit Nam.* H thng t chc qun l nh nc v mi trng Vit Nam: H thng c quan H thng c quan
c thm quyn chung c thm quyn chuyn mnCp TW: Chnh ph B TNMT Cc b khc
Cp tnh: UBND tnh S TNMT Cc s khc Cp huyn: UBND huyn Phng TNMT Cc phng khcCp x: UBND x Ban TNMT (cc cn b kim nghim) cn b a chnh: - Nng nghip-xd MT (cp x) - Xd th MT (phng)
* Phn tch thun li v kh khn trong cng tc QLMT VN:
Thun li:
Qun l mi trng trn phm vi v m
nh gi c hiu qu mt cch tng hp.
nh hng c mc tiu, chng trnh hnh ng
m bo rnh thng nht gia cc t chc, c nhn, gia cc ban ngnh chc nng v gia cc a phng.
Kh khn: i ng cn b qun l thiu v s lng, hn ch v nng lc v trnh chuyn mn, nghip v. thc v bo v mi trng cha cao
Ngn sch cho bo v mi trng cn thp
Tham nng cn xy ra mt s cc cp cc ngnh
Ch ti x pht cha sc rn e
Vn mi trng ngy cng phc tp H thng php lut nc ta cha ng b, rc ri: gii quyt mt vn c qu nhiu vn bn, s phi hp gia cc b cha thng nht.
3.Phn tch ni dung qun l nh nc v MT.
Ni dung qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng c quy nh ti chng iu 139, chng XIV Trch nhim ca c quan qun l nh nc v BVMT, Lut BVMT 2014, c th nh sau:
1. Xy dng, ban hnh theo thm quyn v t chc thc hin cc vn bn quy phm php lut v bo v mi trng, ban hnh h thng tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng.
2. Xy dng, ch o thc hin chin lc, chnh sch, chng trnh, n, quy hoch, k hoch bo v mi trng.
3. T chc, xy dng, qun l h thng quan trc; nh k nh gi hin trng mi trng, d bo din bin mi trng.
4. Xy dng, thm nh v ph duyt quy hoch bo v mi trng; thm nh bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc; thm nh, ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng v kim tra, xc nhn cc cng trnh bo v mi trng; t chc xc nhn k hoch bo v mi trng.
5. Ch o, hng dn v t chc thc hin cc hot ng bo tn a dng sinh hc; qun l cht thi; kim sot nhim; ci thin v phc hi mi trng.
6. Cp, gia hn, thu hi giy php, giy chng nhn v mi trng.
7. Thanh tra, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut v bo v mi trng; thanh tra trch nhim qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng; gii quyt khiu ni, t co v bo v mi trng; x l vi phm php lut v bo v mi trng.8. o to nhn lc khoa hc v qun l mi trng; gio dc, tuyn truyn, ph bin kin thc, php lut v bo v mi trng.
9. T chc nghin cu, p dng tin b khoa hc, cng ngh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. 10. Ch o, hng dn, kim tra v nh gi vic thc hin ngn sch nh nc cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng.
11. Hp tc quc t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. Ni dung c th ca cng tc qun l nh nc v mi trng lun c kin ton ph hp vi s pht trin ca t nc trong tng giai on c th.
4. Khi nim, phn loi cng c qun l mi trng.Khi nim:
Cng c qun l mi trng l tng hp cc bin php hot ng v php lut, chnh sch, kinh t, k thut, v x hi nhm bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v pht trin bn vng kinh t, x hi.
Phn loi:*Theo bn cht
Cng c php l: iu chnh hnh vi ca con ngi bng cc chnh sch php lut bt buc mi ngi tun theo bao gm lut quc t, cc vn bn di lut, cc k hoch v chnh sch Cng c kinh t: bao gm cc loi thu, ph nh vo thu nhp bng tin ca hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Cc cng c ny ch p dng c hiu qu trong nn kinh t th trng.Vd: thu, ph, l ph mt, qu mt, nhn sinh thi, cota nhim. Cng c k thut: thc hin vai tr kim sot v gim st nh nc v cht lng v thnh phn mi trng, v s hnh thnh v phn b cc cht nhim trong mi trng. Vd: TM, MC, nh gi hin trng mi trng, quan trc mi trng, quy hoch Cng c ph tr: Vd - truyn thng, m hnh ha..
*Theo chc nng: Cng c iu chnh v m: l lut php, chnh sch, thng qua nh nc c th iu chnh cc hot ng sn xut c tc ng mnh m ti vic pht sinh ra nhim. Cng c hnh ng: l cc cng c c tc ng trc tip ti hot ng kinh t- x hi, nh cc quy nh hnh chnh, quy nh x pht.. v cng c kinh t.
