quality of drinking water in thailand; leveraging...

Quality of Drinking Water in Thailand; Leveraging Contaminant Warning Systems for

Operations Benefits, or Environmental Water Security

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Mr.Vichian UdomratanasilpaDeputy Governor (Technical Affairs)

Provincial Waterworks Authority ,PWA.

Contents1. What is Water Quality 2. Standards for surface water3. Water Source Quality Management4. System of following up and monitoring PWA’s data water

in the production system (By PWA’s branches)Monitoring water quality of water sources at the site

Telemetering system SCADA system5. System of following up data water from other agencies’

raw water monitoring stations6. Benefits of Warning systems

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Quality of Drinking Water in Thailand; Leveraging Contaminant Warning Systems for Operations

Benefits, or Environmental Water Security

What is Water Quality??

Toxic Pollutants acute and chronic

Non-toxic Pollutantse.g., sediment, nutrients

Physical parameterse.g., temp, pH, color,odour, suspended solids

SyntheticsPesticides, antibiotics, industrial compounds, etc.

Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate communities

Algae and aquatic plants

The quality of the water resource

ChemicalPhysical Biological

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Safe Drinking Water

Safe Water Characteristics• Free of Pathogenic organisms• Clear• Tasteless and colorless• Low in concentrations of toxic compounds• No interaction with transmission pipes/fitting & storage containers

The definition of safe drinking water according to the WHO Guidelines is “does not represent any significant risk to health over the lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages.”

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Safe Drinking Water

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Water Source Water Treatment Process Safe Drinking Water

Standards for surface

water

Notification of the National

Environmental Board, No. 8,

B.E. 2537 (1994)

To control and maintain the quality of water sources to be suitable for various uses (Multi Purposes) and that the standards are applicable to all these uses .To conserve resources and the natural environment, with regard to the health and safety of human life and animals in the water. 6

2

Surface Water Quality Standards

Parameter1/ Units Standard Value for Class2/

Class1 Class2 Class3 Class4 Class5

1. Colour,Odour and Taste - n n’ n’ n’ -

2. Temperature C° n n’ n’ n’ -

3. pH - n 5-9 5-9 5-9 -

4. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)2/ mg/l n 6.0 4.0 2.0 -

5. BOD (5 days, 20°C) mg/l n 1.5 2.0 4.0 -

6. Total Coliform Bacteria MPN/100 ml n 5,000 20,000 - -

7. Fecal Coliform Bateria MPN/100

mln 1,000 4,000 - -

8. NO3 -N mg/l n 5.0 -

9. NH3 -N mg/l n 0.5 -

10.Phenols mg/l n 0.005 -

11.Copper (Cu) mg/l n 0.1 -

12.Nickle (Ni ) mg/l n 0.1 -

13.Manganese (Mn) mg/l n 1.0 -

14.Zinc (Zn) mg/l n 1.0 - 7

Surface Water Quality Standards

Parameter1/ Units Standard Value for Class2/

Class1 Class2 Class3 Class4 Class5

15.Cadmium (Cd) mg/l n 0.005*

0.05**

-

16.Chromium Hexavalent mg/l n 0.05 -

17.Lead (Pb) mg/l n 0.05 -

18.Total Mercury (Total Hg) mg/l n 0.002 -

19.Arsenic (As) mg/l n 0.01 -

20.Cyanide (Cyanide) mg/l n 0.005 -

21.Radioactivity

- Alpha

- Beta

Becqurel/l n 0.1

1.0

-

22.Total Organochlorine Pesticides mg/l n 0.05 -

23.DDT μg/l n 1.0 -

24.Alpha-BHC μg/l n 0.02 -

25.Dieldrin μg/l n 0.1 -

26.Aldrin μg/l n 0.1 -

27.Heptachlor & Heptachlorepoxide μg/l n 0.2 -

28.Endrin μg/l n None -8

Classification and Objectives

Classification Objectives/Condition and Beneficial Usage

Class 1 Extra clean fresh surface water resources used for :

(1) conservation ,not necessary to pass through water treatment process

requires only ordinary process for pathogenic destruction

(2) ecosystem conservation where basic organisms can breed naturally

Class 2 Very clean fresh surface water resources used for :

