qos issues in gprs/umts networks

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QoS QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks Shiao-Li Charles Tsao (曹孝櫟) Computer & Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. (工研院電通所) [email protected] TEL:886-3-591-4651 FAX:886-3-5820310

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Page 1: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

QoS QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS NetworksIssues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

Shiao-Li Charles Tsao (曹孝櫟)

Computer & Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.

(工研院電通所)[email protected]

TEL:886-3-591-4651 FAX:886-3-5820310

Page 2: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

2

OutlineOutline

• Why QoS ?• End-to-End QoS Architecture• QoS in GPRS Networks• QoS in UMTS Networks• QoS in 3G All IP• End-to-End QoS in Heterogeneous Wireless Network• Conclusions

Page 3: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

3

Why Why QoS QoS ??

• What is QoS ?– Quality of Service is a mechanism that provides a level of

assurance that ensures that a service or application can be delivered to the end-user in a satisfactory time frame (QoSforum)

– Depending on different users and different APs– does not create additional bandwidth– manages the existing bandwidth in more efficient way– allows for predictable delays, delay variation (jitter) and

packet loss rates

Page 4: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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WhyWhy QoSQoS ? (Cont.)? (Cont.)

• Why we need QoS ? – Consistent and predictable to real-time and non-real-time

service above a minimum level– Unique problems for wireless communication

• bandwidth-limiting (engineering approaches to solve QoSproblem over fixed network fail)

• error-prone (retransmission is what we always do over fixed network, but it costs too much over wireless network)

• time-variant

Page 5: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

5

WhyWhy QoSQoS ? (Cont.)? (Cont.)

• Do we need application QoS or end-to-end QoS ?– YES. That is why we need QoS

• QoS architecture– ATM QoS– IP QoS architecture

• MPLS, IntServ, DiffServ– QoS for optical networks

Page 6: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

6

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS ArchitectureArchitecture

TE MT UTRAN CN IuEDGENODE

CNGateway

TE

UMTS

End-to-End Service

TE/MT LocalBearer Service

UMTS Bearer Service External BearerService

UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service CN BearerService

BackboneBearer Service

Iu BearerService

Radio BearerService

UTRAFDD/TDD

Service

PhysicalBearer Service

Page 7: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)

• End-to-End bears : architecture migrationDiffServ, or

IntServIP IP IP

GGSN

DiffServDiffServ

MS

Radio Bearer ATM PVC ATM PVC

IP IP IPGTP GTP GTP GTP

IP

L1/L2

HostRouters Routers …RNC SGSN

Page 8: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

8

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)

• End-to-End bears : architecture migrationDiffServ, or

IntServIP IP IP

Routers Routers

IPv6

GGSN

DiffServMPLS

MS

Radio Bearer

IPGTP GTP GTP GTP

IP

L1/L2 L1/L2 L1/L2

Host…RNC SGSN

Page 9: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)

• End-to-End bears : architecture migration

IP IP IP

GTP GTPIP

Radio Bearer L1/L2 L1/L2

HostMS Routers Routers …RNC IGSN

Page 10: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS Architecture Architecture (Cont.)(Cont.)

• End-to-End bears : architecture migration (All-IP)

MS

IP

Radio Bearer

RNC Routers Routers … Host

IP

L1/L2

IPv6

Support for QoS in optical domain

Page 11: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networksin GPRS Networks

• General ideas - Initiate

HLR

1 : Subscribe time2 : Attach

3 : PDP Context Activation

4 : Send packet3‘ : IP QoS session mapping & establishment

4‘ : Send packet through real-time MAC/RLC based on QoS profile and radio priority

SGSNMS GGSNBSS

Not defined in the GPRS specs.

Not defined in the GPRS specs.

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12

QoSQoS in GPRS Networksin GPRS Networks

• General ideas – Modify and Roaming

2 : PDP Context Modification

BSS

1 : Send packet

2‘ : IP QoS session re-mapping & establishment

1‘ : Re-mapping QoS profile and radio priority to real-time MAC/RLCBSS

BSS SGSN

SGSN GGSNMS

Not defined in the GPRS specs.