Cng c ph tr: l cng c hng c tc ng iu chnh hoc khng c tc ng trc tip n hot ng.
+Cng c k thut: Quan trc mi trng, nh gi mi trng..
+Gio dc, truyn thng: GIS, m hnh ha
5. Trnh by vai tr ca cc cng c php l trong qun l mi trng Vit Nam? Trnh by khi nim v cc bc chnh trong quy trnh thanh tra bo v mi trng* Vai tr ca cc cng c php l trong qun l mi trng:
Lut mi trng, Tiu chun, quy chun mi trng c vai tr iu chnh hnh vi ca c nhn, t chc trong hot ng sn xut cng nh cc hot ng mi trng khc, hn ch cc tc ng xu n mi trng, bo v mi trng.
*Khi nim v cc bc chnh trong quy trnh thanh tra bo v mi trng Khi nim: L hot ng ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn nhm xc nh ng, sai vic thc hin cc quy nh qun l nh nc. Cc bc chnh trong quy trnh thanh tra bo v mi trng:
B1. Chun b thanh tra
Chn i tng thanh tra
Ra quyt nh thanh tra (km theo vn bn) Thng bo n i tng thanh tra
Thnh lp on thanh tra
Chun b biu mu, trang thit b lin quan n cuc thanh tra
Ln k hoch c th
B2. Thanh tra ti c s
c quyt nh thanh tra
Kim tra h s
Kim tra hin trng: Kim tra ti cc im pht sinh cht thi; Ly mu, lp bin bn ly mu
B3. Thng bo kt qu phn tch
(Lp bin bn hnh chnh nu c)
B4. Kt thc thanh tra
- Bo co kt qu thanh tra
- Kt lun thanh tra;
- Lu tr H s thanh tra.6. Phn bit tiu chun MT, Quy chun k thut v mi trng; Trnh by h thng quy chun k thut mi trng Vit Nam v phn tch ngha ca vic p dng quy chun k thut trong QLMT*Phn bit tiu chun, quy chun
(Theo lut BVMT 2014:
- Tiu chun mi trng l mc gii hn ca cc thng s v cht lng mi trng xung quanh, hm lng ca cc cht gy nhim c trong cht thi, cc yu cu k thut v qun l c c quan nh nc v cc t chc cng b di dng vn bn t nguyn p dng bo v mi trng.
- Quy chun k thut mi trng l gii hn ca cc thng s v cht lng mi trng xung quanh, hm lng ca cc cht gy nhim c trong cht th, cc yu cu k thut v qun l c c quan nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh dng vn bn bt buc p dng bo v mi trng.)
Tiu chunQuy chun
-Do mt t chc ban hnh
-T nguyn p dng
-Quy nh v c tnh k thut v yu cu qun l-Do c quan nh nc c thm quyn ban
hnh-Bt buc p dng
-Quy nh v mc gii hn v c tnh k thut v yu cu qun l
*H thng quy chun k thut mi trng Vit Nam:
Quy nh ti iu 113, chng X, lut BVMT 2014)
H thng quy chun k thut mi trng bao gm quy chun k thut v cht lng mi trng xung quanh, quy chun k thut v cht thi v nhm quy chun k thut mi trng khc
(1) Quy chun k thut v cht lng mi trng xung quanh bao gm:
a) Nhm quy chun k thut mi trng i vi tb) Nhm quy chun k thut mi trng i vi nc mt v nc di t;
c) Nhm quy chun k thut mi trng i vi nc bin
d) Nhm quy chun k thut mi trng i vi khng kh;
) Nhm quy chun k thut MT i vi m thanh, nh sng, bc x;
e) Nhm quy chun k thut MT i vi v ting n, rung.
(2) Quy chun k thut v cht thi bao gm:
a) Nhm quy chun k thut v nc thi cng nghip, dch v, nc thi t chn nui, nui trng thy sn, nc thi sinh hot, phng tin giao thng v hot ng khc
b) Nhm quy chun k thut v kh thi ca cc ngun di ng v c nh
c) Nhm quy chun k thut v cht thi nguy hi;
* ngha ca vic p dng quy chun k thut trong QLMT:
Vic ban hnh v p dng quy chun k thut mi trng vi vic a ra cc thng s c th v hm lng cht gy nhim, cht thi tr thnh mt trong nhng hnh thc php l quan trng nht kim sot mi trng nc ta. Va l mt cng c k thut, va l cng c php l kim sot nhim , nn c th khng nh n c ngha to ln trong vic BVMT.7. Trnh by khi nim v mc ch ca cng c kinh t trong QLMT, lit k cc cng c kinh t ang p dng Vit Nam v phn tch kh khn khi p dng cng c kinh t Vit Nam* Khi nim cng c kinh t trong QLMT: l nhm cng c nhm iu chnh hnh vi ca cc c nhn v t chc theo hng c li cho mi trng thng qua vic tc ng n ngun lc ti chnh ca h.
