qualitative design - tamer gharaibeh

7/30/2019 Qualitative Design - tamer gharaibeh

1/41

^{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd lkzhce

Prkzke|n|hge ox 2

\NMK_ CDN_NHOKD) _E

Mnz|kr ga E{rzhec


2/41

Iknrehec G{|jgmkz

N| |dk kel ga |dhz ikj|{rk) z|{lke|z shii ok

noik |g

Hlke|hax |dk jdnrnj|krhz|hjz) pdnzkz) nel

akn|{rkz ga ~{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd lkzhce%

Lhzj{zz zgmk ~{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd

|rnlh|hgez%


3/41

^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjd Lkzhce

^{ne|h|n|hqk rkzknrjdkrz jnrka{iix zpkjhax n

rkzknrjd lkzhce okagrk ln|n jgiikj|hge% He

~{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd) ox jge|rnz|) |dk z|{lx

lkzhce kqgiqkz gqkr |dk jg{rzk ga |dk prgbkj|%Lkjhzhgez nog{| dgs okz| |g go|nhe ln|n) argm

sdgm |g go|nhe ln|n) dgs |g zjdkl{ik ln|n

jgiikj|hge) nel dgs igec knjd ln|n jgiikj|hge

zkzzhge zdg{il inz| nrk mnlk he |dk ahkil nz |dkz|{lx {eagilz%


4/41

Jdnrnj|krhz|hjz ga ^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjd

Lkzhce

Ga|ke heqgiqkz n mkrchec |gck|dkr ga qnrhg{z ln|njgiikj|hge z|rn|kchkz) z{jd nz he|krqhkshec) gozkrqn|hgez)

nel lgj{mke|z%

Hz aikthoik nel kinz|hj) jnpnoik ga nlb{z|hec |g sdn| hz

okhec iknrekl l{rhec |dk jg{rzk ga ln|n jgiikj|hge% \kelz |g ok dgihz|hj) |rxhec |g {elkrz|nel |dk sdgik%

_k~{hrkz rkzknrjdkrz |g ok lkkpix heqgiqkl ) ga|ke

rkmnhehec he |dk ahkil agr ikec|dx pkrhglz ga |hmk%

\dk rkzknrjdkr hz |dk ln|n hez|r{mke|%

Gecghec nenixzhz ga ln|n |g agrm{in|k z{ozk~{ke|

z|rn|kchkz nel |g lk|krmhek sdke ahkil sgrf hz gqkr%


5/41

^{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd lkzhcez dnqk ahqk

prhmnrx p{rpgzkz2

Lkzjrhohec pdkegmken

Ckekrn|hec dxpg|dkzkz

Hii{z|rn|hec |dk mknehec ga rkin|hgezdhpz [elkrz|nelhec rkin|hgezdhpz

Lkqkigphec) rkahehec) gr ktpnelhec|dkgrx


6/41

Pdnzkz he ^{nih|n|hqk Lkzhce

\dk en|{rnihz|hj he~{hrx prgcrkzzkz |drg{cd |drkk orgnl

pdnzkz sdhik he |dk ahkil2 Grhke|n|hge nel gqkrqhks% ^{ne|h|n|hqk rkzknrjdkrz okihkqk

|dn| |dkx fegs sdn| |dkx lg eg| fegs% \dkx fegs ktnj|ix

sdn| |xpk ga fegsiklck |dkx ktpkj| |g go|nhe ox lghec n

z|{lx% ^{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjdkrz) ox jge|rnz|) ke|kr |dk z|{lxeg| fegshec sdn| hz eg| fegse% \dn| hz eg| fegshec sdn| h|