Not defined in the GPRS specs.

Page 13: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networksin GPRS Networks

• QoS profile configuration

PDP Context #3

PDP Context #2

PDP Context #1

Subscriber #1

•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile•…

MS HLRSGSN GGSN

•Precedence class : high, normal, low•Delay class : 1-3 (predictive), 4 (best effort)•Reliability class : 1 (highest) – 5 (lowest)•Peak throughput class : 1 (lowest, 8kbps) – 9 (highest, 2048 kbps) •Mean throughput class : 1 (lowest, 0.22kbps) – 18 (highest, 111kbps), 31 (best effort)

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

• Protocol stack

MS BSS SGSN GGSN

IP/X.25

Application

Host

L2L1

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

SGSN GGSN HLR

PDP Context #3

PDP Context #2

PDP Context #1

Subscriber #1

•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile•…

• Subscriber attaches to network

MS

1 Attach Req.

2 Insert Sub. Data

3 Insert Sub. Data Ack.

4 Attach Acpt.

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

• Admission control and QoS session establishment

SGSNMS BSS GGSN Host

2 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)

GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its

capabilities and load

3 Activate PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)

4 Activate PDP Context Acpt. (QoS Neg., Radio Priority) through neg. LLC SAP

MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP

context

1 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Req.) through req. LLC SAP

SGSN may restrict the requested QoS given its capabilities, load and the

subscribed QoS

SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated

* MS has attached to the GPRS network* MS has attached to the GPRS network

Page 17: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS modification

SGSNMS BSS GGSN Host1 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)

GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its

capabilities and load

2 Update PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)

3 Modify PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg., Radio Priority) through neg. LLC SAP

MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP

context

4 Modify PDP Context Acpt.

SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS during Handover (Inter-BSS)

SGSNMS New BSS GGSN Host

1 Data PacketsOld BSS

Data packet through the specific LLC SAP and to RLC/MAC with QoS profile and radio priority to new BSS

2 Data Packets

Data packet through the specific LLC SAP and to RLC/MAC with QoS profile and radio priority

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS during Handover (Inter-SGSN)

Old SGSNMS BSS GGSN Host

1 RA Update Req.

2 SGSN Context Req./Rsp./Ack. (QoS profile)

New SGSN

3 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)

4 Update PDP Context Rsp. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)

5 RA Update Acpt./Complete…

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

MS BSS SGSN GGSN

IP/X.25

Application

Host

Radio Priority

PDP Context (QoS Profile)PDP Context (QoS Profile)• QoS control and maintenance

L2L1

LLC QoS 1~4 SAP (delay class)Flow/Congestion Control

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

Flow control over frame relay

MS BSS SGSN GGSN

L1L2

IP/X.25

Application

Host

TCP/UDP Flows : no differentiated

Associate with PDP context based on PDP address

Through specific LLC SAPs based

on QoS delay class

QoS control based onQoS profiles and radio priorities

• Packet flow

IP QoS based on PDP context (QoS profile)IP QoS based on PDP context (QoS profile)

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QoSQoS in GPRS Networks (Cont.)in GPRS Networks (Cont.)

• Difficulties of QoS control in GPRS Networks– TDMA radio

• Best effort traffic• Shared capacity, no fixed reservation• Non-optimized handover for real-time packets

– BSS knows nothing about PDP context (QoS Profile)• Mapping complicated QoS profile into 4 priorities (LLC and

radio priorities)– No QoS mechanisms standardized on core network

• QoS mechanisms can be applied to core network, but the bottleneck is in radio interface

– One QoS profile per PDP address• No per flow QoS

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networksin UMTS Networks

• Why QoS in UMTS is important ?– 1G cellular system (AMPS)

• analog voice/circuit switch (radio network)– 2G cellular system (GSM)

• digital voice/circuit switch (radio network)– 2.5G cellular system (GPRS)

• digital data/packet switch (radio network)• Address QoS issues but not required to implement

– 3G cellular system (3GPP R99/R4)• digital voice/data/packet switch (radio network)• WCDMA introduced•• QoS QoS features are design in and ready for providing packet voicefeatures are design in and ready for providing packet voice

