qartuli wignis mxardaweris fondi -...
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Georgian Book Support Foundation
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
Tamaz Cxenkeli
tragikuli niRbebi
Tamaz Cxenkeli
tragikuli niRbebi
Tbilisimemkvidreoba
2009
Thamaz ChkhenkeliThe Tragical Masks
Tbilisi Memkvidreoba
2009
© Tamaz Cxenkeli, 2009
ISBN 978-9941-0-1117-7 © “memkvidreoba”, 2009
redaqtori
merab RaRaniZe
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi“memkvidreoba”
fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofsgiorgi leJava
wignis gaformebisaTvis gamoyenebulia vera bardaveliZisa da giorgi Citaias
“qarTuli xalxuri ornamenti, I, xevsuruli” (Tb., 1939)
s a r C e v i
winaTqma 7
tragikuli niRbebi
pirovnebis gardaqmnis miTosuri safuZvelivaJa-fSavelas poemebSi
Sesavali 11mSvenieri mZlevari 20devuri da RvTaebrivi 59aluda qeTelauris vnebani 98feriscvaleba 161davlaTianni 209
werilebi vaJaze
vaJa _ momavlis poeti 223vaJas qarTuli 231vaJa-fSavelas lirikis wiaRSi 247vaJa _ mTargmneli 263aluda qeTelauri 266vaJas pirveli leqsi 278vaJas poemebis zabolockiseuli Targmani 281drois SurisZieba 290
merab RaRaniZeSexvedrisa da wvdomis gamocdileba 293
wignSi erTadaa warmodgenili Tamaz Cxenkelis kvlevani vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb: monografia “tra-gikuli niRbebi” da “werilebi vaJaze”.
“tragikuli niRbebi” pirvelad calke wignad ga-moica (Tb.: ganaTleba, 1971), meored _ avtoriseul krebulSi “mSvenieri mZlevari” (Tb.: merani, 1989); imave krebulSia Sesuli “werilebi vaJaze”, romle-bic manamde cal-calke iyo gamoqveynebuli; rac Se-exeba ciklis bolo werils “drois SurisZieba”, is daibeWda avtoriseul krebulSi “mwvane bivriti” (baTumi: aWara, 2002).
7
winaTqma
“tragikuli niRbebi” 1971 wels daibeWda gamom-cemloba “ganaTlebaSi”, maSin iq redaqtorad momu-Save ak. baqraZis iniciativiT. wignis mcire tiraJi (maSindeli masStabiT) TbilisSi arc gayidula. di-reqtorma gaRizianebiT miTxra: mag Seni wignisTvis cekas sayveduri miviReo.
“tragikul niRbebTan” dakavSirebiT erTxel ki-dev unda vaxseno al. WeiSvilis brwyinvale naSromi “mxatvruli saxis dinamika vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi” (al. WeiSvili, kritikuli werilebi, 1948). am wignis arsebobaze Cems TaobaSi aravin araferi icoda. uc-nauri is iyo, rom arc Cemi oponentebis sityvebSi (disertaciis msvlelobisas) da arc am wignis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul eqvs recenziaSi erTi sityviTac ar yofila naxsenebi al. WeiSvilis es naSromi. aseTi totaluri “daviwyeba”, rogorca Cans, misi saxelis akrZalviT iyo gamowveuli. amave mizezis gamo yvela misi wigni gamqrali iyo biblioTekebidan. Cemi valia, ganvacxado, rom orive es gamokvleva, _ msgavsi mig-nebisa Tu intuiciis doneze SemuSavebuli sazrisis wina da momdevno, da amdenad sxvadasxva aspeqtiT da mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli naSromebia. ori-ve gamokvleva aRbeWdilia drois suliT, rac maT aaxlovebs da ganasxvavebs kidec erTmaneTisagan.
T. C. 2009
tragikuli niRbebi
pirovnebis gardaqmnis miTosuri safuZveli
vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi
vaJas ukvdav suls _ dabadebis 110 wlisTavze
vaJa ar iyo arc lamazi, arc moxdenili, iyo axovani. mTeli figura _ arqauli. igi ki ara dadioda, _ izlazneboda rogorc he-raldiuri nadiri. da fsevdonimi ki cotas ambobs? _ v a J a - f S a v e l a , _ am magar si-tyvaSi da ufro a-niT dabolovebaSi sCans d e d a m i w i s Z a l a ...
misi gaqaneba horizonts rodi saWi-roebs. v e r t i k a l u r a d iZvris misi stiqioni: riyidan _ lurj kldemde. es aris misTvis simtkicis ori punqti...
vaxtang kotetiSvili1922
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Sesavali
vaJa-fSavela Cems TvalSi imodenad pativ-sacemi mweralia, rom misis nawar-moebis dasafaseblad sakmao ar aris mar-to erTis kacis azri da STabeWdileba.
ilia WavWavaZe(1905 w. 21 marti)1
vaJas sicocxleSive, 1911 wels, aRiniSna: “Tana-medrove qarTvel poetebs Soris vaJa-fSavela yve-laze i d u m a l i da, amave dros, yvelaze T v i T -m y o f a d i movlenaa. igi yovelgvari literaturu-li skolebisa da mimarTulebebis gareSe dgas... Znelad dasajerebelia, rom igi _ m i T o l o g i u -r i w a r s u l i s m k v d r e T i T a R m d g a r i S v i l i _ Cveni Tanamedrovea”. imave werilSi, iqve, naTqvami iyo: “am idumali poetis S e m o q m e d e b i -T i c n o b i e r e b a SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc m i T o l o g i u r i ”2...
naxevar saukunes unda gaevlo, rom vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebaze es Tvalsazrisi aRorZinebuliyo: “v a J a d g a s q a r T v e l m T i e l T a u Z v e l e s S e x e d u l e b a T a d a w a r m o d g e n a T a n i a -d a g z e . igi amodis q a r T u l i m i T o l o g i i s uRrmesi fenebidan”3, da Semdeg: “arcerTi qarTve-li poeti ar daswafebia qarTul xalxur (kerZod, fSaur) miToss ise Zlier, rogorc vaJa-fSavela...
1. i l i a s f a q s i m i l e . sol. yubaneiSvili, cxovreba vaJa-fSavelasi, 1961, gv. 6.2. Г р . К а в к а с и е л и . Поэт Важа-Пшавела, журн. Русская мысль, Август, 1911, gv. 25.3. a k . g a w e r e l i a . vaJa-fSavela da qarTuli miTosi, kreb. va-Ja-fSavelas, 1966, gv. 151.
tragikuli niRbebi
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miTologiur aspeqtSi aqvs naCvenebi poets Tavisi eposis gmirTa vnebani da fiqrebi, da bolos, miTo-logiuri xasiaTisaa TviTon CarCoc vaJas zogierTi poemis tragikuli koliziisa”4.
vaJa-fSavelas poeziis pirvelsafuZveli miTo-sia. miTosuri msoflmxedvelobisa da, kerZod, qarTuli (upiratesad, fSav-xevsuruli) miTosis ZiriTadi elementebis moazrebis gareSe safuZvels moklebuli iqneba vaJa-fSavelas poeziis kvlevis saqme. misi poeziis problemuri sakiTxebi TavisTa-vad gulisxmobs miTosuri elementebisa da stru-qturebis garkveul codnasa da gaTvaliswinebas. vaJa-fSavelas poeziis swored am Zireuli fenis, pirvelsafuZvlisaTvis gverdis avlis gamo iSva uamravi crurwmena da cru Sexeduleba misi poe-turi enisa da msoflmxedvelobis, misi poemebis tragikuli gmirebisa da maTi moqmedebis Sesaxeb. saerTod, “vaJas Sesaxeb bevri ram iTqva umecruli da Seuracxmyofeli”5. misi genialuri Semoqmedeba provinciuli kuTxurobis TvalsazrisiT iyo Ta-vis droze Sefasebuli da am Tvalsazrisis inercia xangrZliv periods gaswvda.
vaJas poemebi zogadkacobriulia Tavisi Sinaar-siT, magram misi gmirebis yofacxovrebiTi lokali mikroeTnografiuli xasiaTisaa. es eTnografiuli samyaro socialurad arqaulia da misi bevri ele-menti TviTon CvenTvis vaJas poeziis meSveobiT gaxda sacnauri da maxlobeli...6 magram “unda gavi-goT, rom erovnuli, Tundac fSav-xevsureTis Tavi-seburebani mxolod masalaa misTvis, romliTac is udidesi mxatvruli ZaliT gamosaxavs mTeli kaco-briobis saukeTeso idealebs. Temis zne-Cveulebani,
4. iqve. gv. 143; Seadare: “vaJam gagvixsna axali da axali saunjeni xalxis xsovnaSi dagrovili miTosisa”, k. gamsaxurdia, t. VI, 1963, gv. 319.5. m. k v e s e l a v a . fausturi paradigmebi, II, 1961, gv. 112.6. T. C x e n k e l i . vaJa-fSavelas poemebis zabolockiseuli Targ-mani, saiubileo kreb. vaJa-fSavelas, 1961, gv. 224.
Sesavali
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miTebi Tu legendebi asaxvis obieqti ki ar aris mis-Tvis, aramed masala didi, zogadkacobriuli idee-bis gamosaxatavad”7. marTebulad iyo aRniSnuli: r a m d e n a d a c R r m a a n a c i o n a l u r a d x e -l o v n e b i s q m n i l e b a , i m d e n a d z e n a c i o -n a l u r i a i g i . “ R r m a ” a q g u l i s x m o b s “ e T n o g r a f i u l z e ” m a R l a d g o m a s .
Tomas mani gvauwyebs: “sityva e T n i u r i Tavis TavSi moicavs cnebebs, romelTac, Cveulebriv, ar vaerTianebT: warmarTulsa da xalxosnurs, da, maSa-sadame, es sityva sapirispiro ramesac adasturebs, saxeldobr imas, rom azrTa yvela zenacionaluri da humanuri gamoxatuleba, ganyenebulad rom vTqvaT, q r i s t i a n o b a a . amrigad, goeTes (romelic “mogzaurobis wlebSi” iudaizms eTniur-war-marTul, xalxur religiebs akuTvnebs) viTomda dasrulebuli warmarTuli msoflSegrZnebidan rom gamovideT, misgan logikurad unda move-lodeT antihumanur, xalxosnur-nacionalistur Sexedulebebs... magram, miuxedavad amisa, Tavi-si SegnebiT, goeTe iyo humanisti da msoflios moqalaqe. mTeli misi olimpiuri RvTaebriobis miuxedavad, igi Tavisi sulieri wyobiT maRal-zneobrivi qristiani iyo”8. igive SeiZleba iTqvas vaJas mimarTac.
humanuris gageba vaJasTan qristianulia, ramdena-dac igi adamians gansazRvravs, rogorc mis arsebaSi RvTaebrivi dasabamis wvdomas, rogorc mis gaWras uRimRamo, Clungi yofierebidan da, maSasadame, ro-gorc suls... m i T o s i vaJas SemoqmedebaSi h u m a -n i z i r e b u l i a 9.
“XIX-XX ss. sazRvarze (da mas Semdegac) Cven ar viciT meore Semoqmedi, romelic egzom ganusazR-vreli fantaziiTa da poeturi vizioniT yofiliyos dajildoebuli. da ara marto qarTuli masStabiT:
7. m. k v e s e l a v a . dasax. wigni. gv. 112-113.8. Т. М а н н . Собрание сочинении, IX, М., 1960, gv. 551-552.9. ix. iqve. IX. gv. 178.
tragikuli niRbebi
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mis analogs ver vpoulobT ukanaskneli saukunis msoflio literaturaSic. arsebiTad goeTesTan mTavrdeba ricxvi im geniosTa, romelnic miTo-logiuri arsenalidan iRebdnen masalas TavianTi SemoqmedebisaTvis”10...
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fSavlebsa laSaris jvari netav ar dauberdaa, amboben daberebasa, netav ar maukvdebaa!..
mTaze cxraTvala, bedgautexeli, caswvermibjeni-li cixe dgas. aq aris RvTis kari: oqros taxtze mo-rige RmerTi zis da oqrosave bageebs Zravs. aqve dgas qvesknelSi fesvebgadgmuli alvisxe, romlis wverSi oqros cxrakeci Sibi hkidia. alvis rtoebze “yure-bad sanatreli”, TeTrmxriani RvTisSvilebi sxedan, xolo mis fesvebSi ukvdavebis veSa-wyaro Cqefs. ve-Sa-wyaros RvTaebrivi veSapi patronobs. cixidan wya-romde “miwi-miw” darani Cadis. am daraniT moZraoben zesknel-qvesknelSi varskvlavTa ganmasaxierebeli, erTmaneTis mode-moZme RvTisSvilebi.
sxivajagruli da amitom “wverdabrjRnili” Rmer-Tis karidan misganve danabadeb RvTisSvilebs qe-ris oqros marcvlebi moaqvT TavianTi ymebisaTvis. es “qer-oqroni” miwierTa Wirnaxulis sawindaria. RvTisSvilisgan arCeuli moene, romelzec igi qan-darasaviT jdeba xolme drodadro, Tanamoymed amc-nobs RvTis nebas da isinic rudunebiT asruleben gamCenis brZanebas.
RvTisSvilis anu batonis yma — mzis wili da oqros burTia. sikvdilis Semdeg mzegadasuli, varskvla-viviT cidan mowiluli yma axla ukve SaveTis wyalSi idebs wils da, aqamde samzeos batonis msaxuri, — su-leTis batons emsaxureba. zogjer qvesknelis “wyalSi” Cavardnili sulebi samzeoze gaiWrebian xolme, radgan Znelia SaveTis bnelSi gamudmebuli yofna... aseTia ma-
10. a k . g a w e r e l i a . dasax. naSromi, gv. 143.
Sesavali
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radiulobiT aRbeWdili qveynis miTosuri xati.magram “movida laSqari” da qrTamiT mosyidulma
“sulelma” alvisxis mosaWreli saidumlo gaando maT. xes ZirSi daukles kata da misi sisxliT ganaTluli ca-qveynis boZi gadaaqcies. cxrakeci oqros Sibi gvelis wiviliT aiWra caSi. cxraTvala cixes kari Seexsna da bedgautexelis bedi gatyda. RmerTi qvesknels Caimala. RvTisSvilni gadaikargnen da qveyanaze maTTvis saxelis damdebeli (Sendobis mTqmeli) “ar darCa kaci patroni”... ase warixoca RmerTi da daiqca miTosuri samyaro.
m o k v d a d i a d i p a n i ! — es amazrzeni kivili jer kidev tiberiusis droindel berZnebs SemoesmaT erTi udaburi kunZulidan11. “m o h k l e s R m e r -T i , aRar aris mravalZuZuebiani kibele” (demna Sengelaia); zegrZnobiTma samyarom dahkarga Tavisi Zala. “R m e r T i s s i k v d i l i ” dasavleTSi mTe-li Tanadrouli epoqis simbolod iTvleba. miTosu-ri Jami gasrulda. “SubliT vexlebiT axal dros. misi saukeTeso epitafiaa: m i T o s s m o k l e b u l i d r o ”12.
magram iq, sadac xalxuri fantaziis wyarosTvali daSretili, xolo dedamiwis pirvelqmnili saSo ga-berwebuli araa, miTosi cocxlobs, rogorc safuZve-li kulturis Sinagani ganaxlebisa da gamZleobisa. da Cven vxedavT, rom “ganviTarebis specifikuri gzis mqone zogierTi qveynisaTvis (magaliTad, laTinuri amerikis qveynebisaTvis, sadac actekebis, inkebisa da maias metaforuli legendebi dRemde c o c x a -l i i n g r e d i e n t i a nacionaluri kulturebisa) miTosi ar momkvdara. igi kvebavs mowinave litera-turas, ferwerasa da Teatrs” (sartri)13.
es Tvalsazrisi zedmiwevniT esadageba saqarTvelo-sa da mis kulturas. qristianul samyaroSi iSviaTia
11. Ф . Н и ц ш е . Происхождение трагедии, М., 1900, gv. 123 (plutarqes cnobaa)12. k. g a m s a x u r d i a . axali evropa, 1928, gv. 7.13. d. z a t o n s k i s werilidan “xelovneba da miTi”, Иностр. лит. № 6, 1965.
tragikuli niRbebi
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sxva qveyana, romelsac miTosis iseTi mdidari da ar-qauli dikumentaciis mqone maragi gaaCndes, rogorc saqarTvelos. qarTuli miTosi fesveulad ukavSirde-ba SuamdinareTis uZveles Tqmulebebs da, amave dros, did msgavsebas amJRavnebs berZnul miTologiasTan, romlis bevri elementi agreTve winaaziuri warmoma-vlobisaa. qarTvelma erma axal dromde moitana uZve-lesi miTuri warmodgenebiT aRbeWdili msoflSegrZ-neba, romelic dRemde Zalumad cnaurdeba mis enasa da yofacxovrebaSi, xelovnebasa da literaturaSi. da gasakviri ar aris, rom swored aq, kurTxeuli fS-avis Tbilsa da poxier miwaze, sadac saswaulebrivad jer kidev iSmuSnebodnen winareqristianuli iberiis warmarTul-miTosuri fesvebi, dabadebuliyo poeti, romlis d i o n i s u r m a STagonebam kvlav mkvdre-TiT aRadgina miviwyebuli RmerTebi da gmirebi, Ta-namedroveTa mtkivneuli gancdiT aRbeWdili niRbebi aafara maT saxeebs da TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa tragiku-li xvedris mqone adamianis maradiuli saxe.
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“miTi yovelTvis dakavSirebilia warsul ambe-bTan... magram miTis S i n a g a n i R i r e b u l e b a imaSia, rom drois garkveul momentSi momxdari es ambebi qmnian m u d m i v s t r u q t u r a s , romelic Sesabamisdroulia rogorc warsulisaTvis, ise awm-yosa da momavlisaTvis”14. amdenad, miTs o r m a g i struqtura aqvs — istoriuli da zeistoriuli, anu drouli da zedrouli. “...miTi gamoxatavs ara marto r e a l u r f a q t s sinamdvilisas... ara-med analogiismieri asociaciiT arakanonzomierad amtkicebs raRaciT erTmaneTis msagavsi movlene-bis i g i v e o b a s ”15. gansacvifrebel leqsSi “ba-
14. k l o d l e v i - s t r o s i . miTebis struqtura. Jurn. Вопросы философии, 7, 1970, gv. 153.15. s t a n i s l a v l e m i . Tomas manis miTisqmnadoba. Jurn. Новый мир, 6, 1970, gv. 240.
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lRi rasaca vxedavdi” vaJa gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom g a r d a s u l i s g a n m e o r e b a a safuZveli adamianisa da bunebis gardaqmnisa16. es ukanaskneli “v n e b a T a i g i v e o b i s ” spirals mihyveba17. poe-tis miTosuri warmosaxva arRvevs i s t o r i u l a d da s o c i a l u r a d dasazRvrul garemocvas da maT aqtualobas Sinagani swrafvis Suqze sWvrets. miTis moqmedi msoflSegrZnebidan modis vaJas poeturi samyaros zedrouloba, pirveladoba Tu pirvelqm-niloba. magram, rogorc Tomas mani SeniSnavs, “es yovlismomcveli miTosuri pirveladoba da arnaxu-loba, amave dros, nimuSis g a n m e o r e b a s, asaxvas, xelaxlaqmnas warmoadgens. igi Sedegia sferoTa wrebrunvisa, romelic varskvlaveTis simaRleebs qveviT, dedamiwaze moaqcevs, yvelafer miwiers ki zeviT, RvTaebriv saufloSi aamaRlebs ise, rom RmerTebi adamianebad iqcevian, adamianebi ki Rmer-Tebad, miwieri Tavis pirvelsaxes varskvlavTa samyaroSi poulobs, xolo adamiani misTvis ganCi-nebul maRal xvedrs eZiebs, gamohyavs ra Tavisi individualuri xasiaTi pirvelyofili, zedrouli sqemidan, romelsac igi xilulsa da xelSesaxebs xdis”18.
vaJas gmirebis endoTimuri (Sinagan-goniTi) birTvi am miTosuri sqemebis mixedviT aris agebu-li. amitom arian es gmirebi “d a v l a T i a n n i ”, e.i. RvTaebrivi bediT anu xvedriT morWmulni. aqedan-
16. T o m a s m a n i aRniSnavs: “Tu kacobriobis cxovrebaSi miTo-suri adreuli da p r i m i t i u l i safexuria, calkeuli pirovne-bis cxovrebaSi es safexuri gviandeli da m o w i f u l o b i s -m i e r i a ” (Tomas mani, IX, gv. 175-176).17. spirals vambob, radgan is, rac m e o r d e b a, gardaqmnis meSveo-biT v i T a r d e b a kidec. ai, es nawyvetic:
Tu winaT ase momxdara,dResac aseve iqneba:ganmeoreba ar moxdes,ise ver gardaiqmnebaadamianis sicocxleda masTan mTeli buneba... (II, 280).
18. T o m a s m a n i . IX, gv. 186-187.
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ve modis maTi ukvdavebasTan Tanaziaroba (zviadau-ri, joyola, aRaza, luxumi) da RmerTTan, samyaros universalur pirveldasabamTan wilnayaroba (alu-da, mindia). am gmirebis adamianuri, t r a g i k u l i n i R b e b i s wiaR Zlieri metamorfozis unaris mqo-ne, zesknel-qvesknelSi moaruli fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilebisa da RmerTkacebis miTosuri saxeebi gamoWvivis.
uZvelesi saweso adaTebis, dionisuri orgiazmis arqetipebidan (pirvelsaxeebidan) iRebs saTaves va-Jas gmirTa gardaqmna-feriscvalebis aRmniSvneli pasaJebis miTosuri paTosi. dabolos, miTosuri msoflSegrZnebis kvalad, sizmris Sinaarsi absolu-tizebulia vaJasTan. sizmrebi, zmanebani da Cvenebebi vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi ganixileba, rogorc realo-ba, rogorc gmirTa Sinagani krizisebis, feriscvale-bisa da winaTgrZnobis gansuraTebuli orientirebi.
amrigad, “s a m y a r o s m x a t v r u l i m o d e -l i , r o m e l i c v a J a - f S a v e l a m S e q m n a , g a m o m d i n a r e o b s q a r T u l i m i T o l o -g i i d a n d a S i n a g a n a d C a k e t i l i a (xaz-gasma avtorisaa, T.C.)... fantastikuri da realuri isea Serwymuli masSi, rom xSirad Znelia Tqma — sad mTavrdeba pirveli da sad iwyeba meore. yvelaferi fSavlis uZveles warmodgenaTa prizmidanaa danaxu-li. personaJTa vnebani bolos cxrebian, koliziebi mTavrdeba, SaveTis xilva wydeba da wera-mwereli fardas uSvebs. am veeba da uCveulo samyaros mo-deli avtors arsad ara aqvs Sefasebuli empiriuli sinamdvilis TvalsazrisiT”19.
winamdebare gamokvlevaSi (arsebiTad, es aris cda gamokvlevisa) Cven vecadeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, mo-gvexaza is miTosuri samyaro, romelsac ramenairi, uSualo Tu SualobiTi kavSiri aqvs vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi gaxsnil poetur samyarosTan, misi gmire-bis cnobierebasTan da qcevasTan. Cven vecadeT, na-
19. a k . g a w e r e l i a . dasax. naSromi. gv. 151.
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Telgveyo am tragikuli gmirebis feriscvalebisa da amaRlebis (zogjer dacemis) garegani Tu Sinagani mizezebi. dabolos, gagverkvia im eTniur-miTosuri masalis raoba, romlis gaTvaliswinebis, gaRrmave-bisa da poeturi transformaciis meSveobiTac da-gvixata vaJam Tavis gmirTa kaTarTikuli xasiaTis swrafvani20.
20. damowmebis gasamartiveblad Cven ar aRvniSnavT wignebis gamom-cemlobis saxels, agreTve qalaqs, Tu igi TbilisSia gamoce-muli. avtorTa xazgasma aRniSnuli gvaqvs yvelgan, danarCen SemTxvevaSi xazgasma Cvenia. vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebaTa sruli aTtomeuli krebulis mixedviT vimowmebT (1964). pirvel TavSi (mSvenieri mZlevari), sqolioebis gansatvirTavad, avtoriseuli inicialebiTa da gverdis aRniSvniT teqstSive mivuTiTebT ram-densame wigns, romelTa damowmeba xSirad gvixdeba.
20
mSvenieri mZlevari
Tumca warxdi, — moiqec isev.Tumca geZina, — aRdeg Zilisgan.Tumcara mohkvdi, — gacocxldi isev.
ozirisis aRdgoma1
1
saidumlo sferoSia STabeWdili, sfero ki Sevsebasa da Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. igi ori sknelis erTianobas warmoadgens da zenasa da qvenasagan, zecieri da qveynieri naxevarsferoebisagan Sedgeba. es naxevarsferoebi imgvarad Seadgens mTels, rom yovelive, rac zesknelSia, qvesknelSic arsobs, xolo yvelaferi, rac dedamiwaze xdeba, zesknelSic meordeba da zecieri kvlav miwierad xorcieldeba. es ur-TierTSesabamisoba ori naxevrisa, romlebic erT mTliano-bas qmnian da burTis simrgvaled irwymebian, maTi urTierT-monacvleobis, anu brunvis Sesagvania. burTi brunavs: ase-Tia misi buneba. zemo qvemod moiqceva, xolo qvemo-zemoT... zecieri da miwieri marto erTimeoreSi ki ar sacnauryofen erTmaneTs, — sferuli brunvis gamoisobiT zecieri miwie-rad gardaicvleba xolme, miwieri ki zecierad, xolo aqedan is cxaddeba, aqedan is WeSmariteba cnaurdeba, rom RmerTebs SeuZliaT kacebrivi Seimoson, xolo kacT — RmrTeebrivi.
eg iseve sworia, rogorc is, rom daglejili u s i r i odesRac kaci iyo... da Semdgom iqmna RmerTad... rom gvekiTxa, vin iyo dasabamad an pirvelyovlisa usiri, RmerTi Tu kaci, amaze pasuxis migeba gaWirdeboda. mobrunav sferos ara aqvs dasabami... drodadro da erTbaSad igi erTicaa da meorec — kacica da RvTaebrivi varskvlavic, magram arc erTi da arc meore pirvel yovlisa...2
1. М. М а т ь е . Древнеегипетские мифы. М, Л., 1956, gv. 112.2. Т о м а с М а н н . Иосиф и его братья. М., 1968, gv. 193-194.
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miTosuri warmodgenebis arqaul wreSi samyaro o r n a w i l a d iyo gayofili: z e s k n e l a d da q v e s k n e l a d . Sesabamisad, bunebisa da adamianu-ri arsebobis sxvadasxva movlenebic or sapirispi-ro saxed iyo gansaxebuli: zafxulad da zamTrad, sicocxled da sikvdilad, xilul da uxilav mzed, mokvdav da kvlav aRorZinebul RmerTad. sityva s k -n e l i s Ziri — s k u n an s k u , _ varskvalvis Zvel saxels m a - s k u - l a v s da m a - s k u - r s , xolo am ukanasknelis meSveobiT fa-skun-js ukavSirdeba3, f a s k u n j s , rome-lsac yovel gazafxuls qvesk-nelidan amohyavda bunebis gamacocxlebeli mzieri RmerTi.
ivane javaxiSvili gvauwyebs: “weliwadis or nawi-lad odindeli gayofis kvali araerTi kulturuli eris uZvelesi xanis metyvelebisa da terminebis ana-liziTac irkveva”4. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiel-Ta uZveles sakralur teqstebSi weliwadis or Jamad gamyofeli z a m T a r i da z a f x u l i a dadasture-buli (g a z a f x u l i da S e m o d g o m a semantikura-dac meoreulia). ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTu-li za-mTari da za-fxuli m z e - c i v i s a da m z e -T b i l i s cnebis gamomxatvelia5, da cxadi xdeba, rom es terminebi mzis zesknel-qvesknelSi cikluri brunvis aRmniSvnelia.
samyaros or sknels zamTar-zafxulis ori Jami, ori mze da ori wyali, cis ori kari, weliwadis dRe da Rame an “weliwad-dila da weliwad-wuxra” See-sabameba. qvesknels danTqmuli mze kvlav zesknels adis, da raki Zveli xalxebis miTosSi mTa cis gan-masaxierebelia, mze an mzis RmerTi zeciur mTaze jdeba.
3. m i x e i l C i q o v a n i . qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. 1938, gv. LXXXIV-V; ix. agreTve, m z i a C a C a v a , faskunji qarTul zRaprul eposSi, qarTuli folklori, III, 1969, gv. 257-259.4. i v a n e j a v a x i S v i l i . qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, 1950, gv. 160.5. iqve, gv. 156-158.
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qarTulSi mzis uZvelesi saxelia d R e da xev-suruli RvTaebrivi triadis meore wevrs mzeqals “d R e d R e s i n d e l i c ” ewodeba. rogorc Cans, mze ganixileboda rogorc mTliani wlis, ise calkeuli dReebis RvTaebad. amas 365 wminda giorgis arsebobac adasturebs. ivane javaxiSvilma cxadyo, rom TuSu-ri locvis “cxra oc da sami wm. giorgi” 183 dRes anu naxevar wels Seesabameba6 (183+183=366); maSasada-me, mzis wliuri mimoqcevis gza da, Sesabamisad, we-liwadic o r a d iyofa. ra niSniT unda gayofiliyo weliwadi? aSkaraa — mzis anu dRis d a m c r o b a - g a -d i d e b i s niSniT. sagulvebelia orgvari dayofa: 1. dayofa, romlis orientirebad zamTrisa da zafxu-lis m z e b u d o b a unda vivaraudoT, an 2. dayofa, romlis orientirebad Semodgomisa da gazafxulis b u n i o b a unda vivaraudoT. sxvadasxva xalxebi mzis mimoqcevis am orientirebidan iwyebdnen TavianT “axal wels”.
SumerTa miTosuri soflxedvis Tanaxmad, c a da m i w a pirvelyofili z R v i d a n aris warmoqmnili. ca da miwa warmoidgineboda viTarca m T a , romlis Ziri miwis u f s k r u l S i a (gavixsenoT vaJa: “da salni kldeni pirquSni, u f s k r u l s Casulni f e s v i T a ”, IV, 18) xolo mwvervali z e c a z e a mi-bjenili. qvesknelSi Caxdomisas unda gadalaxuliyo “xubur” (mdinare, wylebi), da Sumeruli mzis RmerTi uTuc qvesknelis z R v i d a n amodis samzeoSi. qves-knelis w y l e b i s gavliT aseve amodis caze egvip-turi mzis RmerTi r a . mzis RmerTi h e l i o s i c okeanis w y a l S i eSveba yovel saRamos da oqros naviT micuravs aRmosavleTisaken. uZveles xeTur sagalobelSic z R v i d a n amodis mzis RmerTi:
caTa mziuro RmerTo, qveynierTa mwyemso,zRvidan aRmoxdebi Sen, zRvidan,-zesknelis Zeo...caTa mziuro RmerTo, ufalo Cemo7.
6. iqve. gv. 160, 161.7. В. З а м а р о в с к и й . Тайны хеттов. М., 1968, gv. 289.
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svanuri Tqmulebis mixedviT, “mze Rame z R v a S i Cadis, zRviTve miemgzavreba aRmosavleTisaken da dilis caze adis”8.
vaxtang kotetiSvils xalxuri tarielidan moaqvs erTi leqsi, mziuri miTosis ubrwyinvalesi nimuSi, romelSic mzis qvesknelSi mogzaurobis suraTia gadmocemuli:
qajebm mze wyalSi Caagdes,wyals misces dgandganebiTa,wyalma ibrala, iwyala,gaagdo qanqanebiTa.wyalSi ro gveleb dauxvdes, bade bades aqvT gabmiTa,Savma gvelm uTxra: SavWamoT,wiTelm uSqina aviTa,TeTrma gvelm uTxra: nu SavWamT,xmelT mnaTobari mavida9...
miTosis kvlevisas amgvari damTxvevebi didad mniS-vnelovania, radgan miTi Tavisufali gamonagoni ar aris, igi dawuruli formiT mocemuli msoflios su-raTia da es suraTi adamianisaTvis gaSinagnebuli sam-yaros models asaxavs. amis gamoa, rom miTis ZiriTadi struqtura sxvadasxva civilizaciis xalxebisaTvis miaxloebiT erTnairi, xolo zogjer identuria.
mTiuluri teqstis mixedviT, “ialbuzze brZane-buli d i d i p i r i m z e ori wylis patroni da Jam-uJamod moarulia”10. ratom “o r i w y l i s ”? imitom, rom “ori wyali” qvesknelisa da zesknelis wylebs gulisxmobs, cnobilia, rom mze da wyali, z e c a da z R v a mravali xalxis miTologiaSi urTierTda-ka-vSirebuli fenomenebia: “rigvedaSi avisha c a s a da o k e a n e s a c niSnavs... goldebi erTi sityviT aR-
8. b. n i J a r a Z e . istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi, I, 1962, gv. 178.9. v. k o t e t i S v i l i . rCeuli nawerebi, 1967, gv. 31810. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, I,1933, gv.35
tragikuli niRbebi
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niSnaven c a s a da w y a l s . centralur amerikaSi na-huas enaze o k e a n e s c i u r i w y l e b i ewodeba”11. mze da zRva monRolurad erTi sityviT gamoixateba — Cingiz.
niko xizaniSvilis erTi Canaweris Tanaxmad, piri-mze wminda giorgi “c a - R r u b e l T a saqmis” gamri-gea, mas “devi hyavs monad da roca xalxi daaSavebs rasme, z R v i s a k e n gaeSureba, iq xorxoSelas da setyvas ahkidebs godrebiT zurgzed devsa da mo-hfens mTel aremares”12. igives sCadis mzis qalRmer-Ti m z e q a l i , romelsac gudamayarSi p i r i m z e fuZis angelozad ixsenieben. “m a R a l z e m j d a -r i ” mzeqali jer dagvalavs, xolo Semdeg “cis xor-xoSiT” anadgurebs Tavis qveSevrdomTa xodabunebs13. mzeqalis miTiur saxes afarebuli Tamar dedofali “z R v e b i s gadamyenebelia”, igi “Sua z R v a S i sd-gams samans”, rom c a z e “cvari ar gadmavardes”14. pirimzeca da mzeqalic mzis gamnmasaxierebeli RvTae-bebi arian, dar-avdris ganmgebelni anu zecieri wyle-bis patronni da savaraudoa, rom pirimze wminda gor-gi, igive didi pirimze, mamruli korelati iyos masze ufro arqauli mdedri RvTaebisa.
ori wylis patroni didi pirimze “Jam-uJamod moarulia”. miTosur formulaSi araferia SemTxve-viTi da konteqstis mixedviT savaraudoa, rom J a m i da u J a m o b a iseve iyos urTierTTan dapirispire-buli, rogorc zesknel-qvesknelis “ori wyali” an zena da qvena, naTeli da bneli naxevarsferoebi, ro-melTa wiaR vals mze...
“sad Cadis naTliTmosili heliosi miwisqveS da sad amodis igi kvlav?” (odisea, X, 191-192)... ivane javaxiSvili gvamcnobs: “Cveni winaprebis warmodge-
11. М . И . Ш а х н о в и ч . Мифи о сотворении мира. М., 1969, gv. 31.12. n . x i z a n i S v i l i (urbneli), eTnografiuli Canawerebi, 1940, gv. 70.13. T. o C i a u r i . qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan, 1954, gv.70.14. a k . S a n i Z e . xevsuruli poezia, 1931, #542 (Semdgom aRvniS-navT teqstSive nomriT).
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niT, dRis dadgoma da dasruleba cis karebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. maSindeli rwmeniT cas o r i k a r i unda hqonoda... riJraJs uwin ciskris aReba uZRo-da... analogiiT mosalodnelia, rom saRamo da bin-di qarTvels Tavdapirvelad imave ciskris daxSvad hqonoda warmodgenili. es aprioruli da analogiiT mopovebuli daskvna TviT s a R a m o s Zveli saxelis pirveladi mniSvnelobiTac mtkicdeba. ZvelqarTul-Si wuxva da dawuxva — daxurvas, daxuWvas hniSnav-da... (xolo sityva saRamo) odindeli gamonaTqvamis s a R a m o c i s k a r i s SerCenili mxolod pirveli nawiliRaa”15.
amrigad, qarTvelis warmodgeniT, arsebobda d i -l i s a da s a R a m o s cis kari. sainteresoa, rom me-grulSi Semonaxulia SuadRis karic — o n d R e S i -k a r i. es ar aris moulodneli, — ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, “yvela qarTvel tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrel-Ta da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarToba arsebobda... am warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia” (xazgasma avtorisaa, T.C.)16.
aqve unda gavixsenoT romaelTa ianusic, rome-lic Tavdapirvelad sinaTlisa da mzis RmerTi iyo, _ ciskarze c i s k a r i s g a m R e b i , xolo saRamos c i s k a r i s d a m k e t i . mis saxels “k a r i d a n ” (ianua) warmoSobilad miiCneven. egviptur miTSi (“ra da gveli”) mzis RmerTi r a pirdapir ambobs: “me var TvalTa g a m x m e l i da sinaTlis Semoqmedi, TvalTa d a m w u x v e l i da wyvdiadis Semoqmedi”17. xevsurul teqstebSi arsebobs termini “w e l i w a d - d i l a ” da “w e l i w a d - w u x r a ” (weliwdeuli, 1924), riTac weliwadis dadgoma da dasruleba aRiniSneboda. za-fxulis Z l i e r i m z e aTenebda weliwads, zamTris d a R l i l i m z e asrulebda mas.
mzis cikluri brunva zesknel-qvesknelSi Zve-li samyaros xalxebis niSandoblivi rwmenaa. mzi sebr
15. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i . dasax. wigni, gv. 146-149.16. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i . qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1960, gv.11617. m . m a t i e . dasax. wigni, gv. 91
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kvdeboda zamTarSi masTan dakavSirebuli yvela RvTaeba, Cadioda S a v e T S i anu s u l e T S i , rom gazafxulze mzesaviT gaZlierebuli da ganaxlebuli kvlav amosuliyo qvesknelidan. “m z i s s i k v d i l i , Semdeg aRdgoma mzisa, ise viT yovelwliuri sikvdili da aRdgoma x o r b l i s a , gardaiqca k a c i s sikvdi-lisa da aRdgomis simbolod... egvipturi mzis sarwmu-noebaSi m z i s cxovreba k a c i s cxovrebis msgavsad iyo warmodgenili... mze Cadis ozirisis samefoSi, iq, sadac sikvdili sufevs” (akad. rene berTelo, “RvTis-metyveleba”, gv. 20-21).
xevsurul leqsebSi “m z i s S u q i s C a b r Z a -n e b a d ” (#521), “v a r s k v l a v i s m a w i l v a d ” (#161), an “m z i s u k u R m a C a x d o m a d ” (#174) ganixileba k a c i s s i k v d i l i .
TuSur “dalaiSi” micvalebuli “m z i T S e d i s s a m u d a m o s a m y o f e l S i ”, sadac “tiali, gau-maZRari mcuravi”, e.i. surieli an g v e l i hylapavs mas18...
mzeo, dadeg da dagviandi,mze sdgexar ukenobisao19...
dastiris Svils deda, magram iseTi STabeWdile-baa, TiTqos m z e - R m e r T i s qvesknelSi Casvenebas mistiriano qveynierni. “ukenobis” anu ukanobis mze — igive m k v d a r T a m z e — ukana-sknelSi Cadis...
mze Cagvivida ukuRma,Cavarda Sua zRvaSia20.
mosTqvamdnen qarTvelni erekles sikvdilis gamo, da aqac, erekles saxelis miRma, a s t r a l u -r i R m e r T i s saxe imaleba. mze qvesknelidan amo-dis da Semdeg kvalv u k u anu u k u R m a Cadis imave
18. xalxuri sibrZne. IV. 1965. gv. 299.19. iqve. gv. 300 20. iqve, gv. 200
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qvesknelSi anu z R v a S i , radgan zRva qvesknelis wyals ganasaxierebs.
mze wiTldeboda, cxreboda,xogais mindi kvdeboda,Camodioda varskvlavi,mTvare ukuRma dgeboda...
am cnobil leqsSi astraluri RvTaebis gardacva-lebasTan dakavSirebuli ciuri sxeulebis qvesknels Caxdomis grandiozuli suraTia gadmocemuli. “da-mcxrali, w i T e l i m z e ” — m k v d a r T a m z e a da “ukuRma mdgari mTvarec”, unda vigulisxmoT, qvesk-nels Casaxdomadaa gamzadebuli.
unda aRiniSnos, rom xogais mindis a s t r a l u r a s p e q t s mindize xevsuruli Tqmulebis dasawyisic gvidasturebs: “mindi rom dabadebula, caze o r i m z e mdgara”21. mindi aqac mzesTan aris dakavSire-buli, magram ras unda niSnavdes es o r i m z e ?
TrakielTa da paflagonelTa warmodgeniT, ga-zafxuli dabruneba an gamoRviZebaa, Semodgoma — warxdoma an micvaleba mzeRmerTisa (svanurad Se-modgomas “muJRver” — “mzis wasvla” hqvia: miJ-mze, Riri-midis). zafxulisa da zamTris mzisTayvanisce-mis dualizmi daedo safuZvlad m z e - d i o n i s e s delfosur religias. es d u a l i z m i orfeoselebma dasZlies. orfeoselTa religiis Tanaxmad (orfiz-mi mcireaziuri warmoSobisad igulveba), zafxulis mzeSi RmerTi cocxlad aris davanebuli, xolo za-mTris mzeSi misi mkrTali aTinaTi da aCrdiliRaa... da raki igi mkvdarTa saufloSia wasuli, cocxlebs Tavis oreuls utovebs... igi unaTebs rogorc c o -c x a l T , ise m i c v a l e b u l T . roca igi micvale-bulebTan aris, ar itanjeba, x u n d e b S i a r i R a -l e b a , rogorc magaliTad, paflagonelebs egonaT. piriqiT, rogorc uZvelesi droidan icodnen Tra-
21. a m b e r k i g a C e C i l a Z e . gadmocema “xogais mindize” da po-ema “gvelis-mWameli”, 1959, gv. 24 (teqstSive).
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kielebma, gansakuTrebiT ki, herodotes mixedviT, Trakielma getebma, romelTac “swamdaT sulis ukv-daveba”, — igi uSfoTveli didebiT efineba xolme n e t a r s u l e b s , rogorc Tvinieri mze22.
qvesknelSi Casul uxilav mzesTan, bneli sau-flosa da sikvdilis kalTis mnaTobTan dionise iyo gaigivebuli, igi “Rameuli mzea, romelic qvemo naxevarsferoSi naTobs”23 ...es Rameuli mze mkvdar-Ta mzed iyo miCneuli da erTiani RmerTis meoTxe aspeqts, anu miwisqveSa zevsis Zeobriv ipostass — dionises ganasaxierebda24.
dionise o r j e r S o b i l i da o r - s u l i iyo, rogorc m i w i e r i d e d i s saSodan da z e c i e -r i m a m i s barklidan dabadebuli RvTaeba. igi Ta-nabrad iyo wilnayari z e s k n e l i s a d a q v e s k -n e l i s m z e s T a n da evripides “baqxel qalebSi” SeSlil penTevss amitom eCveneba igi o r m z e d (IV episodia, 918). o r m z i a n i a xevsuruli miTosis m i n d i c da es ori mze — zesknelisa da qvesknelis, cocxalTa da mkvdarTa, zafxulisa da zamTris an weliwadis dilisa da mwuxris mzea.
SaveTSi Casul mzeze TrakielTa religiur war-modgenebs ucnauri sizustiT emTxveva mTieli qarTvelebis xalxuri warmodgenebi, romelzec vaJa-fSavela mogviTxrobs: “fSavlis warmodgeniT saiqio qveynis SuagulSi aris. saiqios is eZaxis “SaveTs”. SaveTSi m a r T a l n i a r i a n m k r T a l n a T e l -S i . es naTeli ise aqvs warmodgenili fSavels, ro-gorc Casuli mzis axlad gamqrali sxivebi mTis wverebzed. yvelam icis, rom mTis wverebi cotadRa arian am dros w i T l e b i . amas fSaveli eZaxis “m k v -d a r T a m z e s ” (IX,16). svanurad SaveTis “mkrTal naTels” m u R i i r r i h a a r 25 ewodeba.
22. В я ч . И в а н о в . Дионис и прадионисийство. Баку,1923. gv. 165-166 (teqstSive)23. iqve. gv. 163.24. iqve. gv. 18025. b. n i J a r a Z e , dasax. wigni, gv. 178.
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sulis ukvdavebis maRiarebeli Trakieli gete-bisa da fSavlebis rwmena am SemTxvevaSi analogiu-ria: mkvdarTa mze an mkvdris mze mxolod “ n e t a r s u l e b s ” , “ m a r T a l T ” unaTebs.
es uZvelesi miTosuri warmodgenebi uaxles qar-Tul prozaSic saCinovdeba. g i o r g i S a t b e r a S -v i l i s brwyinvale moTxrobaSi “mkvdris mze” aseTi pasaJi gvxvdeba: “modioda Rame... m w v e r v a l z e ki isev enTo mkvdris mze. mkvdris mze SemoRamebis win sul ramdeime wamiT gaaSuqebs xolme mTaTa mwverva-lebs da umalve gaqreba. saocaria ukve Casuli, qve-ynis kides mifarebuli mzis es ukanaskneli amosxi-veba, sulTmobrZavis aRsarebasaviT gaugebari da sevdiani. saocaria misi saxelic.
mkvdris mze...erTma SubaTelma berikacma amixsna: m k v d r i s
m z e i m a T T v i s a S u q e b s , v i n c R i r -s e u l a d k v d e b a o . zogierTs hgonia, yvela mkv-drisTvis amodis es d a R l i l i m z e , namdvilad ki grZeli sofelic wuTisofeliviT macduria, arc iqauri mze aSuqebs yvelasaTviso”26.
m k v d a r T a m z e evropeli xalxebis miTolo-giaSi (“odiseaSi”, heliosi — mzis RmerTi, imuqreba: “hadess Caval da mxolod mkvdarTa sulebs gavunaTe-bo”, XII, 383) da aqedan Tanadroul evropul proza-Sic dasturdeba. espaneli mwerlis b l a s k o i b a -n e s i s (1867-1928) wignSi “mkvdarTa mze” aseTi ad-gili gvxvdeba: С л а в у он назвал «солнцем мертвых»... думая об этом светиле, существующем т о л ь к о д л я и з б р а н н ы х »27...
miTosuri soflxedvis poeturi emanacia ar aris moulodneli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom “miTi Tavisi arsebiT identuria poeturi Semoqmedebisa, xolo calkeuli miTologiuri warmodgenebi mWi-drod aris gadatmasnili poetur metaforasTan”28.
26. g. S a t b e r a S v i l i . moTxrobebi. 1967. gv. 487-488.27. Б л а с к о И б а н ь е с .Солнце мертвых. М.,1965. gv. 18.28. В. В у н д т. Миф и религия, СПб., gv. 18.
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mweralma e d i S e r y i f i a n m a yuradReba migva-qcevina lermontovis “demonis” erT adgilze, sadac mkvdarTa mzis klasikuri suraTia gadmocemuli:
Снега Кавказа, на мгновеньеОтлив румянный сохраня,Сияют в темном отдаленье.Но этот луч полуживойВ пустыне отблеска не встретит,И путь ничей он не осветитС своей вершины ледяной!29
mze daiRala. igi moqanculi mgzavriviT mi-dis dasavleTisaken. mTian aWaraSi dRemde ifi-ceben “ziTvalis madlma”, xolo kolxeTSi “uSu-ladu bJaS mardime” — d a u R l e l i m z i s ma-dlmao (Seadare: “d a u R a l a v i m z i s saxels vficulobdiT”30).
“m o R a l u l i m z i s madlma” — hficavs fSave-li (vaJa, IX,19) da samiaTasi wlis winandel egviptur sagalobelSi mkvdarTa sauflos Casuli ozirisic “d a R l i l R m e r T a d ”31 ixsenieba, radgan “m o -R a l u l i m z e ” an mkvdarTa mze daRlili RmerTis a s t r a l u r i saxea.
burTi mzes ganasaxierebs, _ es cnobilia. “b u r -T i da j v a r i mzis qalRmerTis _ mzeqalis atri-butebia” (В.В.Б. 105). mzis RvTaebis saxelwodebis lingvistikur paralelebs warmoadgenen s i m r g v a -l i s c n e b i s aRmniSvneli sityvebi, — gvauwyebs vera bardaveliZe. barbal-barbolis saxelidan mom-dinareobs: afxazuri a b a r b a l (borbali), svanuri b a r b a (mSvildis rkali), Wanuri v i r v i l i (saba-vSvo satrialebeli saTamaSo), qarTuli v a r v a r i da b o r b a l i , romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi “T v a -
29. М . Ю . Л е р м о н т о в , I, 1967, gv. 435.30. k o n s t a n t i n e g a m s a x u r d i a , II, 1959, gv. 99.31. m. m a t i e . dasax. wigni. gv. 115.
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l i ” enacvleba32. misive azriT, mzes ganasaxierebs marmarilos b u r T i , romliTac svaneTSi eklesiis galavnis Tavze gasuli msaxuri gorakis ferdobze Sefenil mandilosnebs amwyalobebda m z i s a m o s -v l i s Semdeg33. cxadia, rom “b u r T i barbal-bar-bolis saxelwodebidan aris warmoSobili da igi mzis emblemas warmoadgens”34. amave saxelis Zirs Seicavs b o r - cvi, rogorc bina mzis qalRmerTisa (d.S. 223), sxivnayari mzis xalxuri saxeli bor-jRali, droSis saxeli b o r - ayi, b o r - b o l - iWyi (brolis kris-tali) da geografiuli saxelebi: bori, borbalo, borCxa da sxv.
fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvili k o p a l a mTiel qarTvelTa warmodgeniT “Tavis gasarTobad b u r T a o b s ”35. erTi imeruli leqsis mixedviT (lit. institutis folkloris ganyofilebis ga-mouqveynebeli masalebidan), “qriste RmerTi b u r -T a o b s b u r b u l e T i s m T a z e ” da aSkaraa, rom aq “qriste” m z i s warmarTul RvTaebas enacvleba.
CiCenicaSi, uZvelesi piramidis erT-erT kedelze, arwivebTan da iaguarebTan erTad, romlebic mzis RmerTs kacTa gulebs awodeben, SemTxveviT ar unda iyos gamosaxuli burTis TamaSi. dasavleT saqarTve-loSi, “xalxis mTavari TavSesaqcevi TiTqmis dRevan-dlamde b u r T i s T a m a S i anu lelos gatana iyo... im mxares, romelic lelos gaitanda, burTi rionSi (fazisSi) unda gadaegdo... burTis fazisSi gadagde-ba, misi RvTaeba f a s i s sakuTrebas niSnavs da mis emblemas masve uZRvnidnen, mis talRebSi isroden” (d.S. 229).
am konteqstSi TiTqos sacnauri xdeba xevsurTa RvTisSvilis giorgi u m z e u r i s anu n a R v a r -
32. v. b a r d a v e l i Z e . qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis isto-riidan, 1941, gv.112.33. iqve. gv. 61.34. d e m n a S e n g e l a i a . mudmivi Tanamgzavrebi. 1964. gv. 228 (teqstSive)35. iv. j a v a x i S v i l i . qarTveli eris istoria. I, gv. 98.