hz nog{| |dk pdkegmkege |dn| shii lrhqk |dk he~{hrx agrsnrl%

Agj{zkl ktpigrn|hge% \dhz pdnzk hz mgrk agj{zkl zjr{|hex

nel he lkp|d ktpigrn|hge ga |dgzk nzpkj|z ga |dk

pdkegmkege |dn| nrk b{lckl nz znihke| Vprgmheke|]%

Jgeahrmn|hge nel jigz{rk% Dkrk) rkzknrjdkrz {elkr|nfk

kaagr|z |g kz|noihzd |dn| |dkhr ahelhecz nrk |r{z|sgr|dx) ga|ke

ox cghec onjf nel lhzj{zzhec |dkhr rkz{i|z sh|d pnr|hjhpne|z


7/41

^{nih|n|hqk Lkzhce Akn|{rkz

>% Jge|rgi gqkr |dk helkpkelke| qnrhnoik2 ^{nih|n|hqk

rkzknrjdkrz lg eg| jgejkp|{nihk |dkhr z|{lhkz nz dnqhec HQnel LQ) nel rnrkix jge|rgi gr mnehp{in|k nex nzpkj| ga |dk

pkgpik gr keqhrgemke| he |dk z|{lx% ^{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd hz

nimgz| nisnxz ege-ktpkrhmke|ni zkkfhec |g lkqkigp rhjd

{elkrz|nelhec ga n pdkegmkege nz h| kthz| en|{rniix%?% \xpk ga crg{p jgmpnrhzge2 Nz |dk nhm ga ~{nih|n|hqk

rkzknrjd hz |g lkzjrhok nel ktpinhe n pdkegmkege)

rkzknrjdkrz lg eg| pine he nlqnejk |g mnfk crg{p

jgmpnrhzgez% Zgmk|hmkz) jgmpnrhzgez nrk pineekl sdke

z|{lxhec |sg lhaakrke| j{i|{rkz%

:% E{mokr ga ln|n jgiikj|hge pghe|z2 ^{nih|n|hqk z|{lhkz jg{il

jrgzz-zkj|hgeni gr igech|{lheni |g gozkrqk |dk kqgi{|hge ga n

pdkegmkege% Ne ktnmpik shii agiigs%


8/41

Jrgzz-zkj|hgeni2 Lksnr ! Ikk $?000( ktnmhekl dgs

pkgpik sdg z{z|nhekl mnbgr heb{rx mnenckl |dkhr

jhrj{mz|nejkz% Hen zhecik he|krqhks) pnr|hjhpne|z skrk

nzfkl |g lkzjrhok |dkhr jgphec prgjkzzkz gqkr |hmk% Igech|{lheni2 _khzhec $?00?( z|{lhkl knrix zgjhnihzn|hge

prgjkzzkz ga eks jrh|hjni jnrk e{rzkz ox he|krqhkshec |dkm

m{i|hpik |hmkz gqkr n ;-mge|d pkrhgl%


9/41

Gqkrqhks ga ^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjd \rnlh|hgez

_kzknrjd |rnlh|hgez |dn| prgqhlk |dkgrk|hjni {elkrpheehec

agr ~{nih|n|hqk z|{lhkz jgmk) prhmnrhix) argm ne|drgpgigcx)pzxjdgigcx) nel zgjhgigcx% \rnlh|hgez ga he|krkz| nrk

g{|ihekl okigs nel lhzj{zzkl na|krsnrlz%


10/41

Crg{elkl \dkgrx

Crg{elkl |dkgrx agj{z ge |dk mneekr he sdhjd pkgpik mnfk zkezkga zgjhni he|krnj|hge nel he|krprk|n|hge |dkx n||njd |g zgjhni zxmogiz

_kzknrjd zkkf |g {elkrz|nel |dk nj|hge ox ahrz| lhzjgqkrhec |dkmnhe jgejkre gr prgoikm nel |dke helhqhl{niz okdnqhgr |dn| hzlkzhcen|kl |g zgiqk h|