– Beyond 3G (3GPP R5/R6)• digital voice/data/packet switch (radio and core network)

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• General ideas - Initiate

HLRRNC

1 : Subscribe time2 : Attach

UE

3 : PDP Context Activation

5 : RL/RB establishment

5‘ : RRM to map QoS to channels

SGSN GGSN

3‘ : IP QoS session mapping & establishment

4 : RAB establishment

4‘ : IP QoS session mapping & establishment

5 : PDP Modification if required

5‘ : IP QoS re-mapping if required

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• General ideas – Modify and Roaming

RNC

1: Inter NodeB, RNC handovers

UE SGSN GGSN

2‘ : IP QoS session re-mapping & establishment

RNC

2 : Inter SGSN RAU

SGSN

1‘:RRM involved

RNC

3 :PDP Context Modification

3‘ : IP QoS session re-mapping & establishment

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26

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS profile configuration

PDP Context #3

PDP Context #2

PDP Context #1

Subscriber #1

•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile Lists•…

UE HLRRNC SGSN GGSN

UMTS QoS Classes•Conversational class•Streaming class•Interactive class•Background class

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• UMTS Bearer Service– Traffic classes

Traffic class Conversational class

conversational RT

Streaming class streaming RT

Interactive class Interactive best effort

Background Background best

effort Fundamental characteristics

- Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay )

- Preserve time relation (variation) between information entities of the stream

- Request response pattern - Preserve payload content

- Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time - Preserve payload content

Example of the application

- voice - streaming video - Web browsing - background download of emails

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS Attributes (QoS profile)Traffic class Conversational

class Streaming class Interactive class Background class

Maximum bitrate (kbps) < 2 048 (1) (2) < 2 048 (1) (2) < 2 048 - overhead (2) (3)

< 2 048 - overhead (2) (3)

Delivery order Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Maximum SDU size (octets)

<=1 500 or 1 502 (4) <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) <=1 500 or 1 502 (4) <=1 500 or 1 502 (4)

SDU format information (5) (5) Delivery of erroneous SDUs

Yes/No/- (6) Yes/No/- (6) Yes/No/- (6) Yes/No/- (6)

Residual BER 5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-6

5*10-2, 10-2, 5*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6

4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7) 4*10-3, 10-5, 6*10-8 (7)

SDU error ratio 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5

10-1, 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5

10-3, 10-4, 10-6 10-3, 10-4, 10-6

Transfer delay (ms) 100 up to FFS (9) 250 up to FFS (9) Guaranteed bit rate (kbps)

< 2 048 (1) (2) < 2 048 (1) (2)

Traffic handling priority 1,2,3 (8) Allocation/Retention priority

1,2,3 (8) 1,2,3 (8) 1,2,3 (8) 1,2,3 (8)

Page 29: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Radio access bearer– Attributes mapping from Radio access bearer attributes

(implementation dependent) • Spreading code format• Turbo encoder format• Interleaver• Open-loop power control threshold• Usage of RLC acknowledge

Page 30: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Core Network Bearer Services– Operator’s option to use QoS capabilities in IP or ATM

layer• IP-based backbone

– Differentiated Services shall be used• ATM-SVC as transport bearer

– Interoperation with IP-based backbone is based on DiffServ

– Mapping from UMTS QoS classes to DiffServ codepoint• Operator controls the mapping, depending on bandwidth and

resource provisioning among DiffServ classes• Interoperability between operators based on Service Level

Aggrements

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31

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

SGSN GGSN HLR

PDP Context #3

PDP Context #2

PDP Context #1

Subscriber #1

•PDP Context ID•APN•PDP Address•QoS Profile Lists•…

• Subscriber attaches to network

UE

1 Attach Req.

2 Insert Sub. Data

3 Insert Sub. Data Ack.

4 Attach Acpt.

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32

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• PDP context, QoS profile, traffic flow template, and packet filters

SGSNRNCPDP Context Act.

