qod - _______ is a membrane system found within the chloroplast, that are a flat, disc shaped...
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QOD - _______ is a membrane
system found within the
chloroplast, that are a flat,
disc shaped structure.
QOD - _______ is a membrane
system found within the
chloroplast, that are a flat,
disc shaped structure.
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Chapter 9 Section 2 Chapter 9 Section 2
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THE SUN: MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIFE ON
EARTH
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Harvesting Light Energy
• Chloroplasts – organelle responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
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Stru
ctur
e of
Chlo
ropl
ast
Parts:1. Outer membrane - permeable
2. Inner membrane – selectively
permeable3. Stroma – small area inside the
inner membrane4. Thylakoid – flat, discs that contain
pigments
5. Granum – Stack of thylakoids
6. Thylakoid membrane – structure
that is folded to create thylakoids
7. Pigments – substance the absorbs
the light energy and begins the
process of photosynthesis
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Pigments
– Chlorophyll – reflects green and yellow (absorbs blues and reds) • Chlorophyll a –• Chlorophyll b –
– Carotenoids – reflect oranges, yellows and reds (absorbs blue and green)• Xanthrophyll – yellow• Carotene - orange
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Why are plants green?
Reflected
light
Transmitted light
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?
• When fall arrives, the leaves on trees turn red/orange/yellow, why is this? Which pigments are visible?
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Now where
• Energy from the sun is absorbed by the pigments and then transferred to electrons at the reaction center.– Electrons becoming “excited”
• Gains energy and move to a higher energy level
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Excitedstate
e
Heat
Light
Photon
Light(fluorescence)
Chlorophyllmolecule
Groundstate
2
(a) Absorption of a energy - sunlight
Excitation of chlorophyll in a chloroplast
e
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Photosynthesis
• Consists of two phases– Light dependent phase (light is
required) – converts solar energy into chemical energy
– Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) (does not required light to occur) converts carbon dioxide and water to glucose
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Light Dependent Phase
• 2 parts – First part creates ATP – Second part created NADPH (electron
carrying molecule)
Play
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QOD – The sun’s energy is transferred to _______________ in the
reaction centers.
QOD – The sun’s energy is transferred to _______________ in the
reaction centers.
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• Light Dependent Phase
– Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
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Making ATP
Pigment
H2O ½ O2 + H2
2e-
2e-
Electron Transport Chain
ATP
Light
Indep
enden
t
Cycle
(Calv
in C
ycle)
To Part 2 making NADPH
ATP Synthase
H+
H+
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Hydrolysis
• Breaking down of water into hydrogen and oxygen
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Pigment
2 e-
2e-
NADP+
NADPH
e
2e-
+
Light Independent Cycle(Calvin Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain
Making NADPH
H+
H+
From Part I
From Part I
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NADPH
• High energy electron carrying that takes that energy to the Light Independent cycle to make glucose
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Making Sugar• The high energy carrying
molecules, ATP and NADPH combine with the carbon from carbon dioxide to make Glucose.
• Light Independent Cycle (Calvin Cycle) – occurs in stroma
Play
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RuBP (5 carbon)
CO2
2 Pgal (3 carbon)
Rubisco – enzyme that attaches the carbon
6 carbon structure created is not stable and immediately breaks down into 2, 3 carbon structures
2, 3 carbon Goes through a series of step to be modified – uses ATP and NADPH
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADPH
2 NADP+
PGAL goes through a series of reaction to become a 5 carbon structure
1 Pgal drops down ever three rotations. This will later become glucose after six rotations
ATP
ADP
Step 1: Carbon Fixation
Step
2: T
rans
ferrin
g En
ergy
Step 3: Making Sugar
RuBP (5 carbon)
Step 4: Recycling
Calvin Cycle
ATP & NADPH enter from the light dependent cycle.
Cycle starts over
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• Light Independent (Calvin Cycle)
– Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
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• The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose
LightChloroplast
Lightreactions
Calvincycle
NADP
ADP+ P
• The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy– Produce ATP &
NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Factors
• There are 3 environmental factors that affect photosynthesis– Levels of carbon dioxide– Temperature– Light intensity
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• Questions?
• QUIZ WEDNESDAY!!!!!!!!