Jgrk qnrhnoikz 2 |dk mneekr he sdhjd pkgpik rkzgiqk mnhe jgejkregr prgoikm%

Crg{elkl |dkgrx mk|dgl _kzknrjd prgoikm nel prgjkzz {zkl |g rkzgiqk h| nrk lhzjgqkrkl

l{rhec ln|n jgiikj|hge

Ln|n jgiikj|hge) ln|n nenixzhz) nel znmpihec pnr|hjhpne| gjj{rzhm{i|nekg{zix

_kj{rzhqk

Jgez|ne| jgmpnrhzge 2 prgjkl{rk hz {zkl |g lkqkigp nel rkahek|dkgrk|hjniix rkikqne| jgejkp|z


11/41

Crg{elkl |dkgrx

Crg{elkl |dkgrx mk|dgl hz n zxz|kmn|hj ckekrn|hge ga|dkgrx argm ln|n |dn| jge|nhez og|d hel{j|hqk nel

lkl{j|hqk |dhefhec

\dk ~{kz|hgez |dk rkzknrjdkr rkpkn|klix nzfz he

crg{elkl |dkgrx nrk

/Sdn|z cghec ge7

/Sdn| hz |dk mnhe prgoikm ga |dk pnr|hjhpne|z7

nel dgs nrk |dkx |rxhec |g zgiqk h|7/


12/41

Crg{elkl \dkgrx

- Lkp|d he|krqhksz nel gozkrqn|hge snz |dkprhmnrx zg{rjk ga ln|n

|xphjniix znmpik nog{| ?0 |g


13/41

K|degcrnpdx K|degcrnpdx heqgiqkz |dk lkzjrhp|hge nel he|krprk|n|hge ga

j{i|{rni okdnqhg{r%

K|degcrnpdhkz nrk n oikel ga n prgjkzz nel n prgl{j|) ahkil

sgrf) nel srh||ke |kt|%

K|degcrnpndkrz) |drg{cd ahkil sgrf) jgmk |g {elkrz|nel n

j{i|{rk) nel {zk |dk |kt| |g jgmm{ehjn|k nel pgr|rnx |dkj{i|{rk%

J{i|{rk hz eg| qhzhoik% Nz z{jd) h| hz heakrrkl argm |dk sgrlz)

nj|hgez) nel prgl{j|z ga mkmokrz ga n j{i|{rni crg{p) Zg h|z

|dk snx n crg{p ga pkgpik ihqk $ k%c) qni{kz nel egrmz( % Lkzjrhok nel he|krprk|z j{i|{rni okdnqhg{r


14/41

K|degcrnpdx

J{i|{rk jne jinzzhahkl |g

>- orgnlix lkahekl j{i|{rk gr mnjrgk|degcrnpdx

Kt% Cdnenhne qhiinck j{i|{rk

?- mgrk enrrgsix lkahekl j{i|{rk gr mhjrgk|degcrnpdx

%% zmnii {eh|z sh|dhe n crg{p gr zpkjhahj nj|hqn|kz sh|dhegrcnehn|hge

Kt% Dgs e{rzkz jgmm{ehjn|k sh|d jdhilrke he nekmkrckejx rggm


15/41

K|degcrnpdx _kzknrjdkr zkkf |g iknre argm mkmokrz ga n j{i|{rni

crg{p |g {elkrz|nel |dkhr sgril ihqk

Zkkfz ne kmhj pkrzpkj|hqk ga |dk j{i|{rk $ \dk snx|dk mkmokr ga |dk j{i|{rk keqhzhge |dkrk sgril ) crg{pqhks nel igjni inec{nck) (

K|hj pkrzpkj|hqk hz |dk g{| zhlkrz he|krprk|n|hge ga |dk

ktpkrhkejkz ga |dn| j{i|{rk\dk jgejkp| ga rkzknrjdkr nz hez|r{mke| {zkl |g

lkzjrhok |dk zhcehahjne| rgik k|degcrnpdkrz pinx henenixzhec nel he|krprk|hec j{i|{rk