PDP Context

UE GGSN

PDP Context

Traffic Flow Template

Traffic Flow Template

Secondary PDP Context Act.PDP Context

Same PDP AddressDifferent NSAPI

Different QoS

Same PDP AddressDifferent NSAPI

Different QoSPDP Context

TFT

Packet filter

Packet filter

Packet filter, …

TFT

Secondary PDP Context Act.PDP Context

Same PDP AddressDifferent NSAPI

Different QoS

PDP Context

TFT TFT

Page 33: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

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QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• PDP context, QoS profile, traffic flow template, and packet filters

SGSNUE GGSNRNC Incoming packet

Packet filter

Packet filter

Packet filter

PDP ContextPDP Context

Packet filter

Packet filter

Packet filter

PDP ContextPDP Context

Outgoing packet

PDP contexts with Same PDP address but

different QoS

PDP Context

PDP contexts with Same PDP address but

different QoS

Page 34: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

34

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Protocol stack

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

E.g., IP,PPP

Application

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

ATM

UDP/IP

GTP-U

AAL5

Relay

L1

UDP/IP

L2

GTP-U

E.g., IP,PPP

3G-SGSNUTRANMSIu-PSUu Gn Gi

3G-GGSN

ATM

UDP/IP

GTP-U

AAL5

L1

UDP/IP

GTP-U

L2

Relay

Application

Host

IP/X.25

L2L1

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35

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Admission control and QoS session establishment

SGSNUE RNC GGSN Host

2 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)

GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its

capabilities and load

3 Activate PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)

4 RAB Setup (QoS Neg.)

RRM Algorithms5 RL/RB Establishment

6 RAB Est. Rsp.

1 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Req.)

SGSN may restrict the requested QoS given its capabilities, load and the

subscribed QoS

SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated

* continue* continue

Page 36: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

36

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Admission control and QoS session establishment (Cont.)

SGSN GGSN Host

oS Neg., LLC SAP, Radio PriorityLLC SAP, Radio Priority)

MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP context

7 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)

8 Update PDP Context Rsp.Not used in UMTSNot used in UMTS

UE RNC

9 Activate PDP Context Acpt. (Q

In case QoS was downgraded by RNC, SGSN may inform GGSN about the new QoS

Page 37: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

37

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Secondary PDP Context Activation

SGSNUE RNC GGSN Host

2 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg., TFTTFT)

GGSN may further restrict the QoS given its

capabilities and load

3 Activate PDP Context Rsp. (QoS Neg.)

4 RAB Setup (QoS Neg.)

RRM Algorithms5 RL Establishment

6 RAB Est. Rsp.

1 Activate PDP Context Req. (QoS Req., TFTTFT)

SGSN may restrict the requested QoS given its capabilities, load and the

subscribed QoS

SGSN selects radio priority based on QoS negotiated

* continue* continue

Page 38: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

38

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Secondary PDP Context Activation (Cont.)

SGSN GGSN Host

oS Neg., LLC SAP, Radio PriorityLLC SAP, Radio Priority)

MS either accepts the QoS or deactivates the PDP context

7 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS Neg.)

8 Update PDP Context Rsp.Not used in UMTSNot used in UMTS

UE RNC

9 Activate PDP Context Acpt. (Q

In case QoS was downgraded by RNC, SGSN may inform GGSN about the new QoS

Page 39: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

39

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS setup procedures (control plane)

Transl. Transl.

Adm.Contr

RABManager

UMTS BSManager

UMTS BSManager

UMTS BSManager

Subscr.Control

Adm./Cap.Control

MT GatewayCN EDGEUTRAN

Ext.ServiceControl

LocalServiceControl

Iu BSManager

Radio BSManager

Iu NSManager

UTRAph. BS M

Radio BSManager

UTRAph. BS M

Local BSManager

Adm./Cap.Control

Adm./Cap.Control

Adm./Cap.Control

Iu BSManager

Iu NSManager

CN BSManager

Ext. BSManager

CN BSManager

service primitive interface

BB NSManager

BB NSManager

protocol interface

TE Ext.Netw.1. Activate PDP Context 2. CN Bearer

3. RAB4. RB5. CN Bearer (opt.)

6. Ack. (UMTS Bearer)

Page 40: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

40

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• PDP context modification– SGSN-initiated