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m S v e n i e r i s , naRvarSi m e b u r T a l i s saxeli. “umzeuri” imaze migvaniSnebs, rom igi qvesknelis mkvidria. “naRvarmSvenieric”, faqtiurad, amazeve migviTiTebs, — naRvari xtonuri wyalia. magram ras unda niSnavdes “naRvarSi meburTali”?
qajaveTSi RvTisSvilebTan erTad Casul gaxua megrelaurs kbilsavarcxelani daedevnebian. “ski-va” (naperwkali, T.C.) ram SamaCindisav, burTs gves-revenav, — Tqvisav gaxuamav... memrav ganaTdesav cis gidel-gidelniv (kide, kedeli, T.C.)”36. burTis sro-lasTan aq gaTenebaa dakavSirebuli.
vera bardaveliZes Tavis wignSi citirebuli aqvs aleqsi oCiauris Canawerebi imis Sesaxeb, rom “do-bilni”, romlebc mzis qalRmerTis barbares Svilebs anu mzis sxivebs ganasaxierebdnen (didi dedis nanas Svilebis-“batonebis” msgavsad), amomavali an Camava-li mzis sxivebs mohyvebodnen da mindorSi (лужайка) burTis saTamaSod gadiodnen (В.В.Б. 12). orive ma-galiTSi b u r T i mzis naTels ukavSirdeba da imas gvafiqrebinebs, rom g i o r g i u m z e u r i , n a R -v a r S i m e b u r T a l i , miwisqveSa mzesTan wilna-yari RvTaeba an, rogorc vaxtang kotetiSvili va-raudobda, TeTri giorgis “qveskneluri saxe”, misi xtonuri ipostasia37.
qalRmerT nanasadmi miZRvnil cnobil saga-lobelSi Cvili batoniSvili “oqros akvanSi” wevs, “oqrosqoCriani da oqroskululiania”, “margalitis mtevani da oqros burTia”. oqro miTosSi mnaTob-Ta atributia: oqrosTmiania berZenTa mzis RmerTi heliosi da apolonic. qarTuli xalxuri warmodge-nac oqros mzesTan akavSirebs. xevsurTa sakralur enazec (jvris ena) “oqros burTi” ewodeba vaJs da fSaur leqsSic “oqros burTad” ixsenieba igi.
ratom erqva n a n a s RvTaebriv Zes oqros burTi? imitom, rom nana mzis qalRmerTis barbolis mTavari
36. T i n a T i n o C i a u r i . miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, 1967, gv. 189 (teqstSive)37. v a x t a n g k o t e t i S v i l i . dasax. wigni, gv, 290.
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ipostasi iyo da cxadia, misi Cvili Ze mzis wili anu wuli iqneboda. “es enobrivi faqti... mSoblebisa da Svilebis erTgvarovnobis warmodgenas avlens”, aR-niSnavs vera bardaveliZe (В.В.Б. 106).
mze — R m e r T i a , xolo k a c n i mzis Svilebi, anu RvTisSvilebi arian, qarTvelTa am uZvelesi rwmenis gamoxatulebaa uzenaesTan Tanaziarobis gamomxatve-li daficeba: Cemma mzem, Senma mzem... kaci mzis wili, mikromze anu oqros burTi iyo da am ficiT igi Tavis Tavsa da amave dros Tavis dambadebelsac ificebda (Seadare xalxuri Cem wil mzes geficebi). aseT msofl-gagebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, vera bardaveliZis azriT, religiis istoriaSi cnobili r C e u l o b i s instituti da RmerTkacis universaluri koncefcia (В.В.Б. 109).
mzis wilis mflobels n a w i l i a n i ewodeboda. xevsurTa Rrma rwmeniT, nawili beWebSua hqonda kacs da igi mzis naTels gamoasxivebda. nawiliani kaci pirmziani, lamazi da sikeTiT savse iyo, raki mzis anu RvTis msgavsi da masTan wilnayari iyo. mas RvTi-sagan kacTa siyvaruli aqvs ganCinebuli. swored ami-tom nawilians sicocxleSic da sikvdilis Semdegac sdevnian gvelni, romelnic n a w i l i s warTmevas upireben mas (В.В.Б. 110).
nawils, mzis asociaciiT, T v a l i c ewodeboda. mze da Tvali erTiani substanciis or poluss war-moadgenda, riTac makrokosmisa da mikrokosmis ur-TierTgamsazRvreli erTianoba iyo miniSnebuli da k a c i s R m e r T T a n wilnayarobis, masTan odinde-li Tanaziarobis idea iyo gamoxatuli.
2
“fSavlebs devebi borotmoqmedebad hyavT warmodge-nili... devi ari axovani, tani xSiris balniT aqvs Semosili, devi dRe imaleba da Rame gamodis sanadirod... devebs winaT unavardniaT xalxze: uJletiaT xalxi, uWamiaT... qveyana Sewuxebuli, SeZrwunebuli yofila imaTgan. magram Cndebian
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xatebi da isini utexen devebs brZolas. cxoveli xatebi, ro-melTac gaJlites devebi, arian kopala da iaxsari”... (IX,77).
cnobil xevsurul leqsSi iaxsari T v a l s Txris devs (#542). xevsuruli miTebis prozaul teqst-Sic xSirad aris aRniSnuli es ambavi: iaxsarma “devs laxti esrola, Tvali gamasTxara” (T. oC. 148). iax-sars am gmirobaSi zogjer kopala enacvleba: “kopa-lam... aimaRla sagmiro da yvelani amowyvita... erTi devi gaiqca daWrili, TvalwamoTxrili” (T.oC. 155). sxva teqstis mixedviT, imave kopalam “devs Tvali mosTxara”(T. oC. 158). am pasaJebSi iaxsaric da ko-palac, rogorc gigia WinWarauli ityvis, — “o r i v e r T i a s ” (T. oC. 165).
gmirTagan damarcxebul devs es TiTqmis sacri-sodena Tvali zed “Sublis SuaSi uzis” (#545). am devs, rogorc sxva leqsidan irkveva, “Tvalsacera” hqvia, xolo mis Zmobilebs “Tavdobala” da “voSlo-kina” (#546). aRsaniSnavia, rom mTian aWaraSi “do-laba¡” Zroxis erT-erTi saxelia38. rac Seexeba “voS-lokinas”, igi demna Sengelaias mier SeniSnul “veSa-voS-vaSl” Zirs ukavSirdeba (d. S. 196, 228) da cxadi xdeba, rom es devebi xtonuri wylebis nayofierebisa da marcvleulis baraqianobis gamomxatvel demonebs warmoadgenen. amas isic adasturebs, rom egeve deve-bi “saxnis-sakveTelis” ostatebi arian. maTi saxnisiT moxnul miwaze “erT fex yanas o r T a v T a v ebmod” (T.oC.175). amave dros sacnauria, rom “v e S a wyaro... gudan b e R l i s kars amodis” (#518). devebis mefe-sac xom “beRela” hqvia (T. oC. 151).
miwisa da saqonlis baraqianobasTan kavSirs unda gulisxmobdes devis saxeli “calrqia”, romelic su-leTis “calarqa” xaris analogiuria: “suleTs xari xnavs calarqa, baraqa mestumreTia” (#560). dev-ma rom xarad SeiZleba icvalos feri, amas TinaTin oCiauris “teqstebic” amtkicebs: “devi ise movida, rogorc nisla xari” (T. oC. 166).
38. S. n i J a r a Z e . qarTuli enis zemoaWaruli dialeqti, baTumi, 1961, gv. 159
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am ramdenime wlis winaT biWvinTaSi aRmoCenili qandakebis mkveTrad iTifalur figuras, romelic xevsureTsa da Crdilo kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili ase-Tive iTifaluri da Tavzerqadasxmuli qandakebebis analogiuria, _ rqiseburi wowola qudi axuravs39 da im devis Sesagvania, visac “ZabriTav qud exuri-sav”. swored am devs mopara gudanis jvarma Tvali. es T v a l i Turme xan g v e l a d eCveneboda jvars, xanac m y v a r a d (T. oC. 165). ratom unda mosCvene-boda gudanis jvars es Tvali gvelad da myvarad? imitom rom “bayayi, gveli da jojo v i S a p T a zo-omorful gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. gveli mTel saqarTveloSi baraqis momniWebel arsebad iyo cno-bili... gvelebs xviTo an natvrisTvali aqvT da es Tvali dovlaTis wyaroa (d. S. 197).
devebis “rqianoba” xaris daumorColebel Zalas,—gavixsenoT devis saxeli “verxvlis b u R a ” (vaJa, IX, 79), — xolo maTi faCvnieroba Tu bewvmravloba, — Tvalpirze “sru Tma sxmiv” (T.oC.175), an “matyliviT” balani hqoniaTo (T.oC.172), — mcenareul siuxves da seqsualur Zalmosilebas — “mamlayverobas” (#543) ganasaxierebs. xorcielTa qalebi Tavisi nebiT “mir-bodes iqiske”, an “devebs isr uyvarebav Tav, ro Za-lad misdeniv qalebi” (T. oC. 175, 178). rac Seexeba devis qalebs, isini lamazebi, “ZuZuebgadmoyrilebi, SiSvel da sqelbarklianebi arian” (T.oC. 181,182). be-Relas, lamaz devis qals, “iseTi grZeli Tma hqonda, rom miwaze Svidkecad ideboda” (T.oC.145).
didi, grZeli Tma Zveli samyaros TqmulebebSi xSirad aris Sedarebuli mcenareul safarvelTan. “analogiur Sedarebas vxvdebiT qebaTa qebaSi, sa-dac mSvenieri qalis Tmebi Sedarebulia mTasTan, romelic cnobili iyo uxvi nayofierebiT... Tmebi — mcenareuli siuxve, Cveuli Sedarebaa Zvelebraul poeziaSi”40.
39. d . j a n e l i Z e . ambavi biWvinTis qandakebisa. gaz. “lit. saqarTvelo”, 1965, VIII.40. z u r a b k i k n a Z e . gilgameSis eposi (koment.). 1963. gv. 94
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devebi mdedruli dasabamis, dedamiwis pirvelyo-fil Zalebs ganasaxiereben, isini v e S a - g u r T i s , v e S a - w y a r o s an s i m u r i s mcvelni da mkvidr-ni arian. roca wyarosTaulma “saarsebod” wyaroze dadgoma ganizraxa, “devebs ar gauSviaT” (T.oC. 186). devebis qorwilic mudam “simuris CqvefasTan” aris dakavSirebuli (#542). suleTis am wyarosaken, — “su-leTSi veSa wyaroa, sasmelad gemrielia”(#560), sam-zeodan anu “beRlis karidan miwi-miw darani midis” (#541). a m d a r a n i T , igive gvirabiT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs qveskneli da samzeo. da misi meSveobiT moZraoben dedamiwis demonebi da RvTisSvilebi zes-knel-qvesknelSi.
viTarca qvesknelis naSierni — devebi “miwas ise mohkvalavdnen, rogorc fifq Tovls” (T.oC.153). aseve mohkvalavda miwas urmidan fexCamogdebuli a m b r i . xnulebidan amodian gveleSapis kbilebidan aRmocenebuli, iaraRiT SeWurvili dedamiwis golia-Ti Svilebi, romelTac kolxeTis mefis, mzis Svilis a e t i s , pirobisamebr unda SebrZoleboda iazoni41
.
welamde miwaSia Cafluli pergamosis sakurTxevlis frizze gamosaxuli, zevsisTvis gigantebis mavedre-beli miwis dedufali gea, xolo “odiseaSi” deda-miwisa da nayofierebis dedaRvTaeba TmamSvenieri d e m e t r e samgzis moxnul mindorze umijnurdeba iasons (V, 127).
o r T a v T a v i a n i xorbali mxolod am devebis mier gamoWedili s a x n i s i T moxnul miwaze modis. saxnisi miwasTan da amitom qvesknelTan aris daka-vSirebuli: “saxnisma sTqva, qvesknel daval, mzisa Suqi menatreba”, an “papis oqros guTano, zRvaSi nax-nav-naTeso”42. rac Seexeba mWedlobas, igi, rogorca Cans, devebisaTvis organuli xelobaa, raki madani miwis wiaRTanaa dakavSirebuli. svanur TqmulebaSi amirans dev-mWedeli gamosWedavs da cidan TmaCa-
41. a p o l o n i u s r o d o s e l i . argonavtika (Targmani akaki uruSaZisa). 1948, gv. 151.42. xalxuri sibrZne. IV. gv. 47, 264.
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moSlili yamari mas qvesknelidan zesknels aiyvans43, iseve rogorc Cvili amirani ahyavs TmebiT dals erT svanur leqsSi44. savaraudebelia, rom xevsuruli leqsiT cnobili “samanqnuri jaWvic” maT mier iyos gamoWedili:
jaWvma Tqva samanqanurma:qajebm amasxes TiTiTa,miyidos aim vaJama,vinc zidva SaZlos kisriTa,memre wamiRos Walasa,aiq gamxexos qviSiTa (#301).
qaji, devi da veSapi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, erTi da imave arsebis sxvadasxva saxelebia... kopalas jaWviT hyolia dabmuli erTi devi. roca vismeze gawyreboda, auSvebda, mere ki isev daabamda. “im de-vis jaWvs viTomc naxuloben iqve, wyalSi, mSralze ar inaxeboda is jaWvi, Tu wyalSi ara”(T. oC. 156). nawilian TorRvas “veSapis (zogi variantiT gvelis) naCuqari jadosnuri jaWvi aqvs, romelsac tyvia ar ekareba... igi usaTuod unda daaban, Torem wylisken gaqandeba... Tu magari patroni ar Sexvda, waiRebs da masac wyalSi miitans” (T. oC. 125)...
ratom unda gaixexos Walaze qviSiT qajebis jaWvi? an ratom maincdamainc wyalSi unda inaxebodes de-vis jaWvi? an wylisken ratom miscuravs nawiliani TorRvas jaWvi? ratom unda iyos Zneli misi zidva? saqme isaa, rom es jaWvi “veSapiania”, e.i. veSapTa anu veSa-wyaros mkvidrTa — veSagTa nakeTebia. amitom mirbis tbis simurSi TvalgamoTxrili devi. wylian adgilsac amitom uwodeben devTa saflavs (T. oC. 164). amitomve isxdnen “sru wyalSi” devis naqmrevi xevsuri qalis Svilebi. amitom ZaluZs devis urina-s walekos “xarnica da maxnavic” (T. oC. 172). xorciel-
43. m. C i q o v a n i . qarTuli eposi. I, 1959, gv. 31144. irinola (Targm. d a v i T w e r e d i a n i s a ). 1968, gv. 55 (teqst-Sive).
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Ta amosaxrCobadac amitom ician maT “Rvaris atexa” da “wylis dagubeba” (T. oC. 157, 146, 159). amitomve unda ganibanos wyalSi cxrajer qajT xelmwifis qali samZivara da gveleSapsac wylis pirSi unda dausvan SesaWmelad gamzadebuli msxverpli (T. oC. 193). rac Seexeba mis zidvas, cxadi unda iyos, rom miwis sk-nelSi qvedazidulTa gamoWedili jadosnuri jaWvis zidva Zneli iqneboda. aqve unda SevniSnoT: svaneTSi, uSgulis misadgomebTan enguris kldovan iwroebs d a v a n a g m a l — “devebis dagmanili” hqvia.
amave wyalTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli qajave-Tidan wamolaluli saqoneli. kopalam “z e m T a z e ” areka qajaveTuri naxiri: “Sauwuxebav qajebis naxir uwyloobas... kopalas laxt daukrava, wyal amauyva-nav” (T.oC.194). ratom awuxebs uwyloba qajaveTur naxirs? cxadia, imitom rom igi qvesknelidan aris wamolaluli, iqidan, sadac wylis sauflo, xtonuri zRva an simuria. RvTaebrivi laxtis dakvriT kopala qvesknelidan amoaCqefebs wyals da miT daarwyulebs naxirs. “ze mTa” — RrubelTa mTaa, igive “zeciuri mTa”. am mTaze floqvis dartymiT wyaros adenen zev-sis pegasi, perunisa da muromecis cxenebi45. aRsaniS-navia, rom svanur xalxur leqsSi “ciskris TeTri varskvlavis” ganmasaxierebeli qalRmerTis kasledi-lis mama:
diliT ayris Tavis naxirs,ifnis SoltiT misdevs ukan,gadaiyvans uTur-mTaze,veZas asmevs uTur-mTisas (irinola, 32)
“ze mTaze” veZa-wyaro anu veSa-wyaroa da RvTae-brivi naxiris swored am wyliT darwyulebaa saWiro.
qajaveTidan morekil naxirSi gamoirCeva “calar-qa furi”. aSkaraa, rom igi suleTSi mxvneli “calarqa xarisa” da “calrqia devis” Sesatyvisia. aki gudanis
45. v . kotetiSvili . xalxuri poezia. 1961. gv. 358
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jvarma swored am ukanasknels mopara baraqis mom-niWebeli “Tvali”. am RvTaebrivi furis veeba rqisa-gan puris sawyao gaukeTebiaT xevsurebs: “uTqvams i wminda giorgis, Cems luds ro moxarSavTo, am qaja-veTuri furis rqiT awyeviT salude forio” (T. oC. 190). aSkaraa, rom es rqa igive saxenacvali “siuxvis rqaa”, romliTac Cvil zevss apurebs erT Zvel ba-reliefze gamosaxuli nimfa adrastea da romelic pergamosis sakurTxevlis frizze gamosaxul geas upyria marcxena xelSi.
islandiur miTSi udgardalokTan stumrebuli t o r i ZlierebaSi gamoscades. mas unda daecala avsebuli rqa, magram sami ylupiT torma mxolod mciredi mosva, aRmoCnda, rom am rqis Tu yanwis wve-tiani bolo zRvasTan iyo SeerTebuli!46 es “zRva” qvesknelis dauSreteli wyalia da xevsurul leq-sebSi sikvdili swored am “zRvidan” modis, raki igi mkvdarTa saufloSia.
3
“pirvelad m o r i g e m rom RvTisSvilni gadmouS-vna, maSin isini g e r g e t s daabinava” (T. oC. 156). gergeti xevsuruli o l i m p o a . xevsurTa uzenaesi RmerTi R v T i s k a r z e oqros taxtze ijda da oqrosave bageebs sZravda, raTa RvTis nabadebTaT-vis Tavisi neba euwyebina. RvTaebrivi triadis meore wevrs - mzeqals, visganac marcvleulis aRorZine-ba iyo damokidebuli da amitom mindoris jvaric ewodeboda (В.В.Б.17), uzenaesi RmerTisagan, h e r a s m s g a v s a d, RrubelTa marTvis xelovneba hqonda momadlebuli.
gergetis mTis zeciur gamoqvabulSi anu “b e T -l e m i s s a x l S i ” (T. oC. 191), romelic “gamoqva-bulis” qristianuli koreqtivia da amave dros, sa-bas ganmartebiT “p u r i s s a x l s ” niSnavs, — igive
46. М . И . С т е б л и н - К а м е н с к и й . Культура Исландии. Л., 1967, gv. 71.
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“b e R e l S i”, erTi xevsuruli miTis Tanaxmad, idga “oqros akvani” da Sig “ymawvili iwva”. am ymawvils Tavze mtredebad gardacvlili RvTisSvilebi das-trialebdnen da “i f q l i s marcvlebs aWmevdnen (T. oC. 191).
vin unda iwves am oqros akvanSi, romelic xalxu-ri rwmeniT zogjer bazaleTis uZiro tbaSi dgas? cxadia, mindoris jvris, igive mzeqalis RvTaebrivi Ze, mkvdarTa anu “siRrmeTa Tvinieri mze” (В.Ив.74), raki igi jerxnobiT miwisqveSa sknelSi imyofeba. ratom aWmeven mas ifqlis marcvlebs? imitom, rom igi marcvleulis vegetaciuri RvTaebaa (“TeTri puris nawilia” — rogorc erT iavnanurSia Tqmuli) da TviTonac xorblis marcvaliviTaa damarxuli. “mkvdarTa wignSi”, sivdilis Semdeg o z i r i s T a n Semsgavsebuli m a r c v a l i ambobs: “me var oziri-si... me vcxovrob rogorc marcvali... me qeri var”47. iqve, sqolioSi, maties damowmebuli hyavs plutarqe. ”amboben, rom ozirisi damarxulia, roca daTesili marcvali miwaSia dafluli, da rom es RmerTi kvlav aRorZindeba da gacocxldeba, roca marcvali ylor-tebs amoiyris”. da ai, oqros akvanSi zamTris mzebu-dobisas Tvalgaxelil yrmas, — persefones kalTaSi Casaxuli da gamokvebili l i k n i t i s msgavsad, ro-melic “uZvelesi samiwaTmoqmedo yofis Cveulebisa-mebr xorblis s a c e r S i a Cawvenili” (В. Ив.168), — qvesknelis wiaRidan aRsadgomad ifqlis marcvlebs aWmeven xevsuri RvTisSvilebi. amave RvTisSvilebs moaqvT wlis dasawyisSi morige RmerTis karidan sa-nayavi, cxraeniani spilenZis zari, pureulis sawyavi rqa, saceri da “q e r - o q r o n i ” (В.В.Б.15). zeciuri qeris oqros marcvlebi miwierTaTvis wliuri Wir-naxulis sawindari da pirvelsaxe iyo.
momakvdavi da kvlav aRdgomili RmerTebis mi-Tosi sameurneo wlis brunvasTan aris dakavSirebu-
47. m. m a t i e . dasax. wigni. gv. 54; Seudare: “ifqlis marcvalo — ad-amis Zeo, Sen gTesen niadag sikvdilis jejilze”... (k. gamsaxurdia. III, 1960, gv. 421)
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li. wlis miwuruls mze ibudebs. mzebudobis Semdeg iwyeboda mzis gaZliereba, dRis gadideba. miwaSi damarxuli xorblis marcvali Tvals gaaxelda da Sesabamisad, gazafxulamde miwis sknelSi mZinare ve-getaciuri RvTaeba gaiRviZebda, raTa gaSiSvlebul dedamiwas mwvane samosad movlineboda.
rogorc mokvdavsa da kvlav mkvdreTiT amdgar RmerTs — oziriss mwvane kanisferi hqonda, raki misi feri axlad aRmocenebul simwvanes ganasaxiereb-da48. miTosuri msoflSegrZnebis mixedviT, “balaxi, yvavilebi da, saerTod, mcenare dedamiwis Tmebad ixsenieboda”49 da TuSur “dalaiSi” gmirisadmi, rome-lic vegetaciuri RvTaebis atributiT aris mosili, pirdapir aris naTqvami: “Seni wveri da ulvaSi sul mwvaned amodiodeso”...50
demna Sengelaias azriT, qarTuli miTosis “amira-ni vegetaciuri RvTaebaa da... mas puris TavTavTan raRac RvTaebrivi kavSiri aqvs”51. veSapis muclidan anu qvesknelidan gamosuli amirani pirSiSveli da Tmagacvenilia. Tmagacvenili amirani, qarTluri va-riantiT, wyaroze ibans xel-pirs. da “ukeTesi wver-ulvaSiT” imoseba52. kaxuri variantiT, igi “did gub-eSi” Sedis da iqidan ise gamodis “rogorc oqrosT-miani” (m. Ciq. 308) miTis fSaur variantSi misi wver-ulvaSiT Semmosveli igri batonia. sagulisxmoa, rom igrisTan misulma amiranma iaxsariviT “sakmisas” CasZaxa, TiTqos “simurSi mCqefel” devebTan misuli-yos. fSauri versia bunebriv kavSirs Zebnis igrsa da simurSi meqorwile devebs Soris da es asec unda yo-filiyo: mixeil Ciqovanis TqmiT, i g r i vaxtang gor-gasalis cxovrebaSi naxseneb v i g r i s analogiuria, xolo es ukanaskneli “Zvelad veSaps niSnavda” (m. Ciq. 114). amrigad, qvesknelSi Casuli amirani jer SiSvl-
48. m. m a t i e . dasax. wigni. gv. 53.49. v. k o t e t i S v i l i . rCeuli nawerebi, gv. 287.50. xalxuri sibrZne, IV, gv. 29751. d. S e n g e l a i a . werilebi. 1955, gv. 189.52. m. C i q o v a n i . mijaWvuli amirani, 1947, gv. 275 (teqstSive).
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deba i n a n a s a v i T (gavixsenoT vaJas mier “saiqios warmodgenaSi” motanili xalxuri leqsis surieli, romelic micvalebulebs Tmasa da wver-ulvaSs was-Zovs, IX, 17), xolo Semdeg, qvesknelisve ukvdavebis anu veSa-wyaroTi kvlav “oqrosferi TmiT” imoseba.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT Tqmuleba “xogais mindize”. TinaTin oCiauris azriT, narozaulisagan daviT gogoWuris mier Cawerili es Tqmuleba “sami damoukidebeli xalxuri Tqmulebi-sagan” Sedgeba da mxolod “mesame nawili warmoad-gens uSualod xogais mindis ambavs” (T. oC. 99). imis-da miuxedavad, Tu vis miewereba igi, sainteresoa gavaanalizoT TqmulebaSi gamJRavnebuli miTosuri xasiaTis elementebi.
m i n d i o r i m z i s niSzea dabadebuli da Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom es “ori mze” — cocxalTa da mkvdarTa, zesknelisa da qvesknelis, gazafxulisa da zamTris mzea. cxadia, aseTi gmiri Tu RvTaeba d i o -n i s e s msgavsad, orbunebovani anu o r - s u l i , sam-zeosa da qvesknelis mkvidric iqneboda. TqmulebaSi m i n d i “alali qveynis”, — igive “netari sulebis” an “marTalTa” qveynis mdgmuria da mas TqmulebaSi “gugulebis qveyanac” ewodeba (a. gaC. 27).
imis gamo, rom “g u g u l i ” SedarebiT adre mo-frindeba xolme da g a z a f x u l s gvamcnobs, mas m c e n a r e u l i s p a t r o n a d an R v T a e b a d miiCneven”,- gvauwyebs Sternbergi53. guguli odesRac heras Semcveli RvTaeba Tu demoni yofila da mxo-lod Semdeg qceula mis atributul rudimentad54. xolo hera, mzeqalis anu mindoris jvris msgavsad, nayofierebisa da zRva-Rrublis mbrZanebelia da savaraudebelia, rom guguli, rogorc mcenareulis p a t r o n i , mzeqalis ganmasaxierebeli iyos, raki es ukanaskneli marcvleulis m f a r v e l a d iTvle-boda (gavixsenoT, qarTul zRaprebSi gugulisaTvis Serqmeuli “kafe-Tese”). aseTi analogia moulodneli
53. А . Я . Ш т е р н б е р г. Первобытная религия. Л., 1936, gv. 462.54. А . Ф . Л о с е в . dasax. wigni. gv. 21
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ar iqneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sternbergis cnobas: 1861 wels, ruseTSi aRmoaCines gugulis mokvdinebisa da damarxvis warmarTuli rituali. akeTebdnen To-jinas, romelic antropomorfirebul guguls war-moadgenda, awvendnen kuboSi da marxavdnen. Semdeg iwyeboda ferxuli, radgan guguli m k v d r e T i T unda amdgariyo55. rogorc Cans, aq guguli romeli-Rac vegetaciuri RvTaebis ganmasaxierebelia.
arxotSi gazafxulis momyvani guguli c a l T v a -l a a . warmarTul miTologiaSi mze TviTon aris T v a l i da maSasadame, misi ganmasaxierebeli RvTae-bac calTvala unda iyos. calTvalaa ozirisisa da izidas Ze h o r i , romelsac Tvalsa Txris s e t i , riTac mzis dabnelebaa miniSnebuli56. amave dros, guguli mindvris baraqis patronia, xolo “Tvali baraqis RvTaebis emblematuri” niSani. “amitom ambo-ben CvenSi baraqiani yanis Sesaxeb dResac — R v T i s Tvali, e.i. m z e trialebso... da amitom aris qis-turi baraqis RvTaeba e l T a calTvala” (d. S. 223). aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom guguls Tvali mindim gamosTxara da am mxriv, igi devebisaTvis Tvalis ga-momTxrel da Tvalis momparav RvTisSvilebs enaTe-saveba.
gugulebi “alali qveynis” purs aWmeven mindis. sagulisxmoa, rom “alali qveynis purs ramden luk-masac makbeC, imdenic maematebis” (a. gaC. 27). es puri ulevelia, raki dedamiwis baraqianobas ganasaxiere-bs. TuSuri “dalais” mixedviT, “suleTSi pirgadmom-dinare k o d e b i dganan”. amsubuqebuli mindi “frena -freniT” mihyolia guguls da safiqrebelia, rom es a m s u b u q e b a marcvleulis sagazafxulo zeswra-fvas gamoxatavs, raki mindi “mepuryvele” da “mepur-satane”, e.i. pureulTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebaa.
mindi samzeoSi calTvala guguls mohyavs. ase-ve mohyavs amirani faskunjs, xolo telefinuSi fu-
55. А . Я . Ш т е р н б е р г. dasax. wigni. gv. 462.56. Ф . Ф . З е л и н с к и й . Религия Эллинизма. Пг., 1922, gv. 48.
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tkars57. rogorc Cans, gazafxulis momyvani guguli ubralo frinveli araa, igi heras uZvelesi totemi da da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RvTaebis ganmasaxierebe-li da mcenareulis patronia.
vaJa-fSavelas erT moTxrobaSi “guguli”, “unda miuxvide ZirSi im xes, romelzec zis da g u - g u s iZaxis... tanT, fexT gaixado, xes samjer Semouaro garsa samjer warmosTqva es sityvebi: gugulo, Rala mogpare, doxSiri, karaqmravali” (VII,45). am nawyvetSi TiToeuli fraza miTosur dokumentacias Seicavs. xeze mjdari guguli cxovrebis xeze dabudrebul, mze-RmerTis qvesknelidan amomyvan faskunjs gvago-nebs. xis samjer Semovla, SesaZloa, mzis brunvas ga-nasaxierebdes, xolo raki guguli gazafxulis mzisa da marcvleulis patronia, gasagebi xdeba, ratom unda moparon mas Rala.
wminda eTnografiul masalad ikiTxeba amave mo-Txrobis sxva pasaJi: “ai, biWo, gugulis kaba (w i -T e l i , TeTrwinwklebiani yvavilia, T. C.). mSvenieri, wiTeli ferisa iyo, TiTqos i c i n i s o ...
es imis niSania, — ganagrZobda mamaCemi, rom gugu-li mosulia da vidre p a t r o n i s (e.i. gugulis T. C.) xmas ar gaigebs , ar eCveneba aravis. gaismis Tu ara tyeSi gu-gu-u-u, amoRaRandeba, m z e s a v i T a m o a -S u q e b s tyeSi yviTeli, dasalpobad gamzadebuli foTlebis grovidan da dauZaxebs gugugls: sada xar m S v e n i e r o m Z l e v a r o ? Camicvi tanze... lamazi — mometebulad galamazdio”(VII, 46).
guguli aq ganaxlebuli mzis ganmasaxierebeli da m a x a r o b e l i a . igia miwidan aRorZinebulTa patroni, “nayofTa momcemi da ganmzrdeli”. gaza-fxulis macne gugulma w i T e l i kaba unda Caicvas, radgan “wiTeli feri samzeos anu Suasknelis sim-boluri feria. babiloneli qalRmerTi iSTari T a -m u z s ukvdavebis wyliT gacocxlebis Semdeg wi-Teli samosiT mosavs” (d. S. 193). wiTeli samosiT
57. В . З а м а р о в с к и й . dasax. wigni. gv. 290
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irTveba qvesknelidan amdgari, tbaSi ganbanili, mzis RmerTi ra58. k a l e v a l a s 49-e runaSi naTqvamia: “Sen jurRmulidan gamoxval mzeo, viTa g u g u l i o q r o s i ”...59 da vaJaseuli, arsebiTad, xalxuri “m S v e n i e r i m Z l e v a r i ”, mzis erT-erTi uZve-lesi saxelis — sol invictus-is, - daumarcxebeli mzis qarTul Sesatyvisad SegviZlia vigulvoT.
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“gugulebis qveyanas s a z R v a r T a n wyali Ca-moudioda. roca gugulebi Tavis qveyanaSi brunde-bodnen da wyals gadmovidodnen, patara cidakacebad iqceodnen. roca Tavis qveynidan midiodnen da wyals gadavidodnen, — frinvelebad” (a.gaC. 27). es sazRvari — qvesknelis Savi zRvaa, SaveTis an suleTis mdinare.
SaveTSi ukuneTia, xolo u k u n i s an u k a n a -s k n e l i s pirvelsaxe s i k v d i l i a . xevsuruli miTologiis Tanaxmad, sikvdili qvesknelis am zRvi-dan modis: “sikvdilm Tqva zRva-zRva wamoval, zRva CqefiT Semoviare” (#523). sxva leqsSi: “sikvdil wa-mova qveyniTa... saTavei as wylisao” (#521).
Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi mkvdarTa sauflo yvelgan qvesknelis wylebs ukavSirdeba: “berZne-bis a i d s , ZvelebraelTa S e o l s , Sumerulad k u r i ewodeboda. Tavdapirvelad es sityva m T a s aRniSnavda. Semdeg ufro zogadi mniSvneloba mii-Ro — ucxo qveyana... Sumeruli kosmogoniis Tval-sazrisiT, k u r i warmoadgenda cariel sivrces dedamiwis qerqsa da pirvelqmnil o k e a n e s Soris moqceuls. swored iq Cadiodnen mkvdarTa lan- debi”60.
samzeodan qvesknelSi Casuli mzis wili kaci — wylis wili xdeboda da amitom xevsurebi saaqaoSi mkvdars “w y a l T u l o c a v d n e n ” (wyaros uSenebd-
58. m. m a t i e . dasax. wigni. gv. 42.59. kalevala (Targmn. m u x r a n m a W a v a r i a n i s a ). 1969, gv. 694.60. С . Н . К р а м е р . История начинается в Шумере. М.,1965, gv. 1680.
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nen) da “w y a l w i l s ” uxdidnen, rom mas saiqios “s u l e T w y a l C i w i l i C a d e b o d a ”61.
sazRvarze gadasvla sikvdils, g a r d a c v a l e -b a s anu s u l i s qvesknelis mdinareze gadasvlas, s i m u r i s fonSi gasvlas niSnavda. arsebobs xev-surTa misteriuli enis gansacvifrebeli termini: g a s u l f o n e b a . kaci maSin gasulfondeba, roca mas “jvari daiWers”, e.i. roca RvTaeba Seipyrobs: “beCaobs, gul uwuxs, tiris, ofli sdis, daiWers jva-rid, maSin gasulfondebis”62. jvari anu RvTisSvili zogjer sizmarSi ecxadeba kacs: “awvalebs — ise unda maiqcav, me unda damyvav”63. RvTisSvilis n e b a s da-yolili kaci q a n d a r a a , raki masze frinveliviT jdeba RvTaeba64. aseTi kaci m e d i u m i a , RvTis ne-bis ganmcxadebeli da amitom m e e n e , q a d a g i anu o r a k u l i . sagulisxmoa, rom “gasulfonebisaTvis” Sinaganad gamzadebulni w y l i s k e n izidebian da es wyali g a n m w m e n d e l i a : “wylisken ro zidulas, albad siwminde undod”65.
“zerealur sferoSi gadasvla wylebis gadalax-vasTan aris dakavSirebuli egviptur warmodgeneb-Sic: adamianis suli iqiTa qveyanaSi ozirisTan er-Tad naviT mogzaurobs”... S a m a S i s anu mzis gzaze damdgari gilgameSic “samyaros sawyisamde pirvel-yofili wylebis gavliT” unda CaRrmavdes66.
amrigad Sinagani sulieri mdgomareobis ga-momxatveli, RmerTTan z i a r e b i s aRmniSvneli sakraluri termini “gasulfoneba”, semantikura-dac amJRavnebs “wyalTan” kavSirs, xolo es wyali qvesknelis zRva anu suleTis sazRvaria. RvTaebis realobis wvdoma sulis fonSi gasvlas niSnavda da masSi areklilia qvesknelSi STaxdomisas misteriu-
61. masalebi... III, 1940, gv. 20. 34.62. T. o C i a u r i . qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan, 1954, gv. 19.63. iqve. gv. 18.64. iqve. gv. 6.65. iqve. gv. 18.66. z . k i k n a Z e . gilgameSis eposi. gv. 225.
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li codnis moxveWa. es termini unikaluria Rrma religiuri azriT datvirTuli cnebis TvalsaCino eqspresiulobiT.
qvesknels STaxdoma — sulis ukvdavebasTan wilna-yarobas, maradiulTan ziarebas niSnavda da es azri cnobili iyo Zveli samyaros xalxebisaTvis. gior-gi meliqiSvilis varaudiT, qarTuli s a - m a r - e , m a r - a d - s a da “sikvdilis” aRmniSvnel cnobil in-doevropul Zirs mer, mr-s SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes, raki, misive azriT, s i k v d i l i s da s a m u d a m o s cnebaTa siaxlove “advili gasagebia”67.
antikuri xanis berZnebisaTvis qvesknelSi mog-zauroba warmavalze gamarjvebasa da sulSi mara-diulis gaRviZebas gamoxatavda (odisevsi, herakle). amave azriT aris motanili bibliaSi i o n a s veSa-pisagan STanTqmis igavi: da ubrZana ufalman veSap-sa didsa STanTqmad iona da iyo iona mucelsa ve-Sapisasa sam dRe sam Rame. da iloca iona uflis mimarT... ganmagde me siRrmed mimarT gulsa zR-visasa da mdinareTa momicves me... gare momesxa me wyali, vidre sulad Cemadmde. ufskrulman mo-micva me ukanasknelman... da aRmovedin x r w n i s a -g a n cxoreba Cemi (dabadeba,11,b). “cxovelis mu-celSi namyofi, sikvdilis samefoSi, sxva qveyanaSi namyofad iTvleboda... gvelis saSoTi gasuli sxva qveyanaSi gadadioda”68, xolo aseTi kaci RmerTTan ziarebulad, ukvdavebasTan wilnayarad miiC- neoda.
suleTSi CasvlasTan iyo dakavSirebuli kaci-sa da RvTaebis s a x e - c v a l e b a c . pirveli aseTi metamorfoza Sumerul miTSia asaxuli: qvesknelSi Casuli enlili rigrigobiT iRebs SaveTis karibWis mcvelis, qvesknelis mdinaris kacisa da Sumeruli qaronis saxes69. berZnul miTosSi yovel nabijze
67. g . m e l i q i S v i l i . saqarTvelos... uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisTvis. 1965. gv. 229.68. В . Я . П р о п п . dasax. wigni. gv. 213.69. С . Н . К р а м е р .dasax. wigni. gv. 109
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gvxvdeba aseTi metamorfozebi: zevsi xSirad gvevli-neba xarisa an gvelis, aqteoni irmis saxiT. aqeloi, mdinaris RmerTi, heraklesTan brZolisas jer gve-lad, xolo Semdeg xarad gadaiqceva. homeross aRwe-rili aqvs “zRvis grZneuli moxuci” protevsis sxva-dasxva saxed qceva, roca menelaosma misi Sepyroba ganizraxa (odisea, IV, 456-59). xevsurul miTolo-giur teqstebSi amgvar “sxvadqcevas” Tu “saxecvlas” aRe (safarveli, niRabi) ewodeboda da ukve am ter-minis arseboba cxadyofs, rom aseT metamorfozebs garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
suleTis sazRvarze gadasuli gugulebi cidaka-cebad iqceodnen. virebi, romelTa mwyemsadac daaye-nes mindi, “marTla virebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed pawawa bewewikuebi” (a. gaC. 25). aRsaniSnavia, rom viri dio-nisuri cxovelia. virze Semjdari midis dionise do-donasTan sigiJisagan gansakurnavad da viris yroyi-niT afrTxobs igi gigantebs (В.Ив. 134). (dionisur, RvTaebriv sigiJes xevsurulad R a b u S o b a ewode-ba, RabuSi RvTisSvilTan “g a r T u l s ”, RvTaebriv x e l s niSnavs).
giorgi naRvarmSvenieri buzis safarveliT dadis suleTSi. iaxsari devs simurSi Cahyveba da iqidan tredis aRiT amodis. simurSi gadaCqvefili kopala aqteoniviT irmad iqceva. suleTSi Casuli megre-lauri “damavalas pepelais aRiT”. gudanis jvari xan mtredis saxiT dadis, xan xatad iareba... devebi verZisa da xaris saxiT ecxadebian xorcielT, xolo zogjer k a c i s saxiTac (T.oC. 138-196).
qvesknelSi CamsvlelTa aseTi transformacia au-cilebeli da garduvalia. gardaqmnisa da gardacva-lebis es kanoni universaluria. qajaveTs mimavali mindi Tu gaxua amitom stoveben TavianT sxeulebs xtonur gamoqvabulebTan da sulis amara Cadian su-leTs. s u l e T i TavisTavad migvaniSnebs imaze, rom iq suli unda Cavides, rom xorcieli ver Cava iq. “mesopotamiuri warmodgenebis mixedviT, rogorc Cans, micvalebulni S i S v l a d Cadian mkvdarTa sa-
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mefoSi... am wesisagan TviT qalRmerTi i S T a r i c ar yofila Tavisufali”...70
suleTis sazRvris gadamlaxavi suli qveskneli-dan m e o r e d i b a d e b a . igi ganaxlebuli da g a r -d a c v l i l i (saxecvlili) amodis iqidan da kvlav ubrundeba imave garss, romelic suleTSi Casvlisas gaixada (aRsaniSnavia, rom orfizmi sxeuls sulis samosad ganixilavda). SiSveli, “samoselgaZrobili” suli xelmeored imosavs sacmels: zamTarSi uxi-lavi mzis suli kvlav ubrundeba Tavis astralur oreuls, xilul mzes. “daRaluli RmerTi kvlav eufleba Tavis sxeuls”, mzis ganmasaxierebeli gu-guli kvlav icvams ukvdavi Zlierebis gamomxatvel w i T e l , l a m a z gugulis kabas (guguli manamde SiSveli iyo da iqneb amitom unda gaexadaT “tanT da fexT” xis Semovlisas vaJas moTxrobis gmirebs), su-leTis gadamlaxveli mindi Tu gaxua kvlav imosaven xorcielebas...
Zilisgan dgeba ozirisi,iRviZebs, iRviZebs daRlili RmerTi.dgeba RmerTi, eufleba kvlav Tavis sxeuls,aRdgomad iwevs ozirisi...71
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daglejili u s i r i (igive o z i r i s i ) mkvdreTiT dgeba. aseve ibadeba meored titanebisagan dagleji-li d i o n i s e . dionise o r - s u l i , o r - s a x e da o r j e r S o b i l i a , rogorc bnel mdedrul sawyis-Tan naTelce-cxlovani mamruli sawyisis dapirispi-rebis gamomxatveli RmerTi. “dionise gamocxadebu-lia “ordedovnad” da “orjerSobilad” ara semele-sagan meored dabadebis azriT, aramed k a r i d a n o r j e r i g a m o s v l i s azriT (ase ganmartavd-
70. z . k i k n a Z e . dasax. wigni. gv. 13671. m . m a t i e . dasax. wigni. gv. 115.
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nen mis sakulto saxels — “diTirambos”),- calkerZ, miwieri dedis saSodan da calkerZ, zecieri mamis barklidan... SemTxveviT ar gvxvdeba RmerTis ormagi kerpebi da niRbebi amden adgilas” (В.Ив.78,79).
me-2 TavSi xsenebuli, biWvinTaSi aRmoCenili qan-dakeba, romlis pirisaxe “marjvena mxridan odnav momRimaria, xolo marcxena mxridan mowyenili, se-vdiani” (d.janeliZe), — aSkarad dionisuria. orTva-liania da amitom orsaxianic xevsuruli leqsis “Tvalsacera” devi, romelsac meore “kunWulaSi” sxva Tvali uzis da “ukeniskenac xenasa” (#545). es devi orsaxian ianuss gvagonebs. orsuli da orsaxo-vania winaredionisuri, ormagi funqciis matarebeli yvela miwisqveSa da miwiszeda an, rogorc vaJa ityo-da, “uCinisa da mzeqveynis” (IX,153) RvTaeba. orbune-bovani da orsaxovania qarTuli miTosis amirani, ro-gorc vegetaciuri RvTaeba da rogorc “zesknelisa da qvesknelis, mzieri “cisa” da “zRvis” RvTaeba”72.
pirquSi. ivane javaxiSvilisa da vera bardave-liZis varaudiT, pirquSi igive u s i p i anu visibia (В.В.Б.111). amiranis RvTaebrivi Zma, beWze mzis niS-niT aRbeWdili usupi, demna Sengelaias azriT, “igi-ve viSab-uSabia da mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba urar-tul T e u S b a s T a n ” (d. S. 197), xolo TeuSba igive T e S u b i a da “masSi advilad icnoba momavali per-gamoseli z e v s -baqxosi” (В.Ив.272).
britaneTis muzeumSi, xeTebis did ufals_TeSubs “marcxena xelSi upyria samTiTa boZali (poseidoni-viT, T.C.), xolo marjvena xelSi CaquCi uWiravs. Ta-vze muzaradi hxuravs”... boZali TeSubis RrubelT-batonobas, “elva quxilis ufrosobas”, xolo CaquCi mWedlobis funqcias asaxierebs (m. Ciq. 71). qvis Ca-quCi — “miolniri” (молния) upyria xelT t o r s a c da am CaquCiT igi elvas aCens73. TeSubiviT mWedeli, saavdro Rrublebisa da elvis gamCenia pirquSi da amitom “cecxlisalianic” (T. oC. 147). sagulisxmoa,
72. Н . Я . М а р р и Я . И . С м и р н о в ,Вышапы,1,1931, gv. 1873. М . И . С т е б л и н - К а м е н с к и й .dasax. wigni, gv. 69.
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rom cecxlisa da mWedlobis RmerTi, RrubelTmeufe zevsis Ze — hefestosi, romelic o k e a n i s siRrmeSi aRizarda, miwisqveSa c e c x l i s ganmasaxierebeli da mWedelia. mas CaquCiT xelSi gamosaxavdnen da es CaquCi zogjer zevsis atributadac iTvleboda.
w y a l i c da c e c x l i c qvesknelis mimaniSne-belia. pirquSs piridan n a v T i gadmodis74 da unda vivaraudoT, rom cecxlis ganmasaxierebeli “na-vTiswyliani koWobi”, romelic xevsurul leqseb-Si zogjer SubnurTan da kopalasTanac ixsenieba, pirquSis atributia. pirquSsve ekuTvnis “cecxli-saliani maTraxi” (T.oC.164), rac igive “miolniria”. qvesknelidan TorRvamac “amoiyola n a v T i da n a k v e r c x a l i ”75 da gamoricxuli ar aris, rom TorRvas saxeli mogvianebiT aefara pirquSisas da wylisken mzidveli jaWvic am ukanasknelis gamoWe-dili iyos.
xevsuruli legendis Tanaxmad, pirquSi erT dros u l a m a z e s i kaci yofila. qalebisagan Ta-vmobezrebuls morige RmerTisTvis uTxovia Svela da mas p i r - q u S a d , e.i. pir-b n e l a d uqcevia igi (В.В.Б.111). silamaze — qarTul miTebSi m z i u r o b i s mimaniSnebelia da iqneb SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom manamde igi piri-mze kaci iyo. rogorc ar unda iyos, pirquSoba misi erT-erTi atributia (aki nawiliania, e.i. mzis niSniT aris aRbeWdili igi). da xevsuruli miTis am pasaJSi aSkarad Wvivis pirquSis zesknel-qvesknelSi “moaruloba”.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs “kaleva-las” mWedeli v e i n e m e i n i . igi dedamiwisa da qves-knelis — gardacvlil kacTa samyoflos ganmasaxie-rebeli titanis, grZneuli vipunenis kuWSia Casuli da am ukanasknelis sityviT, zeciuri Rrublebidan aris dedamiwis gulSi daSvebuli. vipuneni evedreba veinemeins, kvlav Tavis samyoflos, e.i. zecas dau-brundes:
74. n . x i z a n i S v i l i . dasax. wigni. gv. 9475. xalxuri sibrZne. IV. gv. 202
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kvlav daubrundi mSobliur zecas,RrublebSi Sedi, sad Tvlemen wveTni...raTa vrcel gzaze didebul mzisa,samosaxloSi naTeli mTvaris,viTarca ali aenTo uceb,aRegzno mZlavrad viTarca cecxli76.
roca veinemeinma “miatova titanis tani, man ba-geTagan iskupa velze, viTarca o q r o s ciyvma da k v e r n a m ”77. aqve unda aRiniSnis: svanur Tqmule-baSi k v e r n a mzesTan da oqrosTan dakavSirebuli cxovelia78. rogorc vxedavT, finelTa RvTaebrivi mWedeli pirquSiviT ca-RrubelTan, cecxlTan da alTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi sauflo zecaa da qvesknelidan amosuli mzesaviT oqrovania...
kopala. xevsuruli miTis mixedviT, “kopala uZi-laurTis Tavs i r e m T - k a l o s rom eZaxian, iq daarsda” (T.oC.157). uZilaurTis “iremT-kalo”, sva-nuri leqsis “kasledilis” samosaxlos hgavs, sadac “TeTri cixe dgas” da miTiuri “fur-irmebi yanas mkian, xar-irmebi kalos lewen” (irinola, 32). “veS-rapianiT” wyalze wasuli kopala “simurSi gadaiCq-vifeba” da i r m a d gadaiqceva (#543). irmad qceuli kopala “daRalul-pirofliani” modis da mas gzaze isrebs ayrian TuSebi (aq pirvelad adresatat iqneb “uSabi” an “veSapia” sagulvebeli). qvesknelidan amo-sul kopalas gvel-bayayebis xmianoba esmis: “WanWax-Tas amaviare, gvel-myvarT daudga Rriali” (T. oC. 142). aRsaniSnavia, rom Sumeruli k u r i s a da qar-Tuli f a s i (mTa) — f a s - i s i s (mdinare) analogiu-rad, W a n W a x i kavkasionis mwvervalisa da rionis Se-nakadi mdinaris saxelia. kopalas “WanWaxi”, rogorc Cans, qvesknelis wylebis maxlobladaa, raki “gvel-myvarT” sabudari adgilia. gvel-myvarni esalmebian axladSobil mzes, erT egviptur legendaSi, roca
76. kalavela (Targm. S o T a C a n t l a Z i s a ). gv. 267.77. iqve. 273.78. b . n i J a r a Z e . dasax. wigni. gv. 146.
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igi hermopolis borcvze jdeba79. aristofanes “ba-yayebSi” qvesknels Camaval dionises bayayebi yiyiniT egebebian. ba- y a y - ic xom dam-y a y -ebul adgilTan anu WaobTanaa dakavSirebuli da rogorc Cans, misi y i y - inic (igive y a y - ani) amave Zirs Seicavs.
sad unda mivides simurSi irmad qceuli, WanWax-Tas amovlili kopala? cxadia, iremT-kaloze, rad-gan iq aris misi sadgomi. qarTul zRaprebSi i r e -m i zesknel-qvesknelis damakavSirebeli cxovelia da aSkaraa, rom iremi kopalas zeciuri ipostasia. amitoma aqvs mas “mSvenieri, goza-w i T e l i mSvil-di”, amitomvea “mxar-T e T r i ” (e.i. frTa TeTri) da badriviT l a m a z i , rac arc erT RvTisSvilze ar aris naTqvami. kopala TiTqos fSav-xevsuruli mi-Tosis apolonia:
kopalas mSvildo mSvenvaro,goza-wiTelo, farToo,ra lamaz sasinjavi xar,borbals rom daemarTovo,win ki veravin dagidga,raxan laxt maimarTovo (#554, R 37).
erTi TuSuri leqsis mixedviT, “napralebis mtvreviT, mTa-mTa” wamosuli kopala b o r b l i s mTaze adis (“borblis mTa” vaJas naxsenebi aqvs Tavis werilSi, IX, 154-55), sadac —
cixes ageben borbalsabrolis marilis qvisasa,Sibad Sig galos atanengrZel-grZelsa miTxorisasa...80
ratom brolis marilisas? imitom rom m a r -ili igive m a r - m a r - iloa, xolo es Ziri, demna Senge-laias azriT, iseve rogorc broli, mzis qalRmer-
79. М . Э . М а т ь е . Мифы древнего Египта. Л.,1940. gv. 10.80. masalebi... I. gv. 47-48.