(1) consumption which requires ordinary water treatment process before

use

(2) aquatic organism of conservation

(3) fisheries

(4) recreation 9

Classification and Objectives

Classification Objectives/Condition and Beneficial Usage

Class 3 Medium clean fresh surface water resources used for :

(1) consumption, needs passing through an ordinary treatment process

before using

(2) agriculture

Class 4 Fairly clean fresh surface water resources used for :

(1) consumption, requires special water treatment process before using

(2) industry

Class 5 The sources which are not classified in class 1-4 and used for

navigation.

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Efficient Management : Quantity ,Quality and Time

• Have Data (Quantity & Quality)

• Have plans for management and prevention, and also action plans. (current & future plan, including during the crisis)

Leveraging Contaminant Warning Systems for Operations Benefits, or Environmental Work Security

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Water Source quality management3

Plans for management & protection of water sources

Define area for raw water source conservationfor MWA (By Law)

MWA’s raw water sources : Chao Phraya river in Pathumthani prov. & Maeklong riverin Kanchanaburi prov.

1979 Raw water conservation in the northern area of Bangkok 1992 Raw Water conservation in the western area of Bangkok

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Monitoring systemMonitoring system

‐ Using fish Monitoring : Puntius Gonionotus

Using biology alert system

On‐lines Measurement - install above Intake

- with Automation Control

Water Source Quality Management

Community network

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PWA is alert on quality of its water sourcesCarefully monitor changing water characteristic :

‐ Odour, turbidity ,algae ,dead fish‐ If abnormality is found, an immediate report will be made and submited to staff concerned for resolution. (both at the site, regional office and headquarters level )

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System of following up and monitoring PWA’s data waterin the production system (By PWA’s branches)

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PWA’s monitoring system at its branch offices

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PWA’s internalcoordinationamong variousbranches onwater qualitydata.(such as PWA’s branches using 16

Water quality control at PWA’s branch offices

Coordinate with other agencies concerning water quality (Community leaders ,local authorities, gov. & private agencies set up a network for quality control)

Coordinate with RID to release water from dams to push away polluted or saline water in PWA’s raw water sources.

MWA & PWA share data on the quality17

Water quality control at PWA’s branch offices

Via PWA’s branches’ website

Via PWA’s network (of other agencies )

Follow up data on water Quantity & quality from PWA’s raw water monitoring stations

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An automatic system sending water data to

PWA’s branches & headquarters

Main components :‐ Remote Terminal

Unit‐ Communication‐ Master Station

Early Warning System : Telemetering

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BenefitsTo take a close watch on raw water sources.(both quality & quantity) used for water production both during the normal condition and a crisis. To get data on water Quality , level & flow rate via PWA’s website, with systematic data storage & display. To evaluate a trend of change in the quality & Quantity of water so that the water problem can be solved immediately at the site.

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Early Warning System : Telemetering

System of following up water data from otheragencies’ raw water monitoring stations

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Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environment

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Ministry of Industry

Ministry of Energy Ministry of Interior

PCD DWRRIDDIW

MWA PWAEGAT

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Other agencies using telemetering systems

Royal Irrigation Department Department of Water Resources

Department of industrial Works

Electricity Generating Authority Thailand

Pollution Control Department, Regional office Environment

Metropolitan Waterworks Authority

PWA’s water monitoring Stations

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Map of PWA’s raw water monitoring station

30 stations across the country

(normally located in the area with

problems of water & quality)

In 2012

In 2013

In 2014

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Locations of PWA’s monitoring stations

Khon Kaen WaterworksChi River

Ubon RatchathaniWaterworksMun River

Phichit WaterworksNan River

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Bang Kha WaterworksPrawet Bureerom canal

Angthong WaterworksChao Phraya River

Suphanburi WaterworksTha Chin River

Locations of PWA’s monitoring stations (Continued)

Krabi WaterworksKrabi Yai canal

Hat Yai WaterworksU‐Tapao canal

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Locations of PWA’s monitoring stations (Continued)