• QoS negotiated – GGSN-initiated

• QoS negotiated– UE-initiated

• QoS negotiated • TFT modification

– RNC-initiated• RRC connection lost Iu release

– PDP context preserved for backgroup/interactive traffic class– PDP context preserved for streaming/conversational traffic class

with max. bit rate = 0 kbps

Page 41: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

41

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS control during handovers– Inter RNC handovers

• SRNS relocation– Inter SGSN handovers

• Inter SGSN handover

Page 42: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

42

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Serving SRNS Relocation (soft handover)

Old SGSNSourceRNC New SGSN

TargetRNC GGSN

1 Relocation Required (Source ID, Target ID, SRNCSRNC-->TRNC container>TRNC container)2 Forward Rel. Req. (PDP context(PDP context)

3 Relocation Req. (SRNC(SRNC-->TRNC container>TRNC container, RABsRABs))

Establishment of RABs/RBs4 Relocation Req. Ack. (RABs(RABs OK, OK, RABsRABs fail)fail)

5 Forward Rel. Rsp.6 Relocation Command

7 Relocation commit

8 Forwarding of data

UE

* continue* continue

Page 43: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

43

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Serving SRNS Relocation (soft handover) (Cont.)

Old SGSNUESourceRNC New SGSN

TargetRNC GGSN

9 Relocation Detect10 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)11 Update PDP Context Rsp.

10a UTRAN mobility info

11a UTRAN mobility info conf.

12 Relocation complete

13 Forward Rel. Comp.

14 Forward Rel. Comp. Ack.

15 Iu release Com/complete

Page 44: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

44

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• Inter SGSN RA update

Old SGSNMS RNC GGSN

1 RA Update Req.

2 SGSN Context Req./Rsp./Ack. (QoS profile)

New SGSN

3 Update PDP Context Req. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)

4 Update PDP Context Rsp. (QoS(QoS Neg.Neg.)

5 RA Update Acpt./Complete…

Page 45: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

45

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

UE RAN SGSN GGSN UE

N or NN or N--11 TFTs

IP xxx IP xxx

TFT

PDP ContextPDP ContextPDP Context

NN TCP/UDP Flows

NSAPI-1 NSAPI-1TFT

NSAPI-1

PDP ContextPDP Context

RAB ID-1 RAB ID-1RAB ID-1

RB ID-1 RB ID-1

IP yyy

N or NN or N--11 TFTs

N N NSAPIs

N N GTP-U1~N1~N GTP-C

N N GTP-U1 1 Iu

1~N1~N PDP Context11--NN PDP Context

• QoS control (user plane) PDP Context

* We assume there are * We assume there are NN PDP ContextsPDP ContextsM M RBs(SRBs)

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46

QoSQoS in UMTS Networks (Cont.)in UMTS Networks (Cont.)

• QoS control (user plane)

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

E.g., IP,PPP

Application

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

ATM

UDP/IP

GTP-U

AAL5

Relay

L1

UDP/IP

L2

GTP-U

E.g., IP,PPP

3G-SGSNUTRANMSIu-PSUu Gn Gi

3G-GGSN

ATM

UDP/IP

GTP-U

AAL5

L1

UDP/IP

GTP-U

L2

Relay

L1L2

IP/X.25

Application

Host

IP QoS Control (DiffServ, RSVP,…)

IP QoS Control (RSVP, DiffServ, …)