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Tis b a r b o l i s saxels Seicavs, “es mineralebi si-TeTriT cis gansaxierebas warmoadgenen” (d. S. 223).
kopalas, kasledilis mamasaviT, “z e m T a z e ” ahyavs RvTaebrivi naxiri. “ze mTa” svanuri “uTur-mTisa” da qarTluri “algeTis mTis” Sesatyvisia. am mTaze “wamouxtaT iremi” amiransa da mis Zmebs da amave mTaze dgas amiranianis “brolis qvis koSki”, romelic kasledilis “TeTri cixisa” da xevsuruli “cxraTvala, mSvenieri, cas wvermizdenili” cixis (#541) analogiuria. Tuki sworia xevsuri mTqmelis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, rom kopala da iaxsari “oriv erTi as”, maSin savaraudebelia, rom “borblis mTa”, igive “burbuleTi”, mzis anu b a r b o l i s sadgomi mTa an borcvia, radgan qvesknelis simuridan amosu-li da “frTebSebertyili” iaxsari “b r o l i s q v a -z e ” an “b e R l i s q v a z e ” jdeba. es qva w i T e l i a da masze mzis simbolo — “j v a r i a gamosaxuli” (#542, H da g varianti). simurSi i r m a d qceuli ko-pala borbalze aimarTeba, da rogorc Cans, swored aq, xtonuri wylebis naRvarSi m e b u r T a l i gior-gi u m z e u r i s msgavsad, kopala “Tavis gasarTobad b u r T a o b s kidec”, rogorc mziuri RvTaeba.
zeciuri c x r a T v a l a k o S k i s (“cxraTvaloba” mzis atributia) gverdiT alvis xe dgas. zed “oqros Tbiani” (frTiani, T.C.) angelozebi anu RvTisSvilebi sxedan”. R v T i s k a r z e mdgar am alvisxes, igive cxovrebis xes wverSi “c x r a k e c i o q r o s S i b i hkidia” (# 541). uZiro tbis simuridan anu qveskne-lis zRvidan amosuli iaxsari am Sibze gadis da mas “Tvals ver hkideben” (#542), raki zesknels aris Se-mdgari.
amrigad, amirani, pirquSi, kopala da iaxsari miwis-qveSa da miwiszeda, xilulisa da uxilavis an uCinisa da mzeqveynis RvTaebani da maSasadame, ormagni, or-bunebovanni da or sknelSi moarulni arian.
mindi. aseTsave o r m a g o b a s amJRavnebs mindic. mindi, giorgi TedoraZis versiis Tanaxmad, “dar-av-dris xatis cud tarosTan brZolisa da caze cisar-
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tyelas gamoCenis Jams ibadeba”81. am pasaJSi Tval-naTliv aris gamokveTili erTis mxriv, urTierTda-pirispirebul bunebis ZalebTan mindis wilnayaroba, xolo meore mxriv, misi zesknelTan kavSiri, vinai-dan, miTologiuri azriT, cisartyela cisa da miwis kavSirs gulisxmobs (berZnuli irida). dar-avdris gamgebloba, morige RmerTis nebiT, mzeqals aqvs mi-niWebuli heras msgavsad da TedoraZiseuli pasaJiT mindi, garkveuli azriT, ukavSirdeba mas.
cnobil xevsurul leqsSi m i n d i s sikvdili astraluri samyaros SeZrwunebasTan aris dakav-Sirebuli (“mze wiTldeboda...). mindi, SesaZloa, mzeqalis, igive mindoris jvaris RvTaebrivi Ze an mamruli korelati — igive m i n d v r i s wm. gior-gi (В.В.Б.7). iyos, rasac misi dar-avdris tarosTan kavSiri da mZvinvare mdedruli demonebis mier misi danawilebuli gulis SeWmac adasturebs. am Tval-sazrisiT metad macdunebelia m i n d i s saxelis a - m i n d - Tan, m i n d - orTan da safqvavze arebul mind-Tan dakavSirebac. ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom “fqvilis mniSvnelobiT” naxmari “ZvelisZveli qarTuli termini” si-mind-ai, sa-mind-o, sa-mind-ali, f.gorgijaniZes Tavis leqsikonSi “odnav gansxvave-buli saxiT aqvs Setanili: s i m i n d r i ”...82 rac iq-neb am terminis m i n d o r T a n kavSirs amJRavnebdes. rogorc ar unda iyos, cxadia, rom m i n d fuZiT aR-niSnul sagnebs, movlenebsa da RvTaebebs garkveuli kavSiri aqvT. isini TavisTavad iswrafian miTosur struqturaSi gaerTianebisaken.
rogorc dar-avdris tarosTan, pureulTan da gu-gulTan dakavSirebul RvTaebas, o r i mzis niSze da-badebul m i n d i s (romelsac dabadebisTanave o r i kbili83 dahyva da romlis guls o r s u l i diace-bi Wamen) aSkara kavSiri aqvs m i n d o r i s jvarTan.
81. g i o r g i T e d o r a Z e . xuTi weli fSav-xevsureTSi. 1939. gv. 9882. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i . saqarTvelos ekonomiuri isto-ria, I, 1930, gv. 363, 364.83. g . T e d o r a Z e . dasax. wigni. gv. 98.
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qvesknelis gavliT igi yovel gazafxuls samzeoSi adis, raTa mkvdreTiT aRmdgari “ganiwvalos” da zeciur “b e R e l S i ” anu “beTlemSi” gamTelebuli kvlav qvesknels daubrundes.
l
Cvil d i o n i s e s cocxlad glejen (“ganwilaven” — diamelismos) menadebi, rom RvTaebiT daorsuld-nen da RmerTis ukvdavebiT aivson. sxva miTSi mas dedamiwis stiqiuri Zalebis ganmasaxierebeli tita-nebi nTqaven. es titanebi mdedruli xtonuri RvTae-bis mZvinvare orgiastuli msaxurebi arian. dionises STanmTqmeli titanebi am aqtiT RvTaebrivsa da ma-radiuls eziarebian. Semdeg maT daferflavs zevsi da am ferflidan k a c T a m o d g m a warmoiSveba. dion qrizostomosis “sityvanis” mixedviT, ada-mianebi “titanebis Teslidan arian warmoSobilni” (XXX). orfikuli himnis Tanaxmad, titanebi “mra-valtanjuli kacobriobis dasabami da pirvelwya-roa” (XXXVII, 4)...
magram kacis gulSi titanebis mier SeWmuli RvTaebrivi msxverplis nawilic Rvivis da amitom adamiani o r s u l i arsebaa, m i w i e r i c da z e -c i e r i c . “adamiani warmosdgeba ori elementisagan: dionisurisa da titanurisagan (anu RvTaebrivisa da devurisagan, T. C.)... titanuri elementi ikavebs ada-mians individuaciis, ganpirovnebis rkalSi. adamia-nis v a l i a moerios Tavis TavSi titanurs”84.
qvesknelis gadalaxviT axlad ibadeba mara-diulTan wilnayari suli. universalurTan ziare-biT iTrguneba pirovnuli. waruvalTan wilisyriT marcxdeba warmavali. amitom aRar isurva megre-laurma mokvdav, Tagvisgan beWgamoxrul gvamSi Ca-Zroma: “SamzizRav Cemm gvammaod, gaqceva gavbedav” (T.oC. 190)...
84. gaz. “samSoblo”. dionises kulti da saqarTvelo. 1916. #244.
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mindi mzeqalis guguls mohyveba samzeoSi. deve-bma daglijes RvTaeba da mindis ganwvaluli guli TavianT orsul diacebs aWames: “iqneb mindis gul Caedvas, mind f e r balReb daibadneno” (a. gaC. 28). cxadia, “orsuli” diacebi imitom Wamen mindis guls, rom RvTaebiT “daorsuldnen”. aseve orsuldeba erT berZnul miTSi semele, romelsac titanebis mier daglejili l i b e r i s (dionisesTan gaigive-buli italikuri RmerTi) gaxresil guls sasmelSi gauzaveben85. xorblis sacerSi Cawvenili l i k n i -t i s msgavsad, beRelSi anu beTlemSi (saxli purisa) dgas mindis oqros akvani. am akvanSi mwoliare yrmas i f q l i s m a r c v l e b s aWmeven xevsuri RvTisSvi-lebi. zamTris mzebudobisas (e.i. axali wlis anu mzis dawyebisas) dedamiwaSi damarxuli m a r c v a l i Tvals gaaxels da qvesknelidan wvalebiT amova pu-ris T a v T a v a d aRmocenebuli mindi.
g a n w i l u l i mindi — yanis w v e l i a (wu-eli, be-wu-i, wu-anili, m-wu-ane, wi-wu-i). igi marcvleu-lis patroni mindoris jvaris, igive m z e q a l i s oqrosferi marcvali, RvTaebrivi Ze, wuli an wilia. mindis xtonuri demonebi, dedamiwis nayofierebis ganmasaxierebeli devebi glejen da misi gulis SeW-miT aorsuleben TavianT qalebs. mindis vegetaciuri g a n w i l v a gazafxulze xdeba da savaraudebelia, rom es aqti d e v e b i s q o r w i l s ukavSirdebo-des, raki S e W m a s g a n a y o f i e r e b a mosdevs. am azriT, devebis qorwili, SesaZloa, arqauli plasti iyos gazafxulze mkvdreTiT aRmdgari winaaziuri ZeRmerTebis dedamiwis ganmasaxierebel mdedrul RvTaebebTan qorwilisa.
marcvlis aRmoceneba udides saswaulad iyo miC-neuli da elevsinuri misteriebis safuZvelic es iyo. Semodgomaze miwaSi CaTesili marcvlis gazafxulze mwvane ylortebad aRmocenebam warmoSva warmodgena mkvdreTiT aRdgomis SesaZleblobaze.
85. А . Л о с е в . dasax. wigni. gv. 166.
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zafxulis mzebudobis Semdeg, ganwilul da Wir-naxul mindis, izidasa da reas msgvasad, Seagrovebs daRaluli mzeqali. xevsurebi suleTidan molalu-li RvTaebrivi furis rqiT awyaven salude fors (marcvals), m T e l i soflis mier e r T a d motanil wyalSi moxarSaven luds86 da s a R v T o sasmeliT T a v d a v i w y e b u l n i kvlav eziarebian TavianT maradiul da erTian RmerTs, raTa warixocon wuTi-soflis varami da warmavaloba.
86. n . x i z a n i S v i l i . dasax. wigni. gv. 22.
59
orgvari arsi hgies am soflad:RvTaebrivi da eSmauri...
bhagavatgita (XVI.6)
devuri da RvTaebrivi
da bolos moaqvs mzebudobas Tovli, —da yinviT zamTari isev iborkeba...
lukreciusi
(bunebisaTvis saganTa. V.346-347)
saSinel ZaliT aryevs borkils WirxliT dafaruls...
valerius flakusi
(argonavtika. V.158-159).
1
amirani. vaJa-fSavelas pirvelive leqsi (1884) a m i r a n i s , — qarTuli miTosis am centraluri per-sonaJis saxeliTaa dasaTaurebuli. es faqti marto qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT ar aris sagulisxmo. vaJas poeturi samyaros modelSi am leqsSi miniSne-bul mxatvrul-miTologiur elementebs pirvelxa-risxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba. isini TandaTanobiT Rrmavdebian da kristaldebian vaJas poeziaSi da mis zogierT leqsSi msoflmxedvelobriv ganzomilebas iZenen.
vaJa safuZvlianad icnobda qarTul xalxur Tq-mulebebs, kerZod ki amiranis miTosis fSaur frag-mentebs, miT umetes, rom mixeil Ciqovanis TqmiT, “sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT, fSavSi amiranianis wris moTxrobebi Tu yvelaze ukeT ara, baris raionebze ufro srulad mainc aris Semonaxuli”1. vaJa-fSavela uxvad iyenebs mis calkeul, miTosuri Tvalsazri-
1. m i x e i l C i q o v a n i , mijaWvuli amirani, 1947, gv. 14.
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siT yvelaze mniSvnelovan pasaJebs Tavisi uRrmesi intuiciebis gadmosacemad.
“amiranianis” Tqmulebis warmoSoba, yovelmxriv, — “eTniur-topografiul-enobrivad da warmodgena-Ta sistemis mixedviT qarTulia”, da masSi “qarTuli kulturis Tavdapirveli formirebis momentebia”2 aRbeWdili. cxadia, amas Tavisi kvali unda daeCnia qarTuli sityvierebis istoriaSi.
ukve leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi “cxovre-ba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa”, — rogorc pavle ingoroyva aRniSnavs, — “wyobili sityviT Sesrulebuli arqauli xasia-Tis folkloruli Zeglebia” Sesuli, romlebic, misive TqmiT, “aRbeWdilia namdvili xalxurobiT”3. erT-erT maTganSi “gadmocemulia — miTosis aspeqt-Si — suraTi keTili da boroti sulebis brZolisa tarosis Secvlis dros... aRsaniSnavia, rom eposis am fragmentSi aris erTgvari Sexvedra uZveles qar-Tul epikur TqmulebasTan amiranis Sesaxeb”4. pavle ingoroyva gamowvlilviT aanalizebs da mkiTxveli-saTvis TvalsaCinos xdis leonti mrovelis Txzu-lebisa da amiranianis calkeuli momentebis ueWvel Sesatyvisobas.
leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi embrionuli ele-mentebiT aris warmoCenili amiranianTan dakavSire-buli tarosis Secvlis epizodi. XI-XII saukuneebSi, saero literaturis aRorZinebis kvaldakval, mi-Tosis gamoyenebis are farTovdeba. “amirandareja-niani” ukve siuJetur kavSirs amJRavnebs amiranianis ciklis xalxur moTxrobebTan da es SemTxveviTi ar iyo. mixeil Ciqovani aRniSnavs, rom “mose xone-lis “amirandarejaniani” folkloris safuZvelze aRmocenda”5. r. h. stivensonis azriT, igi “qarTuli
2. S a l v a n u c u b i Z e , kritikuli narkvevebi, 1966, gv.208-9.3. p a v l e i n g o r o y v a, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv.726-27.4. iqve. gv. 730.5. m . C i q o v a n i , dasax. wigni, gv. 237.
devuri da RvTaebrivi
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warmoSobis Zeglia”6. am ZeglSi farTo planiT aisaxa da epoqis stilis Sesabamisad gadamuSavda qarTuli miTosis uZvelesi warmodgenebi. stivensonisve sity-viT, am nawarmoebiT iwyeba XII saukunis “saqarTve-los literaturis ayvaveba... romelic Tavis umaR-les safexurs rusTavelis poemaSi “vefxistyaosanSi” aRwevs”7. rusTavelis genias erovnuli TviTcnobie-rebis uRrmes SreebSi aqvs fesvi gadgmuli da ro-gorc demna Sengelaia aRniSnavs, misi poemis “siuJeti Rrmad erovnulia Tavisi sami brwyinvale gmiris Ta-vgadasavliTa da amiranianTa fabuluri kavSiriT”8. “vefxistyaosanSi” dapirispirebuli Zalebis brZola, akaki soxaZis azriT, “qarTveli xalxis Zveli msofl-mxedvelobis” models amJRavnebs, xolo “borotebis simboloebad... dasaxelebuli fantastikuri gveli (veSapi, gveleSapi) devebi, qajebi da satana (eSma, eSmaki)... pirdapiri gagebiT, xalxur sarwmunoebriv ideebs gulisxmobs”9.
XVIII saukunemde miTologiur Zirebs aRar mibru-nebia qarTuli literatura. mxolod daviT guramiS-vilis zogierT leqssa da “qacvia mwyemsis” pirvel TavebSi kvlav gamoCndeba qarTuli zepirsityviere-bisTvis niSandoblivi msoflSegrZneba da mxatvruli saxeebi, kerZod, zamTar-zafxulis, agreTve tarosis Secvlastan dakavSirebuli miTosuri elferis mqone epizodebi.
Svidasi weli Tvlemda amirani qarTuli sulis qvecnobierebaSi da mxolod XIX saukuneSi, erovnuli TviTcnobierebis gaRviZebasTan erTad aRdga Zili-sagan jer akakis, xolo Semdeg 23 wlis vaJas magiuri xelis Sexebisagan. akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi ami-ranis saxes upiratesad patriotuli elferi axla-vs: saqarTvelo mijaWvuli amirania, romelic unda
6. S . n u c u b i Z e , dasax. wigni, gv. 204.7. iqve. gv. 217.8. d . S e n g e l a i a , dasax. wigni, 1964, gv. 21. 9. a k . s o x a Z e , “vefxistyaosanSi” asaxuli zogierTi xalxuri ideis Sesaxeb, kreb. “SoTa rusTaveli”, 1968, gv.158
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aRdges da ganTavisufldes. vaJa-fSavelas pirvels-ave leqsSi igi miTologiur garemocvaSia mocemuli, Tumca akakiseuli motivirebis qveteqsti Zalumad igrZoba masSi.
am leqsis wakiTxvisas ucebve xdeba sacnauri, rom amirani xtonuri RvTaebaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom es momenti jer kidev ar aris mTeli sisruliT gadmo-cemuli. amirani “kldeSi Cans”, mas mklavze “gveli-viT exveva jaWvi”, xolo “tanze yinuli” aqvs asxmu-li...
dahviwyebia es monaZirs kacsa maRla zecasa,ar ixseneben misganadev-eSmakebis Jletasa...rodis adgeba amiran,jaWv-abjriT Semosilio,Camosdnebodes yinulida ucinodes pirio...miwa iZrodes, Rrubelnifuoden, xtodnen Savada,keklucni wvrilni varskvlavnimTebze sxdebodnen jarada...muniT Camowves Rrubeli,gaCndes cecxl-setyva xSiria,iZaxdnen marTlis jvarmcmelni:“vahme, ra didi Wiria”...(1, 11-13).
jaWvi zamTris tradiciuli atributia10. vaJas za-mTar-zafxulis ciklis sxva leqsebSic, tanze asxmul “yinuls” “jaWv-abjari” enacvleba. kldeSi jaWviT dabmuli amiranis adgomasTan da devebis mier “ab-jris dayrasTan” (1, 54) aris dakavSirebuli gazafxu-lis mosvla. amave leqsSi, aragvi “amiranis laxtiT afrTxobs devebs”, romlebic zamTars ganasaxiere-ben. jaWvi g v e l i v i T exveva amirans, radgan gveli xtonuri samyaros simboloa. “yinulis Camodnobas”
10. v a x t a n g k o t e t i S v i l i , xalxuri poezia, 1961, gv. 350
devuri da RvTaebrivi
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amiranis “pirmcinaroba” anu bunebis gaRviZeba unda mohyves. vaJas leqsebSi “mZinare mxare” igive qvesk-nelia, “alqajebisa da pir-Savi devebis” sauflo (1, 172). sainteresoa, rom guramiSvilis “qacvia mwyems-Si” zamTari qvesknelTan aris dakavSirebuli: “ar Camoexsna kekia qari, sanam ar CaZvra q v e s k n e T s zamTari”11.
“amiranSi” Sefarulad, magram mainc Cans miTo-suri sami skneli: zeca, miwa da zRva. z R v a aqac da sxva leqsebSic qvesknelis ganmasaxierebelia. “RrubelTa afuveba” da “xSiri cecxl-setyva” gaza-fxulisa da amave dros amiranis RrubelT-batonTan wilnayarobis aRmniSvneli atributebia (“...amiran Savsa Rrubelsa, saavdrod gamzadebulsa”). amiranis aRdgomasTan aq gazafxulia dakavSirebuli. leqsis varianti aSkaras xdis amas:
dahbnelebia samyarobeCavsa, mze da mTvaria,veRarc saRamos Jams xedavs,verc rom eReba kariagariJraJzeda bunebis,-wiTel-yviTeli, mwvania (I, 354)
“dausrulebel kvnesaSi” kidev ufro cxadad Cans amiranis xtonuri buneba, misi qvesknelSi yofna:
ra ferisaa qveyana,netav maCvena TvaliTa:misi zamTari, zafxuliwyal-veliT, mTebiT mwvaniTa,ca varskvlavebiT morTuli,dRisiT-mziT, Rame mTvariTa (I, 97)
“...zamTari da zafxuli, rogorc sxvadasxva rigis bunebis movlenebi da Zalebi, ganpirovnebulad hya-
11. d a v i T g u r a m i S v i l i , daviTiani, 1964, gv. 215
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vdaT warmodgenili, erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganw-yobilTa saxiT, zamTari — mcenareulobis miZineba Tu sikvdilia, gazafxuli — ayvaveba da sixaruli. maT Soris urTierToba warmoidgineboda rogorc brZo-la, sadac saboloo gamarjveba gazafxulisa iyo”12. am uZveles xalxur warmodgenebSi hqonda fesvi ve-getaciuri RvTaebebisadmi pirvelyofil rwmenas. am rwmenidan iReben saTaves mcireaziuri warmoSo-bis vegetaciuri RmerTebi: Tamuzi, atisi, adonisi, qarTuli amirani. “amirani vegetaciuri RvTaeba iyo da igi qveyanas yovel gazafxuls faskunjis meSve-obiT moevlineboda xolme qvesknelidan da dedamiwa hyvaoda. SemodgomiT ki igi kvlav qvesknelSi (mo-maval gazafxulamde) inTqmeboda”13. vaJas leqsebSi amiranis aRdgoma gazafxulTanaa dakavSirebuli da am aspeqtiT, mis pirvelsave leqsSi, igi winare dio-nisuri RvTaebis saxiT warmogvidgeba.
magram vaJas amirans eTikuri plani aqvs, man unda “gaJlitos dev-eSmakebi”, romlebic “marTlis jvar-mcmelni arian”14. egeve motivi meordeba, oRond ufro rTuli saxiT, sxva leqsebSi: “bedkruli qveya-na devTa sikerpisagan aris daleuli”, amirani xmals natrobs maTs gasawyvetad (“sizmari amiranisa”, I, 172). devebma “gaqnes da kacTa ZvaliT aavses qveya-na”, xolo amirani kvlav maT ganadgurebas natro-bs (“dausrulebeli kvnesa”, I,97). sagulisxmoa, rom islandielTa Weqa-quxilis RmerTi t o r i c amira-niviT ebrZvis goliaTebs, romlebic vaJas devebis msgavsni arian. “torma goliaTebi rom ar musros, isini ise gamravldebian, rom adamianTaTvis sico-cxle SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda”15.
amiranis aRdgomisas “zRva cas miawodebs xels”, raki xtonuri RvTaeba qvesknelidan zesknels aiwevs.
12. v a x t a n g k o t e t i S v i l i , xalxuri poezia, gv. 348.13. d e m n a S e n g e l a i a , werilebi, 1955, gv. 232-33.14. sainteresoa, rom svanurSi “d a v s ” (devs) upiri-spirdeba “t k i c ”, rac m a r T a l s niSnavs.15. Старшая Эдда. М.-Л.1963, gv. 198.
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amitomve unda dasxdnen “mTebze keklucni wvrilni varskvlavnic”. aq varskvlavni TiTqos ar unda Cand-nen, aki am dros “miwa iZvris” da “Rrubelni Savad xtian”, magram, rogorc Cans, es “varskvlavni” amira-nis astraluri atributebia.
gazafxulze mkvdreTiT dgeba ferSecvlili Rmer-Ti. “namZinarevi, Tmawverdawewili” amirani (I, 180) kvlav amodis samzeoze. zamTris jaWvisagan awyve-tili, ganTavisuflebuli RvTaeba “elva-setyviTa da afuebuli Savi RrublebiT” grgvinavs zesknelSi. “dabnelebuli samyaro” mziTa da mTvariT naTdeba, xolo dedamiwa wiTel-mwvaniT imoseba. zemoTqmuls kargad esadageba plutarqes azri: “frigielebi fi-qroben, rom RmerTs zamTrobiT sZinavs, xolo za-fxulSi iRviZebs: RmerTis miZinebasa da gaRviZebasac isini baqxiuri dResaswauliT aRniSnaven. paflago-nielebi ki amboben, rom zamTrobiT is S e b o r k i l i d a d a t y v e v e b u l i a , x o l o g a z a f x u l z e x u n d e b i s a g a n T a v i s u f l d e b a ”16.
aq zogierT garemoebas unda mieqces yuradReba:1. vaJas “amiranuli” ciklis leqsebSi es RvTae-
ba _ gmiri “kldeSi d a b m u l i a ”, “yinulis jaWviT S e b o r k i l i a ”. (aRsaniSnavia, rom dumuzis, igive Tamuzis mimarT gamoyenebuli es saxeebi jer kidev uZveles Sumerul sagalobelSi gvxvdeba: “...guli Cemi edens Sestiris, adgils, sad moyme d a b m u l a , adgils, sad dumuzi S e b o r k i l a ”)17. amirani “da-viwyebulia z e c i s a da m i w i s a g a n a c ” da “moux-marebi ZaliT l p e b a ” (I, 97). veRarc s a R a m o Jams xedavs da verc bunebis gariJraJs, verc z a m T a r s da verc z a f x u l s . mis gulSi “u q m a d aris ori-ve — m t r o b a c a da t r f i a l i c ” (I, 354). mas arc d a r C o m a axlavs, arc s i k v d i l i (I, 96). amirani TiTqos metafizikuri aryofnis statiurobaSia ga-
16. В я ч . И в а н о в , Дионис... Баку,1923, gv. 14.17. glova dumuzize (Sumerulidan Targmna z . k i k n a Z e m ), “ciskari”, #5, 1969, gv. 92. mTargmnelis ganmartebiT, edeni qvesknelis metaforaa.
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yinuli Tu gaSeSebuli im marcvaliviT, romelsac ukve aRar gaaCnia p i r v a n d e l i y o f i e r e b a , raki “lpeba” da aRarc a x a l i s a x e axlavs, raki es a x a l i jer kidev embrionul mdgomareobaSia.
astralur planSi, vegetaciuri RmerTis aseT mdgomareobas m z e b u d o b a Seesabameba. damcrobi-li mze ukidures samxreT wertils, d e k n a s miewu-ra. igi qvemoTa naxevarsferoSi anu qvesknelis saSo-Sia dabudrebuli. mzes anu dRes, jer ar dauwyia gadideba. igi kosmosuri aryofnis wiaRSi uZravadaa gaCerebuli.
vaJa genialuri intuiciiT grZnobs amiranis, — bunebis vegetaciisa da “mzieri cisa da zRvis” (n. mari) miTosur bunebas.
2. qvesknelSi myof amirans arc sicocxle axlavs da arc sikvdili, magram mis aseT yofaSi potenciu-rad mocemulia rogorc erTi, ise meore aspeqti. mis gulSi “u q m i ” embrionis saxiT budobs zamTa-ri da zafxuli, sikvdili da sicocxle, mtroba da trfiali. amiranis aRdgoma am antinomiurobis qme-debaSi gaSlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. q m e d e b a -S i gaSlisas es urTierTdapirispirebuli Zalebi TavianT arsebobas b r Z o l i T daimkvidreben. va-Jas sxva leqsebSi, pirveli leqsis kvaldakval, we-liwadis aloTa ciklur wrebrunvas, eTikuri Tval-Taxedvis planSi zamTarTan dakavSirebuli deve-bisa da gazafxulze borkilayrili RvTaeba-gmiris dapirispireba enacvleba, rac maT Soris brZolis saxiT cnaurdeba. erT mxares “marTlis jvarmcmeli” dev-eSmakebi dganan, meore mxares maTi Semmusvreli gmiria. “erTi mxriT c o d v a dgas, meore mxriT — m a d l i ”.
unda ibrZolon manamde,sanam qveyana aria,sanamde varskvlavebia,sanamde mze da mTvarea (I, 149).
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dapirispirebulTa maradiuli brZolis es kanoni universaluria da saTaves igi miTosuri msoflmxed-velobidan iRebs. “xevsurTa uZvelesi msoflmxedve-loba dualizmis safuZvelze iyo agebuli. xevsurs msoflio k e T i l i da b o r o t i Z a l e b i s Widi-lis asparezad hqonda warmodgenili”18. zurab kikna-Zis azriT, fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilebi “i a x s a r i da k o p a l a ahuramazdas Tanamdgomi sulebis msga-vsad ebrZvian devebs, viTarca arimanis laSqars”19. dapirispirebulTa es maradiuli brZola bunebazec vrceldeba da aq vaJa poetur planSi asaxierebs elinuri samyarosaTvis niSandobliv Tvalsazriss, romelic man qarTuli miTosisa da fSav-xevsu-reTis sakralur rwmenaTa meSveobiT SeiTvisa da romlis mixedviTac mTeli buneba, dedamiwa da ca-myari, — RmerTis msgavsi yovladi adamiania. amitom bunebac —
zogjer sikeTes ixveWavs,zogjer mqnelia avisa,erTferad mtvirTveli arissaqmis TeTris da Savisa,sadac pirimzes axarebs,iqve mTxrelia zvavisa... (I, 93).
“vaJas mTeli kosmosi k e T i l i s a da b o r o t i s asparezad aqvs warmodgenili. misi azriT, borote-ba da sikeTe yvelganaa, rogorc bunebaSi, ise ada-mianSi. R a m e borotebis gamovlenaa, d R e sikeTisa. erTi b n e l i a , meore n a T e l i ”20. vaJas poeziaSi cxovreba da samyaro s i n a T l i s a da s i b n e l i s , s i k e T i s a da b o r o t e b i s dausrulebeli Wi-dilis saxiTaa warmodgenili... es brZola sikeTesa
18. v . b a r d a v e l i Z e , g . C i t a i a , qarTuli xalxuri orna-menti, xevsuruli, I, 1939, gv.6.19. z . k i k n a Z e , “ese ambavi sparsuli...” “ciskari”, #5, 1968, gv. 11020. m . k v e s e l a v a , fausturi paradigmebi, II, 1961, gv. 120.
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da borotebas Soris kosmosuri xasiaTisaa”21. “b o -r o t i ebrZvis k e T i l s da bunebis ubeSi mopir-dapire ZalTa mudmivi brZola mimdinareobs”22. am brZolaSi cnaurdeba “b o r o t e b i s a da s i k e T i s d i a l e q t i k u r i k a v S i r i ”23, raki, vaJas TqmiT, “boroti zogjer naRdis keTilis mSobia” (I, 174) da maTi brZolis Sedegi RvTaebriv planSi moiazreba mxolod. manamde ki —
mze gvaTbobs, sicive gvyinavs,dardi gvaoxrebs, gvatirebs,trfiali gkocnis pirSia,mtroba muSts SemogvaRirebs.kocna Svilia trfobisa,furTxi da mtroba — zizRisa,mudamac ase iqneba,vinc soflis wesi icisa,vnebaTa igiveobawesia dedamiwisa (II, 280)
3. elinur samyaroSi polaruli, antinomiuri Za-lebisa da sawyisebis dualizmi — uxilavi a i d i s a da xiluli q v e y n i s , miwisqveSa demonebisa da na-Teli RmerTebis, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis es da-pirispireba autaneli sulieri winaaRmdegobisa da gaTiSulobis dasabami iyo... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom d i o n i s u r m a k a T a r T i k a m ixsna elinoba SeS-lilobisagan24, rac samyaros aseTnairi xilvisagan gamomdinareobda. dionisuri religiis am mxsnel Tvalsazriss mcireaziuri RmerTebis T a m u z -a t i s - a d o n i s i s uZveles orgiastul kultebSi hqonda dasabami. induri RmerTis S i v a s msgavsad, berZnuli d i o n i s e c Casaxvisa da sikvdilis, Seqm-
21. g . q i q o Z e , etiudebi da portretebi, 1946, gv. 91, 92.22. a . g a w e r e l i a , vaJa-fSavela da qarTuli miTosi, kreb. “va-Ja-fSavelas”, 1966, gv. 144.23. Т.М а н н , Доктор Фаустус, М., 1959, стр.13924. v . i v a n o v i , dasax. wigni, gv. 192.
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nisa da ganadgurebis cocxal erTianobas ganasaxie-rebda, da am d a p i r i s p i r e b u l f e n o m e n -T a i g i v e o b i s a da e r T i a n o b i s u R r m e s i i d e a i y o s w o r e d d i o n i s u r i r e l i g i i s a r s i .
“dionise... igivea, rac hadesi” (fragm. 15), “gza zeviT da qveviT erTi da igivea”, ambobs herakli-te (fragm. 60). “orfeoselTa, piTagorelTa da he-raklites azri sicocxlisa da sikvdilis polaru-lobaze, rogorc erTiani yofierebis or urTierT sapirispiro mdgomareobaze da saxeze, — ganaTlebu-li adamianebis TiTqmis umravlesobis kuTvnilebas Seadgenda”25 Zvel saberZneTSi. “ukvdavni mokvdavebi arian, mokvdavni ukvdavebi” (heraklite, fragm.62) an, rogorc daviT guramiSvili ityvis: “cocxalni Soben mkvdarTa da mkvdarni cocxalTa badeben”26. urTierTdapirispirebuli yvela fenomeni erTia-ni substanciis polaruli aspeqtebia. “R m e r T i a r i s d R e d a R a m e , z a m T a r i d a z a f x u -l i , o m i d a z a v i , s i m a Z R r e d a s i y m i -l i ” (heraklite, frag. 67). “b u n e b a — T e T r i d a S a v i s a q m i s e r T f e r a d m t v i r T v e l i a ”, gvicxadebs naTelmxilveli vaJa. heraklite dacin-viT ixseniebs “brbos moZRvars hesiodes”, raki brbo “darwmunebulia, rom man yvelaze meti icis, man, — vinc ar icoda, rom dRe da Rame erTia” (frag. 57).
es “T e T r i da S a v i saqme”, es “d R e da R a m e ” kosmogoniuri mniSvnelobis saxeebia: “romelma sacn-aurhyo b r a h m a s d R e aTassaukunovani da b r a h -m a s R a m e aTassaukunovani, man sacnaurhyo dRe da rame” (bhagavatgita, 1963. VIII, 17), uxsnis adamianuri sibrZniT SezRudul arjunas kacurad xorcSemosi-li kosmosuri siRrmeebis ufali. “a z o m a r a r i s s o f l i s a s a R a m o , a r c a d i l i a , s i z m r i -s a u f r o s i z m a r i , C r d i l i s a u f r o C r -d i l i a ”, genialuri TqmiT aformulebs rusTve-
25. iqve, gv. 167.26. d a v u T g u r a m i S v i l i , daviTiani, 1964, gv. 176.
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lur Sairs amofarebuli anonimi poeti27. guramiSvi-lis TqmiT, “o r g e m a g e a r s s a w u T r o ” da es sawuTro “qcevadi mobrunavia”...28
dila saRamos niSns ugebs,dRe Rames ebrZvis Zalzeda... (III, 84)
magram roca qmedeba amoiwureba, movlenis arsi Sinaganad gaixsneba da gardauvali dasasruli mwi-fe nayofiviT daubrundeba bnel dasabams, - ucnauri Savnisli “daefareba sanaxavs wera-mwerelis weriTa” (III, 237). es veSapis msgavsi nisli Tu janRi “abnele-bs, uxilavad xdis qveyanas xiluliansa” (III, 208) da “yvelaferi inTqmeba maradisobaSi, raTa xilulsa da uxilavs sizmareulis saxe mieces”...29
4. vaJas amiranuli ciklis leqsebSi gaxsnili samyaro, erTi TvalgadavlebiT, “eTikur dua-lizms” (g. qiqoZe) amJRavnebs. magram miTosuri modelis mixedviT agebuli am samyaros dualizmi daZleulia umaRles instanciad moazrebuli “z e -c i T ” (amirani), “ufliT” (dausrulebeli kvnesa) da “d a m b a d e b l i T ” (sizmari amiranisa). borot-sa da keTilze amaRlebuli, magram keTili Zalebis “Semwe da meSveli” uzenaesia is safuZveli, romlis sazRvrebSia moqceuli orive es aspeqti. vaJas ami-ranuli ciklis leqsebSi niSanwyalic ara Cans am gmiris RmerTTan mebrZolobisa, raki qvesknelSi jaWviT dabmuli amirani uzenaesi meufis Zeobri-vi aspeqti da xtonuri ipostasia. amitom evedre-ba amirani ase gulmxurvaled Tavis dambadebels: “miSvele, marTalT meSvelo, Sens mowyalebas ve-lia” (I, 173). aseTi urTierTkavSiri, SesaZloa, wminda miTosuri xasiaTis yofiliyo, rom aSkarad ar igrZnobodes q r i s t i a n u l i i n t o n a c i i s
27. “vefxistyaosani”, k. W i W i n a Z i s redaqciiT... (SeniSvnebi), gv. 272.28. d a v i T g u r a m i S v i l i , daviTiani, gv. 134.29. a k a k i g a w e r e l i a , dasax. naSromi, gv. 150.
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siWarbe. aRsaniSnavia, rom “...v a J a k a r g a d i c -n o b d a b i b l i a s . . . q a r T u l o r i g i n a l u r a g i o g r a f i a s a d a q a r T u l i e k l e s i i s i s t o r i i s s a k i T x e b s ”30. vaJa pirvelive le-qsSi axsenebs “simarTlis jvarmcmelT”. 1886 wels daweril leqsSi (“dae, ayroldes sofeli”) igi-pirdapir ambobs: “kidevoT mova, ra vici, ieso qristes aRdgoma” (I, 30). Tumca es aRdgoma mas-Tan bunebis vegetaciis ganmasaxierebeli RvTaebis adgomis badalia. es ar aris gasakvirveli, Tundac imitom, rom mokvdavi da kvlav aRmdgari RmerTis dionisurma paTosma Seamzada niadagi qristiano-bisaTvis. “q r i s t e s m k v d r e T i T a R d g o m a w a r m a r T u l - v e g e t a c i u r i R m e r T k a c i s m k v d r e T i T a R d g o m a s , b u n e b i s s a g a -z a f x u l o a y v a v e b i s o b a s S e e n a c v l a ”31. (arsebobs gamoTqma “jvarcmuli promeTe”, - v. iva-novi, “jvarcmuli dionise”,- k.gamsaxurdia). “war-marTul da qristianul nawarmoebebs Soris msgav-seba yovelTvis sesxebis Sedegi rodia: warmarTul da qristianul religiebSi msgavsi elementebi arseboben”32.
5. vaJas poeziaSi miTosuri elementebis ganxil-visas saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iyos erTi gare-moeba: “vaJa-fSavela Tavisi drois TvalsazrisiT afasebs fSavelTa yovelgvar crumorwmuneobas eTnografiul narkvevebSi. magram poeziaSi igi ax-dens fSauri warmodgenebis mxatvrul fiqsacias Tavisi gmirebis sulieri viTarebisaTvis Sesaferi fsiqologiuri prizmiT da yovelgvari avtoCarevi-sa da skeptikuri SeniSvnis gareSe (xazgasma avto-risaa, T.C.). metic: igi aRrmavebs fSaur miTolo-giur warmodgenebs...” da “es qmnis fons, romelic
30. l e v a n m e n a b d e , vaJa-fSavela da Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, kreb. “vaJa-fSavelas”, gv. 179.31. d e m n a S e n g e l a i a , dasax. wigni, gv. 19332. М . И . С т е б л и н - К а м е н с к и й , Культура Исландии, Л., 1967, gv. 85
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mkafiod aCens Cveni xalxis u Z v e l e s r w m e n a T a miTologiur fesvebs”33. amitom araferia ucnauri imaSi, rom — rogorc sergi danelia marTebulad aRniSnavs: “vaJas Semoqmedeba... Cvens winaSe Slis pirvelyofili azrovnebis iseT suraTs, romelic msoflio literaturaSi arsad ar aris ase naTlad warmodgenili. Tu rame uaxlovdeba am mxriv va-Jas poezias, es aris Z v e l i s a b e r Z n e T i s uu-pirveles filosofosTa nawerebi... vaJas poezia saSualebas gvaZlevs vigrZnoT am Zvel filoso-fosTa azrTa wyoba”...34 da swored es aris vaJas poeziis gansacvifrebeli da uZvirfasesi Tvise-ba. “vaJa-fSavela iyo, — wers korneli zelinski, _ fasdaudebeli reliqti, ukanaskneli didi poeti kacobriobis pirvelqmnili bavSvobisa”. am reli-qturma poeturma azrovnebam mouxveWa mas axali drois homerosis saxeli. “vaJa-fSavela CvenSi aR-viZebs TiTqosda cxraklitulSi mimalul ltol-vas, gardasul aTaswleulTa da momaval dReTa qvecnobier Zaxils”35.
me devi var da kacis saxed viarebi.
saba orbeliani
devi kacsa hgavs saxiT, magram misi saxe umsgavsia.
vaJa-fSavela
2
devebis qorwili. 1886-1889 wlebi vaJa-fSavelas poeturi STagonebis erupciis xanaa. am drosaa Seqm-nili misi poeziis mxatvrul-ideuri gezis ganmsazR-
33. a k a k i g a w e r e l i a , dasax. naSromi, gv. 144-145.34. s . d a n e l i a , vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri, 1927, gv. 67.35. korneli zelinsk i , kacobriobis rCeuli, gaz. “ko-munisti”, 1961, 19 ivlisi, #162.
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vreli ubrwyinvalesi leqsebi da poemebi: 1886 — “de-vebis qorwili”, “simRera”, “xevzed modian nislebi”, “giglia”, 1887 — “gogoTur da afSina”, 1888 — “aluda qeTelauri”, 1889 — “kopala”.
am nawarmoebebSi ukve mTeli sisruliT cxadde-ba axaldazrda vaJas genialuri niWi da poeturi percepciis masStabi, romelsac igi met-naklebi siZlieriT inarCunebs sicocxlis bolo wlebamde. pirvelad “devebis qorwilSi” gamJRavnda vaJas ga-numeorebeli, Rrma intuicia, fantastikuri xedva da eqspresiuli mZvinvareba. am leqsSi ielva pir-velad geniosi vaJas tragikuli niSniT aRbeWdilma TviTcnobierebam.
arsebobda Zveli sakraluri wesi: titanebis mier daglejil da SeWmul dionises misi msaxurebi Ta-vad swiravdnen msxverplad adamians, romelsac dio-nises msgavsad, cocxlad ganwilavdnen da Wamdnen, rom amiT RvTaebas ziarebodnen, raki uZvelesi or-giazmis Tanaxmad, d i o n i s e g a o r e b u l i i y o m z o r v e l a d d a s a z o r v e l a d . c o c x l a d S e W m u l i m s x v e r p l i s s i s x l i d a x o r c i T a v a d d i o n i s e i y o . . . es arqauli orgiazmi kanibalur xasiaTs atarebda da Semdeg RvTaebasTan gaigivebuli cxovelis SeWmiT Seicvala.
orfeoselma mistebma gaaRrmaves es wesi: xeldasx-mis wmida orgiis dros, roca dionisesaTvis Sewiru-li sazorveli iglijeboda, isini am erTaderTxel, sisxliani, umi xorciT iRebdnen z i a r e b a s , raTa Semdeg aRarasodes mihkarebodnen xorcis Wamads (v. ivanovi. vnebuli RmerTis elinuri religia...)
fSav-xevsuruli eTnosis arqaul garemoSi aR-zrdili vaJa qarTuli folkloris wiaRSi Zebnis dionisuri orgiazmis Sesabamis masalas, Semoqmedis naTelxilviT aRrmavebs mas da “devebis qorwilSi” Semzaravi misteriis monawile xeldasxmuliviT ga-nicdis Z m i s x o r c i T Z R o m i s saSinelebas. am leqsiT eziara 25 wlis vaJa samyaros tragikuli pirveldasabamis, sikeTisa da borotebis dionisur
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saidumlos. am leqsiT iwyeba misi, rogorc geniosis, TviTcnobiereba...
RamiT ca hquxda, grgvinavda,mTebs moedrikaT Tavio,tyes gasdioda foToli,zRva boboqarobs Savio.devebsa aqvis qorwili,didi darbazi zrialebs.mec dampatiJes, Sevedi, -ra mqise suni trialebs?!sampirad cecxli daenToT,zed sami qvabi Sxioda,stumrebis wina xonCebzekacis Tav-fexi dioda.ukvenas yureSiiTakvnesis xma gamodioda:“Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?”-yma vinme gamohkioda.usmel-uWmelad gavZexi,yelSiac amomdioda.
am Tvrametstriqonian leqsSi bevri ramaa ucnau-ri da Cven SevecdebiT gavarkvioT masSi gamoxatuli Rrma “S i n a - a r s i ”. miTosuri siflxedvis elemen-tebi da axali drois didi Semoqmedis mxatvruli intuicia “devebis qorwilSi” gauTiSavad aris Serwy-muli. isini imdenad gamsWvalaven erTmaneTs, rom Zne-lia am ori aspeqtis erTmaneTisagan dauzianeblad gamoyofa. magram pirvelis zogierTi, mkveTrad ga-mokveTili elementis gaazreba mainc SesaZlebelia, xolo ege meti sicxadiT gamoaCens leqsis mTliano-bas.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos vaJas am brwyinvale leqsis fSaur amiranianTan da xevsurul iaxsarTan kavSiri, rac marto calkeuli striqo-nebis damTxveviT ar amoiwureba. leqsis saTaurad dasmuli “d e v e b i s q o r w i l i ” sakraluri mniS-
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vnelobis gamoTqmaa da igi xalxuri wyarodan momdi-nareobs36. arc xalxur leqsebSi da arc vaJas leqs-Si “qorwils” CvenTvis cnobili, Cveulebrivi gageba ara aqvs, raki arsad Canan da naxsenebic ar arian ne-fe-dedofali. 1890 wels daweril “eTerSic” devTa analogiur Rreobas ubralod “lxini” da “mejlisi” ewodeba, rac maT kaciWamiur zeims gulisxmobs:
Rvinis magivrad sisxls hsvamdnendevebi sworobazeda,saca visTvisme moeswroTxevSi an gorobazeda,arCobdnen, ezidebodnendamdgrebi Rorobazeda.sisxli nawuri kacebisWurWelSi edgaT Rvinoda,mejlisSi sisxliT Tvreboden,sisxls svamdnen mosalxinoda (III, 114).
maS ras unda gulisxmobdes “q o r w i l i ”?qorwili RamiT xdeba (devni Ramisa da dedamiwis
Svilebi — da amitom RamiT moxetialeni, bnelni da pirSavni arian), cis quxilsa da avdrian tarosSi. bunebis es aRreuloba, vaJas SeniSvniT, maSin unda moxdes, roca a m i r a n i a d g e b a (I, 355) da mis pirvel leqsSi TvalsaCinoa a v d r i a n i b u n e b i s es suraTi. “Savi zRvis boboqroba” gasagebia, raki devTa xelT aris qvesknelis wylebis gamgebloba. akaki SaniZisa (542) da aleqsi oCiauris versiiTac, Tamar dedofali, romelic dar-avdris gamgebelis Sesatyvisi unda iyos, “Sua zRvaSi Casdgams samans, rom caze cvari ar gadmovardes” (iaxsari). oCiauri-seul CanawerSi aq motanil pasaJs uSualod mosde-vs “qorwil xqoniyo devebsa, simur eCqvifa wyalio”,
36. ix. a . S a n i Z e , xevsuruli poezia, 1931, ##542, 545, m i x . C i q o v a n i , mijaWvuli amirani, 1947, gv. 318, T . o C i a u r i , miTologiuri gadmocemebi... 1967, gv. 141. (a l e q s i o C i a u r i s rveulidan)
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riTac gasagebi xdeba, rom devebis, viTarca bune-bis stiqionuri Zalebis ganmasaxierebeli demonebis, qorwili simuri anu qvesknelis wylebis, imave vaJa-seuli “Savi zRvis” CqefasTan, aboboqrebasTan, xolo es ukanaskneli avdarTan aris dakavSirebuli.
fSavSi Cawerili “amiranianis” Tanaxmad (Tedo ra-zikaSvili, 1889) devebis qorwils amirani da misi Zmebi eswrebian. devis patara Svili mamas loginidan ukivis:
aki mas miqadebdia, amirans mogakvlevineb,badrisa wiTel galoTa sadilad dagaxrevineb,usipis qamar-xanjalsa welze Semogartymevineb...37
da aSkara xdeba, rom dedamiwis naSier devebs RvTaebaTa xorcis WamiT orgiastuli Rreoba aqvT gadawyvetili. magram RvTaebaTa SeWmas leqsSi, ro-gorc ukve ganxorcielebili realoba, kanibaluri orgiazmi enacvleba da swored es unda iyos devebis “qorwilis” Sinaarsi.
amave fSauri versiiT, amiransa da mis Zmebs deve-bi SeipatiJeben:
SegvipatiJes, SevediT, amirans puri hSioda,dedobilebis nacxobi qada kecebSi Sxioda,SamahWres, Samaayenes, kacis Tavfexi dioda,saRviniT Rvino mogvarTves, Sig gvelbayayi wioda,usmel-uWmelad davZexiT, yelSiac amogvdioda,amirans SemovxednodiT, cremlebi Camohdioda...
es “SepatiJeba”, garkveuli azriT, devebisa da amiran-badr-usupis gamaTanabrebel, RvTaebriv erT-gvarobas gulisxmobs, rac am pasaJis did arqaulo-bas mowmobs. amas “iaxsaris” is adgilic adasture-bs, romlis mixedviTac meqorwile devebis Semyure iaxsars “zari” ecema. iaxsari Sindeba, radgan devi RvTisSvilis TanabarZalovani demonia.
37. m i x . C i q o v a n i , mijaWvuli amirani, gv. 318
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amave leqsSi cxraTavian devT dedas “Tavs salu-de qvabi axuravs”. SaniZiseuli “iaxsaris” variantSi (542, z) devebs “Tavs edgaT salude qobi”. cxadia, rom es “q v a b i ” maTi orgiastuli zeimis anu qorwi-lis gamomxatveli atributia. iaxsars swored deve-bis Tavze wamocmulma “salude qvabma Sasdva zari”, magram imitom ki ara, rom is Tavze hqondaT wamoc-muli (es xalxuri fantaziis gviandeli koreqtivia), aramed imitom, rom “salude qvabiT” miniSnebul de-vebis qorwilSi pirvelyofili kanibaluri orgiaz-mi anu qvesknelis demonebis mier, amiranisa da misi Zmebis analogiurad, iaxsaris SeWmac igulisxmebo-da. gviandeli koreqtivis gamomxatveli unda iyos amiranis “cremlebica” da saRvineSi mwivani “gvel-bayayic”. xtonuri wylebis ganmasaxierebeli gvel-bayayebi qvesknels binadari devebis arqauli ipos-tasebia da RvinoSi imitom wivian isini, rom “Rvino” aq kacis “sisxls” enacvleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJas, poemaSi “sisxlis Zieba” (1897), gamoyenebuli aqvs es miTosuri pasaJi: aslani — “purze, saWmelze iZaxis... waiReT, Sors gamarideT, gvel-bayayebiT savsea” (III, 308).