Maha sarakhamWaterworksChi River

SakonNakhonWaterworks

Han swamp

Muk dahanWaterworksMekong River

Chiang RaiWaterworksKok River

Mae Sot WaterworksMoei River

PhachniburiWaterworksPhrachi River

Ban Pong Waterworks

Maeklong River

Ban ta khunWaterworks

Phum duang canal

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The Overall systems of raw watermonitoring stations

1. Monitoring quantity of

water

2. Monitoring quality of water

3.Communication sytem

5. Warning system for

water quality surveillance

4. Monitoring result report

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Water Quality Monitoring Systems

1. Monitoring with instrument(Physical & Chemical)

2. Fish Monitoring (Toxicity)

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Raw Water Quality Monitoring Systems (Continued)

Fish Monitoring (Toxicity)

‐ Fish aged 3 Months‐ Body length less than 3 cmwith 100 fishes

Evaluation the toxicity of water

‐Monitor the movement of fish , 24 hours with CCTV

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Monitoring Water Level:

Staff gauge & automatic meter with CCTV (PTZ) installment

Water Monitoring Systems (Continued)

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Monitoring Water Float:The machine may be permanently install or mobile

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Monitoring result report system

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Warning system for water quality surveillance

signal Condition to surveillance

Signal Crisis (danger)

2.Sending a short message to the operator & others

1. Emergency sound signal


Linking water quality data fromMonitoring Station

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In 2014 PWA has a Plan to link its 30 monitoring stations with PWA Headquaters Linking water quality & other agencies in order to share water data with them concerning water source conservation , including giving a warning of natural disaster.


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Linking water quality from :Monitoring Station SCADA System PWA’s Automation tap water quality monitoring Tools

Type Number

Monitoring Station 30

SCADA System 22

Automation tap water quality monitoring Tools

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Linking raw water quality from : Monitoring Station/ SCADA System/ PWA’s Automation tap water quality monitoring Tools

Get the water sample from the production system through analysis of water quality , continuously for 24 hours

Key Parameters : pH ,turbidity , chlorine

Automation tap water quality monitoring Tools

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Linking raw water quality from : Monitoring Station/ SCADA System/ PWA’s Automation tap water quality monitoring Tools

SCADA System (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

SCADA is a system that compiles data from various sources and send the data to a control center for analysis & processing by a computer while analytical result can be sent to control the perform of tools in the systems, including displaying the perform status of those tool major component.

Reporting system for SCADAHua Hin Substation, Pranburi WWk.

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Can Control production & Distribution system from center. Can monitor steps of production & distribution all the time. Can analyse the system & give a warning. Can record & retrieved data. Keep a close watch all raw water quality/tap water and keep awarning 24 hours.Others

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Reporting system for SCADA Hua Hin Substation , Pranburi WWk. (coninued)

On December 4, 2008Thailand Environment Day

Ministry of InteriorMinistry of Industry

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Had To resolved to cooperate

on protection & solution of waterquality in the critical river basin

Data linking among government agency

Objective of resolution

To cooperation preserving water sources retrieve the quality of water in the main water sources of the country, which are now degraded, in order to come back a normalstandard, in order to preserve ecological system of thosewater sources & the people ‘s way of life near the river.

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Data linking among government agency

Map of river Basin

in Thailand

(25 river Basins)

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5 critical river basins in Thailand

Chao Phraya basin

Tha chin river basin

Bang pa kong basin

Lumtakong basin

Songkhla lake basin

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Province in the target area

Chao Phraya basin Tha Chin BasinBangpaKong Basin

LamtakongBasin

Songkhla lake Basin

( BangpaKong riverPrachinburi river

Nakhonnayok river )

1.Nakhon Sawan 1. Chai Nat (some area)

1. Prachin Buri Nakhon Ratchasima

1. Nakhon Si Thammarat

2. Chai Nat (some area)

2. Suphan Buri 2. Nakhon nayok 2. Phatthalung

3.Sing Buri 3. Nakhon Pathom

3. Chachoengsao 3.Songkhla

4.Lop Buri 4. Samut Sakhon4. Chon Buri

5.Ang Thong6.Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya7. Sraaburi8. Pathum Thani9. Nonthaburi10. Bangkok11. Samutprakan