16/41

K|degcrnpdx Heagrmn|hge nrk {z{niix zg{cd| ox k|degcrnpdkrz 2

>- j{i|{rni okdnqhg{r Sdn| mkmokrz ga j{i|{rk lg7

?- j{i|{rni nr|hahjhni sdn| |dk mkmokrz ga |dk j{i|{rk mnfk nel {zk 7

:- nel j{i|{rni zpkkjd Sdn| pkgpik znx 7

-k|degcrnpdkrz |xphjniix jgel{j| he- lkp|d he|krqhks

sh|d nog{| ?;-;0 heagrmne|z


17/41

Z|rn|kchkz ga ln|n jgiikj|hge

>% Gozkrqn|hge?% He-lkp|d he|krqhksz nel rkjgrlz

:% Pnr|hjhpne| gozkrqn|hge 2 rkzknrjdkrz mnfk gozkrqn|hgez ga |dk

j{i|{rk {elkr z|{lx sdhik pnr|hjhpn|hec he h|z nj|hqh|hkz


18/41

Pgzh|hqkz

|dk prgl{j| ga z|{lx hz n rhjd nel dgihz|hj lkzjrhp|hge ga j{i|{rk {elkr z|{lx

Lkzjrhohec egrmn|hqk okdnqhgrni nel zgjhni pn||kre

Dkip |g anjhih|n|k {elkrz|nelhec ga okdnqhgrz naakj|hec dkni|d nel hiiekzz

K|d{ege{rzhec 2 \dk z|{lx nel nenixzhz ga |dk igjni gr helhckeg{z pkgpikz qhkspghe|)

okihkqkz) nel prnj|hjkz nog{| e{rzhec jnrk okdnqhgr nel prgjkzz ga

lkzhcen|kl j{i|{rkz

\xpkz ga k|d{egcrnpdkrz>% G{|zhlkr

?% Hezhlkr gr n{|gk|degcrnpdx


19/41

Pdkegmkegigcx Pdkegmkegigcx hz n zjdggi ga |dg{cd| |dn|

kmpdnzhkz n agj{z ge pkgpikz z{obkj|hqkktpkrhkejkz nel he|krprk|n|hgez ga |dk sgril%

Pdkegmkegigchz|z n||kmp| |g {elkrz|nel |dgzk

sdgm |dkx gozkrqk argm |dk z{obkj|z pkrzpkj|hqk%

H| hz jigzk |g dkrmkek{|hjz2 agj{zhec ge mknehecnel he|krprk|n|hge%


20/41

Pdkegmkegigcx

Agj{zkl ge |dk lkzjrhp|hge nel he|krprkn|hge

ga pkgpik ihqk ktpkrhkejk

Lkp|d jgeqkrzn|hge sh|d pnr|hjhpne| hz |dk

mnhe ln|n zg{rjk

[zhec ornjfk|hec

\xphjniix heqgiqk n zmnii e{mokr ga z|{lxpnr|hjhpne| ) >0 gr akskr


21/41

Pdkegmkegigcx

He|krkz| |g ag{r nzpkj|z ga ihqkl ktpkrhkejk 2

Ihqkl zpnjk gr zpn|hnih|x

Ihqkl oglx gr jgrpgrknih|x Ihqkl |hmk gr |kmpgrnrhix

ihqkl d{mne rkin|hge gr rkin|hgenih|x


22/41

ktnmpik gaPdkegmkegigcx

Shifhe nel zikqhe $?00


23/41

Pdkegmkegigcx >-Lkzjrhp|hqk Pdkegmkegigcx z|{lx 2

Prhmnrx he|krkz|kl he ~{kz|hge Sdn| lg sk fegs nz n pkrzge7

Heji{lk lkzjrhp|hge ga |dhecz nz pkgpik ktpkrhkejk |dkmihfk dknrhec ) zkkhec) akkihec nel zg agr|d

Heqgiqk ag{r z|kp 2>% ornjfk|hec $ prkjgejkhqkl okihka nel gphehgez ( )

?% He|{h|hec $ mknehecz n||rho{|kl |g |dk pdkegmkege ox pnr|hjhpne|( )