“kanibalizmi Tavdapirvelad moklulis sulieri Zalebis miTvisebis miswrafebisgan aRmocenda... msx-verplad Sewiruli adamiani RmerTis sakvebad aris SeTavazebuli da ...Tavad msxverplis SemwirvelisT-visac mosaxmaria”38. msxverplad Sewiruli RmerTisa Tu kacis SeWmis am uZvelesi magiuri wesidan mom-dinareobs qristianuli evqaristiac, raki puris ga-texiTa da Rvinis SesmiT qristes xorcsa da sisxls eziareba morwmune.
fSav-xevsurul folklorSi Semonaxul “devebis qorwilSi” dionisuri orgiazmis uZvelesi saxe ga-mosWvivis. msxverplis cocxlad daglejas da SeW-mas (omofagia) qarTul wyaroSi msxverplis moxarSva enacvleba, rac analogs poulobs rogorc uZveles
38. В . В у н д т, Миф и религия, СПб., gv. 302
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magiur wesebSi, ise Zvel berZnul miTebSi. jer pir-velis Sesaxeb: propi gvamcnobs, rom teleuteli Sa-mani qalis koionis halucinaciis mixedviT, ramdeni-me kaci naWrebad Cexs mis sxeuls da qvabSi mosaxar-Sad yris, — “aseTia Samanis xilvis tipiuri suraTi ...ratom aris erTgvari yvela Samanis halucinacia da am xilvaTa saxeebi ratom Seesabameba wvrilmane-bamde (qvabSi moxarSva da sxv.) erTi mxriv, imas, rac amerikaSi, afrikaSi, polineziaSi, avstraliaSi wesis saxiT sruldeba da meore mxriv, im masalas, rasac zRapari gvawvdis?
wesSi Cven gvaqvs ufro Zveli forma... xolo zRapari amave masalas reliqitis safexurze Sei-cavs... SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom antikuri da Zveli aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis stadiaze es motivi sacnauria religiaSi, magram ukve sxva formiT: aq i f l i T e b a ara Samani, aramed R m e r T i an g m i -r i . yvelaze ufro cnobili magaliTia o r f e o s i . magram iCexeba agreTve egvipteSi o z i r i s i , siria-Si a d o n i s i , TrakiaSi d i o n i s e z a g r e u s i , p e n T e v s i da sxv.”39.
zogierTi berZnuli miTis mixedviT, dionise ara marto iglijeba, aramed — ganwvaluli — Se-mdeg ixarSeba: “amboben, rom iyo ra zevsisa da demetres Ze, — dionise ganwvales miwis naSierebma da moxarSes... sxeulis nawilebis moxarSvaze mi-TebSi imitomaa saubari, rom... moxarSvisa da Rvi-niT ganzavebis gziT igi ufro surnelovani da ukeTesi xarisxisa xdeba” (diodore sicilieli)40. sxva SemTxvevaSi, titanebma Cvili dionises “sx-vadasxva asoni moxarSes da STanTqes im mizniT, rom manamde arnaxuli, kacis gvamiT Semzadebuli WamadiT damtkbariyvnen” (firmik materni), anda, rogorc klimente aleqsandrieli mogviTxrobs, “titanebma daglijes dionise, erTgvari samfexa
39. В . Я . П р о п п , Исторические корни волшебной сказки, Л.,1946, gv. 8140. esa da momdevno magaliTebi amoRebulia a. l o s e v i s wignidan: Античная мифология, М., 1957, gv. 164, 165, 167.
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qvabi aavses dionises sxeulis nawilebiT, jer moxarSes, xolo Semdeg Samfurze wamoages da “he-festoze eWiraT igi”41 (hepestoze, — e.i. cecxlze. homerosiseuli gamoTqmaa “iliadidan”, 11, 426). amrigad, qarTul wyaroSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, omofagias msxverplis moxarSva enacvleba. magram aq kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT zemoT dasmu-li kiTxva: ratom unda darqmeoda fSav-xevsurul folklorSi gamoxatul uZveles dionisur or-giazms q o r w i l i ?
vaJas leqsis mixedviT, devebis qorwilis dros “bunebis areuloba” xdeba, rac avdars gulisxmobs da, misive SeniSvniT, “amiranis adgomasTan” anu ga-zafxulTan aris dakavSirebuli. xalxur wyaroSi amaze araferia Tqmuli: vaJa miTosuri Tvalsazri-siT swori detaliT aRrmavebs qorwilis suraTs. qorwili devebisaa, xolo es ukanasknelni miTosis arqaul wreSi bunebis stiqiur Zalebs ganasaxie-reben. devebi miwis naSierni, dedamiwis Svilebi arian da amitom nayofierebisa da vegetaciis de-monebs warmoadgenen. bunebis vegetaciis Jami maTi dResaswaulia.
mcire aziis religiebis ufro gviandel safexur-ze, gazafxulze “wmida qorwils” ixdidnen xeTebis ca-Rrublis RmerTi T e S u b i da didi deda ma, RrubelTmeufe z e v s i da d e m e t r a , x a t o r -t e f n u t i da S u - o n u r i s i . ed. meieris azriT, es qorwineba axldeboda yovelwliurad, raTa Semdeg ucbaTve Sewyvetiliyo42. devebis anu miwis nayofie-rebis ganmasaxierebeli demonebis qorwili arqau-li plastia mcireaziul RvTaebaTa am sagazafxulo qorwinebisa. gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve is gare-moeba, rom “qorwili” TavisTavad ganayofierebisa da
41. aq SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes vaJaseuli “mama vaJs mwvadad Seswvavad, deda bataras qalasa” (1888, I, 50), vaJas am ucnauri xilvis fesvi fSav-xevsuruli miTosis reliqtur msoflSegrZne-baSia.42. v . i v a n o v i , dasax. wigni, gv. 272.
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amitom gamravlebis aRmniSvneli moqmedebaa: e r T i a n u m a r c v a l i T a v T a v a d a n u s i m r a v l e d u n d a i q c e s d a t i t a n e b i s m i e r d i o n i -s e s S e W m a s x v a a r a f e r i a , T u r a e r T i s a n u R m e r T i s s i m r a v l e d anu y o f i e r e b a d m o q c e v a ...
aRsaniSnavia folkloruli wyaros erTi detali, romelsac vaJa ucvlelad imeorebs: fSauri leqsi gveubneba, rom cecxlze kacis “Tav-fexi” ixarSe-ba. SesaZloa, es “Tav-fexi” msxverplis RvTaebri-vi ganwilvis aRmniSvneli termini iyos. msxverpli rogorc egviptur, ise berZnul miTosur wyaroeb-Si sxeulis asoTa mixedviT ganiwvaleboda da amas sakraluri mniSvneloba hqonda (mag. ozirisis 14 nawilad ganwvalva mTvaris damWleveba-movanebis 14 fazas gamoxatavda).
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi detali, romelic fo-lklorul wyaroSi ara gvaqvs, vaJas “devebis qorwil-Si” ki gvxvdeba. es aris “ukvena yure”...
ukvenas yureSiiTakvnesis xma gamodioda:“Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo”-yma vinme gamohkioda.
ras unda niSnavdes es “ukvana yure”, ukana oTaxi, Senobis Tu ezos is adgili, saidanac xma ki gamodis, magram xmis gamRebi ara Cans?
devebi stumrebs darbazSi ipatiJeben, sadac-
sampirad cecxli daenToT,zed sami qvabi Sxioda43,stumrebis wina xonCebzekacis Tav-fexi dioda.
43. “sampiri cecxli” da “sami qvabi” TiTqos imaze migvaniSnebs, rom isini sami arsebisaTvis, amiran-badr-usupisTvis arian gankuTv-nili, rac, SesaZloa, fSauri amiranianis anarekli iyos.
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unda vigulisxmoT, rom es “yma” iseTive stumaria, rogoric axlad mopatiJebuli, leqsis pirveli pi-riT molaparake subieqti, raki orivesaTvis Tanabrad saSineli gansacdelia kacis anu “Zmis” xorcis Wama (pirveli kvnesis, “Zmis xorci rogor vWamoo”, xolo meores “usmel-uWmelad yelSi amosdis” kaciWamiebis nadimi). maS, ratom aris “vinme yma” sxva adgilas? xom ar unda vifiqroT, rom man monawileoba ar miiRo devebis Semzarav nadimSi, rom man ar SeWama kacis xorci miuxedavad imisa, rom devebma, albaT, daaZa-les kaciWamioba?
“eTersa” da “aluda qeTelaurSi” vaJas aqcenti-rebuli aqvs aseTnairi d a Z a l e b a :
Seres ukivles: tvinTxeloSerev, sad mieRetebi?ratom ar moxval vaxSmada,ro TavSi dagcxoT ketebi?mainc xo suli Cven mogvec,xorciTac Cvenke iare... (III, 114).
“aluda qeTelaurSi”:
Wameo,_ ramam miZaxa,nu hxdebi gaSterebuli:kidev mimirTviT aludaswven-xorci gacxelebuli... (III, 114).
“gvelis-mWamelSi” qajebi gvelis xorciT umaspin-Zldebian mindias da “ar zaroben saTqmelad — Sen-ca Wameo, mindiav”. zemoT motanili nawyvetebidan is azria gamosatani, rom devebi adamians ugvano da saSineli saqmis aRsrulebas a Z a l e b e n , raTa da-Trgunon maTSi k a c u r i da miT d e v u r s aziaron. aseTia vaJaseuli interpretacia da misi gaTvaliswi-nebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom “vinme ymas”, kacis xorcis arSeWmis alternativad, TviTon moelis d a k v l a . unda vifiqroT, rom misi ganwiruli kvne-
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sac imitom moismis ukana yuredan, rom swored iq igulisxmeba msxverplis dasaklavi adgili — s a m s x -v e r p l o .
propis azriT, ziarebis wesis adreul safexur-ze ziarebulTa daCexva, Sewva da moxarSva “m e -z o b e l o T a x S i ” (iakuturi zRapari), “s a k u W -n a o S i ” (grimi) xdeba, - iq, sadac “a k r Z a l u l i a S e x e d v a ”44. aRsaniSnavia, rom propis mier mota-nili masala ucnaur wvrilmanebamde emTxveva “de-vebis qorwilis” zogierT detals, mag., ziarebuls p a t i J e b e n — “SemodiT, isadileTo” (Crdilouri zRaprebi), mas k a c i s m o x a r S u l i x e l - f e x i s w v e n s u s x a m e n (iqve), misTvis l a n g a r z e ga-moaqvT moxarSuli biWi45 (Seadare: “stumrebis wina x o n C e b z e kacis Tav-fexi dioda”) da sxv.
“ukvena yure” — adamianis msxverplSewirvis uZve-les ritualSi (romlis formebi istoriulad cvale-badi iyo) yvelaze mdgradi elementia. “ukvena yurea” warmarTuli taZrebis sakurTxevlis S i d a mxare, sadac msxverpli iwireba da qurumis garda veravin Seva. “ukvena yurea” ZvelberZnul tragediebSi sce-nis m i R m a mxare, raki gmiris “sasikvdilo katas-trofa”, misi “tragikuli daRupva mayureblis winaSe ki ar xdeba, aramed scenis ukan”46 da iq momxdar am-bavs “m a c n e ” auwyebs mayurebels. aRsaniSnavia, rom orqestras SuaSi samsxverple (thymele) idga47.
rogorc Cans, vaJa swor da Rrma gagebas iZleva miTisas, romlis a r q e t i p u l m o d e l s igi ge-nialuri intuiciiT swvdeba. akaki gawerelias zusti SeniSvna — “vaJa aRrmavebs fSaur miTologiur war-modgenebso”, am pasaJiTac dasturdeba.
“devebis qorwilis” mTavar personaJad “vinme yma” unda viguloT. leqsis pirveli piriT molaparake
44. v . p r o p i , dasax. wigni, gv. 82, 83.45. iqve. gv. 82.46. Н . Н . Е в р е и н о в , Азазел и Дионис, Л.,1924, gv. 10247. g r . w e r e T e l i , berZnuli literaturis istoria, II, 1935, gv. 52.
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subieqti misi alter ego-a. “vinme yma”, kaci Tu moZme — udidesi mniSvnelobis zneobrivi d i l e m i s wi-naSe dgas. igi eTikuri xasiaTis sastik da gamouval situaciaSia Cayenebuli, romelSic man a r C e v a n i unda moaxdinos. misi sulis kivili Semzaravia. igi i Z u l e b u l i a uaryos sakuTari arsoba da Tavi-sive msgavsis anu adamianis xorci SeWamos, arada, TviTonac sazareli sikvdili moelis, man es icis, magram man i c i s isic, rom arabunebrivi da Sem-zaravi aqtiT sikvdilamde ganadgurdeba rogorc a d a m i a n i , rogorc kacobriuli suli, rogorc is, rac mis W e S m a r i t arsobas warmoadgens. “Zmis xorci rogora vWamo”, — hkivis “vinme yma” da es “vin-me” yovel adamianSi davanebuli s i n i d i s i a 48. am kiTxvaSia moqceuli adamianis pirovnuli meobis, misi k a c u r i R i r s e b i s , misi rogorc adamianis yofna _aryofnis a l t e r n a t i v a . am Tavzardamcem SeZaxilSia koncentrirebuli vaJas “devebis qorwi-lis” ideuri dvrita.
es “dausrulebeli” kivili Tu kvnesa tragikul eqosaviT ismis vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi. “devebis qorwilis” xmierebidan iRebs saTaves vaJas qveskn-eluri vizionebi, romlebic Tavisi Semzaravi sicxa-diT dantes jojoxeTis sisxlian Cvenebebs gvagonebs (am ukanasknels Tomas manma “daundobeli aRwera”49 uwoda). “devebis qorwilidan” gamomWvirali xedva gansazRvravs vaJaseul Tvalsazriss adamianSi b e s -t i a l u r i da R v T a e b r i v i sawyisebis arsebo-bisa. “gamxecebuli” anu bestiad qceuli adamiani “adamianis xorcsa sWams purad, adamianis sisxlsa
48. “sindisi” berZnuli sityvaa... qarTvelebs igi sxvebisgan gvisesx-ebia, nasesxebi sindisiT ki istoria ar Seiqmneba”, _ werda s erg i d a n eli a (vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri, 1927, gv. 85) berZnuli syn-eidesis (“Tana-codnis”) kalkirebis Sedegad aris miRebuli laTinuri con-scientià, rusuli со-весть, agreTve am cnebis aRm-niSvneli italiuri, espanuri, franguli da inglisuri sityvebi. am erebma “kalkirebuli” sindisiT Seqmnes TavianTi istoria... s i ndi s i — mamxilebeli goneba (s a b a ).49. Т. М а н н , Доктор Фаустус, gv. 205 («жестокое живописание»).
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svams wylada” (leqsi “sad aris qriste an misi swavla”, II, 313). aseTi adamiani devuri cxovrebis ganmasaxie-rebelia an a d a m i a n i s s a x i T m o a r u l i d e -v i a . WeSmariti adamiani “adamians Zmad iwamebs”. vaJa-seuli “Zma” — qristianulad moazrebuli “moyvasia”, romelic saxarebis mixedviT, iseve unda giyvardes, rogorc “Tavi Tvisi”. diabolur gzaze damdgari anu devurTan ziarebuli mxeckaci “Tvalebsa Txris Zmas” da sagulisxmoa, rom amas RmerTis armoimede, sasowarkveTili adamianebi sCadian. es mdgomareoba vaJas Ramis saSinel sibnelesTan, cis daqcevasa da eSmakis mier samyaros ngrevasTana aqvs gaigivebuli (xsenebuli leqsi)...
barem mec CamnTqiT nislebo,damnacreT, damaferfleTo,Tvalni damTxareT, gulisacsadili gamikeTeTo (1886, I, 24)
“TvalTa daTxra” am konteqstSi SeZrwunebuli naTelkacis umZimesi sulieri krizisis, pirovnebis Sinagani, s i k v d i l i s msgavsi mdgomareobis ga-momxatveli gamoTqmaa. borotebasTan wilnayari da amitom Sinaganad m k v d a r i Serec amitom iTxris Tvalebs50. Tvalebis daTxra — imave sulier mdgoma-reobas gamoxatavs, rasac “cocxlad damarxva” (“vah, m k v d a r o vaJkacobao, cocxlad damarxvav Tavisa” gogoTur da afSina, III, 49) da Tavisi SinaarsiT piro-vnebis Sinagan sikvdils udris.
“barem mec CamnTqiT, nislebo”, — wers vaJa. “nis-li” aq igive “janRia”, romelic “Savi zRvis pirRia
50. m . k v e s e l a v a m , rogorc Cans, uneblie Secdoma dauSva, roca Seres Tvalebis daTxra “oidiposis kompleqss” daukavSira (ix. misi “fausturi paradigmebi” II, 1961, gv. 120-122). “oidipo-sis kompleqsi” froiduli cnebaa da qvecnobieri incesturi xa-siaTis midrekilebis aRmniSvnelia. oidiposi Tvalebs iTxris da froidistuli ganmartebiT, es aqti TviTkastracias gamoxatavs, magram gaumarTlebelia Seres Tvalebis daTxrisa da “oidiposis kompleqsis” gaigiveba
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veSapiviT... saWmelad gveRireba” (Rame mTaSi, I, 92-3). vaJas poeziaSi nislis, janRis Tu Rrublis ganma-saxierebeli veSapi upiratesad amiranis Camylapavi miTosuri veSapis poeturad transformirebuli saxea...
Savi ikvroda Rrubeli,dabla wveboda cidana,“xalxo, moida veSapi”-kaci iZaxis mTidana (II, 85)
“gulisagan sadilis gamkeTebel n i s l e b S i ” fS-auri amiranianis d e v e b i gamosWvivian, — is deve-bi, romelTac amiranisa da misi Zmebis “s a d i l a d d a x r a” hqondaT ganzraxuli... iginive arian gamoxa-tulni vaJas “devebis qorwilSi”.
marTebulad aRniSnavs akaki gawerelia, rom “am devebTan iyo tyved mindia... xolo sizmrad SaveTSi Casul aluda qeTelaursac kacis xorcis Wama zaravs”51. vaJas leqsebSi gvxvdeba situacie-bi, roca moqmed pirs “puri gvelad eqceva” (siz-mari sasowarkveTilisa, I, 76) an roca sisxlSi mcuravi kacis Tav-fexi “gvelad eCveneba” (sizma-ri, II, 85). aSkara xdeba, rom “purisWamad” daZa-lebuli gveli da kacis Tav-fexi vaJasTan erTi, zogadmniSvnelovani moqmedebis elementebad aris gaazrebuli. miTosur planSi es moqmedeba kanibaluri orgiazmiT aRbeWdil dionisur wil-nayarobas gamoxatavs da tragediisa da tragiku-lis qveda genetikur sazRvars, misi istoriuli formis umartives ujreds warmoadgens. dioni-suri kultis am “umartivesi ujrediT” mJRavn-deba is arsebiTi da saerTo, rac niSandoblivia tragikulisaTvis52.
51. a k a k i g a w e r e l i a , dasax. naSromi, gv. 146. ix. agreTve Г р . К а в к а с и е л и , Поэт Важа-Пшавела, журн. «Русская мысль», 1911, gv. 25.52. Ю . Б о р е в , О трагическом, М., 1961, gv. 17, 19.
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vaJas “devebis qorwilis” miTosuri arqetipi (ka-cis xorcis Wama) “aluda qeTelauris” mxatvrul-ideur struqturaSi p i r o v n e b i s S i n a g a n i g a r d a q m n i s aRmniSvnel masalad aris gamoye-nebuli.
am sastik, mzakvar da gulborot araraobiT me maradRe samsarasa da eSmaur sknelTa Sina davnTqav...
bhagavatgita (XVI, 19)
3
kopala. vaJas poeziaSi ganxmuli samyaros sura-Tis gagebisaTvis upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs mis gansacvifrebel “kopalas”, romelsac naklebad an sul ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas mkvlevrebi. am mci-re moculobis miTosur-filosofiur poemaSi wmin-da saxiTa da sruli danawevrebiT airekla eTosis planiT warmodgenili modeli yofierebisa, rome-lic metnaklebi saCinoebiT gamosWvivis vaJas sxva “did poemebSi”. a m p o e m a S i k o s m o g o n i u r i x a s i a T i s a d a m i a n u r - R v T a e b r i v i e T o -s i s S e s a q m e a a R b e W d i l i . miTosurad arqau-li are zedrouli CarCoebiT ketavs poemas imdenad, rom vaJas genialuri inspiraciiT monusxul mkiTx-vels daujerebladac ki eCveneba am nawarmoebis XIX saukunis miwurulSi Seqmna. “...m i T o s i s x m i e r e -b a gansacvifrebeli sizustiT, Sinagan erTgvaroba-Si fesvgadgmuli uRrmesi intuiciiT aris daWerili. m i T o s i s e n a mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ubadlo, Tandayolili bunebrivobiTaa aRorZinebuli. es aris ormagi “gardasulis” ena, romelic Tavis Tav-Si moicavs “yofilsa” da “yofads”, imas, rac iyo da imas, rac iqneba”53.
53. Т. М а н н , Т,Х,М., 1961, gv. 122 (vagneris mimarT)
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“kopalaSi” warmoCenili samyaro miTosisaTvis niSandobliv sam sknels moicavs: zesknels, qveyana-sa da qvesknels. qveyana aq “f S a v i a ”, magram igi globaluri masStabiT aris warmodgenili. poemaSi — fSavi pirvelyofili dedamiwa an pirvelmiwaa...
samyaros Sesaqme axlaxan dasrulda. kosmogoniuri nisliT moculi ca da qveyana, xmeli da wyali, dRe da Rame ganwvalulia. cargvalze mnaTobebi da vars-kvlavebi brwyinaven... “srul iqmnes cai da qveyana da yoveli samkauli maTi... da Seqmna RmerTman mtverisa mimRebelman qveyanisagan kaci x a t a d T v i s a d ... da STabera pirsa missa suli s i c o c x l i s a ... da akurTxa igini RmerTman metyvelman: aRorZindiT da g a n m r a v l d i T da a R a v s e T q v e y a n a da e u -f l e n i T m a s ” (Sesaqme)... qaosi mowesrigda. de-damiwis pirvelkacni madls swiraven, msxverpliT emsaxurebian da adideben dambadebels:
“dideba Senda, RmerTo maRalo, caTa da xmelTa damaarsebelo, RmerTo da Cveno salocavo, daswereT jvari am moyenebulTa ZRvenTa, TqvenTa samsaxurTa, Zali da brZaneba Tqvengan aris, Toro xorcielni — Cven xmelTazeiT saxels vera ggkadrebdiT.
RmerTma xmeleTi daaarsa, cargvali daxura, mze-mTvare daafina, xmeleTze cxovelni da kacni gaaCin-na da mwvanilni imaT sazrdod moiyvanna, gakurTxnaT RvTis Svilni RvTisSvilad da CagabaraT Cveni Tavi mosamsaxured da Tqvenda sadideblad. Tqveni gamCenis RvTis brZanebiTa Tqven awesrigebT xmeleTze arsebul-Ta kacTa da cxovelTa...”54
magram qaosis inercia jer kidev ar aris alagmu-li. kacTa sauflos devebi euflebian da vaJa pirqu-Si vizioniT iwyebs poemas...
mTvare ara Cnda cazeda,varskvlavnic miCqmaluliyven,
54. В . В . Б а р д а в е л и д з е , По этапам... 1957, gv. 24 (fSauri locva).
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nislSi daRlilni curviTamTis yoreT mimaluliyvnen... (III,75).
Rrma fiqriT Seburvili mTebi, romelTa Subl-ze jer kidev aRbeWdilia Sesaqmis RvTaebrivi azri, maRliT dascqerian SeZrwunebul dedamiwas, rome-lic “mkvdarTa binasa” hgavs. ukacriel qveyanaze RvTis maxsenebeli kacis WaWaneba araa da “sikvdilma lamis sicocxlis saxeli daisakuTros”.
devebi kacobriobis mtrebi arian. maT mier aris “gablantebuli” mTeli qveyana. iSviaTi miTosuri xa-tiTa aqvs gadmocemuli vaJas es mdgomareoba: deve-bi, igive arqauli veSapebi, wyalTa mcvelni da wya-roTa mflobelni arian Zvel miTebSi. vaJa zustad icavs am Tvalsazriss:
sinjaven, wyals kideebzedxom arsad aris kvalia,kacma an mxecma idumalwyali xom arvin dalia (III,76).
es wyali — codnis, ukvdavebisa da sibrZnis mo-niWebeli qvesknelis veSa-wyaroa da “kopalaSi” mas spiritualuri niSvneloba axlavs, raki misi Seusme-loba k a c T a g u l s a d a g o n e b a s a S r o b s . devebi wyals ar akareben xalxs da amis gamo —
Sreba guli da goneba,Zma sisxlsa hsomda Zmisasa,Zmas Zmebi Samaevlivnis,sisxlsa eZebdis sxvisasa.
gulisa da gonebis daSretas vaJa sxvaganac Semza-rav kaciWamiobas ukavSirebs (“azri da grZnoba”, 1908):
ra qmna qveyanam maSina,ugrZnob-uazrod gdebulma?
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erTmaneTs Wama dauwyoyovelma mironcxebulma.Zmam Zmas samare uTxara,Svili daarCva dedama... (II,90).
swored am wyals darajoben “kacis sisxliT pirSe-Rebili” devebi, viTarca kacobriobis mtrebi. magram egeve momenti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom maT raRacnairi kavSiri aqvT sulier ZalebTan. “kopalaSi” garkveviT aris naTqvami: “zesknels Cven aRar gvecxovris, bneli aRar gvSvels Ramisa” (III, 80), riTac aSkara xdeba maTi zeciur ZalebTan wilnayaroba. es devebi erT dros zeciuri demonebi iyvnen, sulieri Zalebis garkveuli ierarqiis gamoxatvelni. xevsurul miTologiaSi naT-lad Cans es: rogorc vera bardaveliZe gvamcnobs, “mzis dabrunvisas” anu mzis Casvlis Semdeg, RvTis — igive morige RmerTis karze Tavs iyridnen ara marto RvTisSvilebi, aramed avsuli qajebic55. vera bardave-liZe iqve ganmartavs: RvTis karze “mzis dabrunvisas” Seyra imaze metyvelebso, rom xalxuri warmodgeniT morige RmerTi Rameuli mnaTobis RvTaeba ariso. Ta-vad sityva RmerTi, misive varaudiT, Rames ukavSirdeba. ivane javaxiSvilisa da n. maris gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, “RmerTis” pirvandeli saxea Ramer an Ramar. es Rameuli mnaTobi mTvarea da “kopalac” mTvarisa da varskvla-vebis anu RvTis da RvTisSvilebis56 gauCinarebisa Tu miCqmalvis suraTiT iwyeba.
RmerTi ara Cans. meufis gareSe darCenil qveyanas devebi euflebian. devebi Rameulni, “RamiT moxetia-leni” (83) arian. isini zesknels cxovroben da bnel kosmosur Zalebs ganasaxiereben. Savi, Savbneli da Savnabdiani devebi kacTaTvis RvTisagan nawyalobev gulisa da gonebis damarwyulebel s p i r i t u a l u r w y a l s anu sulier Zalebs ganageben dedamiwaze. vaJa ar gveubneba poemaSi, magram unda vigulisxmoT,
55. iqve. gv.11.56. “xalxur rwmenaTa ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze RvTisS-vilni varskvlavebs ganasaxierebdnen”, iqve, gv.15.
tragikuli niRbebi
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rom devebs wili udevT adamianTa SesaqmeSi, winaaRm-deg SemTxvevaSi gaugebari iqneboda, ratom aqvT maT morWmuli Zala kacobriobaze, ratom ganageben maTi y o f i e r e b i s g a n m s a z R v r e l w y a r o s .
magram devebis komsmosuri karma amowurulia. maTi qveyanaze meufeba Semaferxebelia kacisa da RmerTis urTierTobaSi. “RvTis saamur vals” (83) acdenili maTi xelmwifebis inercia kacobriobis winaaRmdeg da amitom RvTis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. kosmosuri dharmisa-gan gamoTiSuli devebi T v i T n e b o b e n da amitom unda daisajon.
d e v T a d a m s j e l i k o p a l a a (sainteresoa, rom poemis dasawyisSi, romelic SeZrwunebuli bune-bisa da nadir-frinvelis aRweriT iwyeba, cxovelTa-gan pirvelad i r e m i Cndeba. iremi mzis ganmasaxiere-beli cxovelia. xevsurul miTSi igi TviTon kopalas astraluri saxea da vaJa Seumcdari gumaniT iyenebs am miTosur detals). vaJas poemis mixedviT kopala b e -r i a . misi saydari u d a b u r adgilas dgas da masze d a x a v s e b u l i j v a r i a aRmarTuli. es detale-bi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom qveyana devebis mier aris daWerili da kidev imaze, rom egeve qveyana TiTqos RvTisagan daviwyebuli da amitom sulier planSi xavsmokidebulicaa.
kopala kacobriobis ganmasaxierebeli gmiria. igi naTeli, apolonuri sawyisis gamomxatveli, r w m e -n i T gulsavse k a c i a da ara R v T i s Svili. va-Jaseuli kopalas saxe fSav-xevsuruli miTologiu-ri Tqmulebebis, ZiriTadad kopala-iaxsaris, xolo nawilobriv wmida giorgisa57 da kvirias58 modelis
57. “wminda giorgi Saxmterebiv devebs, _ nu xarT cudebiv, nu sWamT xalxsav, nu swovT sisxlsav” (T i n a T i n o C i a u r i , miTologi-uri gadmocemebi... 1967, gv. 180)58. kviria “xmelT mouravi”, RvTisa da kacTa Soris “Suam-dgomeli” da RvTis winaSe braleulTa cecxliT damsjelia (В . В . Б а р д а в е л и д з е , По этапам...gv. 19, 21). da beRelac xom “ufalTan Suamavlobas” exveweba kopalas, berZnul samyaroSi RmerTsa da kacs Soris Suamavloba an Suamdgomloba apolons miewereboda.
devuri da RvTaebrivi
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mixedviT aris Seqmnili. magram vaJas poemaSi xazgas-mulia, rom igi q v e y n i e r i k a c i a da ara zecis binadari RvTaeba.
poemis mixedviT, am moxuc berSia koncentrire-buli kacobriobis RvTisadmi rwmena. mxolod cxare cremliT uflisad mavedrebeli kopalas gulSi an-Tia RvTaebrivi rwmena da imedi. kopalas vedrebis Sinaarsi SesaZloa, pirveli Tavis bolos, avtori-seuli remarkis Sesatyvisi iyos:
ratom ar Cndeba uflisameSvloba cidam sreuli?rad ar iSleba devebisSxamiT avsili sxeuli?RmerTm rad gaxada qveyanadevTa saTrevlad netara?..miTam imedaT isa gvyavgansacdelis dros, yvelgana,miTam is aris mfarveliganuSorebliv CvenTana,aroT gaswiravs qveyanas,ar gaasworebs mterTana... (III, 77-78).
aq aris mwuxare, gulis SemaRonebeli kiTxvebi, mtkivneuli, SeSfoTebuli gancda, magram i W v i — ara, piriqiT, dasasruli rwmeniT aris savse da swo-red mis pasuxad kopalas cidan angelozebiviT evli-nebian varskvlavTa ganmasaxierebeli RvTisSvilebi da “mTeli qveyana cxris mziT da ocis mTvariT naT-deba” (79), radgan “mlocavT vedrebas Seismens, zne iseTia xatisa” (II, 292).
cxra mzis da oci mTvaris59 n a T e l m a daTrguna devebis R a m e u l i buneba. magram umTavresi is iyo, rom RvTisSvilebma kopalas acnobes R v T i s n e b a ,
59. arsebobs sakraluri xasiaTis gamoTqma “cxra oc da samo wm. giorgi” (masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografi-isaTvis, 1, 1938, gv. 24), vaJas cxra da oci, rogorc Cans, smeniT gaSinagnebuli am gamoTqmidan momdinareobs.
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— Z a l i T aRexoca isini: “RmerTm neba mogvca, Za-liTa dalie qveynis mlevlebi”.
mxolod R v T i s n e b i T a d a T a n a d g o m i T S e e Z l o k o p a l a s d a e m x o “ k a c T a t o m i s m w a m l a v i ” d e v e b i s m e u f e b a , v i n a i d a n k a c i s a T v i s d e v i “ x e l S e u q c e v i m t e -r i a ” d a m i s w i n a S e u Z l u r i a s a k u T r i v a d a m i a n u r i Z a l m o s i l e b a . poemaSi mkafiod aris naTqvami, rom Tumca kopala xocavs devebs, igi “s x v a - r i g i s ” ZaliT anu RvTaebrivi ZaliT aris morWmuli da am azriT, kopala zenaaris saWurve-lia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJas leqsebis amirani swored am devebis Semusvras evedreba ufals (aRsaniSna-via isic, rom “amiranuli” ciklis leqsebis sity-vieri faqtura, am SemTxvevaSi, zustad emTxveva “kopalasas”). magram amirani bolomde qvesknelis tyveobasa da mavedreblis statiurobaSia moce-muli. kopala TiTqos mkvdreTiT aRmdgari amira-nia. “w i T e l i f a r i c ” misi SuasknelSi qmedebis aRmniSvneli atributia, a m i r a n i s s i z m a r S i naocnebarsa da p o t e n c i a S i damarxul wadils kopala c x a d S i q m e d e b i T gamoxatavs da am azriT, igi vaJaseuli amiranis miwiszeda, moqmedi ipostasia.
“kopalas” ufali erTi mxriv, fSav-xevsurul mo-rige RmerTTan kavSirs amJRavnebs (miTis mixedviT, kopalaca da RvTisSvilnic misi nebis aRmsrulebe-lni arian), xolo meore mxriv, rogorc kacobrio-bis zneobrivi winamZRvari da rac mTavaria, rogorc m o n a n u l T a RmerTi qristianuli elferiT war-mogvidgeba. kopalas saydris win daCoqili beRela, romelsac mis winaSe moaqvs “devTa saomari abjari da oqro-vercxli” da Tavs avedrebs kopalas: “minda RmerTs Senebr mivaCnde, Senebr s i w m i n d i s mqo-nio” (83) — ueWvelad am grZnobas amJRavnebs. beRe-las aseTi metamorfoza TvalsaCinos xdis monanie-bis SesaZleblobas. beRelas miswrafebaSi eWvi ar
devuri da RvTaebrivi
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unda Segvivides. igi sakuTari sicocxlis fasad, jvris mTxvevis aqtiT adasturebs amas. magram ko-palam i c i s , rom misi a r s e b a u c v a l e b l a d b o r o t i a , rom masSi “keTilic imave wams Sxamad gadaiqceva” (83). kopalas azriT, cocxlad dar-Cenili beRela “borots xmlad, xolo keTils fa-rad” gamoiyenebs da amrigad, S e n i R b u l i , kidev ufro Znelad dasaZlevi diabolizmis gansaxiere-ba iqneba. poemaSi beRelas monaniebis swrafvasa da RvTis nebis aRmsrulebel kopalas Tvalsazriss Soris aSkara winaaRmdegobaa. rogor unda aixsnas es winaaRmdegoba?
gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: devTa Semusvra, mi-Tosur planSi maTi Cveulebrivi damarcxeba rodia. am damarcxebiT isini ara marto zesknelsa da qveya-naze meufebas, an bunebis Zalebis marTvis xelmwife-bas hkargaven, —
roca gamoCndis Rrubeli,wvimam daiwyis Sriali, devT laxti mouRirianda astexian Rriali.gaqris wvima da Rrublebmaukve iwyian triali...
aramed upirveles yovlisa, fizikur planSi xe-laxla ganxorcielebis unarsac. maTi Semusvra am azriT, totaluria. devebi “uZeod” unda gadaegon, xorcSemosil STamomavlobas isini ver datoveben. devebi “verc Tavs maibmen x e l a x l a d , verc guls gaWvreTils isriTa”, e.i. hkargaven rogorc piro-vnul materialobas, ise xelaxali ganxorcielebis d e m o n u r Z a l a s . miTosis daxSul garemoSi mo-qmedi amiranisa da misi Zmebis mier mokluli devebis sxeulidan amomZvrali Wiebi k v l a v gveleSapebad iqcevian, magram “kopalaSi” Semusvrili devebis fer-flidan daCenili Wiebi W i e b a d v e rCebian da maT aRar uweriaT sruli substanciurobiT aRorZineba.
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“devT sulni dakodilebi qvesknelSi Caiyarnian” da e s q v e s k n e l i q r i s t i a n u l a d m o a z r e -b u l i j o j o x e T i a . isini Zvel dros igoneben, da raki maTi dro wasulia — Tavi “sizmarSi hgoniaT”. “a R d g o m i s i m e d i maTTvis arsad ari”, imitom, rom sabolood, erTxel da samudamod jojoxeTSi xvdebian. devebisa da maTi beladis SemusvriT mTa-vrdeba maTive xatiT gancxadebuli p a g a n i s t u r i Jami da amrigad, dro axal ganzomilebas iZens. deve-bisa da devuris damarcxeba poemaSi sastiki da dro-moWmuli msoflmxedvelobis axal eTikur Rirebu-lebebTan damarcxebis badalia. swored es i c i s kopalam, — am SemTxvevaSi igi avtoris Tvalsazriss gamoxatavs, — roca m o n a n i e b i s miuxedavad, gar-dauqmnel da ucvaleblad borot arsebad gulisxmobs beRelas. aki jvris mTxvevad laSmimarTulma be-Relam piric ver axlo j v a r s . k o p a l a s a da devebs Soris, RvTaebrivsa da eSmaurs Soris brZo-la damTavrebulia. es brZola zevssa da kronidebs Soris atexili brZolis mogonebas aRZravs. berZnul miTSic kronosis xelmwifebis aRgviTa da misi tar-tarosSi CamwyvdeviT dasrulda axali msoflmxed-velobis gamarjveba. devebi qvesknels ilalebian samudamod da “gzakvalaSlili qveyana” kvlav w a R m a iwyebs trials.
kopala warmarTuli l a x t i s a da qristianuli j v r i s SemweobiT musravs devebsa da devurs. daxo-cili devebis sisxlidan da beRelas ferflidan, berZ-nuli miTologiis analogiurad (titanebis sisxlidan Sxamiani obobebi da uwminduri mucliTmcuravi gve-lebi aRmocendnen)60 — “Savi gvelebi” da “Savi buWyani da Wiani” gamodian. “avzniani Wiis”(II, 272) saxiT d e v u -r i mainc ganagrZobs sicocxles ukve, rogorc samya-ros mTlianRvTaebriv struqturaSi, Tavad bunebis safuZvelSive arsebuli ganusazRvreli negatiuri elementi...
60. a . l o s e v i , dasax. wigni, gv. 169.
devuri da RvTaebrivi
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ia Talx_kaba amova,-qali mglovare Zmazeda,zafxulis cqera swadian,piris dabana namzeda,ar daaclian icocxlos,miuxdebian karzeda,Smagad uWamen fesvebsa,merme gadavlen Tmazeda,mokle sicocxle iasaim JamiT awevs Tavzeda (84)
erTi mxriv, es ia, pirimzis msgavsad, mTieli ma-donas saxiT warmodgenili “mglovare” qalwuli an “Tmiani sadedufloa” da aq erTi Zveli miTi unda gavixsenoT: nimfa n a n a daorsulda broweulis marcvlis SeWmiT da am umanko CasaxebiT Sva frigiuli nayofierebis RmerTi a t i s i (es is atisia, romlis gamo netari avgustine qurumis piriT gvicxadebs: “frigiulad Tavdaxuruli RmerTic qristianiao”)61. RmerTebis didi deda rea-kibela umijnurdeba ula-mazes Wabuks, magram mas uturfesi qalRmeTi ia uyvars, risTvisac kibelam taxs daaglejina atisi. n a n a — “babiloneli iSTaris erT-erTi metsaxelia”62 da amave dros, qarTuli mzis qalRmerTis barbolis mTavari ipostasis — nanas saxeli, romelic dRemde cocxlobs Cvens “iavnanasa” da qalTa saxelebSi. rac Seexeba qalRmerT ia-s, igi qarTul i a s niSnavs (ее имя, к с л о в у сказать, означает «ф и а л к а»63) da miTosis uRrmesi fenebidan amozrdili intuiciis meoxebiT vaJa zust gansaxebas uZebnis “ias”, rogorc “Tmian sadeduflosa” da “Zmaze mglovare qals”...
meore mxriv, ia “TiTqos ciT Camosuli RmerTia” (II, 273). “kopalaSi” iis turfa gvirgvini siyvaruls adgas, xolo es siyvaruli kacurobis umaRlesi ga-moxatulebaa. vaJas ia — sinazed da mSvenierebad
61. Мифологический словарь, Л.,1961, gv. 38. 62. Т. М а н н , т.Х. gv. 104.63. Ф . Ф . З е л и н с к и й , Религия эллинизма, П.1922, gv. 42.
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sublimirebuli kacobriuli sikeTe da umaRles Ri-rebulebad dasaxuli a d a m i a n u r i g r Z n o b i s simboloa, uromlisodac fasi ekargeba samyaros arsebobas (“radRa vis unda maSina an mze an mTvare cazeda”...). amave dros, RvTaebriv da devur sul-Ta kosmogoniuri yofierebis fonze “iis mokle si-cocxle” TiTqos adamianis w u T i s o f l i s ganma-saxierebelia.
poemaSi ganxmuli sami skneli — zeca, qveyana da qveskneli — kacobriuli cxovrebis sam elements — RmerTs, adamiansa da diabolur Zalebs gulisxmobs. am samsaxovani yofierebis Suagulad vaJa a d a -m i a n s miiCnevs. RvTis maxsenbeli adamiania samya-roSi ori polaruli aspeqtiT, erTi mxriv, Rmer-TiTa da RvTisSvilebiT, xolo meore mxriv eSmauri elementebiT proecirebuli sicocxlis ganmsazR-vreli centri. kacobrioba RvTaebrivi da devuri Zalebis brZolis asparezia, — (uxalxod TviT devsac ar unda devoba). k a c o b r i o b a R v T i s m i e r n a w y a l o b e v i g u l i T a d a g o n e b i T u k a -v S i r d e b a T a v i s R v T a e b r i v d a s a b a m s , a d a m i a n u r i a r s e b o b i s p i r v e l w y a r o s . swored am kavSiris mteria d e v i . guldagoneba-daSretili kacobrioba TviTonvea devuri cxovre-bis ganmasaxierebeli, raki “Zma Zmis sisxlis msmeli xdeba”64. WeSmariti kacobrioba ki, vaJas Tvalsazri-siT, RvTaebrivi pirveldasabamiT gaerTianebuli Zmobaa. es Zmoba, erTi mxriv, adamianTa qristesmie-ri m o y v a s o b i s (“rodisRa unda adamianma adamia-ni iwamos Zmada”?.. leqsi “sad aris qriste an misi swavla?”, II, 313), xolo meore mxriv, fSav-xevsureTis uZvelesi warmarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis niSando-blivi, RvTisSvilTa m o Z m e o b i s Sesabamisia. fS-auri “didebis” Tanaxmad, RvTisSvilni “RvTis moTa-
64. plutarqes azriT “Zvelebi titans uwodeben imas, rac ugunuri, usaxo, Zaladuri, ara RvTaebrivi, aramed demonuria CvenSi. da ege... dasjasa da pasuxis migebas imsaxurebs”. ix. a. losevis dasax. wigni, gv. 169.
devuri da RvTaebrivi
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naymeni, erTurTis m o d e - m o Z m e n i da s t u m a r -m a s p i n Z e l n i arian”65. unda aRiniSnos, rom vaJas poemis “stumar-maspinZlis” saTauri sakraluri xa-siaTis am idiomidan modis da mas Rrma qveteqsti axlavs: kacni, RvTisSvilTa msgavsad, erTmaneTis Zmebi, stumar-maspinZlebi an, rac igivea, — moyvasni, da maSasadame, sworferni anu Tanasworni arian ma-maRmerTis winaSe.
“kopala” warmarTuli da qristianuli warmodge-nebisa da azrobriv-mxatvruli elementebis ucnau-ri simbioziT aris aRbeWdili. arsebiTad, igi s i n -T e z u r i nawarmoebia, romelSic fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilTa warmarTuli panTeoniT proecirebuli samyaros miTosuri modeli borotebis daTrgun-vis zogadqristianul ideasTan aris Sejvarebuli. “kopalaSi” gaSlili filosofiur-eTikuri xasiaTis kosmosuri drama TiToeuli adamianis gulSi mimdi-nare Sinagani brZolis anareklicaa da am azriT, es poema axali drois suliT aRbeWdil misteriad war-mogvidgeba.
65. В . В . Б а р д а в е л и д з е , По этапам... gv. 14.
98
aluda qeTelauris vnebani
roca vneba (paTosi) Tavis apogeas aRwevs, tanjva mSvenierebas imosavs... sikvdili hkargavs Tavis nestars, kubo — gamarjvebas... sikeTisa da borotebis da-pirispireba raRac ufro maRal warmod-genaSi, borotebis warmxocel uZlieres eqstazSi inTqmeba. adamiani Tavdaviwye-biT egebeba aseT sulier mdgomareobas... es WeSmariti cxovrebaa, — ambobs igi, da me vTrTi sixarulisagan, raki CemSi gmiris uSiSar sulsa vWvret.
uiliam jemsi1
1
vaJas poemebs Soris pirovnebis Sinagan feriscva-lebas, gardaqmnasa Tu z n e o b r i v a x l a d S o -b a s 2 yvelaze Rrmad da srulad “aluda qeTelauri” gamoxatavs. am poemas uZlieresi poeturi STagone-bis beWedi azis da marTebulad iyo aRniSnuli, rom “aludas saxe... Soreulad a v t o r i s sulier mi-drekilebaTa anarekli da misi xasiaTis oreulia”3. “aluda qeTelauri” vaJas pirovnebaSi momxdar Zi-reul feriscvalebas asaxavs: geniosis TviTdadgine-bas masSi, mis m e o r e d d a b a d e b a s anu a x l a d S o b a s , tradiciul-yofiTi garemodan individua-lur-eTikuri gamocalkevebis faqts.
1. В . Д ж е м с . Многообразие религиозного опыта. М. 1910, gv. 812. vaJas gmirebi “gaivlian Rrma zneobrivi krizisis mijnas, erT-gvar k a T a r z i s s ”... isini “z n e o b r i v a d a x a l S o b i l n i ” arian. a k a k i g a w e r e l i a . qarTuli poeziis dideba, mnaTobi #7, 1961, gv. 139-140.3. s i m o n C i q o v a n i . rCeuli werilebi, 1963, gv. 361
aluda qeTelauris vnebani
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mxatvruli struqturis srulyofiT, erTiani percepciiTa da eqspresiuli ZalmosilebiT aRbeW-dil am poemaSi mkveTrad saCinovdeba ori plani: f a b u l u r i da s i R r m i s e u l i . es ukanaskne-li miTosur masalaze agebul aludas Cvenebasa da sizmars moicavs. poemaSi gaSlili moqmedebisa da koliziebis Sinaarsis gageba mxolod am ori pla-nis swori urTierTSepirispirebis Semdeg xdeba sacnauri. aluda qeTelauris moqmedeba Tu qce-va ver ixsneba poemis sxva gmirebTan (uSiSa, mindia, berdia) misi dialogis safuZvelze. am ukanasknel-Ta piriT gancxadebuli tradiciuli WeSmariteba m s j e l o b i s sazRvrebSive rCeba da mas aludas tragikuli msoflSegrZnebidan gamomdinare m o -q m e d e b a upirispirdeba. es moqmedeba gaugeba-ria fabuluri planis farglebSi, raki misi fesvi aludas qvecnobierebaSia dafaruli, rac poemaSi vizioniTa da sizmriT aris proecirebuli. “aluda qeTelauris” Sinagan centrs swored es adgilebi warmoadgens.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom si-Rrmiseuli planis Semcvel aludas Cvenebasa da siz-marSi gamoyenebuli poemis saerTo mizandasaulobas daqvemdebarebuli miTosuri masala scildeba saku-Triv inertulmasalobrivi elementis farglebs, an, ufro sworad, igi am donezec asxivebs misi ganmsazR-vreli avtoriseuli azrisa Tu Canafiqris farul tendencias...
magram mivmarToT TviTon poemas.poema iwyeba ori, sarwmunoebrivad gansxvavebuli
da amitom dapirispirebuli tomisaTvis niSandobli-vi suraTiT: Satilionebis cxenebi waasxes qistebma. SatilionTa reaqcia gasagebia: saWiroa maTi ukanve dabruneba. vin unda wavides mdevrad? qistebs dae-devneba aluda qeTelauri — SatilionTa gamorCeuli vaJkaci, miT umetes, rom misi “frTianic” motacebu-lia. poemis dasawyisSive energiuli StrixebiT aris daxasiaTebuli igi:
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aluda qeTelaurikacia davlaTiani,safixvnos TavSi dajdebis,sityva maudis gziani;bevrs qists maaWra marjvena,scada franguli fxiani,cudas rad unda mteroba,kargia mudam mtriani!
“d a v l a T i a n i ” — iRblis mqones, svebedniers niSnavs4. Tavis werilSi “fSavelebi” vaJa wers: “fS-avels zogi kaci zogs xatze iRbliani hgonia... winwasuls kacs is eZaxis davlaTians (“iRblians” (IX, 12). aluda SatilSi cnobili, saxelmoxveWili meoma-ria. mis qavze, berdias sityviT, lekebisa da qiste-bis “marjveneebis xidia”. “Tormeti qistis mamklavi”, agreTve saxelganTqmuli mindias azriTac, igi ise-Ti vaJkacia, romelic pativiscemasa da siyvaruls imsaxurebs (mindia dinjad afrTxilebs aludaze aRrenil “xevsurTa axal-uxlebs”: “nu ityviT vaJka-cis augs eniTa qarianiTa”, an Semdeg, roca mucalis marjvenas moitans: “advil nu ityviT vaJkacze ara vargao, imasa”). aluda SatilionTa saukeTeso meoma-ria (kai yma) da amitom swored is daedevneba qistebs. magram, amave dros, igi “gzianis sityvis” e.i. Wkvia-nuri, gonieri sityvis mTqmelicaa, ris gamoc “safix-vnos TavSi” zis. es didi pativia xevsurisaTvis.
amrigad, poemis dasawyisSive aluda qeTelauri warmogvidgeba rogorc saxelmoxveWili meomari, Sa-tilionTa Tavkaci da gudanis jvris kargi yma. alu-da monoliTuri pirovnebaa — igi uyoymanod, swrafi da zusti reaqciiT pasuxobs mtrebis gamoCenas.
gamorCeulobis miuxedavad, aluda qeTelauri sworuflebiani ymaTagania SatilionTa Temisa. gavix-senoT, “zRvenis gasubuqebiT” gulamRvreuli aluda rogor SeniSnavs xevisbers: “miTam erTni varT, ber-
4. ix. vaJa-fSavelas mcire leqsikoni (Seadgina a l e q s i W i n W a -r a u l m a ). 1969.
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diav, mcxovrebni erTis mTisao...” (aq miTam igivea, rac aki)5.
magram ras warmoadgens an rogoria Temi, romlis wiaRSi aRizarda da Camoyalibda aluda?
vaJa-fSavela Tavisi poeturi miznebis Sesabami-sad modificirebul Tems gvixatavs, Tems, romelic sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT ufro ar-qaulia, vidre vaJas Tanadrouli fSav-xevsureTis sazogadoeba iyo. konvenciis safuZvelze mowesri-gebuli racionaluri sazogadoebis sapirispirod, Temi SekavSirebulia erTnairi warmoSobiT, msgavsi SexedulebebiT, saerTo bediTa da miswrafebebiT. es Temi, antikuri sazogadoebis msgavsad, daxSuli da Tavis TavSi Caketilia. amave dros, gasaTvaliswine-belia is aSkara garemoeba, rom “aluda qeTelaur-Si” gamoxatuli Temi s a k r a l u r i sazogadoebaa, romlis “Suaguls” satomo RvTaeba — g u d a n i s j v a r i warmoadgens. gudanis jvari xevsurTa uze-naesi mfarvelia iseve, rogorc fSavelTaTvis l a -S a r i s jvari, moxeveTaTvis s a m e b i s xati, xolo mTiulTaTvis l o m i s i s xati6. gudanis jvari, xe-visber berdias sityviT “RvTiTa da RvTis ZaliTa” dgas. es RmerTi — m o r i g e R m e r T i a , RvTaebri-vi triadis pirveli wevri. morige RmerTis Svile-bi arian RvTisSvilebi, maT Soris gudanis jvaric, romelTac jvarTan da xatTan erTad, RvTis nasaxi da RvTisnabadebic ewodebaT. RvTisSvilni RvTismo-Tanaymeni, erTurTis mode-moZmeni da stumar-mas-pinZelni arian, riTac morige RmerTis winaSe maTi sworuflebianoba da Tanasworobaa miniSnebuli. Tavis mxriv, SatilionTa Temis TiToeuli wevri xa-
5. iqve6. В . В . Б а р д а в е л и д з е . По этапам...1957. gv. 5. sakuTriv Satil-ionTa mfarveli anatoris jvaria, iqve, gv. 7. “laSqrobisa da omianobis Zlier RvTaebad xevsureTSi “gudanis xati” iTvleba”... i v . j a v a x i S v i l i . qarTveli eris istoria. I. 1960. gv. 82. iqve iv. javaxiSvili imowmebs n. urbnels: “winaT, roca xevsure-Ti gailaSqrebda mterze, gudanis droSa “borayi” win miuZRoda jars”.
