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Dept. of Quality Assurance

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It is a field of applied science and technology covering a broad range of topics. The main unifying theme is the control of matter on a scale below 100 nanometers. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, including colloidal science, nanomedicine, supramolecular chemistry, applied physics and biology. Drug delivery in the form of nanomedicine may be regarded as the application of nanotechnology for human biological systems at the molecular level.Dept. of Quality Assurance

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WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

Nanotechnology is the creation of USEFUL/FUNCTIONAL materials, devices and systems (of any useful size) through control/manipulation of matter to the nanometer meter scale and exploitation of novel phenomena and properties, which arise because of the nanometer length scale:

Nanometer One billionth (10-9) of a meter Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm Proteins ~ 1-20 nm Future size of computer chips 90 nm

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Targeting the diseased cells and tissues. Mode of administration through different routes. Can be effectively exploited to enhance the oral BA of wide categories of drugs. Use of site-directing ligands and imaging agents to enable disease specific molecular recognition. Smart nanocarries that can concurrently target, treat and image diseased cells.Dept. of Quality Assurance

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Ability to Target Improved Bioavailability Reduced Toxicity Sustained and Controlled Release Protects Fragile Drugs/Peptides from Harsh Biological Environment Faster, Safer and More Accurate Disease Diagnosis Less Invasive therapy Inexpensive Large Scale Production is Feasible 6Dept. of Quality Assurance

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Prevention of drug from biological degradation Effective Targeting Patient Compliance Cost effectiveness Product life extensionDept. of Quality Assurance

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Cancer

Nanotechnology

(i) Diagnosis using Quantum Dots (ii) Tumor Targeted Delivery (iii) Imaging (iv) Cancer Gene TherapyDept. of Quality Assurance

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DNA Vaccines for parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases Oral and pulmonary routes for systemic delivery of proteins and peptides Oral and pulmonary routes for systemic delivery of anti tubercular agents and other drugs. Nanotechnology in Tissue EngineeringDept. of Quality Assurance

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DEVICE

Terminologies usedSolid lipid nanoparticles Lipid nonostructured systems

Size (nm)50-400 200-800 50-700 10-1000 100-300 1-10 10-100 10-150 100-300 200-800 100-800 100-80013

LIPID SYSTEMS

Cubosomes Liposomes Polymerosomes Dendrimers Polymeric miscelles Niosomes

POLYMERIC SYSTEMS

Nanocapsules Nonogels Chitosan polymers Methacrylate polymers

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Terminologies usedPeptide nonotubes

Size (nm)1-100 3-15

PROTEIN/ PEPTIDE NANOTUBES

Fusion proteins and immunotoxins

Carbon nanotubes

1-10(dm) 1-1000(L) 1-10 100-200 100-600

METAL AND OTHER NANOSTRUCTURES

Fullerene Gold nanoparticles Silicone nanoparticles

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Their exterior lipid bilayer is highly chemically reactive, thereby providing a means to conveniently couple tags on a covalent basis. Such tags can be antibodies, antigens, cell receptors, nucleic acid probes, etc. This provides significant versatility in assay formats (i.e., immunoassay, receptor-based, nucleic acid probe, etc.). With diameters ranging in size from approximately 50 nm to 800 nm.

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Their aqueous core encapsulates up to millions of molecules of signal generating markers that can be detected in a variety of different way. A variety of different encapsulants are possible including visually detectable dyes (since the lipid bilayer is transparent), optically and fluorometrically detectable dyes, enzymes, and electroactive compounds. This provides significant versatility in the detection schemes and tracking of the nanoparticles after administration.16

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Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles and are widely studied as an alternative to liposomes These vesicles appear to be similar to liposomes in terms of their physical properties They are also prepared in the same way and under a variety of conditions, to from unilamellar or multilamellar structures.

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Niosomes alleviate the disadvantages associated with liposomes, such as chemical instability, variable purity of phospholipids and high cost. They have the potential for controlled and targeted drug delivery and enhances the drug penetration.