* Mc ch ca cng c kinh t:
- iu chnh hnh vi theo hng c li cho mi trng, t lm gim tc ng n MT- Huy ng ngun vn t c nhn, t chc cho cng tc BVMT
* Cc cng c kinh t ang p dng VN:- Thu ti nguyn
- Thu mi trng (ch c thu gin thu)
- Ph mi trng- L ph mi trng
- Nhn sinh thi
- Qu mi trng
* Kh khn khi p dng cng c kinh t VN: Do mc thu nhp cn thp nn vic nh thu, ph i vi hnh vi gy nhim mi trng khng cao, do thc bo v mi trng cha thc s cao Quy nh php lut v cng tc qun l cn thiu tnh cht ch
i ng cn b kim tra, gim st c trnh chuyn mn cha cao
8. Khi nim, phn loi, mc ch ca thu mi trng; Vit Nam c loi thu mi trng no? Trnh by ngha ca loi thu trong bo v mi trng*Khi nim: L khon thu ca ngn sch nh nc t cc c nhn, t chc c hot ng gy nh hng xu n mi trng theo quy nh.*Phn loi:
Thu trc thu: l loi thu m ngi np thu v ngi chu thu l mt VD: thu nhim
Thu gin thu: l thu m ngi np thu v ngi chu thu khng phi l mt. VD: thu sn phm* Mc ch:
iu chnh hnh vi theo hng c li cho mi trng, t lm gim tc ng n mi trng
VD: Nhng ngi x thi gy nhim MT phi np thu, do buc h phi c bin php gim thiu nhim. To ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc, nhm b p cc ch ph x hi ni chung (ch ph y t, ch ph mt ngy cng lao ng, ch ph phc hi mi trng, ch ph phc hi ti nguyn, ch ph x l v ngn nga nhim) L cng c qun l mi trng nhm ci thin cht lng mi trng* Vit Nam cha c thu trc thu m ch c thu gin thu l thu BVMT (thu nh vo sn phm)* ngha ca thu gin thu: Hn ch vic s dng, mua sn phm
9. Khi nim Cota nhim, li ch v hn ch ca Cota nhim* Khi nim: "Cta nhim l mt loi giy php x thi cht thi c th chuyn nhng m thng qua , nh nc cng nhn quyn cc nh my, x nghip, v.v... c php thi cc cht gy nhim vo mi trng* Li ch:
Kim sot c tng lng cht nhim
To c hi cho cc doanh nghip la chn phng thc ph hp vi doanh nghip mnh ti thiu ha chi ph x l nhim ( mua bn cota nhim)
Khuyn khch doanh nghip u t x l cht thi vi chi ph thp
*Hn ch:
Chi ph v k thut cao trong xc nh kh nng ng ha ca mi trng
X hi lun bin i, mi trng bin i, dn n gi tr Cota thay i gy kh khn cho vic nghin cu th trng mua bn cota.
Cng c ny ch p dng hiu qu trong mt nn kinh t th trng thc s tun theo quy lut cung cu
p dng cng c ny i hoi mt nc phi c nng lc qun l mi trng cao, cht ch.
10. Khi nim, mc ch ca C ch pht trin sch (CDM); V sao Vit Nam li thc hin d n CDM; Ly mt s v d v d n CDM trong lnh vc nng nghip, lm nghip, giao thng, nng lng* Khi nim: C ch pht trin sch(CDM) l c ch ti chnh-k thut nhm gim lng pht thi kh nh knh (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC v SF6) da trn c s ngh nh th Kyoto.* Mc ch:
Gim kh nh knh
Gip cc nc ang pht trin c h tr ti chnh- k thut hng ti PTBV Gip cc nc ang pht trin thc hin c cam kt gim lng pht thi kh nh knh k kt trong ngh nh th Kyoto.*Vit Nam thc hin d n CDM do:
Vit Nam rt quan tm n vn bin i kh hu v cho rng s nng ln ton cu l mi e do m Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc b nh hng nht. C s u t v ti chnh, k thut tin tin x l nhim, BVMT
* Mt s v d v d n CDM trong lnh vc nng nghip, lm nghip, giao thng, nng lng:
Nng nghip: D n xy dng hm Biogas,..