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tis, RvTisSvilis anu batonis winaSec Tanasworia. RvTisSvilTa zeciuri Temi, faqtiurad, qveyniuri Temis RvTaebriv planSi proecirebas warmoadgens. yma iseTsave urTierTobaSia RvTisSvilTan, rogorc RvTisSvili morige RmerTTan.
didia Cveni batoni,gudanis jvari TaviTa, saymonic Zlierni hyvanan,RvTiTa da RvTisa ZaliTa.kargi yma uyvars batonsa,wyaloba emetebisa,vaJkacni imedianniCvens batons ebedebisa...
batonTan da batonis winaSe TavianT erTianobas xevsurni xatobaze gamoxataven, sadac “ritualuri ludis gamosaxdelad wyali m T e l m a sofelma e r -T a d unda miitanos salocavSi... Sesawiravi miaqvs salocavSi yovel komls Tanabrad, miuxedavad ricx-visa... aq Tavi-da-Tavi m T e l i a — tomi, Temi, da ara c a l k e u l n i ”7.
amave principze iyo agebuli antikuri xanis berZnuli polisebi, romlebSic yvela Tavisufal moqalaqes Tavisi Tavi m T e l i s nawilad miaCnda. pirovneba ar moiazreboda sazogadoebrivi mTelis gareSe. individualuri sicocxle Tavis Sinaarss sazogadoebrivi organizmis sicocxlisagan iRebda. pirovnebis sicocxlis azri Tavad masSi ki ar iyo, aramed mTelis, sazogadebis sicocxleSi. pirvelis arseboba ganixileboda meoris arsebobis prizmiT da ara piruku.
“aluda qeTelaursa” da vaJas sxva poemebSic Temis socialur-miTiur-religiuri mTlianoba RvTisSvilis anu batonis saxeSia koncentrirebuli. es “batoni dahyveba gammarjved” Satilionebs, igia
7. ix. vaJas engadi, bedi qarTlisa, # 38, parizi, 1961, gv. 8.
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maTi mfarveli da winamZRvari. “visac ki ram stkiva”, batons unda acnobos. batonsa da ymas Soris Suama-vali xevisberia. poemaSi xevisberi berdia asaxierebs Temis s a k r a l u r k a v S i r s , romelic “anderZis” anu tradiciuli kanonis saxiT, “m a m i T da p a p i s papiT” modis da amitom erTxel da samudamod dad-genili da wreSewerilia. SatilionTa Temis reli-giuri kanoni statiurad daxSuli da Seuvalia. igi ver iTmens xelyofasa da saxecvlilebas.
poemis mixedviT, am sakraluri sazogadoebis upirvelesi dogmaa kacobriobis “rjulianad” da “urjulod”, “monaTlulad” da “mounaTlavad” da-yofa. rjuliania “RvTiTa da RvTis ZaliT” morW-muli saTemo RvTaebebiT, anu RvTisSvilebis mfar-velobiT SekavSirebuli xevsurTa qristiani tomi, kerZod, gudanis jvris uzenaesobiT gaerTianebu-li SatilionTa Temi. “mounaTlavi”, “urjulo” da “rjulZaRlia” mTeli danarCeni kacobrioba, rome-lic poemaSi qistebis saxiTaa dakonkretebuli.
“urjulo” a r a k a c i a da amitom “ZaRli” an “ZaRlis jiSisaa”. SatilionTa Temis cnobierebaSi “urjulo” ganasaxierebs samyaros bneli, boroti Za-lebis saxes — eSmaks, als, devs (“ara varT xevsurT Svilebi ymani eSmakis, alisa”). Temur sazogadoebaSi u c x o t o m i s kaci iseTive mtruli da TiTqmis gausulierebeli anda borotebis ganmasaxierebeli Zalaa, rogorc bunebis stiqiuri Zalebi. devuri da RvTaebrivi ZalebiT ganpirovnebuli warmarTuli samyaros dualizmi “aluda qeTelaurSi” garegnu-lad qristianuli da mahmadianuri religiebis Txe-li garekaniTaa mogarsuli.
amrigad, poemaSi naCvenebi ori tomis mtro-ba bneli da naTeli, devuri da RvTaebrivi, boro-ti da keTili Zalebis miTosur modelzea agebuli. poemis mxatvruli realobis farglebSi es dapi-rispireba “rjulianisa” da “urjulos” anu qris-tianuli da mahmadianuris istoriuli formiT cnaurdeba.
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am religiuri dapirispirebidan gamomdinareobs Temis adaTobrivi samarTalic. “aluda qeTelauris” fabuluri planis farglebSi vaJas aqcentirebuli aqvs damarcxebuli mtrisaTvis xelis moWris ada-Ti, Tumca, rogorc grigol kiknaZe aRniSnavs, xe-lis moWra ar unda gavigoT “rogorc adaTobrivi samarTlis n o r m a ”. am tradiciis savaldebulobis cnobiereba ar gaaCnia arc aludas da arc TviTon Tems8.
xelis moWris Cveulebas pirvelyofili sazoga-doebisa da paganisturi msoflmxedvelobis uZveles warmodgenebSi aqvs fesvi. igi bunebrivad gamomdina-reobs saiqio cxovrebis pirvelyofili Tvalsazri-sidan. vundts moaqvs teiloris azri imis Sesaxeb, rom “avstralieli moklul mters marjvena xelis cers aWris, raTa SurismaZiebel suls ar SeeZlos misi SubiT gangmirva”9.
moklulis suli saSiSi da mavnea da mkvlelni cdiloben Suris gebis saSualeba mouspon mas. es-qiles “qoeforebSi” klitemnestra oTxive kidurs Wris agamemnons:
magram vidremde damarxavda, mkvlelma mamisamoTxad ganwila misi gvami (438-439).
sofokles “eleqtraSi” igive klitemnestra xele-bs Wris moklul agamemnons...
Tavad ifiqre: madliT miiRebssamaris fskerze mTvlemare mamasamsxverplos misas? aki man moklulsxelebi dasWra, viT Seginebul,pativaxdil mters...
“ZvelTa mowmobiT, mkvlelebi, Cveulebriv, k i -d u r e b s W r i d n e n TavianT msxverpls da moklu-
8. g r i g o l k i k n a Z e , vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, 1957, gv. 62.9. В . В у н д т. Миф и религия, СПб., gv. 121.
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lis Tmas awmendnen sisxlian iaraRs. arsebobda gad-mocema, rom es amazrzeni wesi sasjels aridebda damnaSaves da mas braldebisagan aTavisuflebda”10.
poemis V TavSi aRwerilia, rogor miugdeben “ZaRls saWmelad” mucalis “marjvenis naxrav Zvle-bs”. qofaki pirs ar akarebs mas:
xevisber ityvis berdia:xevsurno, naxeT TvaliTa:ZaRli ZaRlis Zvals ar texso,Tqmulia imav TaviTa...
magram xevisberis amgvari interpretaciis miuxe-davad, ZaRlebisaTvis migdebul mtris marjvenas an gvams Tavdapirvelad, rogorca Cans, sxva azri unda hqonoda. homerosis “iliadaSi” damarcxebuli he-qtori eajeba aqilevss — misi gvami “sajijgnad ar miugdos mirmidonel ZaRlebs” (XX, 339), razedac ga-avebuli aqilevsi pasuxobs:
«Тщетно ты п е с , обнимаешь мне ноги... Сам я... тебя растерзал бы на части. Тело сырое твое пожрал бы я... (345-347) (dedanSia: Seni sxeulis m o k v e T i l a s o T umad SevWamdi) — Птицы твой труп и псы Мирмидонские весь растерзают! (354. citirebulia gnediCis Targma-nidan П. 1892).
“ukeTu heqtoris sxeuls aqaveli ZaRlebi Se-sanslaven, igi aqavel miwisqveSa RmerTebs gaaZlie-rebs, radgan ZaRlebis saxiT mis xorcsa da suls aqaveli gmirebi SeWamen. mxolod sagvareulo ko-coni uzrunvelyofs misTvis sikvdilis Semdeg sakuTari gvaris miwisqveSa mfarvelis gmirul ar-Civs. aseTia uZvelesi azri heqtoriseuli SiSisa moweuli xvedris winaSe. ai, ratom aris iZulebu-li igi Tavi daimciros mtris winaSe da aiZulebs Semdeg priamoss xelebi ukocnos Tavisi Svilebis mkvlels”11.
10. С . А п т (примеч.) Эсхил, Орестея. М., 1958, gv. 169.11. В я ч . И в а н о в . Дионис... Баку,1923 gv. 105-108.
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Zveli samyaros xalxebisaTvis es niSandoblivi rwmenaa. samuelis pirvel wignSi (17, 46) meSurdule daviTi emuqreba “ucxo Tesls”: “...mogakvdino Sen... da mivsce gvami Seni da xorcni banakisa ucxo Tesli-sa dResa amas m f r i n v e l T a c i s a T a da m x e c -T a q v e y a n i s a T a ”. analogiuri suraTi gvaqvs va-Jas “stumar-maspinZelSi”, sadac zviadauris mimarT qistebi niSnismogebiT amboben:
Tunda ZaRlebma aTrion,frinvelTa jijgnon ziarad.ar Seewira, egdoso,egec eyofa z i a n a d (III, 222).
mkvdrisaTvis aseTi xvedri d i d a d s a z i a n o a da xevsurebs brZolisa da msxverplis fasad miaqvT zviadauris Zvlebi samSobloSi (“ucxoeTs mainc ar darCaT, Sin miaqvT Tavis mkvdaria”, III, 233).
xatobaze qofakisagan uaryofil mucalis marjve-nas “balRebi aTreven kaviT”. srulyofil nawarmoeb-Si arc erTi striqoni araa SemTxveviTi da es suraTi gasagebsa xdis aludasaTvis b a l R o b i d a n v e g a -S i n a g n e b u l i w e s i s y o f i s m i e r C v e u l e -b r i o b a s , mis siRrmesa da masStabs.
SatilionTaTvis m t e r i arakaci da rjulZaR-lia. igi imTaviTve codviania da amitom “kuprSi mie-lis qSenani”. igi dedis gazrdiladac ki ar miiCneva (“Cven vityviT kacni Cvena varT, marto Cven gvzrdian dedani, Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT kuprSi mie-liT qSenani”). rogorc Cans, adamianurisagan da ka-cobriulisagan mtris totaluri gamoTiSva aZlevs nebas xevsurs mklavi mokveTos mas rogorc borot-sa da eSmaur arsebas, amitom — “wesi ar aris mtris mokvla Tu xel ar masWer daniTa”. aseTia, poemis mixedviT, xevsurTa “samarTali”. es wesi imdenad ga-Sinagnebulia, rom Satilionebs arc ki sjeraT alu-dasagan marjvenamoukveTeli meore qistis (mucalis) mokvla: “mohkal, marjvena ar masWer, ukven misdevdi
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ma rada?”.. aludas Tanamoymeebs es ar gaemtyunebaT, aki qeTelauris qavze “xeleb jRrdesaviT hkidia”. magram, rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelis moWra adaTo-brivi samarTlis n o r m a araa. aludam icis da sava-raudebelia qvecnobierad Temic grZnobdes, rom mokluli mtrisaTvis xelis moWra “Znelad saqneli” ramaa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, poemaSi cxadi xdeba, rom xelis armoWra aramcTu sasjels ar iwvevs12, aramed daviwyebasac eZleva imdenad, rom berdia arc ki ux-senebs am ambavs aludas xatobaze, roca es ukanaskne-li samxvewros damwyalobnebas mosTxovs xevisbers.
aseTia Temi da misi adaTi. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom “adaTebis moqmedebis sfero Temuri yofiT ar Semoifargleba, — met-naklebi ZaliT isini y o v e l sazogadoebaSi moqmedeben”13. adaTi istoriulad aRmocenebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesia, sa-yovelTaod miCneuli moqmedebisa da moqcevis sti-lia. igi rogorc individisagan, ise sazogadoebisa-gan m e t n a k l e b i s i m k a c r i T moiTxovs wesis dacvas.
“magram tradicia Cvengan faravs swored imas, ra-sac igi, erTi SexedviT, sayovelTaod gasagebsa xdis, raki sayovelTaod gasagebia swored dafaruli... is, rac yvelasaTvis gasagebia, calkeulad aravisTvis araa gasagebi. is, rac sayovelTaod misawvdomia, aravis Sinagan monapovrad ar iqceva. tradicia ste-reotipul, standartul pasuxebs iZleva kiTxvebze, romlebsac TiToeulma kacma Tavisi pasuxi unda gas-ces” (h a i d e g e r i ).
2
mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturuli mTliano-bidan zogierTi, metnaklebad dasrulebuli nawili TavisTavad migvaniSnebs misi mniSvnelobis xarisxze. “aluda qeTelaurSi” sami erTmaneTTan mizezobri-
12. g r i g o l k i k n a Z e , dasax. wigni, gv. 6313. iqve, gv. 61.
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vad dakavSirebuli didmniSvnelovani nawili Sei-Zleba gamoiyos: brZola, sizmris gamocxadeba da xatoba. sizmriT naCvenebi moqmedeba, qeTelauris “vaJkacobis” Sesamowmeblad mindias wasvla-mosvlis fardis miRma mimdinareobs, ris gamoc mkvlevarebi mas nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen. faqtiurad, min-dias moZraoba, mindiasa da xevsurebis aludasTan dialogi poemaSi fabuluri planis c r u k v a n Z s hqmnis, romlis wiaR aludas WeSmariti feriscvale-bis misteriaa gadmocemuli. brZolaSia fesvi alu-da qeTelauris gardaqmna-feriscvalebisa, sizmarSi naCvenebia am feriscvalebis Sinaarsi, xolo xatoba-ze — misi Sedegi.
aludasa da mucalis orTabrZola poemaSi dawvrilebiT da didi eqspresiulobiT aris aRwe-rili. mis CrdilSi ikargeba fabuluri planisaTvis niSandoblivi elementebi: naqurdali cxenebis ukan-ve wamosxma da mucalis ZmisaTvis xelis moWra, rac imas niSnavs, rom brZolas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. am brZolis Semdeg da Sedegad iqceva aluda sxvagvarad, gansxvavebulad, ucnaurad.
“kldis Savardeni” aluda qistebs
marjvedve gadaewia,Tofma gaiRo Cqamio:erT qurdkantalas RilRvelsacudi daudga wamio;gadavardeba cxenzeiT,yel-Tavqve ekidebisa;natyviari sWirs beWis Tavs,zed cecxli ekidebisa;amxanig-moklul RilRveliCaxmaxsa ezidebisa...
“ukiduresi TvalsaCinoebiT warmosaxuli brZo-lis am suraTiT iwyeba aludasa da mucalis sti-qionuri mZvinvarebiT aRbeWdili orTabrZola. ukve zemoT motanil nawyvetSi avtori iseT eqspresiul
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Zalmosilebas amJRavnebs, rom mkiTxveli TviTmxol-velis mdgomareobaSia Cayenebuli. zedized ganmeo-rebuli sami xuTmarcvlovani zmnuri riTmis meS-veobiT cxenze yelTavqve dakidebuli kacis miwaze xaTqa-xuTqis bgeriT-ritmuli STabeWdilebaa gad-mocemuli. riTmebi sulmouTqmelad erwymian erT-maneTs, riTac siswrafis ucnaurad cxoveli SegrZ-neba eufleba mkiTxvels. am nawyvetSi, iseve rogorc mis momdevno brZolis aRwerilobaSi, vaJas poeturi metyvelebis bgeriT-ritmuli struqtura srulyo-filad gangvacdevinebs mebrZolTa fsiqikuri da fizikuri moZraobis dinamikas. orive meomari Tav-daviwyebiT, pirovnuli gancdis mTeli sisavsiT da siRrmiT aris Cabmuli brZolis mdinarebaSi, mowi-naaRmdegeni sam-samjer esvrian”14 da brZoliT ga-avebulni samivejer r j u l Z a R l a d naTlaven erTmaneTs.
aris situaciebi, roca ufskrulis piras mdgari adamiani iseTi ukiduresi gansacdelis winaSe dgas, rac misgan mTeli Sinagani Zalebis mobilizacias moi-Txovs. am mosazRvre situaciaSi mas ZaluZs miswvdes Tavis uRrmes, idumal, Sinagan arss, gadalaxos Ta-visi yoveldRiuri arsebobis siviwrove Tu Cveule-brioba da gulisyuri gauxsnas Rrmaddafarulsa da arsebiTs, maradiulsa da uxilavs. da swored aseT situaciaSia Cayenebuli mucalTan Serkinebuli alu-da. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi brZola s w o r f e r T a Serkinebas hgavs, rom isini TanabarZalovani meomre-bi arian. gamarjveba orive mxarisagan erTnairadaa mosalodneli, raki jer aludas tyvia, Tumca ki “kenCxas acda”, quds uxvrets da Tmas utusavs mu-cals, xolo Semdeg mucalis sapasuxo srola sapi-riwamles utexs qeTelaurs da amitom “ar xvdeba” guls misi tyvia.
14. T a m a z C x e n k e l i , aluda qeTelauri, mnaTobi #7, 1961, gv. 154. faqtiurad aluda orjer esvris mucals. amgvarive Seusabam-obaa mindias sityvasa _ ”dResav mogivaT mindia, manam dabrZandes mravali”, _ da mis moqmedebas Soris; amis Sesaxeb, iqve, gv. 157.
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poemaSi warmoCinebuli sazogadoeba xevisberisa da kargi ymis anu pirovnebis religiuri da meomru-li ganzomilebiT damsazRvreli sazogadoebaa. aluda, rogorc sakraluri Temis wevri, raRa Tqma unda, religiiT gamsWvaluli pirovnebaa, magram igi meomruli qmedebis kacia da ara RvTismsaxuri. Tum-ca vaJas poemebSi socialurad dasazRvrul am or aspeqts Soris gadaulaxavi barieri ar arsebobs, ma-galiTad: zneobriv kriziss miwuruli afSina xevis-beri xdeba, samyaros universalur dasabamTan wil-nayari mindia meomaria, xolo aludasaTvis ucxo ar aris Rrma religiuri gancda, rasac igi isev da isev qmedebiT gamoxatavs.
aluda kargi yma anu meomaria, da gasagebia, rom misi Sinagani feriscvalebis impulss meomruli qme-debis aqtSi hqondes dasabami. vaJa Seumcdari gu-maniT grZnobs amas: poemis pirvelive TavSi aluda gardauvali saSiSroebis Semcveli sastiki orTabr-Zolis situaciaSia Cayenebuli. mxolod Rirseul s w o r f e r T a n brZolas SeeZlo gamoevlinebina srulad aluda qeTelauris temperamentis siRrme. mxolod gansakuTrebulad mZvinvare SerkinebaSi, romelic Sinagani Zalebis ukiduresi intensiobiT daZabvas moiTxovs, SeiZleboda ganTavisuflebuli-yo p i r o v n e b i s f a r u l i S i n a g a n i e n e r -g i a , rac, iSviaTad, upiratesad mwvave, krizisul situaciaSi iCens Tavs. swored am momentSi unda amo-qmedebuliyo aludas gulSi potenciurad mTvlema-re qvecnobierebis uRrmesi Sreebi, romlis drosac misTvis misawvdomi gaxdeboda iseTi ram, rac gamo-ricxuli iqneboda sxva situaciaSi.
“mesame” tyviiT aluda sasikvdilod Wris mowi-naaRmdeges. sinamdvilis xelSesaxebi TvalsaCi-noebiT aris warmosaxuli mucalis ukanaskneli gabrZoleba:
mucals ar swadis sikvdili,fers ara hkargavs mglisasa,
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mahglejs, daifevs wylulSiamwvanes balaxsa mTisasa.erTic esrola aludas,xans ara hkargavs cdisasa.Tofic aludas gadugdo,erTs kidev etyvis sityvasa:-exla Sen iyos, rjulZaRlo,xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa.sityva gauSra pirzeda,dabla gaerTxa miwasa.
aq unda SevniSnoT, rom brZolis es kulminaciu-ri momenti, es “wami” cxovlad CarCa gulSi aluda qeTelaurs. Satils mobrunebuli aluda xevsurebs uyveba Tavisi orTabrZolis ambavs da ar aviwydeba aRniSnos, rom mucali “natyviars brZamiT ifevda, isre dalia sulia”. sizmrad movlenil mucalsac
gulzed emCniva niSanime-d imis brZolis wamisa,efina natyviarSialega safevi brZamisa.
aludas cxovlad CarCa gulSi saxe Tavganwiruli SemarTebiT mebrZoli mucalisa imitom, rom brZolis am kulminaciur momentTan aris dakavSirebuli qeTe-laurSi momxdari didi feriscvalebis aqti.
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pirveli, rac orive meomarma igrZno uSualod da cnobierad, urTierTis mxedruli xelovnebisa da gautexeli SemarTebis aRiareba iyo. amas jer sikv-dils miwuruli mucali gamoamJRavnebs, roca mZvin-vare gulwrfelobiT aRsavse SeZaxiliT gadaugde-bs Tofs aludas. mucali, SesaZloa, imitomac, rom sasikvdilodaa ganwiruli, amaze Sors aRar midis, raki kvlav imeorebs tradiciul “rjulZaRlos”.
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aludas q v e c n o b i e r i w v d o m a ufro Rrmaa. igi aramc Tu iaraRs ar ahyris mucals, aramed xel-sac ara sWris, Tumca Cven ukve viciT, rom man “bevr qists maaWra marjvena”, xolo Semdeg vigebT, rom mis qavze “xeleb jRrdesaviT hkidia”. mtris vaJka-cobiT gulSeZruli aluda daitirebs mucals, gvars daulocavs, gamdels Seuqebs da misi misamarTiT aqve dascdeba pirvelad, kargi ymisa da Temis Tval-sazrisiT yovlad warmoudgeneli “RmerTma gacxo-nos mkvdario...”
aludas Tofi ar unda,atirda rogorc qalio;ar ahyris iaraRebsa,ar exarbeba Tvalio.TaviT daudva xanjari,zed ekra spilos Zvalio,gulzed Zegligi daadva,mklavzed franguli xmalio.marjvenas ar sWris mucalsa,ityoda: “codva ario;vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo,RmerTma gacxonos mkvdario.mklavzedav gebas marjvena,Senzed alali ario,Sen xel Sens gulzed damiwdes,numc xarobs qavis kario,kargi gyolia gamdeli,RmerTm gidRegrZelos gvario!”sigrZiv gahxura nabadi,zed gadaadva fario.
am nawyvetSi sqemis saxiT ukve mocemulia poe-mis mTavari gmiris Sinagani ganviTarebis TiTq-mis mTeli suraTi. ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba aludas qvecnobierebaSi anazdeulad afeTqebu-li axali rwmenis TandaTanobiTi gacnobierebis procesi...
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sikvdils miwurulma mucalma s w o r f e r m e o m r a d anu v a J k a c a d scno r j u l Z a R l i mteri. r j u l i — dapirispirebuli, mtrulad ganw-yobili Temebis, am SemTxvevaSi qistebisa da xevsu-rebis eTikur RirebulebaTa piramidis m w v e r v a -l i a . mteri SeiZleba “vaJkaci” iyos, magram is mainc u r j u l o a . mowinaaRmdegeSi vaJkacis anu gmiris danaxva urTierTaRiarebis u q v e m o e s i , s a w y i -s i s a f e x u r i a . da am safexurze darCa mucali. aludas mier mucalis vaJkacad aRiareba (“miT vaqeb vaJkacobasa ar iyideba fulada”) ufro mets niSnavs, vidre masSi sworferi meomris danaxva: vaJkaci kar-gi ymaa da, maSasadame, kargi dedis gazrdili, xolo aseTi vaJkacis xelis moWra c o d v a unda iyos.
es sityva sworad ar emodaT: aludas ki a r S e e -c o d a mucali, aramed c o d v a d 15 miiCnia misTvis mklavis moWra. rom es asea, misganve sxvagzis Tq-muli adasturebs: “vai, egeTas samarTals, monaT-luls c o d v a - b r a l i T a ”. xatobaze misi Seve-dreba gudanis jvarisadmi: “Tan Saexvewa batonsa, nu S a m i c o d e b Svilsao”, - amasve adasturebs. mucalis winaSe mdgari aluda grZnobs, rom k a r -g i y m i s a T v i s (da aseTi iyo misTvis mucali) anu m s g a v s i s a T v i s xelis moWra umsgavsi, usamarT-lo, ukacuri saqcielia. aludasaTvis mucali misive msgavsi adamiania anu “mounaTlavi gmiria”, amitom daitirebs da amitomve ityvis mis mimarT “RmerT-ma gacxonos”, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iTqmis urjulos mimarT. TvistomebisaTvis brZolis ambis moyolisas igi kidev gaimeorebs mucalisadmi pirve-lad dacdenils: “im cxonebulsa mucalsa”, razedac mas mkvaxed SeniSnaven: “ras ambob? qistis cxoneba ar dawerila rjulada”. aluda iseT sityvas ambobs mu-calis mimarT, rac mxolod qristianad monaTluli Tvistomis mimarT SeiZleba iTqvas. da es erTxel ki-
15. Seudare: “maSin arc RmerTi g v i c o d v e b s mtrisad Saqcevas xelisas”... an, “is rad v i c o d v o T , uflisgan raic a r g v e -c o d v e b i s a ?!” (gvelis-mWameli, IV, 15)
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dev amtkicebs, rom mas Tavis m s g a v s kacad miaCnia mucali.
aluda tiriliT gamoiglovebs urjulo mucals, magram vis tirian poemis mixedviT xevsurni? — ur-julos mier moklul Tvistoms, romlis sisxlis asaRebad salaSqrod unda wavidnen. Tvistomze ti-rili “kacis wesia” (“menac iq viyav, v s t i r o d i ro-gorc wesia kacisa”). da aluda stiris kacs, e.i. Tavis m s g a v s adamians, miuxedavad imisa, rom is “mounaT-lavia”.
zemoT aRiniSna, rom vaJa Tavisi miznebisaTvis da am miznebis Sesabamisad modificirebul Tems gvixa-tavs. vaJas, rogorc poets, zogjer subieqturi interpretirebis elementi Seaqvs xevsurTa realu-rad arsebul adaT-wesebSi. xevsureTSi micvalebul-ze tirili ar aris “kacis wesi”16 da es gamosWvivis aludas mimarT naTqvam striqonSi: “atirda rogorc qalio”; swored qalebi tirian xevsureTSi micva-lebulze. am StrixiT vaJam, erTi mxriv, gaamZafra mucalis mimarT aludas emociuri damokidebuleba, xolo meore mxriv, zogadmniSvnelovani xasiaTis el-feriT gaamdidra igi. aqve unda iTqvas, rom aludas am “tirils” raRacnairi kavSiri aqvs rusTavelis gmirebis tirilTan, romelic poemis yvelaze tra-gikuli, didi Sinagani gancdiT aRbeWdili situa-ciebis niSandobliv akompanements warmoadgens. va-Jas sxva gmirebisTvisac niSandoblivia t i r i l i : ufals “c x a r e c r e m l i T ” evedreba kopala (III, 79), “stumar-maspinZelSi” “moZmeni... Tavis mkvdars Tavis weszed” t i r i a n (III, 233), “mlocav” mindias “c x e l i s c r e m l i T ” (aSkarad rusTveluri msazRvrel-sazRvrulia) evseba Tvalebi da ufalTan
16. xevsureTSi _ vaJas TqmiT _ “dedakacebi zariT tirian... kacebi c r e m l s a r a h R v r i a n , mxolod qviTineben da Tvalebze qudebs ifareben” (IX, 50). xevsureTSi “mkvdarze daTvalva icodes kacebm, xmitiril marto mSavlebm (kacebm) icodes”... ix. a l . W i n W a r a u l i , xevsurulis Taviseburebani, 1960, gv. 341; t i -r i l i dakavSirebulia c r e m l i s d e n a s T a n (ix. ganmarte-biTi leqsikoni)
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wilnayarobas ganSorebuli “dRe da Ram” t i r i s (IV, 23, 19), da bolos, “kacis wesisamebr” t i r i s alu-da... SesaZloa, vaJas gmirebs amisaken ubiZga lesin-gis “laokoonma” (es wigni didad uyvarda vaJas da bevrjerac hqonda gadakiTxuli), sadac tirilze sa-cnauri azria gamoTqmuli: “berZenis heroizmi kvesSi mimaluli naperwkalia, romelsac umoqmedod sZina-vs... sanam mas raime garegani Zala ar gamoaRviZebs. barbarosis heroizmi ki yovlisSTanmTqmeli alia, romelic gamudmebiT anTia da mis sulSi yovelgvar keTil midrekilebas anadgurebs an asustebs mainc... priamosi ukrZalavs Tvistomebs tirils (“xmamaRal tirils priamosi uSlida maT”), xolo ukrZalavda imitom, rogorc dasie ambobs, rom zedmetad ar aCu-yebodaT guli da meore dRes nakleb mamacni ar yo-filiyvnen... magram gekiTxebiT me, mxolod priamosi ratom zrunavda amaze? ratom agamemnoni ar aZlevs amgvarsave brZanebas berZnebs? poetis Canafiqri aq ufro Rrmaa: mas surs dagvanaxvos, rom mxolod ci-vilizebul berZens SeuZlia tiriliT moioxos guli da amave dros mamacad darCes, maSin roca tlanq-ma troelma imisaTvis, rom mamacoba gamoiCinos, jer gulSi unda Caiklas yovelgvari adamianuri grZnoba”17... aludas tirili — qeTelaurSi axlad gaRviZebuli R r m a d a d a m i a n u r i instiqtis ga-momxatveli mdgomareobaa da aq vaJa, iseve rogorc zog sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi mxatvruli miznebis saWiroebis mixedviT niuansurad cvlis, amZafrebs an konteqstiT asxvaferebs fSav-xevsuruli eTnosi-saTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs18.
17. Л е с с и н г. Лаокоон... М., 1957 gv. 76,77.18. magaliTad, a . S a n i Z i s “xevsurul poeziaSi” (1931, #229) gvx-vdeba: “qisto, gicxondes gamzrdeli, guli gdebiva magari”... vaJas poemaSi qistis cxoneba dauSvebeli, “r j u l a d a r d a w e r i -l i ” ambavia. meore mxriv, vaJa amZafrebs tradiciuls, _ poemis mixedviT: “w e s i a r a r i s mtris mokvla, Tu xel ar masWer daniTa”, _ xevsuruli leqsiT ubralod: “u x e l o d s a x e l a r a r s a ” (#99). vaJas Tanadroul fSav-xevsureTSi arc kuratis TviTneburi SewirvisTvis moikveTdnen Tvistoms, magram winaT,
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aseTia dawuruli saxiT poemis pirvel TavSi-ve erTbaSad naCvenebi aludas anazdeuli garda-qmnisa Tu feriscvalebis suraTi. magram ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos aludas cxadad hqondes gacno-bierebuli Tavisi sityvebis Sina-arsi. aludas si-tyvebi faqtiurad misi tirilis qveteqstia da ara cnobierad dakristalebuli azri da vaJas mxolod mxatvruli nawarmoebis pirobiToba aZlevs saSuale-bas gagvimxilos igi. poemis mTel manZilze aluda qeTelauris TandaTanobiTi TviTgamorkvevis garda amas adasturebs isic, rom mis gulSi mZafri emo-ciurobiT ganxmuli rwmena mxolod mucalze aris fiqsirebuli. poemis meore TavSi mkiTxvelisaTvis moulodnelad irkveva, rom man iqve, brZolis damTa-vrebisTanave (sxva dro mas ar hqonda) xeli mosWra mucalis Zmas. vaJa gasagebi mizezis gamo ar gviCve-nebs amas, magram migvaniSnebs, rom qeTelaurSi momx-dari uCveulo feriscvalebis impulsi mxolod nawi-lobriv aris gacnobierebuli da amitom jer mxo-lod mis gamomwvev obieqtzea fiqsirebuli. ufro gvian, roca aludas mucalis marjvenas “miarTmevs” mindia, gulamRvreuli aludas pasuxSi mJRavndeba, rom mas g a n z o g a d e b u l i aqvs qvecnobieri wv-domiT mopovebuli axali WeSmariteba:
raad swyrebian xevsurni,rada tyvrebian javriTa?mters movklav, kidev ar movsWrimarjvenas magaT jabriTa!
ra Tqma unda, “jabri” aq arafer SuaSia: aluda TviTonve grZnobs, rom mucalis marjvenis armiRe-
sakralur TemSi swored aseTi reaqcia unda gamoemJRavnebina xevisbers, da vaJa Tavisi mxatvruli miznebisaTvis Sesabamis a r q a u l Tems gvixatavs, raki igi ufro srulad gadmogvcems s a e r T o d s a z o g a d o e b i s a T v i s d a m a x a s i a T e -b e l i , t r a d i c i u l k a n o n a d q c e u l i i d e o l o g i i s p i r o v n e - b i s a g a n S e u v a l o b a s .
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bis miseuli argumentacia (“raad mindaris, ver mixm-lobs, ar gamodgeba farada, mTaSi waviRo, ar miTibs, arc margebs Tivis kavada”) arafrismTqmelia Sati-lionTaTvis. mas “g u l i ewveba braliT” da “g u l i -v e urCevs” mtris mimarT aRar Caidinos “codva-bra-liT monaTluli” ugvani saqcieli. igi qvecnobierad grZnobs, rom TvistomTa protestis miuxedavad (da amitom “jabriT”) amieridan swored ase moiqceva da ara sxvagvarad, magram jer kidev ar icis sakuTar gul-Si ganxmuli axali rwmenis m T e l i s i R r m e , misive qvecnobierebaSi m o m w i f e b u l i g a d a w y v e t i -l e b i s gezi da xasiaTi, romelic bevrad ufro Rrma da yovlismomcvelia, vidre misadmi aludas cnobieri damokidebuleba.
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amrigad, mucalTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo or-TabrZolaSi pirovnuli gancdebis mTeli sisav-siT Cabmul aludas uneburad gaexsna raRacnai-ri Sinagani Tvali Tu gulisyuri. am wamidan igi daJinebiT usmens sakuTari arsebis siRrmeSi da-Zrul misTvis jer kidev bundovan WeSmaritebaTa xmas.
aludas qvecnobier fiqrebTan ucnauri Sesaty-visobiT aRwers vaJa bunebis suraTs, romliTac poemis meore Tavi iwyeba. yoveli arsi imTaviTve dasazRvruli xvedriT moZraobs: mze caze iwevs, kavkasionis devebi cas misjarvian, sanadirod aS-lili qorebi frinvelebs “leven”, svavni arwivebs misdeven da uceb am TiTqosda mSvid fonze mara-di dapirispirebis gamomxatveli saxe Cndeba: myin-varze SemarTul jixvebs R v T i s m a d l i adgaT Tavze, xolo xevi-xev a v i xmiT y r a n t a l e b s yorani. yorani Savia da SaveTisa da sikvdilis mac-nea. Satilisaken mimavali aludas Tanamdevi yorani yrantalebs:
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mamkvdara qisti mucali,Tvaln unda vsWamne ymisao,gul-RviZli amovarido,kalTa davxuro mxrisao...
es yrantali TiTqos aludas gulSi gaismis, alu-das qvecnobierebis nislSi, raki “mas pirs daswolia nislebi, guliT nadeni, Savia”, rac sxva araferia Tu ara misi mZime, qvecnobieri fiqri da ganwyoba. aluda usmens am xmas. mas “ar ewoneba Tavi” da es sagulisxmoa. bunebagadabrunebuli, Sinaganad fer-Secvlili aluda TandaTan uaxlovdeba Satils. ma-gram Satili isev iseTia, rogoric aludas brZolad wasvlamde iyo. mas “ca axuria kldisa” da ar uSvebs “SuadRis mzes”. Seuryeveli, Seuvali da upirqubo, “kldis ciT” gadaxuruli Satili Semzaravi saxea da aludas mZime ganwyobilebis fonze gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. da ai, ukve moCans mziT ganaTe-buli imedas qavi, romelic jer kidev Cabnelebuli, mzeCauRweveli da, SesaZloa, amitom aludasaTvis uCinari Satilis ganmasaxierebelia:
meeba Wiuxiansa,sadac imedas qavia,zafxuls Tofis xmas iyurebs,zamTar Camodis zvavia.bevrjer maaswro delgmama,hyefda yorani Savia.dahfamfalebda TavzedagaumaZRari svavia,vervin mahriva iRbali,veravin uyva avia.urjulos xelebsav adnobszed mzis sxivebi mwvavia.gvelma ver gasWra liboi,dResac cocxaliv aria.zogjer avdari dadgeba,zogjer mze brwyinavs, daria,
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ra uyavT, bevri unaxavulvaS-aSlili mkvdaria!bevrjer wasula saWaloddaxocilT sisxlis Rvaria;SauRebia wiTladaavi ardotis wyalia...
aseTia imedas qavi da igi adamianTa sacxovri-sis simboloa. zafxuls zamTari cvlis, dars av-dari, magram qavs veravin “uyva avi”, misi “iRba-li” veravin “mahriva”, “gvelma ver gasWra libo”, imedas qavi anu kacTa sacxovrisi droisagan SeuZvreli da Seuvalia. vaJa miTosuri antino-miebis — zamTrisa da zafxulis, darisa da av-dris, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis sisxlian wreSi moqceuli kacTa yofierebis amazrzen suraTs gvixatavs: imedas qavze “Savi yorani hyefs”, misi arseboba “ulvaS-aSlili mkvdrebisa” da “daxo-cilTa sisxlis Rvaris” sazRaurad aris mopove-buli. S e u r i g e b e l i m t e r o b i s saZirkvelzea amoSenebuli kacobriuli yofierebis es cixe. misi arsebobis simbolo mzis mwvave sxivebiT damdnari mtris anu urjulos moWrili marjvenaa. da momde-vno monakveTSi vaJa vizioneris xilviT aRwers wu-TisofelSi kacTa mtrobis jojoxeTur suraTs, ro-melic gamoxatvis “daundoblobiT” (T. mani) dantes jojoxeTis sisxlian vizionebs gvagonebs... monakve-Ti, romelic uSualod mosdevs imedas qavis aRwe-ras, mis S i n a x e d s , misi mdgmurebis eTiur planSi danaxuli S i n a g a n i c x o v r e b i s saxes gvimJRa-vnebs. “mterobiT” dgas imedas qavi anu kacTa sacxo-vrisi da es mteroba devuri cxovrebis anu sisxliani qorwilis Sesatyvisia...
visac mteroba maswyurdes,gaaRos saxlis karia,sisxl daigubos keraSi,TviTanac Sigve mdgaria.
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Rvinodac imas dahlevdes,puradac mosaxmaria.pirjvari daiwerodes,miTam saydarSi aria.sisxlSia hqondes qorwili,iq daiweros jvaria,daipatiJos stumrebi,daamwkriodes jaria.sisxlSi daigos logini,gverd daiwvinos calia.bevri iyolos Svilebi,bevri vaJi da qalia.iqve saflavi gaTxaros,iq daimarxos mkvdaria.Sen ro sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen,mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria.
m t e r o b a dapirispirebul sazogadoebaTa ar-sebobis sasicocxlo principia. igi gulisxmobs Su-risgebis uwyvet jaWvs. m t e r o b a dausrulebeli da maradiulia. sisxli sisxlis wil, — aqezebs m o -s i s x l e s dauZleveli demoni, Surisgebis suli — alastori. amrigad, erTi mkvleloba badebda meoris aucileblobas, ukve daRvrili sisxli axal sisxls iTxovda.
“qeTelauri im qveynis Svilia, romlis Sesaval karebze maxviliT aris amokveTili Semdegi sityve-bi: “sikvdili TviTon ufalsa gauCenia mtrisada”19. aseTi iyo ZvelTa praqtikuli moralis devizi da, zelinskis azriT, es iyo mizezi imisa, rom antikur zneobriobas, rogorc Surisgebis zneobriobas, xa-lisiT upirispirebdnen qristianuls, rogorc mite-vebis zneobriobas. magram, misive TqmiT, “ giyvardes moyvare da gZuldes mteri” , — antikuri moraliT daiSveboda mxolod rogorc adamianuri grZnobis bu-nebrivi gamovlineba. ufro amaRlebulad ki iTvle-boda iseTi ganwyobileba, roca gonebiT daokebuli 19. d i m i t r i b e n a S v i l i , vaJa-fSavela, 1961, gv. 104-105.
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Surisgebis refleqsi adgils uTmobda siyvarulisa da mitevebis aRTqmas”20.
brZenTa apoloniseuli SvideulTaganis — piTake lesboselis SegonebiT m i t e v e b a S u r i s g e b a -z e Z l i e r i a . da faqtiurad, amave azrs gamohxa-tavs bibliuri Segonebac: “rai sxvaTagan moZulebel iqmne yofad Senda da ixile, raTa Senca araodes meoresa uqmna” (tobia, 4, 15). ase rom, sayovelTaod miRebul praqtikul morals “maRla mxedTa” spiri-tualuri Tvalsazrisi upirispirdeboda. maTTvis cnobili iyo, rom Surisgebisa da mkvlelobis anu m t e r o b i s mSobeli T a v d a p i r v e l i c o d v a a (esqile. agamemnoni, 756), rom “Z v e l i codva Sobs codvas a x a l s kacTaganisaTvis” (iqve 760-61). da rom amitom mxolod codvis gamosyidviT SeiZleba aRixocos Tavdapirveli codva...
“Tuki msoflioSi, axla an odesme, Tundac erTi kaci moiZebneba, romelic SesZlebs gaigos, rom Sen marTali ar iyavi, — am kacs an msoflios dapyroba mouxdeba ise, rogorc es me gavakeTe, anda msoflio jvars acvams mas...
gesmis? isini Seni sasaxlis karibWeSi SemoWras lamoben. maTac swamT Surisgeba da mkvleloba. Sen mohkali maTi beladi da ver gaamtyuneb, maT rom Sen mogklan... xolo maSin, imave samarTlis ZaliT, gana me ar unda davxoco isini imisaTvis, rom maT mohkles TavianTi dedofali da gana Tavad ar unda movikla maTi Tanamemamuleebis mier amis gamo, rom maT samSobloSi SemoviWeri? da sxva ra unda iRonos romma, Tu ara is, rom moakvdinos Cemi mkvlelebi da msoflios daanaxvos rogor iZia Suri romma Ta-visi Svilebis RirsebisaTvis? da ase, ukunisamde, — samarTlianobisa, Rirsebisa da mSvidobisaTvis Cade-nili mkvleloba dabadebs xolme mkvlelobas, vidre RmerTebs ar daeRlebaT sisxli da ar Seqmnian kacTa modgmas, romelic iswavlis gagebas...”21 aseT saza-
20. Ф. З е л и н с к и й (введение), Софокл, I, М., 1914, gv. 267, 269.21. Б . Ш о у. I, М. 196. gv. 463-464.
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rel sityvebs eubneba keisari kleopatras bernard Sous piesaSi.
imis g a g e b a , rom SurismaZiebeli mkvleli mar-Tali ar aris, u Z n e l e s i r a m a a . amis gamgebs j v a r s a c v a m e n ... da amis gageba surs kacTa ma-radi mtrobis morevSi CaTreul, Surisgebis sisxlian wreSi moqceul aludas. “Sen ro sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen, mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria”, — es daxSu-li wre unda gaarRvios qeTelaurma, raki x e d a v s , rom dabadebidan sikvdilamde sisxlSi dgas, sisxlsa svams Rvinod da sisxlsa sWams purad kacis mkvleli kaci, raki g r Z n o b s , rom aseTi kacis x v e d r i ma-radi sisxlisRvra da bolos mtris xeliT miRebuli sikvdilia.
Cvenebis saxiT gadmocemuli poemis es erT-erTi uZlieresi adgili vaJas remarkis farglebSi rCeba, vinaidan aludasaTvis aq gamoTqmuli azrebi jer ki-dev ar aris gacnobierebuli. vaJa gvimxels am azrebs imitom, rom qvecnobierad isini ukve iZvrian aludas gulSi, an imitom, rom zneobrivi TviTgamorkvevis gzaze isini aucileblobis ZaliT unda gaicnobieros aludam.
l
poemis meore da meoTxe TavSi xevsurebTan (uSiSa, mindia, sxvebi) dialogi f a b u l u r i planis erTi mTliani monakveTia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini mesa-me Tavis “sizmriT” arian gaTiSulni. sizmris Sedegi aranairad ar cxaddeba mis momdevno meoTxe TavSi.
u m T a v r e s i , rac xevsurebTan aludas dia-logSi cnaurdeba, tradiciul zneobriv Rirebu-lebebTan misi i W v n e u l i damokidebulebaa. alu-das e e W v e b a misTvis aqamde ueWveli religiuri da samarTlebrivi mcnebebis siswore da swored es aris aqcentirebuli poemis meore da meoTxe TavSi. umTavresi-meTqi imitom, rom roca aludas unebu-rad d a s c d e b a masSi anazdeulad Casaxuli, magram
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jer kidev gaucnobierebeli axali rwmenis Sesatyvi-si — “im cxonebulsa mucalsa rkina sdebiyo gulada”, razedac mas iqve SeniSnaven “ras ambob? qistis cxo-neba ar dawerila rjuladao”, — qeTelauri aramcTu aRar imeorebs am gamoTqmas, xevsurTa am SeZaxebas TiTqos yuradRebasac ar aqcevs, radgan sapasuxod Tqmuli “miT vaqeb vaJkacobasa, ar iyideba fula-da”, xevsurTa mkvaxe SeZaxilis n a m d v i l i pasuxi ar aris. aludas sityvebi maincdamainc ucnaurad ar eCvenebaT xevsurebs, isaa mxolod, rom Satilionebi umal aludas “gamoqcevas” ijereben, vidre imas, rom man mklavi ar mosWra qistisSvils. brZolis adgil-ze wasuli mindia xevsurebs am iWvsac uqarwylebs da aludas u c n a u r o b a TvistomTaTvis imiTRa amoiwureba, rom is mindiasagan “morTmeul” marjve-nas ar miiRebs da mindias ficxad upasuxebs (es sifi-cxe misi avtonomiurobis SelaxviT aris gamowveuli: “Tu xelis moWra mdomiyo, gan ver movsWridi Tava-da”): xevsurTa “jabriT” arc Semdeg movWri mters marjvenaso. xatobaze irkveva, rom es ambavic da-viwyebuli aqvT Satilionebs.
magram meore TavSi qeTelauri sagulisxmo ra-mes ityvis da mas, axla ukve aludas “sicruis Tq-miT” gulmosuli, xevsurebi ver aqceven yuradRe-bas...
aluda brZolis ambavs uyveba Satilionebs da bolos raRacnairi dananebiT ambobs: “suls ar aclida amosvlas, kidev mixsena rjulia”. iseTi STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos amas TavisTvis an Tavis gulSi ambobdes aluda, radgan xevsurebisaTvis, cxadia, Cveulebrivi unda iyos mucalis aseTi si-tyva. magram qeTelauri gulistkiviliT fiqrobs amaze. aki mucalma “Tofis CuqebiT” aRiara alu-das vaJkacoba da sworfer meomrad scno igi, maS, ratomRa Seugina sikvdils miwurulma rjuli? “kidev mixsena rjulia”, - aludasaTvis TiTqos moulodnelia es. kargi vaJkaci xar, magram ur-julo — aseTia mucalis sasikvdilo aRsareba,
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romelic ganaCeniviT reks aludasaTvis. aluda grZnobs, rom mucalis ukanasknel sityvebSi ra-Racnairi gadaulaxavi, gardauvali sazRvaria, Tumca es sazRvari mis gulSi ki aRar gadis, ara-med mis gareT. da aq ityvis aluda sagulisxmo rames:
Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT,marto Cven gvzdian dedani,Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloTkuprSi mieliT qSenani.amis TqmiT vwara-maraobT,RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician.yvelani marTals ambobengana, vinaca hfician?
am iWvneuli sityvisa Tu f i q r i s pozitiu-ri, rwmenadqceuli a z r i aseTi iqneba (da bolos aluda r w m e n a d gaixdis am azrs): marto Cven ara varT kacni, sxvebsac dedebi zrdian (“kargi gyolia gamzdeli, RmerTm gidRegrZelos gvaria”), sxve-bic CvensaviT cxondebian (“vaJkaco, Cemgan moklu-lo, RmerTma gacxonos mkvdario”), urjulos, mxo-lod imitom, rom is urjuloa, kuprSi qSena ar moelis, e.i. imTaviTve c o d v i a n i ar aris, Tun-dac rom amis TqmiT vwara-maraobdeT (Seadare va-Jas werilis “SaveTs Camoudis Suaze didi xevi, ro-melzedac modis kupris mdinare, cecxlmodebuli. maszed aris gadebuli bewvis xidi, marTali gai-vlis am xidze, c o d v i l i ki Cavardeba da iwvis kuprSi”, IX, 17).
magram vin “wara-maraobs” amis TqmiT? y v e l a , vinc amas “hficavs”. yvela, e.i. Temi, yvela, e.i. xe-visberic, radgan igi “saRvTo wesebis amasrulebe-li... mSvidobianobis dros msajuli da omianobaSi jaris winamZRvaria”, Temis religiuri, politikuri da iuridiuli uflebebis ganmasaxierebelia (vaJa-fSavela, IX, 29).
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“yvelani m a r T a l s amboben gana, vinaca hfi-cian?..” aludas eeWveba religiuri WeSmariteba Temisa da xevisberisa, romelTagan pirvelisaTvis niSandoblivia axalTan Seurigeblobis, ucxosadmi siZulvilis, uCveulos uaryofis da urjulosadmi mtrobis uZvelesi instiqti, xolo meorisaTvis brma dogmatizmis suliT gamsWvaluli religiuri wesebis absoluturad uZravi, daxSuli sistemisadmi erTgu-leba.
xevisberis piriT gancxadebuli da Temis mier kanonad aRiarebuli religiuri TvalTaxedva, Se-saZloa, ar iyos m a r T a l i , — ase fiqrobs alu-da. magram Temis am wreSewerili, daxSuli cnobie-rebis SigniT da amitom aludas gulSic i m e d i s naperwkali brwyinavs — R v T i s S v i l T u k e T e s i c i a n , da es aris r w m e n a adamianis gulSi da-vanebuli c o c x a l i R m e r T i s a . RvTisSvile-bis, am SemTxvevaSi g u d a n i s j v r i s WeSmari-teba ufro Rrmaa, u k e T e s i anu srulyofili, vidre Temisa, man meti icis da u k e T e s i , vidre Tundac xevisberma. aseTia aludas rwmeniT savse imedi.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Temis tradi-ciul, sayovelTaod aRiarebul religiur WeSmari-tebaSi aludas daeWveba RvTis anu gudanis jvris RvTaebriv WeSmaritebaSi daeWvebas ar gulisxmobs. RvTisadmi sruli rwmenisa da ara mis mimarT dapi-rispirebis safuZvelze uaryofs Semdg qeTelauri manamde misTvisac gaSinagnebul Temis religiur TvalTaxedvas.