:% nenixhec $ kt|rnj|hec zhcehahjne| z|n|kmke| (


24/41

Pdkegmkegigcx He|krprk|hqk Pdkegmkegigcx z|{lx 2

_kakr |g nr| nel pdhigzgpdx ga he|krprk|hec |dk mknehec ga negobkj| z{jd nz |kt|) sgrf ga nr| ) d{mne {||krnejkz nel zgge

\dk jrh|hjni ~{kz|hge hz Sdn| hz okhec7

Eg ornjfk|hec- rkix prhmnrhix ge lkp|d he|krqhksz sh|d helhqhl{niz sdg dnqk

ktpkrhkejkl |dk pdkegmkege ga he|krkz|


25/41

Pdkegmkegigcx

Ktnmpik ga He|krprk|hqk Pdkegmkegigcx

|dk mknehec ga |dk ktpkrhkejk ga ihqhec sh|d

zkrhg{z jdrgehj hiiekzz) sdhjd |dkx

he|krprk|kl nz dgqkrhec ok|skke z{aakrhec

nel kel{rhec% \dk rkzknrjdkr {zkl |drkk-

pdnzk dkrmkek{|hj prgjkzz |g he|krprk| |dk

|kt|


26/41

Dhz|grhjni2 h| hz onzkl ge |dk z|{lx ga

srh||ke mn|krhniz) grni rkpgr|z)pdg|gcrnpdz) nel ahimz% Zg{rjkz nrk

kh|dkr prhmnrx gr zkjgelnrx% Pdhigzgpdhjni he~{hrx2hz jgel{j|kl

|g lkon|k hzz{kz gr lkqkigp |dkgrhkz6nenixzhz hz {zkl%


27/41

Ahkil _kzknrjd

Ahkil rkzknrjd hz n ckekrni |krm |dn|rkakrz |g n crg{p ga mk|dglgigchkz

{zkl ox rkzknrjdkrz he mnfhec

~{nih|n|hqk he~{hrhkz%

\dk ahkil rkzknrjdkr cgkz lhrkj|ix |g|dk zgjhni pdkegmkege {elkr z|{lx

nel gozkrqkz h| nz jgmpik|kix nz

pgzzhoik%


28/41

Jnzk Z|{lhkz N||kmp|z |g zdkl ihcd| ge n pdkegmken ox

z|{lxhec he-lkp|d n zhecik jnzk ktnmpik ga |dk

pdkegmken% \dk jnzk jne ok ne helhqhl{ni

pkrzge) ne kqke|) n crg{p) gr ne hez|h|{|hge%

zkkf |g nezskr ~{kz|hge sdx rn|dkr |dne sdn| Ln|n rkin|k |g |dk prkzke| z|n|{z nel pnz|

ktpkrhkejk nel anj|grz rkikqne| |g |dk prgoikm

okhec ktnmhekl Heagrmn|hge go|nhekl jne ok {zkl |g lkqkigp

dxpg|dkzkz |g ok |kz|kl mgrk rhcgrg{zix he

z{ozk~{ke| rkzknrjd


29/41

Jnzk z|{lx

Z|rkec|d ga jnzk z|{lx \dk lkp|d |dn| hz pgzzhoik sdke n ihmh|kl e{mokr ga helhqhl{niz gr

crg{pz hz okhec heqkz|hcn|hge

Prgqhlk rkzknrjdkr ne he|hmn|k fegsiklck ga pkrzgez jgelh|hge

)akkihec nj|hge he pnz| nel prkzke|

Sknfekzz ga jnzk z|{lx \dhz lkp|d rkin|hgezdhp ok|skke rkzknrjdkr nel pkrzge mx mnfk