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Micelle is an aggregate of amphipathic molecules in water, with the nonpolar portions in the interior and the polar portions at the exterior surface, exposed to water. Amphiphilic molecules form micelle above a particular concentration which is called as critical micellar concentration (CMC). Micelles are known to have an anisotropic water distribution within their structure, means water concentration decreases from the surface towards the core of the micelle, with a completely hydrophobic (water-excluded) core.Dept. of Quality Assurance

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Hydrophobic drugs can /solubalized, in inner core.

beencapsulated

The spatial position of a solubilized drug in a micelle will depend on its polarity, nonpolar molecules will be solubilized in the micellar core, and substances with intermediate polarity will be distributed along the surfactant molecules in certain intermediate positions.

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These branched macromolecules are constructed around a simple core unit. Dendrimers have a high degree of molecular uniformity, narrow molecular weight distribution, specific size and shape characteristics, and a highly- functionalized terminal surface. Manufacturing process is a series of repetitive steps starting with a central initiator core. Each subsequent growth step represents a new "generation" of polymer with a larger molecular diameter, twice the number of reactive surface sites, and approximately double the molecular weight of the preceding generation.25

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In recent years, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as potential drug delivery devices in view of their applications in drug targeting to particular organs/tissues, as carriers of DNA in gene therapy, and in their ability to deliver proteins, peptides and genes through a per oral route of administration.

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C60, these are spherical molecules about 1nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbon atoms arranged as 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons: the configuration of a football. Hence they find application as Nanopharmaceuticals with large drug payload in their cage like structure. On the other hand with development of various chemical substitutes for C60, it is possible to develop functionalized C60 with better drug targeting properties

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Carbon nanotubes are adept at entering the nuclei of cells and may one day be used to deliver drugs and vaccines. The modified nanotubes have so far only been used to ferry a small peptide into the nuclei of fibroblast cells. But the researchers are hopeful that the technique may one day form the basis for new anti-cancer treatments, gene therapies and vaccines.

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Nanopowders are powders composed of nanoparticles, that is particles having an average diameter below 50 nanometers (nm). A jar of a true nanopowder when emptied from chest height to toward the floor will disperse into the air before reaching the floor. Such compounds have two or more different cations (positively charged elements) in their chemical formula. An example of a complex compound is calcium titanate (CaTiO3).

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One of the central themes in nanoscience research is to synthesize high quality nanoparticles with precise control over particle size, shape, structure, and composition. For inorganic nanoparticles (e.g. metal and semiconductor), two regimes are of particular interest, that is, nanoclusters in a size range from subnanometer to ~2 nm and nanocrystals (typically 2-100 nm).Dept. of Quality Assurance

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When the size of the material is reduced to less than 100 nanometers, the realm of quantum physics takes over and materials begin to demonstrate entirely new properties. Nano-design of drugs by various techniques like milling, high pressure homogenization, controlled precipitation etc., are explored to produce, drug nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanoprecipitates, nanosuspensions (which for ease of understanding commonly mentioned as nanocrystals). As decreased size will increase the solubility of drugs hence, this technology is explored to increase oral bioavailability of sparingly water soluble drugs.38

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New drug delivery formulations involve low cost research compared to that of discovery of a new molecule, Minimizing the dose use would significantly reduce the toxic effects of the drug, commonly seen at high dose. Minimizing the drug use would significantly reduce the effective cost of drug which would give financial relief to the patients.

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Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nanoparticles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nanoparticles Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticle carriers (on going research). Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation

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1.Homogenizer 2.Ultra Sonicator 3.Mills 4.Spray Milling 5.Supercritical Fluid Technology 6.Electrospray 7.Ultracentrifugation 8.NanofiltrationDept. of Quality Assurance

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YouTube - Nanotechnology Animation.flv

YouTube - Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy.flv

YouTube - National Cancer Institute_ Video Journey Into Nanotechnology.flv

YouTube - Magnetic nanoparticle combine focused ultrasound can help treat brain tumor.FLV

YouTube - Gold Nanoparticles and Cancer Cell Detection.flv

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E-mail: [email protected]

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