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sizmari vixile wuxel...da sizmari, romelic vixile...Semzaravia
e n q i d u
(gilgameSi, VII, IV, 14; V, III, 14)
...am sizmars ara aqvs sxva axsna...
o d i s e v s i
(homerosi, odisea, XIX, 555)
ara, ubralo sizmari es ar unda iyos.
o r e s t e
(esqile, qoeforebi, 532)
...sizmarma Cemma sikvdils gadaabija...da Sevel mkvdrebis qveyanaSi...
k l a r e n s i
(Seqspiri, riCard III)
4
“aluda qeTelauris” mesame TavSi ixureba fabu-luri planis farda (romelic, faqtiurad, pirvel, meore da meoTxe TavebSi gaSlili “moqmedebis” Se-mdeg eSveba) da Cvens Tvalwin ixsneba Tavis TavTan marto darCenili aludas zneobrivi gardaqmnisa Tu feriscvalebis misteriuli suraTi. kanibaluri or-giastulobiT aRbeWdili es moqmedeba fardis ukan anu “sizmarSi” mimdinareobs. mesame Tavis “sizmari” uSualo qmedebiT gamoxatuli plania meore TavSi naCvenebi “mterobis” vizionisa. da es ori pasaJi, xatobamde mkiTxvelisaTvis uxilveli qeTelauris qcevisa da fiqrebis m r a v l i s m e t y v e l p a u -z a s T a n e r T a d , poemaSi hqmnis aludas zneobri-vi transformaciis im Sinagan suraTs, romelsac Cven siRrmiseuli plani vuwodeT. aRsaniSnavia, rom miTosur masalaze agebuli (amaze qvemoT) “sizmari-
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ca” da “mterobis” vizionic fsiqologiurad erTi rigis movlenebia: vundtis TvalsazrisiT “SeuZle-belia absoluturi zRvari gaavlo C v e n e b a s a da s i z m a r s an halucinacias Soris”22.
poemis mesame Tavi sizmris Sesatyvisi Rameuli peizaJis aRweriT iwyeba
dabnelda, wyalni tirian,kalTa gvexurvis Ramisa.droa varskvlavTa JikJikis,mcvreva balaxzed namisa.mkvdarT sulT saflaviT gamosvlis,dro maT simReris wynarisa.devni gamovlen kldidama,xev-xuvSi exetebian...
mkvdarTa sulni toveben SaveTs da saflaviT amo-dian, raki dedamiwazec Ramea dasadgurebuli. kldi-dan gamosuli devebi xev-xuvSi exetebian, viTarca qvesknelis binadarni da RamiT moxetialeni. da aq, sadRac sizmaric unda iyos xsenebuli, radgan vaJas leqsebSic devTa sadgomi anu q v e s k n e l i sizmris meSveobiT saCinovdeba (mag. “sizmari sasowarkveTi-lisa”, I, 76-79, an “sizmari amiranisa”, I, 172-3) da mas vaJa “mZinare mxares” uwodebs, ara marto imitom, rom igi zamTarTan aris dakavSirebuli, aramed imi-tomac, rom misi x i l v a Zilis meSveobiT SeiZleba mxolod. “iq, miwis qveS, sadac micvalebulebis sasu-fevelia, aris sizmarTa sacxovrebelic. dRis ganma-vlobaSi isini kldis napralebSi Tvlemen mRamiobTa msgavsad, xolo RamiT amofrindebian... da mokvdavTa mTvlemare sulebs moakiTxaven...”23
“Zili meore sicocxlea... Zilis pirveli wuTebi sikvdilis saxea. bundovani garindeba ipyrobs Cvens azrebs da Cven aRar ZalgviZs ganvsazRvroT wuTi, roca sxva saxiT Semosili Cveni “me” agrZelebs arse-
22. v . v u n d t i . dasax. wigni. gv. 12423. f . z e l i n s k i , dasax. wigni. gv. 309.
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bobis saqmes. nisliani miwisqveSeTi nelinel naTlde-ba da Ramisa da aCrdilebisagan TandaTanobiT ikve-Teba imier qveynad dasaxlebuli fermkrTali, uZravi arsebebi. Semdeg suraTi ufro mkveTrdeba, inTeba axali sinaTle da am ucnaur aCrdilebs moZraobad aiZulebs: Cvens winaSe s u l e T i g a n i x m e b a .
svedenborgi am Cvenebebs Memorabilia-s uwodebda da maT ocnebebs ufro akuTvnebda, vidre sizmrebs. apuleusis o q r o s v i r i da dantes R v T a e b r i -v i k o m e d i a adamianis sulis aseTi mdgomareobis poetur nimuSs warmoadgens...”24.
sizmris meSveobiT qvesknels Caxdoma jer kidev “gilgameSSi” gvxvdeba. sizmarSi moixilavs enqidu qvesknelsa da mis binadarT.
“axal epoqebSi saiqioSi mogzauroba... Cvenebisa da zmanebis xasiaTs Rebulobs. adrindeli Sua sauku-neebis zogierT aRmosavlur (metwilad qristianul) ZeglebSi saiqio mxolod amgvar aspeqtSia naCvene-bi. dantes grandiozul qmnilebaSi poetis saiqioSi mgzavroba swored Cvenebis (zmanebis) saxiTaa gadmo-cemuli da igi genialurad agvirgvinebs qristianu-li kosmogoniis mxatvruli gamoxatvis saqmes evro-puli renesansis zRurblTan”25.
Seqspiris “riCard III”-Si klarensis sizmari uTuod gulisxmobs “sulxorcis gayras” da sulis hadesSi mogzaurobas:
me mezmana, rom gadavcure sevdis mdinaremgosanTa kalmiT aweril mkacr menavis naviTda Sevel mkvdrebis qveyanaSi, ukuneTis bnels...26
am sityvebSi naTlad Wvivis ZvelberZnuli aidisa da qaronis saxe, magram Semdeg warmarTuli a i d i
24. Ж . д е Н е р в а л ь . Сильвия, Октавия, Изида, Аврелия, М.1912, gv. 149-150.25. a k a k i g a w e r e l i a , vaJa-fSavela da qarTuli miTosi, kreb. vaJa-fSavelas. gv. 148.26. u i l i a m S e q s p i r i , tragediebi, t. I, 1953, gv. 54.
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qristianuli j o j o x e T i s iers iZens, xolo qa-ronis saxes codvilTa Sempyrobeli “alqajebi” da “bilwi satanebis legionebi” enacvlebian. “sizmris SiSiT” klarensi didxans gons ver modis. braken-biurTan saubarSi igi aRniSnavs:
Zalian cudad gavatare wuxelis Rame,avi sizmrebi maSfoTebdnen da saSinelnimoCvenebani. qristianis suls geficebi,ise sazaro iyo yvela, rac ki me vnaxe,rom Tund momcemdnen badlad uricxv bednier dResa,ar vindomebdi kvlav am gvaris Ramis gamovlas!27
egeve sityvebi SeZlo eTqva aluda qeTelaursac, radgan isic qristiani — “SaveTSi Cadis sizmrad” (ak. gawerelia). da misTvisac “sazaroa” yvelaferi, rac iq ixila. Tu enqidusaTvis “didia SiSi” sizmarSi gan-cdili, Tu “avi sizmris SiSiT” gons ver modis kla-rensi, aluda “cud sizmarT datanjes” da “imiT aris gunebaaRelvebuli”. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT es savsebiT gamarTlebulia. vundtis azriT: “yovel droSi cocxladdarCenilTa fiqri mkvdrebiT iyo dakavebuli... es gardauvalia im moqmedebis gamo, ro-melsac Zlieri afeqtebiTa da gancdebiT gamowveuli g a n m e o r e b i T i w a r m o s a x v a axdens”28. froi-dis TqmiT, Tumca xSiria uazro da absurduli siz-mrebi, gvxvdeba gaazrebuli, fxizeli, gonieri siz-mrebic, r o m l e b S i c r e a l u r i c x o v r e b i s s c e n e b i m e o r d e b a 29. es gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs vaJas: aludas sizmari “gamowveulia mucalTan brZo-laSi miRebuli misi gancdebiT da ...gaSlilia a l u -
27. iqve, gv. 52; aRsaniSnavia: guramiSvilis qristianuli jojox-eTic qarTuli warmarTuli hadesis elementebiT _ ”dauSreteli cecxlis tbiTa” da zed gadebuli “bewvis xidiT” aris SeZerwili (d. guramiSvili, daviTiani, 1964, gv. 322-323).28. v . v u n d t i . dasax. wigni. gv. 12029. З . Ф р е и д . Лекции по введению в психоанализ. М.– Пг., 1923. gv. 100.
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d a s g a n w y o b i s safuZvelze”30. sizmris gareSe “aludas Semdgomi moqmedeba dakargavda damajere-blobasa da f s i q o l o g i u r gamarTlebas. Tavi-si mizandasaxulobiT sizmari am nawarmoebSi Sina-gan monologs uTanabrdeba, romelSiac gmiris mier momxdari faqtis S e f a s e b a da sakuTari zneobri-vi poziciis a r C e v a n i unda gamoCndes. amdenad mas gansjis logika aqvs. oRond aq gancdebi sagnobrivi gansuraTebis planSia mocemuli, rasac Tumca s i m -b o l u r - a l e g o r i u l i foni udevs safuZvlad, magram sinamdvileSi arsebuli garemos savsebiT konkretul nimuSs Seicavs”31.
sizmari ase iwyeba: micvalebuli xevsuris irgvliv “salaSqrod gamzadebuli” Tvistomebi isxdnen. alu-dac iq iyo da “tiroda, rogorc wesia kacisa”. aluda tiroda, magram, iseve rogorc yvelas, “salaSqrod hqonda gumani”. sizmris aseTi dasawyisi imis mauwye-belia, rom moklulisaTvis sisxlis aRebis Zveli Cveva aluda qeTelaurSi jer kidev Zlieria, rom mas sabolood ara aqvs daTrgunuli dabadebidan sisxl-Si gamjdari tradiciuli zne-Cveulebani... “xani mo-vida wasvlisa” (salaSqrod wasvlis) da am dros alu-das “xanjris tari” Caudva xelSi viRacam...
Savxeden, mucali iyo,tanT ecva jaWvi rvalisa,gulzed emCniva niSanime-d imis brZolis wamisa,
30. m i x e i l z a n d u k e l i . sizmari vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmdebaSi. kreb. vaJa-fSavelas, 1966, gv. 138... “mwerlis mier gamogonil siz-marsa da im sizmars Soris, romelic sinamdvileSi gvesizmreba, is gansxvavebaa, rom gamogonili sizmari mwerlis mier organizebulia, maSin roca namdvil sizmrebs organizeba ar axlavT. literatura-Si sizmari TiTqos xelovnebis calke nawarmoebs Seadgens... Zalian Znelia gamoigono kargi sizmari, romelic namdvili sizmariviT qaoturi ar iqneba da, amave dros, gvaiZulebs davTanxmdeT, rom es namdvilad hgavs sizmars” (Ю . О л е ш а , М, 1956, gv. 422)31. g u l n a r a k a l a n d a r i S v i l i . vaJa-fSavelas poeturi xil-vis Sesaxeb. macne. 6. 1969. gv. 92. momdevno nawilSi, aludas “pirveli mwvave STabeWdilebis” Sesaxeb analogiuri mosazreba gamoTqmuli gvaqvs 1961 w. ix. aluda qeTelauri, mnaTobi #7, gv. 156
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efina natyviarSialega safevi brZamisa,klded idga, gautexlada,creml ar Camosdis Tvalisa...
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom qeTelaurSi momxdari didi feriscvalebis aqti mucalisa da aludas or-TabrZolis kulminaciur momentTan, mucalis ukanas-knel gabrZolebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mucali swored am saxiT unda warmodgenoda sizmarSi alu-das, — sizmris logikiT es savsebiT gamarTlebulia. “gautexlad, ucremlod” mdgari mucali “xanjris tars” aCeCebs kvlav s a l a S q r o d g a m z a d e b u l aludas da yvedrebiT eubneba:
minda sikvdili, ar vkvdebi,mamkalo, miTxra xvewniTa.Tqven dagrCes wuTisofeli,me ki wavide qveyniTa,daZeRiT, xevsurT Svilebo,laSqrobiT, xmlebis qneviTa.
aludas gulSi, misi cnobierebis qvesknelSi unda g a d a w y d e s , wava Tu ara igi “salaSqrod”, e.i. kvlav Zveli gziT ivlis aluda Tu sabolood uar-yofs ganvlili cxovrebis sisxlian y o f a s . da aq mas mucali daudgeba win; mucali, vinaidan masTa-naa dakavSirebuli qeTelaurSi gaRviZebuli a x a l i TvalTaxedva, axali sindisi, anu “mamxilebeli gone-ba” (saba).
“d a Z e R i T xevsurT Svilebo, laSqrobiT, xmle-bis qneviTa” — eubneba sizmrad gamocxadebuli mu-cali aludas. fSaur amiranianSi yamaris mamis laS-qaric “omiT gaumaZRaria”, xolo amirani “omSi qne-viT” iRlis marjvenas da “sisxlSi reviT”32 icveTs jaWvis kalTebs. “stumar-maspinZelSi” gvxvdeba xe-vsurebis mimarT Tqmuli: “g a u m a Z R a r n i mudam 32. xalxuri sibrZne, t. III, 1964, gv. 18, 20
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Jams Cvenis s i s x l i T da Z v a l i T a ” (III, 213). vaJas poemebSi mtruli tomebisa da sazogadoebebis war-momadgenlebi ise ganixilaven urTierTs, rogorc erTmaneTis sisxlisa da xorcis “mWamelni”, raki maTTvis m t e r i diaboluri anu devuri sawyisis ganmasaxierebali iyo. arqaul, Teokratiul sazo-gadoebebSi mters SeWmas upirebdnen, xolo ufro Zvelad Wamdnen kidevac, radgan pirvelyofili re-ligiebis Tanaxmad, damarcxebuli mtris SeWma ada-mians maT Zalas, Wkuasa da moxerxebulobas aniWeb-da. aqilevsi mZvinvare sityvas eubneba damarcxebul heqtors: “Tavad me... Seni sxeulis mokveTil asoT umad SevWamdio” (iliada, XX, 345-46), xolo xorua-Teli zeiTa ase pasuxobs masTan sazavod misul xevsurebs:
“eem idayvCiamdi dabaniln mqonav mklavniv qristi-vnis sisxliTav; mxarCiamdi ro davibanav, memr giqamTav zavsav...”33
sizmrad gamocxadebuli mucalis sityvebi Tval-naTliv daanaxebs aludas Tavisi ukve ganvlili cxo-vrebis sisxlian gzas, roca igi sisxls Rvinod da purad Wamda. aluda mTeli sicxadiT sacnauryofs Tu ras niSnavs “laSqrobiT Z R o m a ”:
davje, jam vinam damidga,kacis xorc iyo wvniani.vWamdi, mzaravda TumcaRakacis xel-fexi Zvliani.rasa vsCadio, vsjavrobdiumsgavsi, SaCvenebuli.“Wameo, — ramam miZaxa,nu hxdebi gaSterebuli:kidev mimirTviT aludaswven-xorci gacxelebuli”.
33. a l . W i n W a r a u l i (teqstebi), xevsurulis Taviseburebani, 1960, gv. 384.
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mimates kacis ulvaSiTwven-xorci Sanelebuli...sizmarT damtanjes, imiT varguneba-aRelvebuli.
aluda qeTelauris g a R v i Z e b u l m a g u l m a igema saSineleba kaciWamiobisa da tanjviTa da wva-lebiT ganvlo bWeni jojoxeTisa, raTa metad araso-des mibruneboda mas.
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zemoT aRiniSna, rom “mterobis” vizionica da sizmaric miTosur masalazea agebuli. aludas siz-mari, faqtiurad, poemis miznebisaTvis modifici-rebul “devebis qorwilis” situacias warmoadgens, sadac SenarCunebulia am leqsis dionisuri orgias-tulobiT aRbeWdili TiTqmis yvela elementi, Tum-ca, unda aRiniSnos, rom mas poemaSi sxva Sinaarsi axlavs. sizmris miTosuri plasti igivea, rac “de-vebis qorwilisa” da amaze aq sityvas aRar gavagr-ZelebT. “mterobis” vizionsac miTosuri wyaro kve-bavs da, Cveni azriT, es wyaro fSauri amiranianis Semdegi pasaJia: devebis saxlSi Sevardnilma amiran-ma erTianad amoJuJa isini. “devebis sisxliT Tava-mde aivso saxli. s i s x l i s g u b e yelamde moad-ga amirans... T a v i s n a x o c i s devebis s i s x l S i i x r C o b o d a amirani. bedad sisxlSi erTi daWri-li devi farTxalebda... amiranma esrola s a x l i s k a r e b s devis mZovri da gaamtvria. sisxlma erTi daigriala, iquxa da... gavarda gareT... gaswmindes saxli, mialag-moalages, maawyes da d a i w y e s S i g c x o v r e b a ”34.
calkeuli sityvieri damTxvevebi aq ise mniS-vnelovani ar aris, rogorc x i l v i s s a e r T o k o l o r i t i . amirani da devebi maradi, Seuri-gebeli mtrebi arian, raki miTis mixedviT, pirve-34. m i x . C i q o v a n i , mijaWvuli amirani, gv. 319
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li RvTaebrivi da mziuria, xolo meoreni bneli, miwieri demonebi arian. “k a c i s m W a m e l ” devebs musravs amirani, magram TviTonac i x r C o b a “Ta-vis naxoci devebis sisxlSi”. devebisa da RvTisSvi-lebis m a r a d i m t r o b i s miTosur modelzea agebuli “aluda qeTelaurSi” rjulianTa da ur-juloTa dapirispireba-Seurigeblobac. “mtrobas mowyurebuli” kaci amiraniviT “sisxlis gubeSi” dgas, sisxliT “ixrCoba”, masaviT devebis nadgom “saxlSi” cxovrobs da, maSasadame, d e v u r a d c x o v r o b s .
aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJa fSauri miTidan amiranis swored am k r i z i s u l i mdgomareobis gamomxatvel sqemas “sesxulobs”. amirani g a a m t v r e v s sisxliT avsebuli saxlis karebs da Tavs daixsnis. igive unda moimoqmedos aluda qeTelaurmac. man unda g a a r R -v i o s “mterobis” sisxliani wre, raTa xelaxla iSvas Tavisufali, RvTaebrivi cxovrebisaTvis.
amiranianidan momdinare es sisxliani xilva Tval-saCinod amJRavnebs Tavis pirvelwyaros vaJas “siz-marSi”, romelic ilias mkvlelobis momdevno wels aris dawerili...
davcurav sisxlis morevSi,fons veZeb gasasvlelada,Tav-fexi adamianisdascuravs gulis mwveladaiqve, Cems Tvalwin... mzaravda,meCveneboda gvelada.gavxti napiras, mivrbivar,saxlis karebsa vxuravdi,Sig SemomeWra mdinaresisxlisa, Sigve vcuravdi (II, 86).
am leqsSi xalxuri pirvelwyarosagan zogierTi umniSvnelo gadaxra kidev ufro amZafrebs Sesaba-misi elementebis msgavsebas: devis mZoris magivrad aq adamianis Tav-fexia, sisxlis mdinare garedan
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iWreba saxlSi da ara piriqiT, amirani gaamtvrevs karebs, leqsis subieqti xuravs... sxvafriv, fSauri amiranianis es zemoTmotanili pasaJi da vaJas leq-sis elementebi identuria, raRa Tqma unda, Tu ar vigulisxmebT azrobrivsa da eqspresiul gansxvave-bas, romelic maT Soris arsebiTi xasiaTis zRvars avlebs.
vaJas devebi kacTa sisxls “wylad xmaroben” (III, 111), maT “WurWlebSi udgaT Rvinod kacebis nawu-ri sisxli”: “Rvinis magivrad sisxls svamden devebi sworobazeda” (III, 114). “mterobas mowyurebuli” ka-cic devebisaviT sisxlsa svams Rvinod da sisxlsa Wams purad (“Rvinodac imas dahlevdes, puradac mo-saxmaria”). vaJas erT uTariRo leqsSic — “sad aris qriste an misi swavla?” (II, 313) — qristianad ver moqceuli, devur cxovrebaze damdgari kacic “ada-mianis xorcsa sWams purad, adamianis sisxlsa svams wylada”... da amasve “sCadis” sizmrad aluda qeTe-lauri.
aluda W a m s k a c i s x o r c s . mas jami daud-ga da “uZaxa” vinam Tu ramam — “Wameo”. cxadia, rom kacis Wamas aludas d e v i aZalebs da aq aluda “de-vebis qorwilze” moxvedrili “ukvenas yureSiiT” ga-momkivani ymis situaciaSia Cayenebuli. “Zmis xorci rogora vWamo” — hkivis yma. “Wame”, - aZalebs devi da isic, am SemTxvevaSi, aluda — W a m s ...
“sizmarSi Cven zogjer... vasrulebT ramdenime rols erTsadaimave dros, magram vasrulebT sxva-dasxvanairad: Cven, upiratesad, erT-erT maTgans vasaxierebT da am rolSi pirdapir vlaparakobT da vmoqmedebT. amave dros xSirad xdeba, rom meo-re moqmedi piris daZaxils an pasuxs Cven mxurva-led veliT, raki ar viciT, rom mis metyvelebasa da moqmedebasac Cvenve ganvagebT”35. vaJa genialu-ri intuiciiT gadmogvcems am mdgomareobas: alu-
35. Э . Ш р е д и н г е р . Что такое жизнь? М. 1947. gv. 124. ix. agreTve, М . Ц в е т а е в а , Л. 1965. gv. 753, sadac igi wers: «Мой сон... действие, действо, которого я — и зритель, и участник».
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da qvesknelSia da es qveskneli sizmris meSveobiT ganxmuli misive qvecnobierebaa, sadac qeTelauris adamianuri TviT-dadginebis misteria sruldeba. mis gulSi, misi cnobierebis uRrmes ufskrulSi aRmava-li da daRmavali, RvTaebrivi da devuri anu diabo-luri sawyisebi ibrZvis, radgan devi, romelic mas kacis Wamas aiZulebs, Tavad aludaa da Tavad alu-daa agreTve sinidisis xma (svin eidesis — Tanacod-na), igive “mamxilebeli goneba” (saba), romelic ums-gavsobad da SeCvenebis Rirsad racxs am moqmedebas (“rasa vsCadio, vsjavrobdi, umsgavsi, SaCvenebuli”). Sinagani krizisis ukanasknel zRvars mimdgari aluda sizmarSi Wams T a v i s i v e m s g a v s i s xorcs, raTa sacnauryos saSineleba kaciWamiobisa anu sakuTari sisxliani cxovrebis umsgavsoba da ukuRmarToba, kacobriobisa da Tvistomebis “mravalgzis naqmari CveulebiTi c o d v a ” (saba).
xeldasxmis wminda orgiis dros, roca dionise-saTvis Sewiruli sazorveli iglijeboda, orfeose-li mistebic aseve Wamdnen RvTaebasa Tu adamians Se-nacvlebuli cxovelis sisxlian xorcs, raTa ziare-bodnen RvTaebrivs da Semdeg arasodes mikarebodnen xorcis Wamads (v. ivanovi).
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sizmris es pasaJi poemis mxatvruli realobis zedapirze aludas m o r a l u r i t a n j v i s ga-momxatvelia. es aSkaraa da mkiTxveli advilad xvdeba amas. sizmars TviTon aluda hyveba, rac ima-ze migvaniSnebs, rom mas kargad axsovs sizmari da amdenad, igi mniSvnelovania aludasaTvis. ganwyo-bileba, romliTac sizmris Semdeg gveRviZeba, Sei-Zleba mTeli dRe gagrZeldes da aludas “guli aqvs Sekruli” wuxel naxuli sizmriT, raki swored wina dRes ganicada udidesi Seryeva. “wuxel” sizmris naxva xalxuri poeziis stereotipuli gamoTqmaa da vaJasTanac araerTgzis gvxvdeba: “sizmari vnaxe
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wuxela” (III, 29), “wuxelac cud sizmar vnaxe” (IV, 32) da sxv.
aluda “sizmarT datanjes”, man “cudi” (III, 157) an “avi” (III, 163) sizmari naxa, xolo aseTi sizmari “gunebis amaRelvebelia”, miT umetes, roca Zlieri resentimentiT aris aRbeWdili. aluda grZnobs, ma-gram jer ar icis, ras moaswavebs misTvis sizmarSi gancdili sazarloba (“vWamdi, m z a r a v d a Tumca-Ra...”). amrigad, sizmris c x a d i S i n a a r s i alu-dasaTvis gasagebia, magram misTvis, da amitom mkiTx-velisTvisac, gaugebaria sazareli sizmris f a r u -l i a z r i .
xatobaze aludas moqmedeba arasgziT ar aixsne-ba imiT, rac Cven poemis winamavali T x r o b i d a n viciT. amave dros, poemis saerTo ganwyobileba da poemisave mTlianmxatvrul sistemaSi sizmris am pa-saJis sxva nawilebTan mimarTeba da kavSiri aSkarad g v k a r n a x o b s , rom masSi cxadi Sinaarsis wiaR garkveuli azri imaleba. da arsebiTad, es aris is, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba aixsnas xatobaze poemis mTavari gmiris tragizmiT aRbeWdili moqmedeba.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sizmars, ufro sworad sizmarSi naCveneb “kaciWamiobis” pasaJs umWidroesi kavSiri aqvs “mterobis” vizionTan da is, rasac Cven sizmris farul azrs vuwodebT, ukve am vizionSi iwyebs vibrirebas. sizmarSi konkretdeba manamde zo-gadad gamoTqmuli es azri, xolo xatobaze igi qme-diTi obieqtivaciis Zalas ixveWs anu xorcieldeba. ufro metic, “aluda qeTelauris” mxatvrul stru-qturaSi saCinoa fsiqologiuri xasiaTis “TeTri laqa”, iracionaluri wertili, romelic iseTive mniSvnelobis mqone nawilia mTelisa, rogorc avto-ris mier saCinod daxatuli pasaJebi da misi azris-mieri gaxmovanebaa swored genialuri nawarmoebis specifika. sizmarsa da xatobis SualedSi mkiTxve-lisaTvis uCinari aludas fiqrebi erT-erTi ingre-dientia im fsiqologiuri suraTisa, romelic xato-baze aludas moqmedebas gvixsnis. xatobaze irkveva,
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rom aluda qeTelaurs mtkice da uTumcao gadawyve-tileba aqvs miRebuli, magram poemaSi naCvenebi ar aris, rogor mivida am gadawyvetilebamde aluda. naCvenebi ar aris imitom, rom poemis mxatvrul mTlianobaSi “sizmrisa” da “xatobis” urTierTSepi-ri-spirebis meSveobiT igi TavisTavad igulisxme-ba, rogorc sizmris faruli azris gacnobierebis Sedegi.
poemis fabulis elipsuri SekumSviT vaJa qmnis mravlismetyvel pauzas, romlis simZime aludas si-Rrmiseuli bunebis SigniT aris gadatanili. xatoba-ze mosuli aludas Sinagani mdgomareobis gasagebad upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba vizionsa da sizmarSi nagulisxmev farul azrs, romlis amocnobis gare-Sec motivirebuli ver iqneboda xatobaze qeTelau-ris moqmedeba.
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hadesis aCrdilebi sizmris saxeebidan warmoiS-vnen, — wers vundti36. sizmari qvecnobierebis sau-floa da, Jerar de nervalis azriT, “im cxovrebas hgavs, sikvdilis Semdeg rom gvevlineba”37. sizmris meSveobiT moixilavdnen Zveli msoflios naTel-mxilvelni suleTis anu qvesknelis sauflos. rad-gan Zili qvesknelTan aris dakavSirebuli (apuleu-sis “metamorfozebSi” venerasadmi p r o z e r p i -n a s , igive persefones saCuqari “miwis qveSa Zils” Sei cavs, VI, 21). Seqspiris “riCard III”-Si klarensi sizmriT gadaabijebs sikvdilis zRurbls da amri-gad Sedis “mkvdrebis qveyanaSi”. vaJa-fSavelas leqsebsa da poemebSi sizmari SaveTis macnea da mas S a v e T i s Savnisli m u r a v s (IV, 90). da amitom
36. v . v u n d t i . dasax. wigni. gv. 11737. J e r a r d e n e r v a l i . dasax. wigni. gv. 265; homerosis “odis-eaSi” s i z m r e b i s sauflo h a d e s i s karibWesTan aris (XXIV, 12), suli s i z m a r i v i T mifrinavs h a d e s s (XI, 221), xolo Z i l i s i k v d i l i s m s g a v s i a (XIII, 80).
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sizmarSi naxulni — “nislebjanRebis muriT” (I, 306) arian “saxeSemurvilebi” (IV,39). es nisli vaJasTan zogjer gvelad an veSapad saxierdeba, xolo zog-jer ganyenebuli cnebis sagnobriv saxes warmoad-gens (mag. cnobili — “nisli fiqria mTebisa” an “yvavilTa sunis nisli”, III, 78). sizmris meSveobiT ixilveba ara marto qveskneli, aramed qvecnobie-ric, raki igi adamianis cnobierebis qveskneli an “ukvena yurea”, da gulidanac amitom iwyebs xol-me denas Savi nisli. brZolidan mobrunebul alu-das “pirs daswolia nislebi, guliT nadeni Savia”. sizmarSi igi SaveTis anu sakuTari qvecnobiere-bis wiaR gaivlis da xatobaze qvesknelis nisls moiyolebs, “nisliviT modgeba”. SaveTSi natareb Seresac nacrisferi adevs: “movida nacarivi-Ta, fer-goni gamoleoda SaveTSi natariviTa” (III, 119)38, xolo aludas “Sav-bnels” uwodebs berdia, raki, misi TvalsazrisiT, gaurjuloebuli alu-da qvesknelSi moaruli an RamiT moxetiale devis feria.
aludas xatobaze S a v i kurati mohyavs Sesawi-rad. ratom maincdamainc S a v i ? Sav cxovelebs swi-ravdnen Zveli berZnebi SaveTis RmerTebs a i d s a da mis meuRles p e r s e f o n e s . Sav k u r a t e b s swi-ravdnen msxverplad zRvis meufes S a v k u l u l e -b i a n p o s e i d o n s da es msxverplSewirva R a m i T sruldeboda. aludac “Savi kuratis” Sesawirad Save-Tis “nisliviT modgeba” xevsurTa xtonuri RvTaebis “karze”.
sagulisxmoa, rom qvesknels gamudmebiT grZnoben fexqveS vaJas gmirebi. berdia aludas samx-vewros damwyalobnebaze Tavis uars aseTi sityviT “amagrebs”:
manam sjobs cani dameqcnen,zurgi gamiskdes miwisa,
38. vaJasTan Savgvremani kaci nislsa hgavs (III, 261), xolo nisli “fisisa da kupris” feria (IV, 88).
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an Tu zRvam damnTqas uZirom,sadili vWamo qviSisa...
es “uZiro zRva” qvesknelia da “qviSis sadilis Wamac” SaveTSi xdeba, radgan qviSa xtonur wyleb-Tan aris dakavSirebuli. aludam SeWama qviSis, e.i. devebis sadili da axla, xatobaze, SaveTis nisliT Seburvilsa hgavs... “aris cTuneba, es poeturi saxe gaiazro, rogorc mucalTan aludas Serkinebis Se-mdeg qeTelauris gulidan nadeni Savi nislis anu fiqris mier misi arsebis srulad gamsWvalva. aluda TiTqos sakuTar gulSi aRZrulma fiqrma, e.i. nislma srulad moicva da amitom TiTqos “nisliviT modga”. ra Tqma unda, naklebad damajerebelia, rom vaJas aseTi gaazreba hqonoda, magram gamoricxuli arc isaa, rom avtoris uneburad am poetur saxes swored es azri hqondes...”39 “es vinRa modga nisliviT, TiT-briT nazikis xmaliTa?...” — am ferweruli kontras-tiT aRbeWdil saxeSi mkveTri azri imaleba: “nis-liviT modgoma” aludas SaveTSi yofnas aRni Snavs (ZvelTa mowmobiT, hadess gafrenili suli R r u -b l a d iqceva) da amave dros, misi e r T i f i q r i T avsilobis gamomxatvelia. igi mTlad fiqrad aris qceuli, xolo am fiqrSi u r y e v i gadawyvetilebis simbolod elvarebs “TiTbriT naziki” x m a l i , ro-melic Semdeg “mzis Suqad amoxdeba”, raki misi meoxe-biT unda g a n x o r c i e l d e s aludas uRrmesi rwmenidan gamomdinare gadawyvetileba.
es rwmena r e l i g i u r i Sinaarsisaa da amitom “sauflo Jams” — xatobaze unda gamomJRavndes. xa-tobaze sakralurad erTiandeba da RvTaebiT ivseba Temi da jvris ymebi dionisuri eqstaziT gamoxata-ven masTan wilnayarobas. s a u f l o Jams ymis guli gaxsnilia RvTisadmi (“unda acnobon batonsa, visac ki rama stkioda”) da ufalic w y a l o b i T ismens ymis satkivars: “kargi yma uyvars batonsa, wyaloba
39. T a m a z C x e n k e l i , aluda qeTelauri, mnaTobi #7, 1961, gv. 157.
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e m e t e b i s a ”, — axsenebs aludas samxvewrosaT-vis “didebis saTqmelad” gamzadebuli xevisberi da gudanis jvris mowyalebaSi Rrmad dajerebu-li aluda ase mimarTavs ymisa da RvTis Suamdgo-mels:
eg samxvewroa, berdiav,ZoRan moklulis qistisa,mucals etyoden saxelad,maounaTlavis Svilisa.kargadac damiwyalobne,gamimetebav misTvina,rogorc undomlad moklulisTavis lamazis ZmisTvina.
warmoudgenel rasme ambobs qeTelauri. Sati-lionTa Temis religiur dResaswaulze xevisberis mier urjulosaTvis samxvewros damwyalobneba dau-jerebeli mkrexeloba iqneboda da aludas unda sco-dnoda es. yovel SemTxvevaSi, mas unda scodnoda, rogori iqneboda xevisberis reaqcia. magram aluda ver grZnobs amas, xolo ver grZnobs imitom, rom s a k u T a r i W e S m a r i t e b i T , sakuTari r w m e -n i T aris gamsWvaluli...
berdias pasuxSi mkafiod ikveTeba Temis reli-giuri kanonis uryevi, xelSeuvali mrwamsi: urju-lo ZaRlis jiSisaa da misi uflisad Sexveweba ar SeiZleba (“rogor vaxvewo ufalsa ZaRli, ZaRlebis jiSisa”), amis anderZi (igive “andrezi”, - gadmocma, wesi, religiuri kanoni) mamiT da papis-papiT ar mo-dis, e.i. arasodes a r s e b u l a , xolo w e s a d arar-sebulis qmna mkrexeloba an danaSaulia. urjulo-saTvis saklavis dakvla imas niSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, rjuliani gaxado is, rac dauSvebelia, meo-re mxriv ki imas, rom TviTon Seiracxo urjulod. es ormagi danaSaulia da eSmakis gzaze dadgomas niSnavs. aseT danaSaulSi Tanadgomas qvesknels danTqma da qviSis sadilis Wama sjobs. berdiasa da
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TemisTvisac “qviSis sadilis Wama”, rogorc kon-teqstidanac irkveva, devurTan an eSmaurTan Tana-ziarobis badalia...
gaurjulebels arjuleb,Sen eg ar Sagixdebisa...gonT modi, qristiani xar,urjulovdebi magiTa...feri edeba berdias,feri sxva-rigis SiSisa.
ratom “sxva-rigis”? es sityva “kopalaSic” gvxvdeba: “veRar devoben, ra hxvdebaT laxti s x v a -r i g i s mterisa” (III, 80), “sxva rigis”, e.i. ucnauri, uCveulo, gauTvaliswinebeli mtrisa, visTvisac wi-naaRmdegobis gaweva a m a o a . berdiam uCveulo, uc-nauri ram igrZno aludas sityvebSi. xevisberi guma-niT xvdeba, rom aludas “samxvewro” Temis religiu-ri wesidan ubralo gadaxveva S e c d o m a ki ar aris, aramed aludas winaswarganzraxuli, Sinagani miswra-febaa. amitom edeba berdias “sxvarigi” S i S i s feri. “gonT modi, qristiani xar” — afrTxilebs aludas xevisberi, raki misgan u g o n o sityva esmis, magram aludas TiTqos “SaveTSi natariviT fer-goni aqvs gamoleuli”. mas aramcTu a r e y u r e b a berdias Segoneba da am SegonebaSi Tavisi r w m e n i s gama-mtyunebels verafers xedavs, piriqiT, Tavis mxriv, TviTon amtyunebs berdias ymisadmi angariSgauwev-lobaSi. qeTelauris pasuxSi TiTqos daokebuli mu-qara ismis:
zRvensa nu gamimsubuqeb,madli Tu gwyalobs RvTisao,yma var mec gudanis jvrisa,xevsuri Tqvenis wylisao,miTam erTni varT berdiav,mcxovrebni erTis mTisao...
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iseve, rogorc mucalTan brZolis Semdeg xev-surebTan dialogisas, roca aludas SeniSnaven, — qistis c x o n e b a rjulad ara gvaqvs dawerilio — aqac qeTelauris sityva n a m d v i l i an S e s a t y -v i s i p a s u x i a r a r i s xevisberis SeSfoTebu-li gafrTxilebisa (da es kidev erTxel amtkicebs imas, rom aluda danTqmulia Tavis a x a l WeSmari-tebaSi). xevisberi swored gudanis jvris anderZidan g a d a d g o m a s hyvedris qeTelaurs, swored RvTis wyalobis uaryofasa da eSmakis gzaze dadgomas xe-davs mis saqcielSi, swored erTi mTis anu Temis kanonis SebRalvisaTvis afrTxilebs mas. Temis da xevisberisaTvis a q a m d e cnobil aludas, am situa-ciamde Tavis C v e u l e b r i v y o f a S i , rogorc erTi jvrisa da erTi mTis mcxovrebs, unda Seesmina Temis religiuri “anderZis” amasrulebeli winamZR-vris sityva. magram xdeba piriqiT, da es gansaku-Trebuli yuradRebis Rirsia. qeTelauris pasuxSi mkiTxvelisaTvis is cnaurdeba, rom Tavad aludac gudanis jvris n e b i s a da W e S m a r i t e b i s gaTva-liswinebiT, misdami rwmenis s a f u Z v e l z e da a m r w m e n i T g u l a v s i l i moiTxovs xevisberisagan mucalisaTvis samxvewros dawyalobnebas. xatoba-ze mosul aludas ara marto isa swams, rom guda-nis jvrisTvis urjulos “Sexvewebaa” SesaZlebeli, aramed isic, rom xevisberi, rogorc RvTis nebis aRmasrulebeli, Tanadgomas gauwevs mas. cxadi xde-ba gudanis jvrisadmi Seuryeveli rwmenis saerTo safuZvelze mdgari xevisberisa da aludas pozi-ciebis urTierTdapirispireba. cxadi xdeba am da-pirispirebis mizezic: gudanis jvari, rogorc qris-tianuli RvTaeba, sxvadasxvanairad esmiT xevisbersa da aludas. berdiasaTvis gudanis jvari erTxel da samudamod dadgenili tradiciuli RmerTis gaqva-vebuli saxea. aludasaTvis igi uSualod wvdomili cocxali RmerTis ganmasaxierebelia. berdiasaT-vis gudanis jvris anderZi religiuri tradiciis inerciiT, arsebobis utilitarizmiT, tomobrivi
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mizanSewonilebiT dasazRvruli kanonia, aludasaT-vis igive anderZi adamianuri grZnobis mTeli sisav-siT g a n c d i l i universaluri kanonia, romelic mTel kacobriobaze vrceldeba. aluda totalurad aris moculi misgan c o c x l a d wvdomili Rmer-Tis paTosiT. igi Serwymulia Tavis RmerTTan da am azriT RvTisagan Sepyrobili RvTaebrivi xeli, anu “RabuSia”.
da aq unda ganimartos sizmris f a r u l i a z r i , vinaidan, Cveni fiqriT, igia ganmsazRvreli rogorc aludas a x a l i r w m e n i s a , ise am rwmenis Sedegad misi eqstazuri R v T i T a v s i l o b a .
zemoT aRiniSna, rom poemis mxatvruli realobis zedapirze “kacis xorcis Wama” aludas moraluri tanjvis gamomxatvelia. m t r o b a igivea, rac kacis xorcis Wama, — aseTia am pasaJis TvalsaCino eTikuri azri. kacis anu m s g a v s i s xorcis Wama “umsgavsi”, “SeCvenebis” Rirsi saqcielia, raki RmerTma “xatad da msgavsad Tvisad” Seqmna yoveli kaci (qristianu-li TvalsazrisiT, swored amitom unda giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi). magram SeZrwu-nebuli aluda s i z m a r S i mainc Wams kacis xorcs da es orgiastuli kanibalizmis Semcveli pasaJi mi-Tiur planSi dionisuri RmerTiTavsilobis Sesaty-visia. RmerTisa da kacis SeWmis magiuri wesebidan iRebs saTaves qristianuli evqaristiis saidumloc. puris Wama da Rvinis Sesma magiuri locvis meoxebiT q r i s t e s s i s x l a d d a x o r c a d i q c e v a . am aqtiT morwmune RvTis siwmindes eziareba, Tavi-sufldeba c o d v i s a g a n da saukuno sasufevels imkvidrebs.
aludas sizmarSi gamoxatulia ziarebis grandio-zuli da Semzaravi aqti, romelSic SiSvlad mocemu-li evqaristiis uZvelesi arqetipi qarTul miTosSi Semonaxuli dionisuri orgiazmis arqauli formiT cnaurdeba. axal RmerTTan wilnayari an ziare-bulia qeTelauri da amitom veRar “cnobs” ugono aludas xevisberi. ziarebulia igi da amitom moi-
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Txovs berdiasagan warmoudgenelsa da SeuZlebels — qisti mucalisaTvis samxvewros damwyalobnebas. ziarebulia aluda da, maSasadame, RvTisagan daWe-rili “RabuSi” an “mowmindaria” da amitom bedavs gaugonar rasme — samsxverplo ritualis sakuTriv aRsrulebas, rac mkrexelobad CaeTvleboda mas ara marto xevsurTa qristianul TemSi (raki qis-tisad klavs saklavs), aramed nebismier sakralur sazogadoebaSi.
aseTi unda iyos sizmris faruli azri, romelsac Cven, erTi mxriv, masSi gamoyenebuli miTosuri masa-la, xolo meore mxriv “sizmarSi” da xatobaze alu-das moqmedebis urTierTSepirispireba gvkarnaxobs. aluda eziara im universaluri RmerTis WeSmarite-bas, romlisTvisac ar arsebobs mtrad da moyvrad, rjulianad da urjulod, codvilad da ucodvelad gaTiSuli “o r g e m a g e s a w u T r o ” (daviT gura-miSvili). yovelive erTi da igivea, da yoveli erTia-ni RmerTis saufloSia Seyvanili. am TvalsazrisiT, xatobaze mosuli aludas uTumcao gadawyvetileba gasagebia: sauflo Jams, msxverplis SewirviT, mas unda saukuno sasufevels aziaros Tavisive msgavsi — mucali. aludas “samxvewro” cis daqcevis badalia xevisberisaTvis da aqve ismis misi pirgamexebuli pasuxic: “tyuilad scdebi aludav, tyuilad icveT pirsao...”
gajavrda qeTelauri,feri daidva mglisao.xeli gaikra frangulsa,Suqi amoxda mzisao.uqniva mozvers qedzeda,Tavi migoravs Zirsao.Tan Saexvewa batonsa,nu Samicodeb Svilsao,allada hqondes mucalsa,mag mounaTlav gmirsao.
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aludas “gajavreba” kargad amJRavnebs misi ga-dawyvetilebis Seupovrobas, mis RmerTiTavsilobas, mis Idée fixe-s. eqstazis ukidures sazRvramde misu-li aluda Tavad kisrulobs qurumis rols, — igi TviTonvea Tavis Tavsa da misgan uSualod wvdomili RmerTis Suamdgomeli, rac erTxel kidev amtkicebs imas, rom igi totalurad aris moculi Tavis a x a -l i r w m e n i T . “nu Semicodeb Svils”, e.i. codvad nu CamiTvlio am moqmedebas, vedris aluda batons, radgan grZnobs Taavis moqmedebis u C v e u l o b a s , magram dionisuri gaxelebiT atanils ar ZaluZs winaaRmdegoba gauwios mis gulSi gaRviZebuli co-cxali RmerTis WeSmaritebas. RvTaebrivi msxver-plSewirviT igi, faqtiurad n a T l a v s “mounaTlav gmirs” da miT gansxvavebis, gancalkevebisa Tu gaTi-Sulobis ukanasknel zRvarsa Slis Tavis Tavsa da mucals Soris. xevisberis TvalsazrisiTac amitomaa es aqti “gaurjulebulis morjuleba”, an mosisxle mtris moyvasTa TemSi Seyvana, magram aludasaTvis es aqti, gudanis jvriT gansaxierebuli, usazRvrobam-de gazrdili RmerTis saufloSi Tavis m s g a v s T a n gaerTianebaa, RmerTisa, romelic misTvisac (mTeli misi gvartomisTvis) da mucalisTvisac ucxo iyo aqa-mde. mzisebr amomxdari maxviliT qeTelauri angrevs Satilis Tavze damxobil tomobrivad SezRuduli sarwmunoebis “kldis cas”, raTa daanaxos TvistomT usasrulo, maradiuli ca kacobriuli RmerTisa.
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“aluda qeTealaurSi” vaJas urTierTis paralelu-rad gamoyenebuli aqvs qristianuli da warmarTuli terminologia. religiuri ierarqiis, ritualisa da sxvadasxva sakraluri xasiaTis atributebis aRmniS-vneli es terminologia poemis teqstSive enacvleba urTierTs da TvalsaCinos xdis maT ueWvel Sesaty-visobas, magaliTad:
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q r i s t i a n u l i w a r m a r T u l iufali jvari, RvTisSvili, batonisauflo Jami xatobasaydari beRlis karixucesi xevisberieSmaki alieSmakis gzaze dadgoma qviSis sadilis Wamagmiri kargi yma.
aseTsave Sesatyvisobas unda gulisxmobdes “Sav-bnelisa” da “urjulos” Sepirispirebac, razedac zemoT gvqonda laparaki. “gmiri” fSav-xevsuruli “kargi ymis” zogadqarTuli sinonimia da mxolod am mxriv ganixileba rogorc paraleluri for-ma. “mounaTlavi gmiris” eqvivalenti “monaTluli gmiria”, xolo es ukanaskneli igive “kargi ymaa”. aqve unda aRiniSnos metad mniSvnelovan konte-qstSi xmarebuli “wuTisofeli”. es zogadqarTuli sityva organulad ver Tavsdeba fSav-xevsureTis warmarTul-miTologiur lokalSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom “wuTisofeli”, rogorc Cans, winare-qristianuli xanis sityva-terminia (miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT, grZel an samudamo sofels upiris-pirdeba mokle, e.i. wuTi-sofeli), — igi 15 sauku-novani qristianuli kulturis brZmedSia gamoxur-vebuli da amitom qristianuli msoflSegrZnebis beWedi azis40.
Sinaarseulad Sesatyvisi terminebis garda poe-maSi gvxvdeba sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis, SinaarsiT urTierTisagan savsebiT damoukidebeli terminebi, romelTa qristianuli da warmarTuli warmomavlo-ba cxadia, magaliTad:
40. “q r i s t i a n u l s ” da “w a r m a r T u l s ” pirobiTad vuwodebT am terminebs, maT, upiratesad, fSav-xevsuruli miTologiisa da vaJas poemebis fonze vasxvavebT da pretenzia ara gvaqvs isto-riul-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT maTi zusti klasificirebisa.
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q r i s t i a n u l i w a r m a r T u l ipirjvari anderZi (andrezi)jvriswera davlaTi (iRbali)codva samxvewromonaTvla damwyalobnebacxoneba sakargymosulis xseneba mokveTa
ra cnaurdeba “aluda qeTealauris” sarwmunoebri-vi xasiaTis terminebis (romelTa ricxvi, aqve unda aRiniSnos, Cvens uneburad daemTxva erTmaneTs) am-nairi klasificirebidan? upirveles yovlisa is, rom poemis zogadmxatvrul struqturaSi warmarTuli da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli es elementebi, erTi mxriv, urTierTSesabamisobas amJRavnebs, xolo meore mxriv, erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobs. xom ar SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom am elementebis urTierTSesabamisoba da Tanaarseboba ufro Rrma safuZvels gulisxmobs, rom maTi ur-TierTdamokidebuleba poemis azrobriv sferosac swvdeba da mas aireklavs?
q a r T v e l m T i e l T a s a r w m u n o e b a , va-Jas TvalsazrisiT, “S e m d g a r i a s x v a d a s x v a w a r m a r T u l i s a d a q r i s t i a n u l i s w e s -r w m u n e b a T a g a n ” (IX, 26). poemis mixedviT, Sati-lionni gudanis jvris ymebi arian, xolo “gudanis jvari... rogorc bevri sxva jvari anu xati, adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis Z v e l i R m e r T i a q r i s -t i a n u l a d g a d a k e T e b u l i ”41, wers akaki Sani-Ze. “xangrZlivi brZolisa da Tanaarsebobis Sedegad, mTaSi moxda qristianuli da warmarTuli religiebis sxvadasxva elementebis SeerTeba. Sedegad miviReT, T. Jordanias gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, “g a q r i s -t i a n e b u l i C v e u l e b a n i ”42. mixeil Ciqovanis azriT, mTielTa sarwmunoebaSi “S e r w y m u l i a ,
41. a . S a n i Z e , xevsuruli poezia, 1931, gv. 01842. i . f u t k a r a Z e , qarTvel mTielTa istoriisaTvis, 1964, gv. 64.
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e r T i m x r i v , m n a T o b T a T a y v a n i s c e m a , a d g i l i s d e d o f l i s a , m c e n a r e T a d a w i n a p a r T a k u l t i , x o l o m e o r e s m x r i v q r i s t i a n u l i r e l i g i a ”43.
magram q r i s t i a n u l i s a da w a r m a r T u l i s am simbiozis wiaR TvalsaCinod gamosWvivis uZvele-si arqetipi, romelSic, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, “Z v e l i s Z v e l i s a r w m u n o e b r i v i m s o -f l m x e d v e l o b i s n a S T i g v a q v s d a c u -l i ”. fSav-xevsureTis sarwmunoebaSi, misive TqmiT, “RvTaeba imave antropomorfuli saxiT aris nagu-lisxmevi da warmodgenili.., rogoradac eguleboda berZenTa RvTaebani homiross”44. vera bardaveliZem cxadi gaxada am RvTaebaTa genetikuri kavSiri xis TayvaniscemasTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, totemuri xis kults ukavSirdeba45. misive azriT, xalxur rwmenaTa ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze isini varskvla-vebs ganasaxierebdnen46.
amrigad, fSav-xevsureTis RvTaebebisa da maTi saxiT gancxadebuli sarwmunoebis uZvelesi arqeti-pi pirwmindad warmarTuli xasiaTisaa da igi mxolod garegnulad aris Seferili qristianuli fermen-tiT. vaJam kargad icis es. misi TvalsazrisiT, Tum-caRa fSavelisaTvis mniSvnelovania m o m a k v d a v i s z i a r e b a , j v r i s w e r a d a m o n a T v l a , — q r i s t i a n o b a m a r t o “ w e s e b i s a s r u -l e b a S i a r g a m o i x a t e b a , i m i s s u l i d a g u l i s x v a r a m a r i s ” (IX, 359). “sarwmunoeba me mesmis, — wers vaJa, — rogorc Sedegi adamianis gonebrivi, sulieri ganviTarebisa... Zalad SeiZleba mxolod forma SeaTvisebino adamians, forma sarwmu-noebisa, xolo am saSualebiT mis m a r T l m o r w m u -
43. m . C i q o v a n i , qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis istoria, 1956, gv. 257.44. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i , qarTveli eris istoriis Sesa-vali, I, gv. 17445. v . b a r d a v e l i Z e , dasax, wigni. gv. 2, 3.46. iqve, gv. 15
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n e d gaxdoma yovlad SeuZlebelia” (IX,358). zemoT motanil SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi qristianuli da warmarTuli elementebis Sesabamisobis moazrebisas.