Fast QoS Control

Fast QoS Control

RRC/RRM Slow QoS contrl

Page 47: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

47

QoSQoS in 3G All IPin 3G All IP

• 3G R5

MS

GmMultmediasignallingprotocols

PSTNIM-MGW

Media Gateway

MGCFMedia GatewayControl Function

Gi

Mg

Mc

MultimediaIP Network

SGSN GGSNUTRAN

MRFMultimedia

Resources Function

HSSHome

Subscriber Server

CSCFCall State Control Function

Gr

Cx

Mm

Gi

Gn

Iu

Gc

T-SGWTransport

Signalling GW

Mr

GoGo

R-SGWRoaming Signalling

Ms

LegacyMobile Signalling

Network

SCPService Control Point

Applicationsand

Services

CAP

EIR

Gf

Gi

Mh

BGCFBreakout GatewayControl Function

Mi

SGSN

Ga

Gi

Page 48: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

48

UE SGSN P-CSCF (PCF)GGSN

1. INVITE

3. INVITE2. 100 Trying

4. 100 Trying

5. 183 SessionProgress

7. 183 Session Progress

6. Authorise QoS resources

12. GPRS:Activate PDP context

8. PRACK9. PRACK

10. 200 OK (PRACK)11. 200 OK (PRACK)

18. GPRS:Activate PDPcontext accept

19. COMET

22. 200 OK (COMET)

20. COMET

21. 200 OK (COMET)

23. 180 Ringing24. 180 Ringing

25. PRACK26. PRACK

27. 200 OK (PRACK)

28. 200 OK (PRACK)

32. 200 OK (INVITE)

29. 200 OK (INVITE)

33. ACK34. ACK

MO Network

13. GPRS: Create PDP context

17. GPRS: Create PDP response

14. COPS: REQ (Activate PDP context)

16. COPS: RPT (Activate PDP context)

15. COPS: DEC (Policy information)

31. COPS: RPT (Report outcome)

30. COPS: DEC (Open "gate")

Page 49: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

49

QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)

• Framework for QoS mapping between IMS and GPRS

P-CSCF

GGSN

Ue SDP

PEP

(Policy Enforcement Point) PCF

(Policy Control Function)

SDP UMTS QoS Parameters

SDP QoS authorization parameters

PDP

Context

Go

QoS authorization parameters UMTS QoS Parameter

1 : Authorize QoS

3 : COPS

2 : PDP Context Activation

Page 50: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

50

QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)

• Framework for generating requested QoS parameters in the UE

Application

SDP Handler

UMTS BS Manager

SessionManager

SGSN

SessionManager

PDP Contex Activation and Modification

(SDP)

UE

UMTSQoS

Param.Per

Applic Type

1)

2)

3)

4)

Page 51: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

51

QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)

• Authorize QoS resources at originating PCF

UE GGSN P-CSCFPCF

1. Define down-link connection info

SDP

SDP

SDP

SDP

2. Define up-link connection info

3. QoS authorisation

Page 52: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

52

QoSQoS in 3G All IP (Cont.)in 3G All IP (Cont.)

• Mobile Originated without End to End RSVP (Activation)

UE P-CSCFPCFSGSN GGSN

2. Activate PDP Req.

3. Create PDP Req.

8. Create PDP Res.

9. Activate PDP Acc.

4. COPS REQ

6. COPS DEC

7. COPS RPT

1. Mapping ofSDP parametersinto UMTS QoS

5. Processresourcerequest

Page 53: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

53

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless NetworkWireless Network

• Seamless Roaming in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

3G/2.5G/2G Core Network3G/2.5G/2G Core Network

Enterprise IntranetEnterprise Intranet

InternetInternet

PANPAN

WLANWLAN

WLANWLAN

WLANWLAN

ISP1 CoreISP1 Core

ISP2 CoreISP2 Core

Page 54: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

54

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• QoS Concerns for Roaming in Heterogeneous Networks

3G/2.5G/2G Core Network3G/2.5G/2G Core Network

Enterprise IntranetEnterprise Intranet

InternetInternet

PANPAN

WLANWLAN

WLANWLAN

WLANWLAN

ISP1 CoreISP1 Core

ISP2 CoreISP2 Core

Push-Based News Server

VoIP Call

Page 55: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

55

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• Logical View of End-to-End IP QoS

End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer Backbone Bearer CN Bearer Radio Access Bearer

End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer Backbone Bearer CN Bearer

End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer Radio Access Bearer

End to End IP BearerRadio Access Bearer CN Bearer

Page 56: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

56

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• Generic End-to-End QoS Architecture

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE

UE:User EquipmentRAN:Radio Access NetworkCN:core network (or intranet)Backbone:Backbone network (or Internet)