gobkj|hqh|x mgrk lhaahj{i|

Ckekrnihn|hge ) ha rkzknrjdkr lhzjgqkr hmpgr|ne| rkin|hgezdhp) h|z

lhaahj{i| |g fegs sdk|dkr |dk znmk rkin|hgezdhp sg{il gjj{r sh|d

g|dkrz


30/41

Enrrn|hqk Nenixzhzg Agj{z ge z|grx nz |dk gobkj| ga he~{hrx |g lk|krmhek dgs

helhqhl{ni mnfk zkezk ga kqke| he |dkhr ihqkz

g Enrrn|hqk he~{hrx {zkz ahkil |kt|z) z{jd nz z|grhkz)

n{|gohgcrnpdx) bg{reniz) ahkil eg|kz) ik||krz) jgeqkrzn|hgez)

he|krqhksz) anmhix z|grhkz

g Npprgnjdkz |g nenixzhz z|grx

Ihec{hz|hj npprgnjd

Pke|nlhj lrnmn|hzm


31/41

Lkzjrhp|hqk ~{nih|n|hqk rkzknrjd

Jinhm eg pnr|hj{inr lhzjhpihenrx gr mk|dglgigchj rgg|z%

lkzjrhokz ln|n nel jdnrnj|krhz|hjz nog{| |dk pgp{in|hge

gr pdkegmkege okhec z|{lhkl

h| lgkz eg| nezskr ~{kz|hgez nog{| k%c%2 dgs'sdke'sdx

_kzknrjdkrz mnx helhjn|k |dn| |dk jgel{j|kl n~{nih|n|hqk z|{lx gr n en|{rnihz|hj he~{hrx

_kzknrjdkrz |kel eg| |g pkek|rn|k |dkhr ln|n he nexhe|krprk|hqk lkp|d

^ ih h _ d h d Hl i h i


32/41

^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjdsh|d Hlkgigchjni Jrh|hjni zgjhni |dkgrx2hz n zgjhni

|dkgrx grhke|kl |gsnrl jrh|h~{hec nel

jdnechec zgjhk|x nz n sdgik) he

jge|rnz| |g |rnlh|hgeni |dkgrx grhke|klgeix |g {elkrz|nelhec gr ktpinhehec%


33/41

Jrh|hjni |dkgrx H|z nhm |g he|kcrn|k |dkgrx nel prnj|hjk z{jd |dn|

pkgpik okjgmk nsnrk ga jge|rnlhjn|hge nel

lhzpnrh|hkz he |dkhr okihkaz nel zgjhni prnj|hjk)

nel okjgmk hezphrkl |g jdneck |dkm%

Jrh|hjni k|degcrnpdx2 npprgnjd agj{zkz gernhzhec jgezjhg{zekzz nel nhlhec kmnejhpn|grx

cgniz he |dk dgpk ga kaakj|hec zgjhni jdneck

J{i|{rkz lhmkezhgez>% Dhz|grhjni

?% Zgjhni

:% Pgih|hjni


34/41

Akmhehz| rkzknrjd

hz rkzknrjd sdhjd hz jnrrhkl g{| ox sgmke sdg

hlke|hax nz akmhehz|z

Jgmmge okihka

hz |dk prkz{ppgzh|hge |dn| sgmke nrk gpprkzzkl) H| hz argm

|dhz jgmmge njjkp|nejk |dn| |dkrk hz helkkl n prgoikm)|dn| |dkrk hz zgmk|dhec nmhzz he |dk |rkn|mke| ga sgmke he

zgjhk|x) |dn| akmhehzm nrhzkz%

_kzknrjdkz zkkf |g {elkrz|nel dgs ckelkr nel n

ckelkrkl zgjhni grlkr dnqk zdnpkl sgmkez ihqkz nel|dkhr jgezjhg{zekzz )|dk nhm hz |g anjhih|n|k jdnechec he

snxz rkikqne| |g kelhec sgmkez {ek~{ni zgjhni pgz|hge


35/41

Akmhehz| rkzknrjd mk|dgl

He-lkp|d he|krnj|hqk

Jgiinogrn|hqk helhqhl{ni he|krqhksz gr crg{p

he|krqhksz

Akmhehz|z zkkf |g ekcg|hn|k |dk mknehec garkz{i| sh|d |dgzk pnr|hjhpn|hec he |dk z|{lx