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Waterworks under

Regional office10

1. Lat Yao

2. Tha tako

3. Nakhon sawan

4. Phayuhakiri

5. Chainat

Waterworks under

Regional office2

6. Bangrachan

7. Singburi

8. Wisetchaichan

9. Angthong

10. Phakhai

11. Sana

12. Banmi

13. Lopburi

14. Ayutthaya

15. Pathum thani

16. Rangsit

1

234

5

6 712

1398

1011

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15 16

List of PWA Waterworks at Chao Phraya river Basin

Department of Water Resources(DWR)

Location of other agencies’ monitoring stations & Telemetering ‐ Chao Phraya river basin ‐

Royal Irrigation Department (RID)

Pollution Control Department(PCD)

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Map of Monitoring stations- Chao Phraya river basin only -

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PWA

PCD

REO

DWR

RID

9 Waterworks 1. DoembangNangbuat2. Danchang3. SriPrachan4. Laokhwan5. Suphan Buri6. U‐Thong7. Shumphan8. Omnoi9. Samut Sakhon

สัญลักษณ

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List of PWA Waterworks at Tha Chin river Basin

12

4 3

65

7

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Water quality monitoring stationsPCD & EOR 1‐16( 59 stations )

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Website showing water Quality from monitoring station

PCD & EOR(http://58.137.231.37/wqm/GGW/)

Parameter measurement: pH , DO , EC , Salinity , temperature with Levels and water quality

Telemetering system for water Quantity & Quality : DWR

96 stations

( 32 stations : Monitoring water quality )

Telemetry Mekong‐Chi‐Mun Basin50 stations

13 stations : water quality monitoring

Telemetry Songkhla Lake Basin11 stations

7 stations :water quality monitoring

Telemetry Chao Phraya basin15 stations

5 stations :water quality monitoring

Website showing water Quality from monitoring station , DWR

(http://mekhala.dwr.go.th/main/)

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Water Quantity : water (river cross section) / rainfall with level of warningWater Quality : pH / DO / EC / temperature with level of warning

Website showing water Quality from monitoring station DWR

Telemetry system for forecasting and warning , RID135 stations

1. Songkhla Lake Basin.Khlong U‐Tapao

16 stations

2. Prachin Basin ‐ Bangpakong34 stations

3. Wang Basin19 stations

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4. Chao Phraya river basin54 stations

6.Ping river basin 7. Yom river basin 8. Lam Pao river basin 9. Tha Chin river basin 10. Chanthaburi river basin 11. Pak Panang river Basin 12. Lower Mekong river basin

Implementation not complete, No detailed station. ‐‐‐

5. Thataphao river Basin12 stations

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Telemetry system for forecasting and warning , RID135 stations

Website showing water Quality from monitoring station , RID

(http://www.rid.go.th/2009/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category

&id=14:2009-04-19-06-50-15)

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Water Quantity : Rainfall (hourly and daily) / water (current, maximum and minimum)water flow : river cross section with level of warning (only some place)

Project implemented in the first phase Project implemented in the Later phase

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PCD

REO / DWR / RID

Waterworks PWA

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PWA

PCD

REO

DWR

RID

Map of PWA’s Monitoring in the Thailand

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Water quality monitoring stations of other agenciesAgencies Under the agency Basin with monitoring

station number

Pollution Control Department

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

all rivers 58

Department of Water Resources

Chao Phraya basin 15Songkhla lake Basin 11Mekong Basin 11Mun‐Chi Basin 39Yom‐Nan Basin 119BangpaKong Basin 20

total 195

Department of industrial works Ministry of Industry Tha Chin Basin 5

Royal Irrigation Department Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

Chao Phraya basin 54Prachinburi‐BangpaKong Basin 34Pakkphanang Basin 16Pakkphanang lower Basin 17Songkhla lake Basin 50Thataphao Basin 12Wang Basin 19Yom Basin 25Khlong U‐taphao Basin 19Ping Upper Basin 38Phetchaburi Basin 17Pasak Basin 12Chanthaburi Basin 11Sakae krang Basin 12Mae klong Basin 16Total 352