1. “aluda qeTelaurSi” naCvenebi SatilionTa Temis sarwmunoeba mxolod f o r m i T aris qris-tianuli, magram vaJasave gagebiT, i s i n i m a r T l -m o r w m u n e q r i s t i a n e b i a r a r i a n (sainte-resoa, rom sityva qristiani mxolod erTxel aris naxsenebi poemaSi; mas axsenebs xevisberi, romelic vaJas ganmartebiT, “erTsadaimave dros memkvidrea mogvisa da mRvdlisa” (IX, 28). SatilionTa qristia-noba maTi ZvelisZveli sarwmunoebis garegnulo mo-dusia mxolod, romliTac isini mezobel mTielTa toms upirispirdebian rogorc r j u l i a n n i . maTi TvalsazrisiT, rjuliani, urjulos anu eSmaurisa da borotis sapirispirod, adamianursa da RvTae-brivs niSnavs da Satilionni amiT TavianT tomobriv upiratesobas gamoxataven qistebis miarT. “qristia-ni” poemaSi, ubralod, gudanis jvris ymas niSnavs, xevsurs, romelic mama-papiT gadmocemul religiur anderZs pirnaTlad asrulebs. “aluda qeTealur-Si” aSkara xdeba, rom xevsurTa gudanis jvrisadmi r w m e n a winareqrstianul, “ZvelisZvel sarwmu-noebriv msoflmxedvelobas” amJRavnebs, romelsac warmarTuli samyarosaTvis niSandoblivi mtris to-taluri uaryofa, tomobrivad SezRuduli pirquSi RmerTi, daxSuli sazogadoeba da sastiki religiu-ri samarTali axasiaTebs.
poemaSi aseT sazogadoebasa da aseTnairad gage-bul tradiciul RmerTs (anu mis ganmasaxierebel gu-danis jvars) aluda qeTelauris i n d i v i d u a l o -b a da misgan axlad mopovebuli u n i v e r s a l u r i R m e r T i upirispirdeba. erTica da meorec ur-TierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTgamsazRvreli mo-mentebia poemaSi. uSualod g a n c d i l i RmerTi ka-cis gulSi ibadeba da kacis pirovnebas am RmerTTan msgavseba hqmnis. poemaSi aludas individuaciis, misi
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pirovnuli TviTdadginebis etapebi aseTi gradaciiT saCinovdeba: feriscvalebis impulsi (brZola) — iWvi (xevsurebTan dialogi) — wuTisoflis xilva (imedas qavi, mteroba)47 — axal RmerTTan ziareba (sizmari) — gadawyvetilebis miReba (uCinari pauza) — rwmenis ganxorcieleba (xatoba).
aludaSi gaRviZebulma pirovnulma nebisyofam gaaTavisufla igi Temis totaluri gavlenisagan. nebisyofis Tavisufleba ZiriTadi gansazRvrebaa qristianulad gagebuli pirovnebisa. aseTi piro-vneba Tavad, sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT akeTebs a r C e v a n s da iRebs g a d a w y v e t i l e b a s , raki TemTan Tanaziarobas mis gulSi axla RmerTTan co-cxali Tanaziaroba enacvleba.
gadawyvetilebis miReba niSnavs yoveldRiuri cxovrebisa Tu yofis g a r R v e v a s iseTi moqmede-bis asasruleblad, romelic pirovnebisa da yofie-rebis uRrmes safuZvlebs exeba. sauflo Jams, iq, sa-dac sakralurad erTiandeba Temi, swored iq eTiSeba aluda tradiciuli religiuri anderZiT SekavSire-bul TvistomT, rogorc axali rwmeniT uCveulod gazrdili pirovneba da swored iq Sehyavs mucali misgan mopovebul zeciur TemSi.
2. xevisberis piriT gacxadebul aucileblobis logikasa da mizanSewonil gansjas aluda gulis impulsuri WeSmaritebiT upirispirdeba. “WeSmari-tebis namdvil safuZvels yovelTvis Cveni impul-suri rwmena Seadgens. sityvebiT gamoxatuli Cveni filosofia mxolod formulebia, romlebSic rwmena saxierdeba. uSualo, intuiciuri rwmena Cveni gulis siRrmeSia davanebuli, logikuri argumentebi ki mxolod mis zedapirul gamovlinebas warmoadgens. instiqti mbrZaneblobs da winamZRvrobs, goneba
47. “Tqven dagrCes wuTisofeli, me ki wavide qveyniTa”, _ eubneba aludas sizmrad gamocxadebuli mucali (romelic qeTelaurSi gaRviZebuli “sindisis” _ “mamxilebeli gonebis” ganmasaxierebe-lia) da bolos, poemis finalSi, aluda tovebs “xmlis qneviT” ver gamZRar sisxlian sawuTros.
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morCilad mihyveba mas”48. vaJas leqsebsa da poemebSi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli gulis es primati gonebis winaSe, miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTod igi maTi Ta-nabarmniSvnelobis momxrea: “romeli romels sjobia, veravin ityvis, orSia” (II, 92). aluda hyveba — “guli gamiwyra, ara hqmna, rac saqnelia Znelada”, raki mas guli karnaxobs: “me girCevnivar mrCevlado”, da gu-lis s i t y v a s igi ar gadadis. sxva adgilas: “guli Tavisas ar iSlis, erCis gonebis gansjasa” (II, 15), “es fiqri gonebisaa, guli Tavisas Svreboda” an: “magram nagrZnobsa guliTa gonebiT hSvelen verasa” (IV, 17). gonebam icis mxolod aucilebloba an mizanSewoni-loba. igi adgils ar utovebs Tavisuflebas49.
vaJas zogierT poemaSi (“aluda qeTealauri”, “gve-lis-mWameli”) mTavari gmirebi uzenaes WeSmaritebas gaRviZebuli g u l i s meSveobiT swvdebian, xolo konformistuli Temi maT g o n e b i s logikiT upi-rispirdeba. sazogadoeba racionaluri safuZvliT moqmedebs, martosuli gmirebi iracionaluri im-pulsis karnaxs mihyvebian. pirvelni emorCilebian mizanSewonilebisa da gonierebis princips, meoreni — gulis, qvecnobierebis Sinagan Zaxils. sazogadoebis gaqvavebuli dogma da gluvi utilitarizmi poemebSi praqtikulad amarcxebs Sinagani WeSmaritebis Sesa-bamisad moqmed gmirebs, magram isini zneobrivad da, maSasadame, realuradac imarjveben, vinaidan “isi-ni warmoadgenen ukunis g a m a r R v e v e l sinaTlis sxivs. isini arian winamorbedni axali cxovrebisa... maTi cxovrebis mowodebaa gaanayofieron msoflio, gamoacocxlon sikeTis is marcvlebi, romlebic uimaTod ver gaixarebs. imis Semdeg, rac (aseTi kaci) gaivlis Cvens winaSe, Cven metad aRar SegveZleba iseTnairebi viyoT, rogorebic manamde viyaviT. ce-
48. v . j e m s i . dasax. wigni. gv. 6649. vaJas poeziaSi, iseve rogorc “vefxistyaosanSi”, g u l i pirovne-bis cnebis sinonimia (ix. a . f r a n g i S v i l i , vefxistyaosnis xalxurobis sakiTxisaTvis, 1968, gv. 27, 30).
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cxlis ali yovelTvis cecxlsa Sobs”50; isini realu-rad imarjveben, vinaidan pirovneba SekumSuli anu dawuruli saxiT mocemuli sazogadoebaa da piro-vnebis zneoba sazogadoebis Sinagani sawyisia51, am-denad, pirvelis Sinagani monapovari, adre Tu gvian, meoris monapovrad iqceva.
3. sazogadoebis religiuri anderZisa da samarT-lis SebRalvisaTvis “jagaraSlili” berdia Temisagan mohkveTs aludas. magram mucalisaTvis msxverplis Semwirveli aluda ukve manamde, am aqtiT, TavisTa-vad eTiSeba Satilionebs. xevisberis mowodebiT ga-avebuli xevsurebi batonisagan “Serisxul” aludas akuwviT emuqrebian...
Sasmulebm xevsurT Svilebmamaimarjvian farebi,unda scan qeTelaursa,kapasad JReren rvalebi.
amrigad, msxverplis Semwirveli TviTonve xdeba msxverpli mis garSemo wred Sekruli mTvrali xa-tionebisa da es pirwmindad dionisuri pasaJi antiku-ri tragedis dasabams gvagonebs (dionise mzorveli da sazorvelicaa, mas gaxelebuli menadebi glejen). “sagundo dramis dionisuri xelovneba samsxverplo eqstazuri msaxurebisagan aRmocenda. Tavdapirve-lad realuri, SemdgomSi fiqtiuri msxverpli — TviT orgiis RmerTis ipostasi protagonistia, RmerTisa, romelic wris SigniT dasaRupad ganwiruli gmiris vnebul xvedrs warmosaxavda”. ufro gvian “msaxio-bis n i R a b i imdenad mkvrivdeba, rom mis wiaR ukve aRar gamosWvivis orgiis RmerTis xateba, romlis ipostassac warmoadgenda odesRac t r a g i k u l i g m i r i ”52. swored am tragikuli gmiris xvedrs izia-
50. v . j e m s i , dasax. wigni. gv. 34751. В . С о л о в ь е в . т. VIII.СПб., (Изд. втор.), gv. 232, 235. 52. В . И в а н о в . По звездам. СПб., 1909. gv. 202-203. amis Taobaze ix. gr. wereTeli. berZnuli literaturis istoria, II, 1935, gv. 43-44.
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rebs xevsurTa xtonuri RvTaebis karze mTvrali TvistomebiT garSemortymuli aluda.
v n e b a anu tanjva (pathos), rogorc gmiruli xve-dris aRmniSvneli sityva, sakraluri xasiaTis gamo-Tqmaa (velkeri). misi korelaturi terminia k a T a r -z i s i (ganwmenda), romlis warmoSobas ervin rode xtonur kultebs ukavSirebs53. aluda qeTelau-ris vneba da kaTarzisi fSav-xevsureTis eTnosis fonze gaSlili dramis saxiT cnaurdeba. mis nia-dagsa da arsenalsac qarTvel mTielTa sakralu-ri “wes-rwmunebani” (vaJa) da RvTisSvilTa xto-nuri kulti warmoadgens. poemis mTavari gmiris feriscvalebis misterias vaJa am miTosurad wre-Semowerili da socialurad arqauli garemoTi hketavs da miT ganumeorebel damajereblobas aniWebs mas.
4. zneobrivad axlad Tvalaxelili kacis mzeriT aris danaxuli “imedas qavsa” da “mterobis” vizionSi gaSlili wuTisoflis suraTi: gamudmebuli mtro-bis, dausrulebeli sisxlisRvris adgilia kacTa sa-cxovrisi, sadac Tavad sicocxlec sisxlis sazRau-rad aris mopovebuli. wuTisoflis mdgmuri sisxlsa svams Rvinod da sisxlsa Wams purad, sisxlian sawol-ze wevs Tavis colTan da sisxlSive iCens STamomav-lobas. devurad mcxovrebi, — igi sisxlSi ipatiJebs stumrebs da sisxlian saxlSi iwers pirjvars “miTam saydarSi aria...” “bevri iyolos Svilebi, bevri vaJi da qalia”, rom verasodes gamovides “dabadebaTa ma-radiuli rkalidan”, hklas mteri da TviTonac misi xeliT moiklas, rom verasodes moexsnas “bediswe-ris borbals” — “mourevel iRbals”, dausabamo Ramis ukunis ganmasaxierebel moiras... am pasaJSi TiTqos
53. В . И в а н о в . Дионис...gv. 192, 191. aRsaniSnvia, rom xevisbers “mowmindarTa Soris TviT xati irCevs... axlad arCeuli xevisberi xatSi midis da zvarakad kurati mihyavs...” (s. makalaTia, fSavi, 1934, gv. 178). aludac mowmindaria, e.i. kaTarzis gavlili, da amrigad, xatobaze Savi kuratiT mosuli aluda TvTonvea misgan axlad mopovebuli sarwmunoebis qurumi.
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qristianulad gaazrebuli adamis pirvelyofili c o d v i s sazareli suraTia mocemuli.
c o d v a aqcentirebulia poemaSi. aludas “co-dvad” miaCnia mucalisaTvis mklavis mokveTa. mas “codvabraliT monaTlul” saqmed miaCnia, saerTod, mtrisaTvis marjvenis moWra. msxverplis Sewirvisas aluda gudanis jvars sTxovs codvad ar CauTvalos (“nu Samicodeb”) sakuTari xeliT dakluli samxvewro. “codvas” poemaSi mxolod aluda axsenebs, sxva gmi-rebs martooden “anderZi” agondebaT da aqac aluda upirispirdeba Temis sayovelTao Tvalsazriss. ma-gram yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, — da es poemis mTliani sistemidan gamomdinareobs, Tumca arsad ar aris deklarirebuli, — rom “sizmris” Semdeg qe-Telaurs c o d v i T m o n a T l u l a d miaCnia Tvis-tomTa mTeli cxovrebis wesi, saTemo samarTali da sarwmunoebac.
mucalTan SebrZolebamde TemisaTvis cnobili aluda mokvda da xatobaze Satilionebma ixiles maTTvis gaucxoebuli pirovneba, romelic xevisberis TvalsazrisiT, Savbneli da qviSis sadilis mWameli, xolo poemis magistraluri ideis TvalsazrisiT, qvesknelis gadalaxviT meored Sobili, kacobriobis “pirvelyofili codvis” SemecnebiT vnebuli, srul-yofili RmerTis Semcnobi adamiania.
5. “sauflo Jams” aluda qeTelauri titanuri ZalisxmeviT arRvevs tomobrivad da rjulian-ur-julod ganwiluli wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da eqs-tazuri gaxelebiT uerTdeba mtrobiT gaTiSul Ta-vis “lamaz Zmas”, RvTis “xatad da msgavsad” Seqmnil kacobriobas, mis usasrulo da maradiul RmerTs. amieridan misTvis aRar arsebobs miwieri Temi, ar-sebobs mxolod RvTaebrivi ZmobiT SekavSirebuli zeciuri qveyana.
sakiTxavia, rogori iyo fSav-xevsuruli miTo-logiis mixedviT “zeciuri Temi” an ras unda gu-lisxmobdes “lamazi Zma”? vera bardaveliZis uwye-biT, caTa sasufevelSi idga mTielTa uzenaesi
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RvTaebis m o r i g e R m e r T i s “kari”. dro da dro “RvTis karze” ikribebodnen xolme R v T i s S v i -l e b i , romelTac m e t a m o r f o z i s Zlieri una-ri hqondaT. erT-erT fSaur “didebaSi” naTqvamia, rom “gamCeni RmrTisagan” nabadebi es RvTisSvilebi “RvTis nebis amsrulebeli cis masklavni, erTurTis m o d e - m o Z m e n i da stumar-maspinZelni” arian54. igive suraTi gvaqvs uZveles kolxur leqsSi:
bJa dida re Cqimi,TuTa muma Cqimi,xviCa-xviCa muricxefida do jima Cqimi.
“wvrili varskvlavebi”, igive fSauri “oqros Rilebi”55 — erTurTis “mode-moZmeni” anu da-Zmani arian. vaJas “stumar-maspinZeli”, romlis saTauric am sakraluri xasiaTis idiomidan modis, aseTi Ra-meuli suraTiT mTavrdeba: kldis Tavze Ram-Ramo-biT ikribebian joyola, zviadauri da aRaza...
vaJkacobisas amboben,erTurTis dandobisasa,stumar-maspinZlis weszedacnobis da daZmobisasa (III, 236).
ratom ikribebian isini “kldis Tavze”? imitom, rom es “klde” zeciuri mTaa. ratom maincdamainc “Ram-Ra-mobiT”? imitom, rom RvTisSvilTa ganmasaxierebeli “maskvlavebi” arian, RvTisSvilebi ki “RvTis karze” “mzis dabrunvisas”, e.i. mzis Casvlis Semdeg ikribe-bodnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom “aCrdilebad” gardacvli-li es gmirebi Cveulebriv kacTa msgavsad saubroben
54. v . b a r d a v e l i Z e . dasax. wigni. gv. 10, 15.55. s . m a k a l a T i a . fSavi, 1934, gv. 184. RvTisSvilni TavianTi Tavis analogiurad, fSavelebs “oqros Rilebad” Tvlian. o q r o s R i l i varskvlavis Sesatyvisi unda iyos iseve, rogorc o q r o s b u r T i mzisa (jvris enaze vaJs oqros burTi hqvia).
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da “mwvads” Seeqcevian. sokvdilis miuxedavad (maTi “aCrdiloba” — XIX saukunis Semoqmedis koreqtivia), maT, rogorc Cans, SenarCunebuli aqvT RvTisSvil-TaTvis niSandoblivi metamorfozis unari. joyola, zviadauri da aRaza, RvTisSvilTa msgavsad, erTur-Tis stumar-maspinZelni da mode-moZmeni arian. ase-Tive “moZme” anu “lamazi Zmaa” aludasaTvis mucali. “lamazi” mziuri RvTaebebis epiTetia. fSav-xevsure-Tis RvTisSvilebs Soris “lamazad sasinjavi” “mxar TeTri” da “mSvild-mSvenieri” “kopalaa”56; da muca-lica da aludac, joyolasa da zviadauris msgavsad, RvTisSvilTa zeciur saufloSi erTiandebian, viTar-ca maradiulad “lamazi”, RvTaebrivi moZmeni.
amrigad, qristianulisa da warmarTulis ur-TierTSesabamisoba da Tanaxmiereba poemis yvela as-peqts moicavs. “aluda qeTelaurSi” umtkivneulod erwymian urTierTs an urTierTis gverdze Tavi-suflad Tanaarseboben fSav-xevsureTis eTniuri mikrolokalis, miTosuri xilvebisa da qristianuli soflxedvis elementebi. magram mTavari sxvaa: miTo-suriT gamoxatuli aludas vnebebisa da moqmedebis, mis mier wvdomili, agreTve miTosuri struqturiT aRbeWdili zeciuri Temis wiaR aSkarad Wvivis qris-tianuli TvalTaxedva. da aludas mier Sinaganad gan-cdili universaluri RmerTic sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara qristianulad moazrebuli RmerTi.
56. miTiuri modeliT aris warmodgenili poemaSi mindiac: Tavisi “rvaliani zerdagiT”, romelic “iremsa hgavs” da “SublmTvaria nia”, Tavisi SubiTa da “Tormeti qistis mamklavi fariani mklaviT...” SublmTvariani cxeni astraluri samyaros miTiuri simboloa da amitoma hgavs mindias zerdagi qarTul miTosSi zesknel-qveskne-lis damakavSirebel astralur irems. cnobilia, rom cxeni (raSi) mzis atributia... xSirad am cxenebs m z e S u b l z e a q v T . sol-oRas leqsSi cxens “almasi uzis Sublzeda” (v . k o t e t i S v i l i , “xalxuri poezia”, 1961, gv. 358). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom poemaSi T o f T a n erTad, samjer aris naxsenebi aludasa da mucalis brZolaSi mouxmarebeli f a r i , agreTve yornis i s r i T mokvla da r v a l i s j a W v i , rac anaqronizmad mogveCveneboda, TviTon poemis garemocvis saerTo koloriti rom ar iyos miTiuri.
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l
“aluda qeTealaurSi” urTierTs jvaredinad hkveTs fabuluri da siRrmiseuli plani. maTi ur-TierTSefardebis grafikuli sqema aseTia:
wreebi moqmedebas aRniSnaven (Savi wre “sizmarSi” naCveneb m o q m e d e b a s ), horizontaluri xazi fa-bulis ganviTarebas, xolo Savi vertikali siRrmi-seul plans, romelic Suaze kveTs pirvels. poemaSi sami mTavari moqmedebaa: brZola, ziareba, xatoba. brZolis dros aludas gulSi daZruli impulsuri rwmena sizmarSi cnaurdeba da xatobaze xorciel-deba.
berZnuli tragediebis msgavsad, “aluda qeTe-laurSi” moqmedebiT ixsneba poemis Sinaarsi da gmi-ris Sinagani samyaro (“tragedia asaxvaa moqmedebiT da ara moTxrobiT”... aristotele, poetika, 6)57. kla-sikur berZnul tragediebSi “gmirTa sityvebi ufro zedapirulia, vidre maTi moqmedeba. zepir sityva-Si miTi ar vlindeba srulad. sceniur warmodgene-bsa da TvalsaCino suraTebSi ufro Rrma sibrZne gamosWvivis, vidre is sibrZne, romlis sityvebiTa da ganyenebuli cnebebiT gamoxatva ZaluZs poets... igives vamCnevT Seqspirsac: masTanac, zustad amave azriT... hamletis sityvebs iseTi Rrma mniSvneloba ar mierwyveba, rogorc mis moqmedebas... mayurebeli
57. vaJas poemebisaTvis, rogorc ak. gawerelia SeniSnavs, “damaxa-siaTebelia e p i z o d e b i s s c e n i u r o b a ” (qarTu-li poeziis dideba, mnaTobi, #7, 1961, gv. 140)
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hamlets mxolod maSin gaigebs, roca igi dakvirvebiT moismens mTels piesas bolomde da TvalnaTliv war-moidgens mas rogorc dasrulebul mTlianobas”58.
aludas mTlianobaSi warmodgenisaTvis mcdelo-bam da poemis cxad an farul kavSirSi myofi nawi-lebis urTierTgansazRvrulobam gvikarnaxa — nawar-moebis mxatvruli realobis zedapirze wamogvewia sizmris miTosuri plani da masSi, sakuTriv masalo-brivi elementis wiaR, arsebiTi xasiaTis ideuri feni gvegulisxma... “aris sagnebi, romlebic sxvafriv ar saCinovdeba, Tu ar fardis meSveobiT. farda ara marto faravs maT, aramed saCinosac xdis, radgan umisod, misi meSveobis gareSe isini uCinarni arian. aseTia hamletis Sinagani gancdebi”...59 da aludasic, davZendiT Cven, vinaidan mxolod sizmris farda xdis saCinos qeTelauris Sinagani “bunebis cvalebisa” da pirovnebis axladSobis misterias.
Seqspiris samefo Teatris direqtori da reJi-sori piter bruki wers: “Seqspiris personaJebi ar warmoadgenen personaJebs im azriT, rogorc am si-tyvas moixmarda XIX saukune. Cvens droSi mtkivneu-lad mivdivarT imis Segnebamde, rom adamianuri arsi ar warmoadgens “personaJs”, romelic erTxel raki miiRebs gansazRvrebas, Tavisi sicocxlis bolomde aseve Tanmidevrulad “realuri” rCeba... Cven axla isev vimsWvalebiT adamianis bunebis idumalebisad-mi pativiscemiT. saboloo angariSSi, swored Tavi-si auxsnelobis wyalobiT cocxlobs CvenTan erTad amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi hamletis esoden cxadi da cocxali saxe. swored am saidumlos raRacnai-ri intuiciuri moazrebis meoxebiT poulobs didi msaxiobi am saxisadmi Tavis gzas”60...
dramis arseba aris miTi (karmani). berZnuli tra-gedia, garkveuli azriT, miTis inscenirebaa. “miTis tragikuli fabulis mniSvneloba arasodes cxadad
58. Ф . Н и ц ш е . Происхождение трагедии... М.,1900, gv. 185.59. А . С . В ы г о т с к и й . Психология искусства. М. 1968, gv. 39160. П . Б р у к . Англия, 1964, #2
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ar hqoniaT gagebuli berZen poetebs”61, da saeWvoa, 27 wlis vaJas bolomde hqonoda gacnobierebuli mi-Tosuri safaneli “aluda qeTelaurisa”, romlis um-niSvnelovanes pasaJebSi axali drois didi Semoqme-dis intuicia da uZvelesi miTosis xolvebi uTierTs erwymian, raTa grandiozuli poeturi masStabiT warmogvisaxon adamianis feriscvalebis siRrme da misi amaRleba warmavalze.
61. f . n i c S e . dasax. wigni. gv. 184.
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feriscvaleba
mindia qajebsa hyavT tyved. tyveobaSi “guldamd-nari” mindia Tavis mosaklavad qajTa saWmels — gve-lis xorcsa sWams. sikvdilis nacvlad gvelis mWame-li “m a R l a m x e d i ” xdeba: mas, rogorc “brmas da yrus”, exsneba “gulisa da Tvalebis xedva” — “sac-nobelni ege yurni gulisa da gonebisa” (ioane saba-nisZe). mindia misda uneburad fers icvlis (“ukvirs TvoTonac tyves Tvis b u n e b i s c v a l e b a ”, IV, 9). igi eziareba samyaros idumalebis RvTaebriv sau-flos. qajTa tyveobaSi “buneba Secvlili” an g a r -d a c v l i l i mindia kvlav ubrundeba kacTa sacxo-vriss... aseTia dawuruli saxiT mocemuli, miTosur “zmanebaSi” gaxveuli eqspozicia poemisa.
mindia gvelis mWamelia. gvelis WamasTan aris dakavSirebuli misi f e r i s c v a l e b a an b u n e -b i s c v a l e b a , — “gamecniereba” (mecnieri: mecnavi, mcnobeli.. saba). gvelis WamiT frinvelTa enis gage-bis, gulTmisnuri codnisa Tu sibrZnis moxveWa qar-Tuli da msoflio folklorisaTvis niSandoblivi elementia da es araerTgzis aRniSnula vaJas “gvelis-mWamelTan” dakavSirebiT1. magram am kargad cnobili movlenis Sinaarsi ganmartebuli ar yofila.
1. ix. m i x e i l C i q o v a n i . vaJa-fSavela da xalxuri poezia (Tavi: “gvelismWamelis” xalxur-poeturi winamZRvrebi), 1955, gv. 61-94; amberki gaCeCilaZe. gadmocema “xogais mindiaze” da poema “gvelis mWameli”, 1959, gv. 11-12; avtors moaqvs cnobili fineli mwer-lis a. kivis Txzulebis “Svidi Zmis” erTi pasaJi, sadac erT-erTi gmiris tiimos piriT naTqvamia: “kacTagan iSviaTad dainaxavs vinme am gvels, magram visac bedi eweva da Seeyreba mas, u C v e u l o sibrZnes moixveWs”; ix. agreTve guram barnovis sadisertacio naS-romi “vaJa-fSavelas poeziis folkloruli wyaroebi”, 1962, gv. 232-235: akaki baqraZis “gvelis mWameli” da qarTuli miTi, mna-Tobi, #6, 1968, gv. 164.
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propis azriT, “gulTmisnuri codnis, kerZod, frinvelTa enis codnis motivi s a w e s o a d a -T e b i d a n modis... frinvelTa enis codnas iZenen ara marto imiT, rom gmiri iWmeba da aRmoinerwyve-ba, aramed imiTac, rom igi, piruku, TviTona Wams an lokavs gvelis romelime nawilsa an naWers, anda gvelis xorcisagan Semzadebul naxarSsa an wvens da a.S. ... W a m a , am SemTxvevaSi, i n i c i a c i a s T a n aris dakavSirebuli”2. misive azriT, “Tu s a w e s o a d a T S i STanTqma da aRmonerwyva ziarebas niSna-vda..., m i T S i gmiris amonTxeva cxovelis muclis tkivilis gamo xdeba (gavixsenoT amiranis STamTq-meli veSapi, T.C.), xolo z R a p a r S i gmiri ukve TviTon gamodis cxovelis muclidan”3. props moaqvs yirimis TaTarTa zRapris erTi pasaJi, sadac gvelis asuli aseT sityvas eubneba Tavis gadamrCenel gmirs: “nu SegaSinebs Cemi mSoblis (e.i. gvelis) mrisxane Se-saxedaoba. mis samefoSi mosaxvedrad Cven mogvixdeba jer dedis saSos wiaR gasvla, xolo Semdeg, mamis muclis wiaR. saSineli ukuni mogvicavs Cven am gzaze da Zabuni gulisaTvis gauZlisi iqneba es sanaxaoba. magram es erTaderTi gzaa Cveni samefosaken”4.
zRapris uZvelesi safuZvelia iniciaciis cikli, — gvamcnobs propi, — i n i c i a c i i s w e s i g a n i -c d e b o d a r o g o r c s i k v d i l i s q v e y a n a S i y o f n a o 5. igulisxmeboda, rom ziarebuli g a r -d a c v a l e b u l i a da sulTa qveyanas anu qvesknels aris Casuli. amrigad, gvelisagan gmiris STanTqma da, piruku, gvelis xorcis gmirisagan SeWma erTi da imave mniSvnelobis faqtia da orive mis qvesknelSi yofnasa da miTosur planSi, mis iniciaciaze, magiuri codnis moxveWaze da zegardmo gulTmisnobaze migviTiTebs.
2. В . Я . П р о п п . Истор. корни волшебной сказки, Л.1946, gv. 211.3. iqve. gv. 2164. iqve. gv. 213.5. iqve. gv. 329, 330; propis azriT, saRmrTo siuJetis, miTis “profanaciiT”, e.i. ezoTeruli Sinaarsis mxatvrulad gardaqm-niT ibadeba sakuTriv zRapari. iqve. gv. 336.
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mindia qvesknelSia, raki qajebis tyvea. Tavis dro-ze konstantine gamsaxurdiam aRniSna, rom “vefxis-tyaosnisa” da qarTuli folkloris “qaji”, arsebi-Tad, identuri cnebebia da rom qajebis samyoflo qvesknelia6. akaki gawerelias SeniSvniT, mindiaca da aludac qvesknelSi anu SaveTSi arian, roca pirve-li gvelis xorcsa Wams, xolo meore — kacisas7 (aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom orive es momenti iniciaciaze migvaniSnebs: kaciWamiobiT ziareba iniciaciis uZve-lesi formaa). akaki baqraZis azriT, “uZveles qar-Tul miTologiur panTeonSi qajeTi saiqios, SaveTs, suleTs, qvesknels gulisxmobda”, da amitom “vaJas mindias qajeTSi tyveobac... gvelismWamelis qvesk-nelSi yofnas gulisxmobs”8...
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poemaSi “eTeri” mefis vezirs Seres Seuyvardeba ufliswulis axladjvardawerili coli. “qalis si-turfiT dabmul” (III, 99) da “guldakodil” Seres “si-cocxle eSaveTeba” (III, 110). aseT dReSi myofi Sere, misive sityviT, “uflisagan gamometebulia” (III, 110). mas gulSi “Ralatiani eSmaki ujdeba” (99). mefes gan-zraxuli aqvs “ujiSo” rZlis moSoreba, ris Taoba-zec vezirebs eTaTbireba. ukanasknelTa azriT, es “grZneuli saqmea” da maT Zal-Rones aRemateba (107). saqmis mogvarebas gamijnurebuli Sere kisrulobs. igi “ucxoeTs” anu SaveTs miemgzavreba...
cxra zRvasa, cxra mTas iqiTa,udaburs adgils, mTiansa,scxovrobda erTi beberigamoqvabulsa kldiansa.
6. k . g a m s a x u r d i a . dante alegieri, jojoxeTi (winasityva), 1933, gv. XLI, agreTve misive, _ t. VII, 1965, gv. 366.7. a k . g a w e r e l i a . vaJa-fSavela da qarTuli miTosi. kreb. va-Ja-fsavelas, 1966, gv. 146, 147, 148.8. a k . b a q r a Z e . dasax. naSromi. gv. 163
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gveli, Sxami da boroti,yvelas is aZlevs ziansa.qajTaTvis suli mieca,qajebSi iyo garTuli,devTa da alTa SorisazemoTa TavSi CarTuli.qars is aCenda da Rvarsa,setyvas da delgmas mexiTa,Tu ki erTs daiwivlebda,an miwas scemda fexiTa,xmels moxrils zurgze dadgmuliseSmakT-cxenais kexiTa.Savia, rogorc naxSiri,rogorc fisi da kupria... (108).
ukve am nawyvetis pirveli striqoni Seicavs zRa-prul elements, ambavi xdeba zRaprul Tu miTiur qveyanaSi, c x r a m T i s gadaRma. setyvisa da delg-mis gamCeni beberi am aspeqtiT fSav-xevsureTis dar-avdris gamgebel mdedrul da mamrul RvTaebebs enaTesaveba. misi gamoqvabulSi yofna da “gveliviT wivili” (II, 86) xtonur arsebaTa atributebia, xolo devebTan, qajebTan da alebTan Tanaziaroba, iseve rogorc siSave, mis qvesknelSi mkvidrobas migvaniSne-bs. “cicis (katis, T. C.) bjRlebi” da “kvicis fafari” miTiuri personaJebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia da, maSasadame, grZneuli bebris saxe, visTanac Sere Tavi-si sawadelis misaRwevad midis, qristianobisagan gau-cxovebuli da sazarlad qceuli warmarTuli demo-nebis atributebiT aris SeZerwili. aqve unda aRiniS-nos, rom mis saxeSi Soreulad gamosWvivis qarTuli zRaprebis “avsuli beberi” da amiranianis “mowamluli qadis mcxobeli” (IV, 20) “devTa dedaberi”. “eTeris” grZneuli beberi “qajebSi iyo garTuli” (am terminze Semdeg gveqneba saubari) da suli “qajebisTvis hqon-da micemuli”, e.i. demonur ZalebTan iyo wilnayari da swored amitom hqonda moxveWili grZneuleba. misi eSmaurobis dasadastureblad vaJa pirwmindad
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qristianul Strixs iyenebs: am bebers “codvebiT ver Saedreba qristes gamcemi uria” (109) da “uflisgan gametebuli”, e.i. RvTaeb rivs ganSorebuli, gulSi eS-makSemjdari Serec masTan midis.
bebrisa da Seres dialogidan irkveva, rom “qaje-bSi garTuli” beberi kacTa xvedris mecnauria. man winaswar icis, ras etyvis Sere da am ukanasknelmac icis, rom is yovlismcodnea (110). “sindismZinare” Sere Tavisi sulis micemas pirdeba bebers da igi sazRaurad sawadelis mimwev wamals aZlevs mas:
fetvs mogcem, devTa naTessa,mosulsa devTa Walada,is urwyavs sisxlsa kacTasa,devTagan naxmars wyalada.Sigve dedis rZe urevavqajTi, macilTi kvalada,Sigvea ferfli im sulTaCven romelic gvxvda wilada,vinc Tavis meufesTanagamoCnda ganawbilada.Sigve lafia iudis,qristes gamcemis sulisada anafxeki sasyidladmis miRebulis fulisa... (111-112).
aq, iseve rogorc grZneuli bebris daxasiaTebisas, qristianobis mier uaryofili da amitom negatiurad warmosaxuli warmarTuli demonebis rigs iudas saxe agvirgvinebs, riTac, erTi mxriv, maTi identuroba, xolo meore mxriv, maTi eSmauroba da jojoxeTTan wilnayarobaa xazgasmuli.
vaJas “eTeris” es adgili Seqspiris “makbeTis” erTi pasaJis mogonebas aRZravs (moqmedeba IV, suraTi I): “gamoqvabulis SuaSi qvabi duRs, hquxs”. kudianebs aruli gaumarTavT qvabis garSemo, romelSic ixarSe-ba “gombeSo... WaobSi mbudavi mcuravis suki... xvli-kis Tvali da Ramuras burtyli... gvelis neStari...
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jojos fexi... gveleSapis qerqi... RvTis mgmob uriis RviZli”9 da sxv. es Sedareba imdenad aris saintere-so, ramdenadac orive nawyvetSi, erTi mxriv, qves-knelTan da RameulTan dakavSirebuli warmarTuli demonuri arsebebi da maTi zoomorfuli ipostase-bia naxsenebi, romlebic orive qristiani poetisaT-vis analogiur mxatvrul miznebs emsaxureba, xolo meore mxriv, imdenad, ramdenadac oriveSi aRwerili “kudianebis samzareulo” magiur mCxibaobasTan da winaswarganCinebis gamocxadebasTan aris dakavSi-rebuli (aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Seqspiris “u r i i s R v i Z l i ” da vaJas “i u d a s l a f i ” konteqstis mimarT analogiur Sefardebas amJRavnebs): makbeTi Tavisi xvedris gasagebad aris misuli kudianebTan, xolo Sere grZnebiT Semkravi wamlis wasaRebad mo-dis grZneul beberTan.
yuradRebas iqcevs Semdegi garemoebac: “makbeTis” pirvel moqmedebaSi kudianebi “quxilsa da elvaSi” iyrian Tavs. xelaxali TavyrilobisaTvis isini pae-mans mzis Casvlisas niSnaven, e.i. “m z i s d a b r u n -v i s a s ”, roca, xevsuruli miTologiis Tanaxmad, RvTis karze RvTisSvilebTan erTad “avsulnic” ikribebodnen. avdarSi, Sua gamoqvabulSi mdgari qva-bis garSemo mozeime kudianebis scena vaJas “d e v e -b i s q o r w i l i s a ” da “eTeris” d e v e b i s l x i -n i s analogiuri pasaJia, romelSic qristianobisa-gan gaucxovebuli dionisuri orgiazmis uZvelesi saxe gamosWvivis. amasve unda adasturebdes kudia-nebis sityvac: “mSvenieri sazizRaria da sazizRari — mSvenieri”10... groteskulad saxenacvali es gamoTqma dionisuri msoflSegrZnebisaTvis, rogorc antino-miurobis damZlevi msoflSegrZnebisaTvis niSando-blivi formulis mixedviT aris gamarTuli (ix. de-vuri da RvTaebrivi, 1).
9. u . S e q s p i r i . tragediebi, III, givi gaCeCilaZis reda-qciiT, winasityvaobiTa da SeniSvnebiT, 1954, gv. 99.10. ix. n i k o y i a s a S v i l i s Targmani “jakomo joisi”. ciskari #11, 1969, gv. 88.
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“eTeris” beberma qajebs misca suli da unda vi-gulisxmoT, rom amis meoxebiT moixveWa grZneule-ba da yovlismcodneoba. Serem am bebers da am be-briT gansaxierebul devebs misca an mihyida suli, ris sazRauradac kacTa bedis ganmsazRvreli wamali igdo xelT. Sere sulis miyidviT “e Z m o ” devebsa da qajebs: “qajni kbilebis aliTa mosZaxdnen: Z m a o S e r e o , rodisRa gnaxavT TvaliTa” (113), xolo me-jlisSi kacTa sisxliT gagerSili devebi ukivian: “mainc xom s u l i C v e n m o g v e c , xorciTac Cvenke iare” (114). Sere grZneuli beberiviT qajTa Sav magias eziara da maTgan wamoRebuli wamliT eTers “f e r i u c v a l a ” (117). amrigad, feriscvaleba, — sulerTia, eTikur planSi dadebiTad Tu uaryofiTad Sefasebu-li, - qvesknelSi yofnasTan, dev-qajTa magiasTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi moqmedeba grZneuli bebrisa da Seres meSveobiT eTeramde aRwevs.
didxans, “mravali tanjviT” ucxoeTs namyof Se-res “SaveTSi natariviT” n a c r i s f e r i adevs (ma-Cabliseuli TargmaniT, “m T l a d n a c r i s f e -r i a ” hamletis mamis aCrdilic)11, qajTa tyveobi-dan mobrunebuli mindiac “s a x e - m k r T a l i a ” (IV, 7), xolo aluda n i s l i s f e r i , raki “nisliviT modgeba”. aluda qeTelauri s i z m r i s meSveobiT moixilavs SaveTs, sadac misi pirovnebis misteriu-li gardaqmnis suraTia mocemuli. qajTagan da min-diasganac gvelis Wama “z m a n e b a i y o ”; maSasada-me, mindiac sizmris meoxebiT eziareba “R v T i u r c o d n a s ”. rac Seexeba Seres, igi “s v i n d i s - m Z i -n a r e ” midis “ucxoeTs” da amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: Seres s a s u l e s a m o e -C a r a s u l i , m i s i s u l i a s u l e b u l i a (III, 111), e.i. sxeuls ganSorebulia. Seres suli, igive
11. u . S e q s p i r i . II. gv. 34. Seudare: “ager qadagic gamoC-nda g a n a c r e b u l i s s a x i T a , SemkrTali iyo isica xatis p i r i s p i r naxviTa” (baxtrioni, III, 154); “baxtrionSi” sizmars g a n a c r e b u l i hyveba lela (III, 163), raki sizmari qvesknelTan aris dakavSirebuli.
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goni, “m T v r a l i v i T d a e R e t e b a ” (III, 110). Ta-vidan “g o n w a r T m e u l i ” da amitom “fer-gon-gamoleuli” brundeba Sere “ucxoeTidan” (SaveTi-dan). SesaZloa vifiqroT: s v i n d i s m Z i n a r e Se-res suli iWers grZneul beberTan saqmes, e.i. misi “ucxoeTs” anu qvesknels gamgzavrebac s i z m a r -S i xdeba. Serem devebs an qajebs “mihyida suli” (117) da samSobloSi gaveranebul gvamad an leSad brundeba.
aludam, Serem da mindiam “m r a v a l i t a n j v a ” gardixades SaveTSi, maT “tanjvas” Sesabamis poemaSi sxvadasxva mxatvrul-ideuri ganzomileba aqvs, ma-gram miTosuri modeli maTi SaveTSi yofnisa erTia, — da es gasagebia: mxolod saSineli arabunebriobiT, kacis an gvelis xorcis WamiT, sulis gayidviT da, ma-Sasadame, udidesi tanjvis sazRaurad SeiZleba gada-laxos kacma adamianuris sazRvari12.
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mindiam “z i z R i T d a q u r d u l a d ” SeWa-ma gvelis xorci. poemaSi pirdapir aris naTqvami, rom am dros mindias “mowyalis TvaliT gadmohxeda z e c a m ” (IV, 9). qajebma mindias g a n z r a x aCvenes sibrZne gvelad, rom ar ziareboda mas. mindiam yve-laferi iswavla qajuri, “mxolod b o r o t m a ver moikida mis gulSi fexi”. es y v e l a f e r i “RvTiuri codnaa” (IV, 343, B varianti), romlis mopovebiT igi samyaros pirveldasabams eziara. da marTlac, min-diam qajTa tyveobaSi gvelis WamiT moixveWa mokvda-vTaTvis uCveulo —
1. “sibrZne” (9);2. “grZneuleba (10);
12. “is... rom mindiam gadalaxa adamianur SesaZleblobaTa saz-Rvrebi da “qajuri niWi” SeiZina, ueWvelad mZime safasurad unda dasjdomoda mas” (a k . g a w e r e l i a . qarTuli poeziis dideba, mnaTobi #7, 1961, gv. 140).
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3. “mtris dasamarcxebeli fandi” da daWrilis gankurnebis niWi (10);
4. “mecniereba (10);5. “codna” (17, 21), “didi codna da Zali” (31);6. yovlis Sesmenisa (9) da SegrZnebis (20) niWi
“mRilidan da yvavilebidan” (11) varskvlaveba-mde” (31);
7. “gulisa da Tvalebis xedva” (9);8. “RmerTTan laparakis” madli (26);9. “goneba” (22);10. “rwmena” (20);11. “wminda rjuli” (22);12. “davlaTi” (26).
unda iTqvas, rom am terminebis umravlesoba min-dias gancdasa da Tvalsazriss retrospeqtulad asaxavs. “RvTiuri codnis” dakargvamde mindia poe-maSi naCvenebia rogorc bunebis saidumlosTan zia-rebuli mogvi, igi daxasiaTebulia rogorc Tvis-tomTaTvis da sruliad saqarTvelosaTvis (“gvir-gvinosani Tamari sul-mudam amis mTqmelia: oRond mindia Tan myvandes... veras damaklebs mteria”, 10) mzrunveli, uebro mkurnali da xmalSeuvali meoma-ri. mxolod am codnis dakargvis Semdeg icnobierebs mindia udides Rirebulebas imisas, rac dakarga (“da-vkarge Zviri saunje”, 30). grigol kiknaZis marTebu-li azriT, mindias codna i n t u i c i u r i xasiaTisaa da ara i n t e l e q t u a l u r i s a 13, igi “ar aaSkara-vebs Teoretiul interesebs”14. es aris “g u l i s ”, rogorc pirovnebis mier Sinagancdis safuZvel-ze mopovebuli, da ara “g o n e b i s ” (racio), ro-gorc samyaros Semecnebis safuZvelze mopovebuli, c o d n a .
codnisagan “d a c a r i e l e b u l ” mindias dau-dumdnen yvavilni da varskvlavni, ca da dedamiwa.
13. g r . k i k n a Z e . vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba. 1957, gv. 144.14. iqve. gv. 143. “mindiam ki ar icis, aramed mas aqvs unari igrZnos da mixvdes”.
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bunebasTan da, maSasadame, RmerTTan kavSiri gawyda... amas mindia ganicdis rogorc ”c o d v a s a ” (19) da “m a r c x s ” (26) da braleulobisa da sinanulis da-mTrgunveli grZnoba iprobs.
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“gvelis-mWamelisadmi” qarTuli literaturuli kritika yovelTvis daucxromel interess iCenda. sityvis xelovanni da mkvlevarni erTnairi gulmod-ginebiT cdilobdnen ganemartaT am poemis m a g i s -t r a l u r i idea da misi c a l k e u l i n a w i l e -b i , romelTa Sorisac, zogierTis TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli Seusabamoba arsebobs. unda iTqvas, rom Tu, erTi mxriv, “vaJas “gvelis-mWamelis” mxatvru-li Rirebulebis dafasebisas, Cveulebriv, gamodian poemis ZiriTadi problemidan”15, meore mxriv, poe-maSi dasmuli problematikis gaanalizebisas xSirad saTanado angariSi ar eweva ama Tu im poetur senten-ciasa Tu pasaJs Soris azrobrivi u r T i e r T m i -m a r T e b i s h a r m o n i u l o b a s , poemis mTlian struqturaSi maTi m n i S v n e l o v n e b i s i e r a r -q i a s .
“gvelis-mWamelis” magistraluri idea imTaviTve sworad iyo amocnobili da gagebuli. am ideis fa-buluri orientirebi poemaSi mkafiod aris moxazu-li (gvelis WamiT iniciacia, codnis dakargva, amis gamo sinanuli da tanjva, Tavis mokvla). davas iwve-vda da iwvevs am ideis fonze gaSlili calkeuli epizodebisa da azrobrivi aspeqtebis urTierTSepi-rispirebisas gamovlenili Seusabamobani, romelTa e r T i a n l o g i k u r sistemaSi gaerTianeba Wirs. TiTqos cxadi Seiqna, rom mkvlevrebs, romlebic poe-mis urTierTmonacvle nawilebis ganxilvisas erT-maneTis sawinaaRmdego azrebs gamoTqvamdnen, hqon-daT amis sababi, rom poemis calkeuli adgilebi da
15. iqve. gv. 147
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gamonaTqvamebi iZleva sxvadasxvanairi ganmartebis safuZvels...
“gvelis-mWamelze” pirveli mniSvnelovani werili vaJas sicocxleSive, 1911 wels daibeWda. pirvelad am werilSi iyo gaanalizebuli mTeli siRrmiT am tragikuli poemis Sinaarsi:
Сложен и глубок творческий замысел этой поэмы...Миндиа – живое воплощение религиозно-преобразу юще-
го начала. Он как бы перерос себя: победил в себе у з к о -л и ч н о е , ч е л о в е ч е с к и - о г р а н и ч е н н о е . Он во-плотил в себе творческий гений природы, стал гениальным в смысле мировом. Он уже не просто человек, а с в е р х ч е -л о в е к , но не в смысле ницшевского индивидуализма, а в смысле р е л и г и о з н о г о у н и в е р с а л и з м а . Конечно, и он личность, индивидуальность: он не убил себя в «дру-гом», он не р а с т в о р и л с я в «универсальном».
Будучи «этим», он становится «иным» и тем сливается с жизнью всех, с жизнью в с е л е н н о й ...
Он живет жизнью мира, ее радостями и печалями; но мир в своем бытии т р а г и ч е н по существу, и чуткая душа Змеееда переживает мировую трагедию. Он становится пе-чален, задумчив, одинок. Перед ним встает н е у м о л и м а я д и л е м а : или уйти от мира, стать о т ш е л ь н и к о м и спа-саться индивидуально, или же остаться в м и р е , принять его таким, каким он есть, и в смысле «историческом» войти с ним в компромисс16. Миндиа избирает второй путь, и тут на-чинается его настоящая драма, драма великого созерцателя.
Для раскрытия этой мысли поэт ставит Змеееда в по-ложение семейнного. Миндиа женился: появились дети,
16. induri eTizmis uZvelesi moZRvrebis _ aximsas Tanaxmad (romelic budizmma da jainizmma ganaviTares da romelic sxva ar-sebisadmi Zalmomreobisa da tanjva-siavis armiyenebas niSnavs) _ “yvelaferi, rac cocxalia, cocxlisave xarjze cocxlobs... Ta-vad adamianis sicocxlis faqti _ is, rom igi i k v e b e b a da m o Z -r a o b s ... mainc moicavs ximsas, _ s i c o c x l i s g a n a d g u r e -b a s ... kacs ar ZaluZs s a v s e b i T ganTavisufldes x i m s a s g a n . sanam igi s a z o g a d o e b i s wevrad iTvleba, mas ar SeuZlia monawileoba ar miiRos ximsaSi, romelsac Tavad sazogadoebis arseboba badebs” (Г а н д и . Моя Жизнь. М.,1959, стр. 302).
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образовалась семейная единица. Начало семейное в вос-приятии поэта является символом узко-личного, замкнуто-го, ограниченного. И вот происходит борьба между у з к о -л и ч н ы м и л ю б о в н о - м и р о в ы м н а ч а л а м и . Семье нужны драва, — и Миндиа должен рубить деревья; семье нужна пища, — и Миндиа должен убивать животных. Но как подымет он топор на чинару, когда та приветливо ки-вает ему головой? И как поднимет он руку на прекрасную лань, когда та ласково встречает его? Миндиа мучится, но жизнь берет свое: он постепенно уступает требованиям се-мьи. Чтобы не чувствовать чужих страданий: плача живот-ного и слез растений, он, по прекрасному выражению поэта, «влагает в свою грудь холодный камень». И что же? Мин-диа более не чувствует боли других, но зато отнимается у него мировой язык; он теряет способность проникать в мир и понимать его тайны. Он лишился силы тайновидца, но все время помнит ее и, не имея возможности снова заговорить на прежнем языке, мучится и страдает. Посмотрел он раз на любимые пшавские горы, покрытые густыми туманами, и, когда горы на его взгляд ответили холодным молчанием, Миндиа горько зарыдал. И в тот момент почувствовал он, что какаято тонкая струна его души, способная дать отзвук на всякий звук, оборвалась и на веки замолкла. Словом, Мин-диа убил в себе любовь и вместе с нею потерял способность познавания...
Чтобы ярче выразить жизненную драму Змеееда, поэт усложняет фабулу легенды. Миндиа, как тайновидец, сла-вился своими мудрыми советами, в особенности во время войны. И вот, в то самое время, когда отнялась у него змеи-ная мудрость, должна разыграться битва с неприятелем. К нему идет от народа старейшина Бердиа. Последний встре-чает его в глухую ночь у Хахматского образа и просит дать ему совет о месте встречи с неприятелем. Миндиа с болью в сердце открывает ему тайну и отказывается дать какой-либо совет. Добрый старейшина ошеломлен, но все же настаива-ет на своем, и Миндиа против желания дает совет встретить неприятеля в «отравленном ущельи». Так и поступают. Бой разыгривается в лунную ночь...
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...Он видит, что его деревня горит в пламени. Этим все решено: Змееед дал неверный совет, неприятель победил. Миндиа решительно вынимает кинжал и вонзает его в свою грудь. А прекрасная луна, нежный и печальный друг Змеееда, «видом девыплакальщицы» смотрит с высоты голубого неба и освещает хлынувшую из груди Миндиа теплую кровь...
Так закончилась жизненная драма тайновидца Змеееда17.ufro gvian (1927 w.) aseve Rrmad iqna gadmocemu-
li “gvelis-mWamelis” dedaazri:“yoveli arsi samyaroSi warmomdinareobs erTi-
sa da imave dasabamidan, romeli aris maradmqmedi Zala miuwTomeli. igi Zliereba savsebisagan Tvi-sisa warmoSobs yovel qmnilebas da ganaviTarebs. mTeli msoflio da arsTa savseba masSi igive Se-moqmedia, mxolod cxadqmnili Tavis qmnilebebSi. aqedan: yvela arsTa Soris damyarebulia bunebrivi kavSiri ganukveTeli. adamianic SeduRebulia qmni-lebebTan, rogorc erT-erTi saxe Semoqmedis gan-saxebisa...
adamianis pirovnebaSi hfeTqavs mTeli arsis sico-cxle. igi scxovrobs erTsa da imave sicocxliT mTel msofliosTan erTad. adamianis qvecnobiereba aris mTeli msoflios ZarRvis cema,... (pirovnebas) bunebri-vad ganukveTeli kavSiri aqvs yovel arsTan...
aseTia aRmosavleTis Zlevamosili sarwmunoeba. qarTvel xalxsac es rwmena aqvs imTaviTve SeTvise-buli... am msoflmxedvelobazed aris damyarebuli dedaazri poemisa: “gvelis-mWameli”...