L2 QoS Control & Admission ControlL3 QoS Control & Admission ControlQoS Translator

Page 57: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

57

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• Generic Handoff Models in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

InterInter--RAN (L2) HandoffsRAN (L2) HandoffsWLAN AP - WLAN AP, UMTS RAN - UMTS RAN, UTRAN – GERAN, UTRAN - BRAN

CN BackboneUE RAN

IntraIntra--CN HandoffsCN HandoffsUMTS SGSN - UMTS SGSN, Intranet Router – Intranet Router

InterInter--CN HandoffsCN HandoffsUMTS PLMN - UMTS PLMNRouter - Router InterInter--system Handoffssystem HandoffsUMTS - WLAN

Page 58: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

58

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• QoS for Inter Radio Access Network Handoffs

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

UE RAN••Research IssuesResearch Issues

•Radio resource management (RRM)•Heterogeneous radio resource management (Heterogeneous RRM)•Frame synchronization for soft/hard handoffs •QoS renegotiation

Page 59: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

59

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• QoS for Intra/Inter Core Network Handoffs

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

••Research IssuesResearch Issues•Session management and Mobility management within/between PLMNs•Core network admission and QoScontrol•Packet forwarding•QoS context transfer within/betweenPLMNs•QoS renegotiation within/between PLMNs

UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE

UE RAN CN

Page 60: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

60

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• QoS for Inter System Handoffs

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

L2 L2 QoSQoS

L3 L3 QoSQoS

UE RAN CN Backbone CN RAN UE

UE RAN CN

Page 61: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

61

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• Mobile IP for Intersystem Handoffs

InternetInternet

SGSN GGSN

SGSN GGSN

Packet radio networkPacket radio network

Router Gateway

Router Name Server

Wireless networkWireless network

Name Server

DHCP Server

MS

MS

HA/FA

HA/FA

Host

Page 62: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

62

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• Mobile IP Problems+ and Recent Development

InternetInternet

SGSN GGSN

SGSN GGSN

Packet radio networkPacket radio network

Router Gateway

Router Name Server

Wireless networkWireless network

Name Server

DHCP Server

MS

MS

HA/FA

HA/FA

Host

Reduce MIP Reduce MIP registration registration

Latency Latency <ietf<ietf--mipv6mipv6--hierarchicalhierarchical

MobileMobile--initiated or initiated or networknetwork--initiated initiated

handoffs for handoffs for Seamless roamingSeamless roaming<<ietfietf--fastfast--mipv6>mipv6>

Page 63: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

63

EndEnd--toto--EndEnd QoSQoS in Heterogeneous in Heterogeneous Wireless Network (Cont.)Wireless Network (Cont.)

• QoS Problems for Intersystem Handoffs

InternetInternet

SGSN GGSN

SGSN GGSN

Packet radio networkPacket radio network

Router Gateway

Router Name Server

Wireless networkWireless network

Name Server

DHCP Server

MS

MS

HA/FA

HA/FA

Host

QoSQoS profile profile needs to be needs to be transferred transferred

during handoffsduring handoffs

Resource alone the new Resource alone the new routing path should be routing path should be reserved in advanced reserved in advanced

for some for some APsAPs

QoS QoS Profile should be Profile should be renegotiated with new renegotiated with new systems and translated systems and translated to new to new QoS QoS profileprofile

Page 64: QoS Issues in GPRS/UMTS Networks

64

ConclusionsConclusions

• GPRS suffers from design defects to support QoS• Maybe it is not required to build in QoS features in GPRS

– Radio interface is the bottleneck– The range of the QoS that radio interface can offer is quite different

from these of the fixed network. It does not make sense to map two scales which have a large gap

•• QoSQoS is required for 3G and is a MUST for B3Gis required for 3G and is a MUST for B3G• QoS features for 3G system such as UMTS has already designed has already designed

inin•• Take Take QoS QoS into consideration for 3G productsinto consideration for 3G products or deployment deployment

of 3G system of 3G system –– will also help you to move to B3G smoothlywill also help you to move to B3G smoothly