Agencies’ Website

Via other agencies ’website

Benefits of the follow up water Quantity & Quality Data

Coordinate with other agencies concerning water quality : PWA MWA PCD RID ,etc

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Benefits of the follow up water Quality Data

Boat carrying sugar capsized in the Chao Phraya Riverin Ayutthaya in 2011

EXAMPLE

Water Quality at that time Staff of PCD MWA RID PWA ,etc. visited the site to examine water quality there. Follow up the mass of polluted water from Ayuddhaya to Samutprakarn province (where water runs into the gulf of Thailand) to check water quality from day 1‐6 (distant of 150 kms.) Examination revealed significant reduction of Oxygen in the river, causing the death of tons of fish in the Chao Phraya river.

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Boat carrying brown sugar capsized in the Chao Phraya River

Places affected by accident‐ distance from capsized scene

150 km.30 กม.

24 กม.

17 กม.40 กม.

42 กม.

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2,400 tons of brown sugar sank to the bottom of the river


Change of oxygen amount in the River

Table showing minimum DO from day 1‐7

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Monitoring station

Distance from the capsize

scene

Distance from the gulf ofThailand

Before the accident After the accident

30‐5‐2011 31‐5‐2011 1‐6‐2011 2‐6‐2011 3‐6‐2011 4‐6‐2011 5‐6‐2011

Bang barnAyutthaya

North 3 km. 156 km. 5.0 4.8 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6

Bang SaiAyutthaya

South 30 km. 123 km. 4.1 4.3 0.2 0.1 2.1 3.7 3.3

MWA: Intake raw water

South 54 km. 99 km. 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.6 0.3 1.5 2.8

PakkredNonthaburi

South 71 km. 82 km. 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.1 0.1 0.4 2.0

BangkokBridge

South 111 km. 42 km. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 0 0.2


DO at the Bang Sai Station, Ayutthaya

กอนเกิดเหตุ

หลังเกิดเหตุ

31/5/54 17.00 น.1/6/54 13.00 น.

3/6/54 04.30 น.กอนเกิดเหตุ

หลังเกิดเหตุ

31/5/54 17.00 น.1/6/2011 13.00 น.

3/6/2011 04.30 น.

65


DO at the Samlae Station, Raw water pump MWA

Before the accident31/5/54 17.00 น.

2/6/2011 17.30 น. 4/6/2011 8.30 น.

After the accident

66


DO at Pakkred Nontaburi Station

31/5/54 17.00 น.3/6/2011 5.30 น. 4/6/2011 17.30 น.

67

Before the accident

After the accident

DO at Bangkok Bridge Station

31/5/54 17.00 น.4/6/2011 8.30 น. 5/6/2011 12.00 น.

68


Before the accident

After the accident

Places affected by the accident

The capsize

scen

eAy

utthaya

Thakaron

gTemple

Phan

anchoe

ngTemple

Bang

Pa‐in D

istrict

Bridge over the

Cha

oPh

raya river.

Highw

ay 347

Choe

nglane

Temple

Water qua

lity mon

itorin

g stations

(Ban

gSai)

BangsaiPW

A WWk.

Raw water Pum

pPathum

than

iWater sup

ply compa

nyRa

w water Pum

pSamlaeMWA

Distancefrom capsize scene (Km.)

0 0.2 4 18 23 26 26.5 33 50 50.569


Measures for Resolutions during Accident Shipping company (boat’s owners) tried to pump sinking sugar from

bottom of the river (10 tons in 3 days) RID released water from Chao Phraya dam to push away polluted water into

the sea (at Samoutprakarn) Government agencies concerned regularly report on the quality of water in

the river to people

70


Measures for Resolutions during Accident (continued) PWA check up water quality at accident scene PWA check up water quality at its Bangsai productionand prepare to solve the problem (Aerator, ChemicalFeeder Chemicals)

PTW. Company Limited Surveillance to monitor thewater quality MWA has raw water pumped from the canal water to spare for raw water ,prepared Aerator , chemicalsand also monitored river water quality continuously

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Safe Drinking Water

quality of drinking water in thailand; leveraging...

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