^ ih| |h _ d h|d Hl i h i


36/41

^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjdsh|d Hlkgigchjni Kt% Kiihg|) Okrmne) nel Fhm $?00?(

{elkr|ggf n jrh|hjni k|degcrnpdhj z|{lx|g ktnmhek dgs mkegpn{zkz hzktpkrhkejkl ox Fgrkne sgmne ihqhec he

Jnenln % \drg{cd lhnigchj he|krqhks%\dk rkzknrjdkr ktpigrkl dgs |dk injfga {elkrz|nelhec ga j{i|{rni dkni|d

prnj|hjkz jne rkz{i| hemhz{elkrz|nelhec nel |dk prgqhzhge gajnrk |dn| hz j{i|{rniix henpprgprhn|k



37/41

Pnr|hjhpn|grx nj|hge rkzknrjd

Nj|hge rkzknrjd hz fegse ox mnex g|dkrenmkz) heji{lhec pnr|hjhpn|grx rkzknrjd)

jgiinogrn|hqk he~{hrx) nj|hge iknrehec) nel

jge|kt|{ni nj|hge rkzknrjd) o{| nii nrkqnrhn|hgez ge n |dkmk%%

^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjdsh|d Hlkgigchjni



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Pnr|hjhpn|grx nj|hge rkzknrjd%Nj|hge rkzknrjd hz iknrehec ox lghec - ncrg{p ga pkgpik hlke|hax n prgoikm) lg

zgmk|dhec |g rkzgiqk h|) zkk dgsz{jjkzza{i |dkhr kaagr|z skrk) nel ha eg|zn|hzahkl) |rx ncnhe%

Hz onzkl ge n rkjgceh|hge |dn| |dk {zk nelprgl{j|hge ga fegsiklck jne ok pgih|hjninel jne ok {zkl |g ktkr| pgskr %




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Pnr|hjhpn|grx nj|hge rkzknrjd kmpdnzhkz |dkpgih|hjni nzpkj|z ga fegsiklck prgl{j|hge%

Jgejkrekl nog{| pgskr nel pgskrikzzekzzkmpgskrmke| |drg{cd jgezjhke|hzn|hge $o{hilheczkia-nsnrkekzz nel jgez|r{j|hec fegsiklck(%

Hmpgr|nejk ga pkgpikz ihqkl ktpkrhkejk dgegr|dk shzlgm ga |dk pkgpik%

Jgejkrekl sh|d cke{hek jgiinogrn|hge%

Lkmgjrn|hj qni{kz%



40/41

Kt% Ornjfikx nel jgiiknc{kz $?00:(

lkzjrhokl n pnr|hjhpn|grx nj|hge prgbkj|heqgiqhec jgmm{eh|x rknlhekzz mglki agr

prkqke|hec he|hmn|k qhgikejk he Oktnr Jg{e|x)

\ktnz% \dk prgbkj| heqgiqkl lk|krmhehec |dkjg{e|rx z|n|kz ga rknlhekzz |g prkqke|

pnr|ekr qhgikejk) kecnchec |dk jgmm{eh|x he

lk|krmhehec |dk {zka{iekzz nel njj{rnjx ga

|dk nzzkzzmke|) lkqkigphec |nrck|kl

z|rn|kchkz |g kednejk rknlhekzz) nel

kqni{n|hec |dk rkz{i|z%

Pnr|hjhpn|grx nj|hge rkzknrjd


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Ihmh|n|hgez ga ^{nih|n|hqk _kzknrjd

>- H| hz nekjlg|ni $z|grhkz |gil agr lrnmn|hj ~{nih|x

sh|dg{| jrh|hjni kqni{n|hge(%

?- [ezjhke|hahj%

:- Prgl{jhec ahelhecz |dn| nrk eg| ckekrnihnoik%

qualitative design - tamer gharaibeh

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