Cng nghip: D n x l kh nh knh (N2O, HFC,..)
Nng lng; D n s dng nng lng sch, thu hi kh CH4
Lm nghip: Trng rng, ti trng rng..
Giao thng: D n pht trin giao thng cng cng11. Lit k cc cng c k thut ang c p dng Vit Nam. Phn tch ngha ca cng c LCA trong qun l mi trng? La chn mt sn phm c th v phn tch tc ng n mi trng trong vng i ca sn phm
* Cc cng c k thut ang c p dng Vit Nam:
Quan trc mi trng nh gi mi trng: - nh gi hin trng MT
- nh gi tc ng mi trng TM
- nh gi MT chin lc. nh gi vng i sn phm (LCA)
* ngha ca cng c LCA trong qun l mi trng: l mt cng c c lc cho vic ra quyt nh v cc sn phm v cng ngh thay th c s dng cho sn xut sch hn.
* La chn mt sn phm c th v phn tch tc ng n mi trng trong vng i ca sn phm :nh gi vng i sn phm (Life Cycle Analysis - LCA) l qu trnh phn tch tc ng mi trng ca sn phm (s dng nguyn liu, nng lng, gy nhim t, nc, khng kh) trong sut mt chu trnh sng ca sn phm (t chic ni n nm m).V d: Vng i ca cotton. Vng i ca cotton bt u vi qu trnh sn xut ra cotton v kt thc bng vic thi b qun o lm bng cotton
13. Khi nim, ngha v cc hnh thc truyn thng mi trng* Khi nim truyn thng mi trng: Truyn thng mi trng l mt qu trnh tng tcx hi hai chiu nhm gip cho nhng ngi c lin quan hiu c cc yu t mitrng then cht, mi quan h ph thuc ln nhau ca chng v cch tc ng vo ccvn c lin quan mt cch thch hp gii quyt cc vn v mi trng.* ngha:
Truyn thng mi trng c tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip lm thay i nhn thc, thi , hnh vi ca ngi dn trong cng ng, t thc y h tham gia vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng; v khng ch t mnh tham gia, m cn li qun nhng ngi khc cng tham gia, to ra kt qu c tnh i chng.
*Cc hnh thc truyn thng mi trng:(1)Giao tip gia cc c nhn v nhm nh
Giao tip, trao i thng tin gia cc nhn v nhm nh cho php cc cuc i thoi su, ci m v c phn hi. Phng php ny t ra thch hp vi vic tm kim cc gii php ph hp vi a phng, gii thch cc vn phc tp, thuyt phc hoc gy nh hng ti nhm i tng v c bit hu hiu trong trng hp nh gi hiu qu mt chin dch truyn thng mi trng. Giao tip, trao i gia cc c nhn uy tn trong cng ng (gi lng, trng bn, trng h, s thy, linh mc...) gip ch rt nhiu cho vic phn tch cc hnh ng mi trng v h cng l ngi tuyn truyn, ph bin cc thng ip truyn thng mi trng rt hiu qu.
(2) Hp cng ng - Hi tho
Cc cuc hp cng ng (t dn ph, nhm, phng, trng hc, c quan) thun li cho vic bn bc v ra quyt nh v mt s vn ca cng ng.
(3) Thng tin i chng
Cc phng tin thng tin i chng (truyn hnh, bo ch, php thanh) c kh nng tip cn mt phm vi i tng rt rng v c uy tn cao trong vic ph bin, tuyn truyn cc ni dung ca chin dch truyn thng mi trng.
(4) Trin lm
Trin lm mi trng c quy m rt khc nhau, t cc cuc trin lm ln cho n cc vt trng by nh l t ti cc v tr ng ngi.
(5) Cu lc b mi trng
Hnh thc cu lc b mi trng trng rt ph hp vi cc i tng thanh thiu nin v cc c v hu.
* Cc s kin c bitNgy trng cy, Tun l Quc gia nc sch v sinh mi trng, Ngy mi trng Th gii, Ngy lm cho th gii sch hn,
* T chc cc cuc thi mi trng.
C nhiu hnh thc thi: thi vit, sng tc ca khc, thi v, thi nh ty i tng d thi l ngi ln hay tr em m ra tiu chun cho ph hp.Cng thc tnh bi tp* Cch tnh ph BVMT i vi nc thi theo ngh nh 25/2013/N-CP (c hiu lc t ngy 1/7/2013) v thng t hng dn 63/2013/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT
- Ph BVMT i vi nc thi sinh hot c tnh trn t l % ca gi bn 1 mt khi nc sch:
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