qualitative techniques - incomplete *draft*
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Qualitative Techniques
Damian Gordon
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Outline
Ethnography Ethnomethodology Autoethnography Phenomenology Reality Testing Constructionism/Constructivism Heuristic Enquiry Symbolic Interaction Action Research Grounded Theory Case Study Biography Conversation Analysis Narrative Inquiry Content Analysis Q Methodology
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Ethnography
Key Question What is the culture of this group of people?
Disciplinary roots Anthropology
Focus Describing and interpreting a cultural and social group
Data Collection Primarily observations and interviews with additional artifacts during extended time in the field (e.g., 6 months to a year)
Data Analysis •Description•Analysis•Interpretation
Narrative Focus Description of the cultural behavior of a group or an individual
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Ethnomethodology
Key Question How do people make sense of their everyday activities so as to behave in socially acceptable ways?
Disciplinary roots
Sociology
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Autoethnography
Key Question How does my own experience of this culture connect with and offer insights about this culture, situation, event and/or way of life?
Disciplinary roots
Literary Arts
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Phenomenology
Key Question What is the meaning, structure, and the essence of the lived experience of this phenomenon for this person or group of people?
Disciplinary roots Philosophy
Focus Understanding the essence of experiences about a phenomenon
Data Collection Long interviews with up to 10 people
Data Analysis •Statements•Meanings•Meaning themes•General description of the experience
Narrative Focus Description of the “essence” of the experience
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Reality Testing: Positivist and Realist Approaches
Key Question What’s really going on in the real world? What can we establish with some degree of certainty? What are the plausible explanations for verifiable patterns? What’s the truth insofar as we can get at it? How can we study a phenomenon so that our findings correspond, as much as possible, to the real world?
Disciplinary roots
Philosophy, Social Sciences, and Evaluation
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Constructionism/Constructivism
Key Question How have the people in this setting constructed reality? What are their reported perceptions, “truths”, explanations, beliefs, and worldview? What are the consequences of their constructions for their behaviours and for those with whom they interact?
Disciplinary roots
Sociology
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Heuristic Inquiry
Key Question What is my experience of this phenomenon and the essential experience of others who also experience this phenomenon intensely?
Disciplinary roots
Humanistic Psychology
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Symbolic Interaction
Key Question What common set of symbols and understandings have emerged to give meaning to people’s interactions?
Disciplinary roots
Social Psychology
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Action Research and Participatory Action Research
Key Question X
Disciplinary roots
X
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Grounded Theory
Key Question Can we develop a set of flexible analytic guidelines that enable researchers to focus their data collection and to build inductive middle-range theories through successive levels of data analysis and conceptual development?
Disciplinary roots Sociology
Focus Developing a theory grounded in data from the field
Data Collection Interviews with 20-30 individuals to “saturate” categories and detail a theory
Data Analysis •Open coding•Axial coding•Selective coding•Conditional matrix
Narrative Focus Theory or theoretical model
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Case Study
Key Question X
Disciplinary roots Political science, Sociology, and Education
Focus Developing on in-depth analysis of a single case of multiple cases
Data Collection Multiple sources – documents, archival records, interviews, observations, physical artifacts
Data Analysis •Description•Themes•Assertions
Narrative Focus In-depth study of a “case” or “cases”
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Biography
Key Question X
Disciplinary roots
History, Anthropology, Literature, Psychology, and Sociology
Focus Exploring the life of individual
Data Collection Primarily interviews and Documents
Data Analysis •Stories•Epiphanies•Historical content
Narrative Focus Detailed picture of on individual’s life
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Conversation Analysis
Key Question What is the orderliness, structure and sequential patterns of interaction, whether this is institutional (in the school, doctor's surgery, courts or elsewhere) or casual conversation?
Disciplinary roots
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Narrative Inquiry
Key Question Can we discuss the situation are a story including setting, complicating action and resolution?
Disciplinary roots
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Content Analysis
Key Question Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect?
Disciplinary roots
Social Sciences
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Q Methodology
Key Question What factors can be seen as correlations between subjects across a sample of variables?
Disciplinary roots
Factor Analysis