(mindias) aRexilnes gonebis Tvalni cnobad yo-vlisa. eziara igi Semoqmedis arsebas da masSi miswv-da sibrZnes RvTaeburs, gaunaTda Cabnelebuli mso-fliosTan erToba Tvisi... yovel arsebis Seigno ena. da naTel zearsSi miRebuli sibrZne bunebrivad uaryofda bnelsa Tu borots... a r s T a Z m a i y o i g i , xorci xorcTa maTTagani da Zvali ZvalTa maTTagani.
17. Г р . К а в к а с и е л и . Поэт Важа Пшавела. Русская Мысль. Август, 1911, gv. 25-28.
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magram... mis garSemo C v e u l e b r i v i y o f a y o v e l d R i u r i — misTvis Znel Sexedulebazed iyo mowyobili... zegardmo sibrZnes naziarebi mindia veRar mihyveboda amgvar cxovrebas: misTvis yoveli arsi moyvasi iyo, maxlobeli...
m i n d i a n e l - n e l a g a d a v i d a C v e u l e -b r i v s a d i n e l z e d ... bolos gaqvavda guli, Ca-qra saswaulebrivi naTeli da grdaiqmna didi mecani Cveulebriv xevsurad... joyariRa iyo im zeazeul mdelosi, romels amSvenebda sanatreli yvavili z e k a c u r i s mecnierebisa... xevsurT ar icodnen ubedoba (gvelismWamelisa) da miendnen mterTan omSi z e c n o b i s a g a n uaryofils...
mindias sikvdili... u k v e mkvdari iyo, raki aRx-da s u l i m e c a n i . dadioda, sazrdoobda, TiTqos qmedobda: mainc iyo sulamowvdili. xmalma misi ma-dli moisxa, guli rom gaupo”18.
amrigad, poema warmogvidgens t r a g i k u l b e d s im adamianisas, vinc bunebasTan, mTel samyarosTan, RmerTTan Tanaziarobis Sinaganad, intuiciurad mopovebul unars kargavs, visTvisac udidesi Rire-buleba am Tanaziarobisa Tu kavSirisa zecnobis an RvTaebrivi codnisagan “dacarielebis” Semdeg cno-bierdeba. rogorc ar unda ganimartos mindias ze-gardmo sibrZnis Sinaarsi, cxadia is, rom kerZom da-aTmobia mas universaluri Rirebulebis mqone ram, — arada, misTvis, rogorc ojaxisa da sazogadoebis
18. v . b a r n o v i . Txzulebani, t. 10, 1964, gv. 154-159; Seudare barnoviseul “aRmosavleTis sarwmunoebas”: “yvela arseba erTi gonidan aRmocendeba... amis codna gulSi religiur grZnobas aRviZebs, rac CvenTvis umaRlesi bednierebis wyaroa... es aris maRali mwvervalebis haeri, es aris zecis silamaze, es aris var-skvlavebis uxmo galoba, es aris kacis bedniereba”... (emersoni), (ix. Р о м е н Р о л л а н . Собр. соч. XIX, Л, 1936, gv. 236). “roca pirovneba gascdeba Tavisi me-s sazRvrebs, igi uerTdeba mTel samyaros. igi msoflios sicocxliT cocxlobs. da maSin kaci da kacobrioba, kaci da buneba, kaci da RmerTi urTierTs erwymi-an. msofliosTan aseTi Serwyma, rogorc moraluri erTianobis Sedegi, rwmenis WeSmarit mdgomareobas warmoadgens” (В . Д ж е м с . Многообразие религозного опыта, М.,1910, gv. 234).
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wevrisaTvis, e.i. s o c i a l u r a d d a s a z R v r u -l i arsebisaTvis, Zneli an SeuZlebeli iyo Seenar-Cunebina bunebis RvTaebriv mTlianobaSi _ Tavisi arsebobis gansakuTrebuloba. adamianuri yofisa da RvTaebrivi arsebobis Serigeba kraxiT dasrulda. bunebas, samyaros pirveldasabams, RvTaebriv wiaRs mowyvetili adamiani Tavs iklavs; da es bunebrivi dasasrulia, raki bunebisa da RmerTis savsebasTan ziarebulisaTvis masTan Tanaziarobis dakargva Ta-visTavad udris sikvdils.
aseTia “gvelis-mWamelis” dedaazri. magram poe-mis mTlian mxatvrul struqturaSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, SesamCnevia urTierTgadamkveTi mxatvrul-azrobrivi aspeqtebis erTgvari Seusabamoba, rac zogjer cxadliv igrZnoba. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa aRiniSnos Semdegi:
1. “gvelis-mWamelSi” avtori erTmaneTs upirispi-rebs mindiasa da Calxia-mzias koncefciebs (es uka-nasknelni, arsebiTad, sazogadoebis Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelni arian). marTebulad iyo aRniSnuli, rom Calxia da mzia mindias upirispirdebian, ro-gorc “u s a x o u t i l i t a r i z m i s ”19, “m a r t i v i g o n e b i s ”20 gamomxatvelni. mindia z e m c n o b e -l i , bunebasTan da RmerTTan wilnayaria, - Calxia, mzia da mTeli sazogadoebac yofiTi utilitariz-mis Cveulebriobas asaxiereben. pirvels aqvs Sinaga-ni, mistikuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze mopovebu-li g a x s n i l i m o r a l i , romelic “r e l i g i u -r i u n i v e r s a l i z m i s ” saxes Rebulobs, meoreT “Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri yofis” horizontali TrgunavT, raki maTi d a x S u l i m o r a l i mxo-lod s o c i a l u r i n s t i q t s emyareba, mxolod mas scnobs da mas emorCileba. swored es ukanaskneli
19. k i t a a b a S i Z e . etiudebi... II, 1912, gv. 225. ix. agreTve, dan-iel ramiSvili. “gvelis-mWamelis” mTavari gmiris _ mindias saxe qarTul literaturul kritikaSi, vaJa-fSavelas saiub. kreb. 1961, gv. 147.20. g r . k i k n a Z e . dasax. wigni. gv. 145.
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karnaxobs sazogadoebas bunebis mimarT utilita-rul Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad, buneba k a c T a s a r g o d d a m o s a x m a r a d aris gaCenili RvTis mier (IV, 12). xe unda moiWras, balaxi moiTibos, nadi-ri moiklas, — bunebis mimarT spiritualuri Tval-sazrisi gamoricxulia. mindia ki swored am ukanas-knels aRiarebs: man Sinagani gamocdilebis meoxebiT icis, rom nadirTa xocva da xis moWra c o d v a a , codva-braliT monaTlulo saqmea, raki u f l i s mier dabadebul y o v e l a r s s , suliersa Tu usu-los, Tavisi ena aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom TiToeul maTgans a r s e b o b i s R v T a e b r i v i u f l e b a aqvs da amitom “r j u l i a n i a ”.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Calxia-mziaTi gansaxierebu-li szogadoebis es utilitaruli Tvalsazrisi (bu-neba kacTaTvis “sargo da mosaxmaria”) erTgvar ga-vlenas axdens misdami dapirispirbul koncefciaze: yvavilni “k a c T s a r g o d ” swiraven sicocxles, TavTavni “k a c T s a r g o d hzogaven Tavs”, xolo TviTon mindia “q v e y n i s s a r g o d ” ganixilavs misTvis mimadlebul RvTaebriv sibrZnesa da grZneu-lebas, raki maTi meoxebiT amarcxebs qveynis mtersa da kurnavs brZolaSi gankveTils (sibrZnedakarguli mindia wuxs: “veRaras v a r g e b qveyanas”, IV, 22).
magram Tu “gulis xedva” gaxsnil mindias esmis, rom “rac ki ram daubadia ufals sulier-usulo, yvelasac Turme ena aqvs, ara yofila urjulo” (IV, 9), e.i. esmis is, rom qveynad araferia RvTis sau-flosTan wiluyreli, — xolo es azri damarwmune-belia im kacis mimarT, vinc gvelis WamiT miiRo ini-ciacia, — mas unda scodnoda isic, rom kacis kvla, Tundac mtrisa, yvelaze didi codvaa, aki rjulic ar iZleva amis nebas (“a r a k a c h k l a ”. gamosl-vaTa, XX, 13). xolo ukeTu RmerTi amas codvad ar uTvlis adamians, cxadia, mas xis moWra da nadiris xocvac ar CaeTvleba codvad.
mindia “qveynis sargod” moqmedebs, roca (Calxias sityviT) xmliT naWeri mtris gorasa dgams. amri-
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gad, qveynisTvis zrunva mtris xocvas, Sesabamisad, daWrilTa gamrTelebas da, maSasadame, samSoblosa-Tvis momavali meomrebis dazrdas, amdenad, col-Svilze zrunvasac da amitom nadirTa xocvas moi-Txovs, radgan uxorcod dazrdili ymawvilebi va-Jkacebad ver ivargeben. magram nadirTa xocva da xis moWra bunebis idumali arsis sawinaaRmnego moqmede-bad aris dasaxuli poemaSi. poemaSi naTlad aris ga-moxatuli, rom ojaxis mokidebis da misi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT nadirTa xocvisa da xis moWris gamo dakarga mindiam bunebasTan Tanaziarobis RvTaebrivi unari, romelic, Tavis mxriv, qveynis rgebis an samS-oblosaTvis zrunvis umTavresi piroba iyo. aq aSka-ra winaaRmdegobaa da am winaaRmdegobas m i T o s u r i da s o c i a l u r i planebis SeuTanxmebloba badebs.
2. “gvelis-mWamelis” pirvel nawilSi (II, III, IV Ta-vebi) mindia gvevlineba rogorc bunebis saidumlos-Tan wilnayari mogvi. buneba “vaSas” ZaxiliT egebeba mindias gamoCenas. mindiasa da bunebis yovel arss Soris Sinagani, siyvarulismieri, sxvaTaTvis SeumC-neveli da Seucnobeli kavSiria damyarebuli. da poe-mis momdevno TavebSi vaJas naCvenebi aqvs: es kavSiri maTi erTi dasabamidan warmomavlobis Sedegia. mom-devno Tavebidanve irkveva, rom poemaSi bunebas ara marto xeebi, yvavilebi, puris yana da frinvelebi asaxiereben, aramed “xe-qva-balaxi-cxoveli” (IV,15), “mRili” (IV, 11) da “varskvlavic” (IV, 31), e.i. uflis mier gaCenili yvela sulieri Tu usulo arsi, ga-mouklebliv, da es, cxadia, asec unda yofiliyo. (B variantiT, mindia “c a - x m e l T a m c n e b a r e a ”, IV, 343). magram mkvlevrebma yuradReba miaqcies (da arcTu usafuZvlod) bunebis ganmasaxierebeli mcenareulis mimarT mindias diferencirebul damokidebulebas, rac TiTqos gaumarTlebeli Cans: yvavilni da puris TavTavebi wamlad mowyvetasa da saCqarod momkas ex-vewebian mindias, xolo xeebi, piriqiT, armoWrasa da dandobas: “nu momklav, Cemo mindiav, nu damibneleb mzesao” (IV, 12). gaugebrobas badebda is, rom “xe-qva-ba-
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laxi-cxoveli”, rogorc Calxia ambobs, ebraleba min-dias (Calxia da sxvebi “balaxsac sTiben, nadirs kvlen, SeSiT anTeben kerasa”, IV, 17), xolo yvavilebsa da, gan-sakuTrebiT yanas, mindia maTive Txovnisamebr, wyvets da mkis. gaugebaria jer is, rom balaxis Tibvasa da ya-nis mkas Soris, mindias TvalsazrisiT, eTikuri xasia-Tis zRvari Zevs, mere ki is, rom xis moWrasa da yanis momkas Soris principuli xasiaTis sxvaoba igulisxme-ba: xe tiris xelculiani mindias danaxvisas, TavTavi xarobs xelnamgliani mindias gamoCenisas. winaaRmde-goba TvalsaCinoa da aq unda ganimartos Semdegi:
III Tavis brwyinvale miTosur pasaJSi, romelSic min-dias “vaSas” ZaxiliT egebeba buneba, mas xelnamglian RmerTad saxaven oqrosferi TavTavebi (IV, 11, 12, 13):
xel-namgliani roca var,msaxaven Tavis RmerTada:-“ara, me momWer, mindiav,nu mtoveb, Seni kvnesame”.“ara, me - sxva gaiZaxis:-ufro maSinebs zeca me.patara nislic ro vnaxo,CamoviSlebi taniTa.vai Tu setyva movides,yeli gamomWras daniTa”.sxva ufroc hyviris: “nu mwirav,ixare Tavis janiTa”.gadavirevi braliTa:vcdilob da yvelas ver vwvdebioris xeliT da TvaliTada am dros Tavadac vxdebimosabrunebi wyaliTa... (IV, 13)
ukve iyo aRniSnuli, rom “es adgili... “gvelis-mWamelSi” vaJas mier xalxuri gadmocmis z e g a v l e n i T aris Seqmnili”21. asec rom ar iyos, aSkaraa,
21. a m b e r k i g a C e C l i a Z e , dasax. naSromi, gv. 56
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rom poemis es pasaJi ucilo msgavsebas amJRavnebs xalxuri Tqmulebis Sesabamis adgilTan (“mindi, nu mwirav, ciT frfa mecemis, amiReo”)22. “gvelis-mWame-lis” am pirwmindad miTosuri pasaJis mixedviT, min-dia marcvleulis mfarveli, oqrosTavTuxebiani ya-nis RvTaebaa: mwife marcvali misi ganmasaxierebeli da misive mkvdreTiT aRdgomis sawindaria. am azriT, marcvlis “gawirva”, e.i. moumkeloba, misTvis “yelis gamoWraa”, radgan mas aramc Tu setyva, patara nislic ki daSlis da, maSasadame, m o m a v a l g a z a f x u l s v e R a r a R o r Z i n d e b a k v l a v . magram poemis saerTo mizandasaxulebis kvalad, am pasaJis miTo-surma Sinaarsma p r o f a n i r e b a ganicada. unda aRiniSnos, rom vaJa TviTonve grZnobs am pasaJis “miTosur” damoukideblobas. vaJa misi aSkarad mi-Tosuri Sinaarsis ganeitralebas cdilobs, roca ganmartavs:
yanasa setyva aSinebs, — kacT usazrdood darCena,T o r e m v i T n a m g a l s , s e t y v a s as i T S e u Z l i a w a x d e n a ?kacT sargod Tavsa hzogavenTavTavni oqros ferani... (IV, 13)
cxadia, rom vaJa aq m i z a n s u n a c v l e -b s TavTavis “zrunvas”, magram miznis Senacvle-bis miuxedavad, am epizodis pirvandeli, miTosuri modeli mainc Zalumad Wvivis. poetis i n t u i c i a swored mas asaxierebs, magram poetis r e f l e q -s i a am pasaJis a S k a r a d nagulisxmev sakralur azrs (m a r c v l i s u k v d a v e b a m a r c v l e u -l i s m f a r v e l i R v T a e b i s u k v d a v e b i s s a w i n d a r i a )23 sxva sadinelze uSvebs: TavTavebs
22. iqve. gv. 2723. aSkarad, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaugebari iqneboda ra-tom ebraleba, an gagiJebiT, qancis gamolevamde ratom mkis min-dia _ yanis xelamgliani RmerTi _ puris TavTavebs.
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“kacT usazrdood darCena” afiqrebso, riTac sakra-lur azrs u t i l i t a r u l ganmartebas aZlevs.
amrigad, poetis dagvianebuli refleqsia poeturi intuiciis safuZvelze ukve ganxorcielebuli miTo-suri pasaJis mxatvrul sinamdviles Sinagan winaaRm-degobas uwevs.
poemis II TavSi, yvavilTa mimarT, romlebic aR-tacebiT egebebian mindias (viTarca mcenareulis ganmasaxierebel RvTaebas), naTqvamia: maT “zneda Wir To” —
oRond ewamlon sneulTa,sicocxliT gafufunebulsarad agdeben sxeulTa;salxinod hsaxven, kacT sargod,Zval-xorcTa CamorRveulTa (IV, 11).
pirvelad aq Cndeba “kacT sargoobis” vaJaseuli koncefcia, magram unda iTqvas, rom mas jer kidev ar axlavs aSkarad utilitaruli Sinaarsi, ramde-nadac es yvavilTa “z n e a”, e.i. S i n a g a n i b u n e -b a a , da meorec, — es “zne” eTikur mizans, sneulTa gankurnebas gulisxmobs, rac dionisurad gagebu-li bunebisa da misi RvTaebis arsebiTi moTxovni-lebiT aris gapirobebuli. aki mindiac mkurnalia, rogorc bunebis Tanaziari da misi idumali ar-sis mecnauri. “kacT sargod” Tavis gameteba, ama-ve dros, yvavilTa “s a l x i n o d ” xdeba da, ma-Sasadame, maTiv Sinagan arsTan srul Sesatyviso-bas amJRavnebs. aq miTosur models ar Ralatobs poeti.
mosalodneli iyo, rom yvavilebTan da TavTa-vebTan erTad, balaxsac ar esurva “oxrad dalpo-ba”, masac “kacT sargod” moTibva moendomebina, miT umetes, rom ZvelTa TvalsazrisiT, igi k a c T a da c x o v e l T a s a z r d e l i a : fSaur sadidebelSi pirdapiraa naTqvami: “RmerTma... xmeleTze cxovelni da kacni gaaCinna da m w v a n i l n i i m a T s a z r -
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d o d moiyvanna” (Sead. Sesaqme, 1, 29, 30). magram, poemis mixedviT, balaxi xeebis kategoriaSi xvdeba, xeebisa, romelTa moWras c o d v a d ganixilavs min-dia. sagulisxmoa, rom m i T o s u r p l a n S i , xeTa moWra da yanis momka urTierTsapirispiro movle-nebia. winaremiTebSi xe, rogorc cocxali RvTaeba (xe-driada) kvnesis da kvdeba tyismWrelis culisa-gan, ris gamoc mas zogjer sizmrad evlineba xe yve-drebiTa da muqariT24. es dapirispireba TvalsaCinoa poemaSi.
3. poemis dasawyisSi gancxadebulia, rom gvelis xorcis WamiT b u n e b i s s a i d u m l o s T a n w i l -n a y a r o b a RvTiur codnasTan, z e c a s T a n k a -v S i r i s b a d a l i a . am codnisagan mindias “daca-rielebis” Semdeg, wina planze swored es ukanaskneli aspeqti gamodis: poemaSi ukve mindias piriT araerT-gzis cnaurdeba, rom man u f l i s winaSe scoda, rom man R m e r T T a n laparakis unari dahkarga, rom igi r w m e n i s a , w m i n d a r j u l i s a da c i u -r i niWisagan ganiZarcva. amrigad, mindias bunebas-Tan wilnayaroba RmerTTan Tanaziarobas gulisxmobs. miTosuri gvelis Wama da qristianuli zecis wyaloba tolfardi cnebebia.
mindias garegnul-aqtiuri moqmedeba poemaSi m i T o s u r i elementebiT cnaurdeba, misi Sinagan-spiritualuri gansja ki — q r i s t i a n u l i T . pir-velis safuZveli mindias qvecnobierebaa, meorisa — cnobieri azri, refleqsia. mxolod intuiciurad moxveWili sibrZnis dakargvis Semdeg icnobierebs mindia am faqts da bunebasTan da RmerTTan gawyve-til kavSirs “Zvir saunjed” naTlavs.
mindias mier qvsknelSi miRebuli iniciacia zecis madliT aris nakurTxi. m i T o s u r i q v e s k n e l i d a q r i s t i a n u l i z e c a p o e m a S i g a i g i v e -b u l i a . II TavSi mindia “S t e r a d gahxednebs z e -c a s ”, roca xelculians xe Seevedreba “nu momkla-
24. v . i v a n o v i . dasax. wigni. gv. 264
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vo”, codnadakarguli igi “Cumad, balRiviT tiris”, xolo RamRamobiT banze zis da c a s a S t e r d e b a (IV,30):
loculobs Tval-cremliani,azri ar ismis locvisa...ufro tanjvaa glovisa,vidre gul-dawynarebuliwyalobis gamoTxovisa.cremli sdis, Cumi qviTiniabjris JReraSi ereva,loculobs, daCoqilia,xanic mravali eleva (IV, 27).
ase mxolod qristianuli RmerTis winaSe locu-lobs qristiani. magram es qristiani — mindiaa da igi xaxmatis xatSia daCoqili, sadac warmarTuli RvTae-bis saxelze daklul kuratTan “xanjar-sisxliani” xevisberi dgas... xevsurTa salocavSi gvelismWamelis aseTi locva iseve Znelad warmosadgenia, rogorc mis mier cxovelTa xocvis gamo dakarguli sibrZnis gamosaTxovrad Zroxebis dakvla, radgan, Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi eTniuri koloritia darRveuli, meore-gan danaSaulis monanieba imave danaSaulis sazRaurad xdeba (“yevari xari kidev myav, sami Tu oTxi furebi, imaTac avusaxeleb, oRomc momirCes wylulebi”, IV, 26). magram, rogorc Cans, poemaSi caTa mimarT q r i s -t i a n u l l o c v a s swored kuratis w a r m a r -T u l i m s x v e r p l S e w i r v a Seesabameba.
“gvelis-mWamelis” pirvelsave TavSia naxsene-bi fSav-xevsuruli eTnolokalisaTvis Seusabamo, pirwmindad qristianuli “a R d g o m a ”, “S o b a ” da “samoTxe”. Tumca poemis mxatvruli namdviloba mxo-lod x a t o b a s a scnobs religiur dResaswaulad. poemis pirvel nawilSi mindia g v e l i v i T g r Z -n e u l i , oqrosferTavTaviani y a n i s xelnamgliani R m e r T i a , xolo Sua nawilSi — w m i n d a r j u l i s maRiarebeli, R v T i s s a m a r T l i s momlodine,
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muxlmoyrili m l o c v e l i ; erTi mxriv, igi x a x m a -t i s j v r i T d a v l a T m o r W m u l i x e v s u r i m o y m e a , meore mxriv, T a m a r i T g a n s a x i e r e -b u l i s r u l i a d s a q a r T v e l o s m e o m a r i , r o m e l s a c u f l i s k a l T a m f a r v e l o b s ... aqve unda iTqvas: poemaSi yvavilTa “kacTa sargod” gamoyeneba da nadirTa xocvis gamo sibrZnedakargu-li da amis gamo monanuli mindias mier xatisaTvis Zroxebis dakvla ucnaur kontrastad JRers “gve-lis-mWamelis” pirwmindad vaJaseul striqonebTan: “velebze bzinven yvavilni, T a m a r - d e d o f l i s T v a l e b i ”, an “mTis kalTebs hSvenis cxvar-Zroxa, rogorc l a m a z q a l s x a l e b i ” (IV,23).
vaJas, SeZlebisdagvarad, minimumamde dahyavs l o k a l u r i k o l o r i T a da e T n i u r i s p e -c i f i k i T datvirTuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, raTa meti gasaqani misces poemis dedaazris Semadge-nel utilitarul motivs, an, ufro zustad, swored xsenebuli motivis gamo iTrguneba vaJaseuli sti-lis specifika poemaSi: mindia g l e x i a , xevsurTa Temi — s a m S o b l o , mindias samkvidrebels q o x i hqvia, xatobas — d R e o b a , xolo qavs — s a x l i da k o S k i . poemaSi, saerTod, Warbobs eTniur magiuro-bas moklebuli, publicisturi xasiaTis leqsika da frazeologia, rac zogjer vaJas didi poemebisaTvis aSkarad ucxo iersa da intonacias iZens.
“gvelis-mWameli” vaJas didmniSvnelovani poemaa da amaze ori azri ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, magram mkrexelobad ar unda iTvlebodes imis Tqma, rom m x a t v r u l i s r u l y o f i s TvalsazrisiT, igi ver Seedreba “gogoTur da afSinas”, “kopalas”, ge-nialur “aluda qeTelaurs”, “stumar-maspinZelsa” da “baxtrions”.
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mindia qajTa tyveobidan RmerTTan da bunebis pirveldasabamTan ziarebuli, wilnayari brundeba.
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mas rogorc “brmas da yrus” gaexsna Tvali da yuri. brundeba igi kacTa sacxovrisSi, romelic amave zia-rebisa da amaRlebis da amitom TvistomebTan konfli-qtis gamo datova aludam. poemaSi didi simZafriT aris gadmocemuli RvTiuri codnis dakargvisagan gamowveuli mindias mduRareba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mindiasaTvis, da maSasadame, adamianisaTvis, es udi-desi da uZvirfasesi monapovaria (Zviri saunje). ram-denad SesaZlebeli da mosalodnelia aseTi pirovne-bisagan qalis gamo mis ZmebTan mixdoma da, saerTod, daqorwineba? gana mas ar unda scodnoda, rom “qaju-ri”, e.i. zekacuri sibrZnisa da kacTa Cveulebrivi xvedrisa Tu yofis Serigeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda?
colis SerTva warmoudgenelia kacisaTvis, vinc Tormeti weli qajTa tyveobaSi iyo da gvelis xorci hqonda naWami, e.i. ziarebulisTvis. mindias guls da yurs m T e l i s a m y a r o esmis (yovel arss Tavisi ena aqvs), igi “c a - x m e l T a m c n e b a r e a ” da ami-tom dauSvebelia raime k e r Z o s misTvis es m T e l i daeTmobinebina. poemis magistraluri idea TiTqos fabulis sxvanair ganviTarebas moiTxovs, saxel-dobr: q v e y n i s s a r g o d , qveynisTvis zrunvad mindia Tavisi idumali bunebisa da rwmenis sawinaaR-mdego rasme sCadis, roca xocavs samSoblos mtrebs (romlebic misTvis, rogorc universalur pirvel-dasabamTan ziarebulisa da arsTa mxedisaTvis, arc unda arsebuliyo TiTqos. aki mas yoveli sulieris ena esmis da icis, rom amqveynad a r a v i n da a r a f e -r i a u r j u l o , e.i. usaxuri da arsebobis uflebis armqone). m x o l o d s a m S o b l o s x s n i s a T v i s Tu Rirda gaewira mindias samyarosTan Tanaziaro-bis Zviri saunje, daeTmo is, rac udidesi tanjviT, gvelis WamiT moipova. magram poetis intuicia sxva sadinels mihyveba da es sadineli mTielTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebidan iRebs saTaves.
ukve aRiniSna (ix. mSvenieri mZlevari), rom RvTi-sagan Sepyrobili, e.i. g a s u l f o n e b u l i kaci RvTis nebis g a m c x a d e b e l i , m e e n e an q a n d a -
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r a a , romelzedac frinveliviT jdeba RvTisSvili. amasTan dakavSirebiT, “gvelis-mWamelis” B variantSi yuradRebas ipyrobs Semdegi pasaJi: mindiam “Tvali miapyro q a n d a r a s , iqve ezoSi rom iyo, v e r v i n S e n i S n a m i s m e t m a , masze Citebi msxdariyo. yurs ugdebs g a f a c i c e b i T imaT WukWuks da likliksa”... (IV, 339). savaraudebelia, rom moTemeTa-gan u x i l a v i , qandaraze msxdari C i t e b i f r i n -v e l i s a R i T Camofrenili RvTisSvilebi iyvnen. am desakralizebul pasaJSi qandarad TviTon mindia unda yofiliyo nagulisxmevi, raki igi gafac i c e -b i T u s m e n s , xolo Semdeg moTemeT u c x a d e b s maTs naubars.
qandarad qceuli kaci — “RvTisSvilTan garTu-li”, RabuSi, an RvTaebrivi xelia da igi “manam enas gamaiRebs, daiwyebs s i z m a r S i xedvnas, sizmar-Si qadagobas”25. dRisa da Ramis vermcnobel RabuSs goni aqvs axdili, mas cxadSi da ZilSic RvTisSvili eCveneba26. jvrisagan, igive RvTisSvilisagan daWe-rili momavali RvTismsaxuris (mkadres an qadagis) ganwmendis am periods, romelic sam an xuT weliwads grZeldeba, sxvanairad t u s a R o b a an p a t i m r o -b a ewodeba27; da SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom mindias qajTa tyveobaSi Tormeti wlis yofna am sakraluri wesis a n a r e k l i a , rom mindias tyveoba RabuSis tu-saRobisa Tu patimrobis Sesatyvisia, miT umetes, rom qajebTan man R v T a e b r i v i codna SeiZina. am mo-sazrebas isic unda adasturebdes, rom “eTeris” av-suli beberi, gulTmisani da yovlismcodne grZneu-li, rogorc vaJa ambobs, “qajebSi iyo g a r T u l i ”. “qajebSi garTuli” “RvTisSvilTan g a r T u l i s ” aSkara kalkia da am terminiT vaJa magiur ZalasTan wilnayarobas gamoxatavs.
25. T i n a T i n o C i a u r i . qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmu-noebis is-toriidan. 1954, gv. 19.26. iqve. gv. 18-19.27. iqve. gv. 20... “mkiTxavi xats t u s a R a d a hyavs daWerili” (vaJa, IX, 66)
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TinaTin oCiauri aRniSnavs: “RabuSebi, Cveulebriv, d a u q o r w i n e b l e b i arian. c o l i s SerTvas maT R v T i s S v i l i u S l i s ”28, an: “mkadres evalebo-da didi siwmindis dacva, q o r w i n e b i s mkacri tabuacia”29; “vinc j v a r i s ayvanil yofil, imas v e r m a u y v a n a v diaci... colSvilobaSi namyof kacs a R a r m a u v i d o d ”30.
amrigad, gasulfonebuls n e b a a r a a q v s diac-Tan dawolisa, d a c o l S v i l e b i s a . RvTisSvilTan garTuli kaci RabuSi an RvTaebrivi xelia (“g i J d e -b i s sanam ar Cavardebis colSvilobaSi”)31. RabuSi RvTisSvilis tusaRi an patimaria (baris saqarTve-loSi maT “RvTis beCavi” an “jvris mona” ewodebaT). igi mediumi, orakuli an meenea, romelzec ise ibu-drebs RvTaeba, rogorc qandaraze frinveli...
“gvelis-mWamelSi” mindias colis SerTva da co-dnis dakargva, Cveni azriT, uZvelesi rwmenidan momdinare am modelis mixedviT unda iyos agebuli. magram arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic: “qajeTSi anu qajaveTSi namyof kacs xorciel qalTan sqesobriv urTierTobas u k r Z a l a v s xaxmatis jvris dedaka-curi hipostasi s a m Z i m a r i xeli — yelRiliani... (romelmac mindia) dasaja imiT, rom RvTaebrivi co-dna waarTva”32... akaki baqraZis am Tvalsazriss, ro-melic xaxmatis jvris miTologiuri struqturis me-tad sayuradRebo analizs emyareba, T a v a d p o e -m a S i , Cveni azriT, raime TvalsaCinod damadastu-rebeli sayrdeni ar gaaCnia. xaxmatis xatSi mindias l o c v a , romelsac qristianuli elferi axlavs da romelic gudanis xatSic SeiZleboda Sesrulebuli-yo, ar iZleva imis sababs, rom maT Soris miTolo-giuri xasiaTis raime damokidebuleba vigulisxmoT. Tumca mkvlevari arc gvaiZulebs amas. misi azriT,
28. iqve29. iqve. gv. 107.30. iqve.31. iqve. gv. 18.32. a k . b a q r a Z e . dasax. naSromi. gv. 166.
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vaJas poemaSi mxolodRa “m i T o l o g i u r i w a r -m o d g e n e b i s p o e t u r e m a n a c i a s T a n ”33 gva-qvs saqme da, am azriT, mkvlevaris Tvalsazrisi ga-marTlebuli ar Cans.
amrigad, mindia qaliT gansaxierebuli mdedrul-materialuri yofisagan m o c T u n e b u l i aRmoCn-da. man W a m a colisagan gamomcxvari “m o w a m l u l i q a d a ”, romelsac fSaur amiranianSi devTdedaberi acxobs da romelSic kacis Tav-fexia Catanebuli. am qadis WamiT man c o d v a C a i d i n a , e.i. eziara de-vur cxovrebas, anu, poemis mixedviT, damorCilda viwro, utilitarul, yofacxovrebiseul garemoe-bebs. uzenaesTan kavSiri gawyda. udidesi tanjviT z e k a c u r T a n ziarebuli mindia daamarcxa q v e -a d a m i a n u r m a yofam.
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ojaxuri yofis Cveulebriv sadinelze gadasulma mindiam dakarga sibrZne da “u f a l s s c o d a ” (IV, 19). colis “CiviliT gul-mkerdgasenilma” (20) saku-Tari arsisa da znis sawinaaRmdegod xec moWra da nadiric xoca. mindias z n e o b r i v i a s i m i l a c i a TandaTanobiT xdeba: igi jer “melaobs rwmenasTan”, mere ki “qvis guls idebs” da “hyidis wminda rjuls” (22). magram “r w m e n i s R a l a t i . . . S i n a g a n a d S e i c a v s s a s j e l s ”34 da sibrZnedakarguli min-dia R v T i s g a n a C e n s elodeba, raki icis, rom Tavs verafriT imarTlebs RmerTTan (“T a v s r i T v i m a r T l e b R m e r T T a n a ?”, 22). RvTis samar-Tali mzias sizmarSi cxaddeba...
sizmarSi fSav-xevsuruli warmarTuli SaveTia aRwerili, magram mas qristianuli jojoxeTis el-feri axlavs.
33. iqve. gv. 167.34. a k . g a w e r e l i a . qarTulo poeziis dideba. mnaTobi # 7, 1961, gv. 140.
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ca iseTi Cnda, viT kupri,Savad hRelavda, Sxioda,kuprs awvimebda miwasa,cxeli wveTebi scvioda,Rvarebi ise sazarlad,Seupovarad dioda,“gviSveleT, voRupebiTo”,aTasgniT xalxi hkioda (IV, 33).
am nawyvetSi kargad Cans tradiciuli warmodge-nebis vaJaseuli transformirebis xasiaTi. werilSi “fSavlebi” vaJa wers: “SaveTs Camoudis Suaze didi xevi, romelzedac modis kupris mdinare, cecxlmo-debuli. mazed aris gadebuli bewvis xidi, m a r T a -l i gaivlis am xidze, c o d v i l i ki Cavardeba da i w v i s k u p r S i ” (IX, 17). kupris mdinares an Rvars poemaSi cidan mosuli kupris wvima hqmnis, c i d a n , raki “R v T i s b r Z a n e b i T ” iRupebian mindia-ca da misi col-Svilic sizmarSi. Rvarebi “mqSinavi d e v e b i v i T movardnen” (32); devi arqauli v e S a -p i s gviandeli saxenacvalia da bunebrivia, qvesk-nelis wyalTan aris dakavSirebuli (Seadare “sizma-ri sasowarkveTilisa”: “sizmari vnaxe: wamiRo a d e -v e b u l m a mdinarem” 1,76). magram vaJa ar iviwyebs: es Rvari “z e n a i T m o a s q d a ”, rogorc R v T i s s a s j e l i , romelsac unda waeleka da moeSTo c o -d v i s moqmedni. mzia balRebiTurT da Semdeg min-diac wyals miaqvs. mindia imitom, rom uflis winaSe scoda, mzia da balRebi imitom, rom maT gamoa Cadeni-li codva. napirs mijarul mzias m q i s e saxis mqone Savi kacebi xeliskvriT abruneben ukanve da es S a v i k a c e b i a n T r o p o m o r f i r e b u l i d e v e b i arian, romlebic “R v T i s b r Z a n e b i s ” amsrule-belTa rolSi gamodian da amitoma aqvT kacis saxe (lelas s i z m a r S i : “kaci ram modis k u p r i v i T , daaTrevs kacis Tavebsa, modis, win miwyobs RreWiTa CemT ZmaT sisxlians mklavebsa”, baxtrioni, III, 163). sagulisxmoa, rom mindia brZolidan “S a m u r v i l i
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s a x i s ” xevsurebs gamohyavT. sizmareuli xilva Ti-Tqos grZeldeba da RvTis brZanebiT wyalwaRebu-li mindias sikvdili da brZolis Semdeg misi Tavis mokvla erT zogadmniSvnelovan Sinaarss iZens.
“Tavs riT vimarTleb RmerTTana?” — yvedris cxadSi Tavis meuRles mindia, sizmarSi ki utydeba: “rasaca hxedav Cems Tavze, Rirsi var swored, axia”, da miT aRiarebs Tavis braleulobas RmerTis winaSe, xolo imitom, rom samarTlianad mogebul sasjels mis gamo mziac iziarebs, - mzias winaSec...
mindiasagan Sinagani, intuiciuri sibrZnis mox-veWas vaJa xsnis miTosuri modeliT — qvesknels STaxdomiTa da gvelis xorcis WamiT. mxatvruli realobis dacvis mizniT, poets es aqti sizmarSi gadaaqvs, riTac xazs usvams sizmrisa da adamianis qvecnobieri samyaros ueWvel kavSirs: “sizmari sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs mivxvdeT bevr rames, rac dRisie-ri azrovnebisas Cveni cnobierebis kideze... im bnel da amaRelvebel sferoSi xdeba, saidanac warmodin-deba yovelgvari azrovneba saerTod, upiratesad ki intuiciuri”...35
samyarosa da bunebisadmi dionisuri erTianobis grZnobiT gamsWvalul mindias amarcxebs socialur-utilitarul Tvalsazrisze damyarebuli yofa (yofa — dionises mier damarcxebuli mteria, mindiam gve-lis WamiT daamarcxa igi). mindia carieldeba RvTiu-ri codnisagan, eTiSeba samyaros mTlianobas, e.i. kvdeba rogorc bunebis saidumlosTan ziarebuli kerZo suli. mindias es Sinagan-pirovnuli daRupva vaJas isev sizmris meSveobiTa aqvs gadmocemuli, ri-Tac am ori mdgomareobis spiritualuri Sina-arsia xazgasmuli: “z m a n e b a S i ” adamianisTvis arabune-brivi aqtiT — gvelis WamiT — man gadalaxa adamianis dasazRvruli buneba da RvTaebrivi codna moixveWa.
35. Э . К р е ч м е р . Медицинская психология. М. 1927,gv. 121; «Отношение ко сну как к стихии, рождающей мифологию, весьма характерно для тех, кто в наше время обращается к мифологизированию»... ix. А. Дороше вич, Миф в литературе XX века, Вопросы лиературы, № 2, 1970, gv. 132.
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mzias “s i z m a r S i ” igi isjeba RvTisagan, raki bo-lomde ver itvirTa, an ar SeeZlo etvirTa, rogorc adamians, RvTaebrivi codna.
mzias sizmarSi winaswar nagrZnobi sikvdili rea-lurad xorcieldeba poemaSi da unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavis mokvla siRrmiseulad, arsebiTad gamoxatavs imas, rac mindiam Caidina sakuTari Tavis mimarT: man Tavi moikla manamde, sanam maxvils daicemda gulSi.
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sayuradReboa kidev ramdenime momenti.1. codnisgan dacarielebuli mindia mkvdaria.
“m k v d a r i s i c o c x l i s ” motivi Zalumi eqspre-siiT cnaurdeba vaJas poemebSi. jer kidev afSina ityvis: “vah mkvdaro vaKkacobao, cocxlad damarx-vav Tavisa”. magram afSinas zneobrivi gardacvaleba zeaRmavali xasiaTisaa, misi “cocxlad damarxva” axa-li, ufro sruli sicocxlisaTvis dabadebis sawin-daria; da es xazi Semdeg mTeli siRrmiT gacxaddeba “aluda qeTelaurSi”, rac Seexeba Seres, mas samu-damod edeba “mkvdari sicocxlis begara”, raki man s a k u T a r i n e b i T airCia es gza...
dRe aRar aris CemTvis dRe,sicocxle meSaveTeba...cocxlad saflavSi vimarxvi,zed Savi lodi medeba...daedva gulsa obolsamkvdaris sicocxlis begara (III, 110).
guli daoblda, radgan suli ganSorda mas, xolo suli ganSorda imitom, rom igi gahyida sindismZina-re Serem. gulma amieridan mkvdar sicocxles unda misces begara, e.i. cariel, usulo, usicocxlo gvams unda emsaxuros. mindiac dacarielebulia, masac suli aqvs axdili da amitom:
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am miwis amonaceniCemi sesxi da valia-rogorRa an puri vWamo,rogor davlio wyalia? (IV, 23).
“uflisgan gametebul” Seres gvelad eqca puri, “Zalad cocxal” aslans “gvel-bayayebiT savse” eCve-neba puri da saWmeli (III, 308), xolo mindiam ar icis ratomRa sWamos puri, raki puri “sesxad da valad” eZleva kacisSvils, ris gamoc igi valdebulia u c o -d v e l i sicocxliT gadaixados es vali, r w m e n i s -m i e r i cxovrebiT daubrunos miwas sesxad mocemu-li p u r i a r s o b i s a . Serem, aslanma da mindiam g a h y i d e s wminda rjuli, suli an sindisi da sa-nacvlod “m k v d a r i s i c o c x l e ” miiTvales...
ar uRirs, mkvdarma icodesTavis sikvdili, - mkvdaria,iglovos Tavisi Tavi,Tvis yofa Sesazaria?sxva yofna, amaze mware,mipovne Sesadaria.am gvari mkvdari dRes me var,sxva mkvdrebs ra uWirT mkvdrobiTa,arian mosvenebulni, arafers grZnoben grZnobiTa (IV, 21).
“grZnobiT ugrZnobelTa”, “Zalad cocxalTa”, “sicocxliT sikvdilianTa”, “cocxlad damarxulTa” da “sulgayidulTa” mimarT, sxva adgilas da sxva konteqstSi, uZlieresi sityva aqvs naTqvami vaJas:
mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,usazarlesi mkvdarzeda,miT rome sicocxle udgassalis yinulis taxtzeda.ar ebraleba moyvasi,mis win ro acvan jvarzeda,
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ise mokvdeba, ver SedgeserT wams trfobisa mTazeda,Sors aris, metad Sors arisdaSorebuli mazeda.WaobSi aris Cafluli,vicnob mowamlul xmazeda.sazarelia dadgomaugrZnobelobis gzazeda (III, 168).
2. mindiam colis SerTvisa da ojaxuri intersebis sadinelze gadasvlis gamo dahkarga codna. magram es ar unda iyos gagebuli ise, TiTqos vaJa saerTod col-qmruli an ojaxuri institutis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreb-des. c o l i da o j a x i poemaSi warmodgenilia ro-gorc v i w r o , S e z R u d u l i , s a q v e y n o s a q -m e s T a n d a p i r i s p i r e b u l i i n t e r e s e b i s , xolo mindiasTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc e S m a k e u l i , m o m a c T u n e b e l i , a r a W e S m a r i t i c x o v -r e b i s zogadi xati. aki adamianisaTvis savsebiT bune-brivi aseTnairi yofis meSveobiT xdeba gvelismWameli, e.i. maRladmxedi, RmerTTan ziarebuli kacis zneobri-vi dacema da Sinagani sikvdili. e S m a k e u l i -meTqi imitom, rom poemis variantSi (B,IV,343) pirdapir aris naTqvami: “d i a c o , R v T i s g a n w y e u l o , e S m a k i s a g a n d a a r R v T i T Sen CemTvis ga-daseulo, Wkua-gonebiT sneulo”; RvTisgan wyeuli evaa yvela diacis pirvelqmnili xati, raki man a k r -Z a l u l i n a y o f i s W a m i T a c T u n a a d a m i . “cot-cotaobiT”, “nelaobiT” TandaTanobiT colis Wkuaze gadasulma mindiam W a m a (am SemTxvevaSi b i -b l i u r akrZalul nayofs Semsgavsebuli) colis ga-momcxvari “qada” da miT waiwymida Tavi anu dahkarga RvTaebrivi codna (s a m o T x e )36.
“gvelismWamelSi”, mindias piriT, mzia daxasiaTe-bulia rogorc “y b e d i d a z e z e r e m g r Z n o b a -
36. “fSavelebis amao-morwmuneobaSi” vaJa gvauwyebs: “dedakacic e S m a k i s gaCenilia. dedakaci m c d a r i a , mamakacsac a c d e n s . amiTi asabuTebs fSaveli dedakacis e S m a k i s a g a n gaCenas” (65).
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r e ” (IV, 21). analogebi sxva poemebSic gvxvdeba. “go-goTur da afSinas” II Tavi ase iwyeba: “ZvelTaganvea naTqomi, ro d e d a k a c i y b e d i a ” (III, 39). “aluda qeTelaurSi” TvistomTa gamkicxvel sulmokle dia-cebs mkacrad awyvetinebs xmas aluda: “diacno, nu xarT y b e d a d a ” (III, 75). vaJa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi naTlavs diacebs “ybedebad”, roca isini sulmokle-obas, Tvalxarbobas, gonebaSezRudulobas an Seug-neblobas amJRavneben. mzias ugergilo kacad miaCnia mindia, radgan “col-Sviln Tu undan vaJkacsa, Snoc unda hqondes xarjisa” (IV, 32); gogoTuris “moufi-qrebeli, ceti, qmrisad saxelis mZebneli” coli “u g v a n i s i t y v i T ” aqezebs qmars: “wadi, Senc vinme gacarcve, ar ginda sarCo netara?” (III, 39). es Wkuamokle diacebi “saxlisad urgeb” TavianT qmrebs briyvebsa da mZarcvelebs usaxaven magaliTad (“cxo-vrebis magaliTada briyvebi damisaxodi”, IV, 20). va-Jas poemebSi isini cxovrebis maiZulebel garemoebas (mzia) an mdedrul “b u n e b a i w r o o b a s ” ganasaxie-reben da maT fonze meti sicxadiT ikveTeba cxovre-bis mdinarebis sapirispirod momarTuli, zneobri-vad medgari pirovnebebis tragikuli xvedri.
3. vaJas poemebis mxatvrul struqturaSi sacn-auria erTgvarovani elementebi. garkveuli Tval-sazrisiT, mindias winare saxeebia S e r e (“eTeri”, 1890) da a x u n d i (“axundi”, 1898). am ukanaskneli, orsaxiani gmiris dRisieri, keTili niRabi mindiase-buri bunebaTa naziarobiT aris SeZerwili: diliT, quCaze gamosuli axundi —
CitTa, buzTa da WinWvelTaegebeboda salmiTa.nel-nela moabijebda,Zirs CaRunulis TaviTa (III, 309).
axundi frinvelebsa da mwerebs egebeba salmiT, mindias ki yvavilni da TavTavebi (da unda vigu-lisxmoT “mRilni” da “Citebic”) egebebian vaSas Zaxi-
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liT. axundi “briyvebs, uRvToebsa da c o d v i l e b s ” uwodebs WinWvelebis fexiT mTelavebs (mindia urCevs Tvistomebs: verxv-wifels nu mohklavT, “modiT, nu hSvrebiT c o d v a s o ”), igi RvTis samarTliT eqadis maT: “netav siT daemalebiT im satanjvelsa RvTisa-sa?” (III, 310). “RvTis satanjvelSi”, cxadia, SaveTis kupris mdinare an jojoxeTi igulisxmeba...
TiTon fexT eJvnebi eba,iareboda dinjada,rom mwerTa codva da sisxliwmindans ar eRo kisrada (III, 310)
axundis yvela es Tviseba absoluturad Seesityveba mindias Sinagan bunebas (mas xom yoveli dabadebulis ena esmis), Tumca masze “gvelis-mWamelSi” ar aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba.
mindias SeresTan msgavseba fabuluri xasiaTis ramdenime mniSvnelovani elementiT cnaurdeba. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia maTi q v e s k n e l -S i anu SaveTSi yofna, sadac pirveli R v T a e b r i v c o d n a s , xolo meore e S m a u r m a g i u r o b a s eziareba (amaze ukve gvqonda laparaki da aq sityvas aRar gavagrZe-lebT). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom orives dacemis mizezi q a l i a : Sere s u l s , xolo mindia w m i n d a r j u l s hyidis, pirveli sayvareli qalis mosapoveblad, meore ojaxis sarCenad (Tqma ar unda, am Sedarebisas gaTvaliswinebuli gvaqvs “eTerisa” da “gvelis-mWamelis” problemuri da masStaburi sxvaoba). orive c o d v i s m o q m e d i usulo, usi-cocxlo an ugrZnobel gvamad iqceva da amis gamo orives b r a l e u l o b i s grZnoba ipyrobs. bolos orive “cocxlad mkvdari” T a v s i k l a v s : Sere Tvalebs daiTxris —
dana rad unda, rom hlesavs,Seresa daJinebulsa?
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Tvalebs daiTxris bedkruli,Tvalebsa daSinebulsa.mosZagda sinaTlis sinjva,mosZagda yvelaferia,dRes mxolod sibnele uyvars, ver naxos veraferia (III, 125),
mindia ki maxvils daicems gulSi.rac Seexeba aludasa da mindias urTierT-mimar-
Tebas, aq cxadia erTi: a l u d a z e a R m a v a l i gmiria, m i n d i a q v e d a R m a v a l i . aluda tita-nuri ZalisxmeviT arRvevs sazogadoebis daxSul moralsa da religiis gaqvavebul dogmebs. univer-salur RmerTTan ziarebuli igi z e k a c u r T a v i -s u f l e b a s i x v e W s . xolo zekacur codnasa da bunebis saidumlosTan wilnayari mindia h k a r g a v s R v T a e b r i v z e c n o b a s , raki sazogadoeba-Si cxovreba SeuZlebels xdis mis SenarCunebas, da Tavissave TavSi tragikulad damarcxebuli Tavs iklavs.
l
vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi sxvadasxva problemati-kiT, TvalsazrisiTa da masStabiT aris gamoxatuli adamianis (Tu sxva romelime arsis) gardaqmna-fe-riscvalebis aqti. sxva-dasxva — Sinagan Tu garegan mizezTa da garemoebaTa gamo feriscvalebas eswra-fvian, fers icvlian an Zirfesvianad gardaiqmnebian afSina, aluda, beRela, luxumis gveli, joyola-aRa-za-zviadauri, da bolos, gvelismWameli mindia. Tavis bunebiTa da SinaarsiT urTierTisagan gansxvavebul personaJTa feriscvalebis am aqtebs, avtoriseuli Canafiqris kvalad, gansxvavebuli azrobrivideuri ganzomileba axlavT, poemebis mxatvruli struqtu-ris mTlianobaSi sxvadasxva miznebs emsaxurebian da met-naklebi mniSvnelobis mqone elementebad Sedian masSi...
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afSina. bloeli afSina “rjulian-urjulos mcarcvelia”, misi Werxo nayaCaRari unjiT aris sav-se, xolo qvevri — vercxliT (III, 45). poemis mixed-viT SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, rom es “unji” naZarcvi iaraRia (“i a r a R n mamcen, fSavelo”, III, 42; “Cqara maixven a b j a r n i ”, iqve, 43). qarTul xalxur Tqmu-lebebSi i a r a R i s a d a o q r o - v e r c x l i s da-groveba d e v e b s miewerebaT37 da es momenti asaxu-lia qarTul poeziaSi: “vefxistyaosnis” mixedviT, im qvabebSi, tarielma rom wauxvna devebs, man da avTan-dilma-
poves s a W u r W l e usaxo, kvla unaxavi Tvalisa,mun idva riye T v a l i s a , xelwmindad ganaTalisa...vinmca q m n a ricxvi o q r o s a , vervisgan danaTvalisa? (1366)
momdvno strofSi naTqvamia: “mun a b j a r i yo-vliferi asre idva, viTa mwnili” (1367). rusTavels aRniSnuli aqvs: devTa qvabSi napovni abjari “s a k -v i r v e l i a ” (1368, saiubileo gamocema 1937) da Se-saZloa, rusTavelis d e v e b i s “sakvirveli abjari” g v e l i s a g a n TorRvasaTvis naCuqar “s a m a n q a -n u r j a W v s ” ukavSirdebodes.
“kopalaSi” devTa meufe beRela ase mimarTavs “w i T e l f a r i a n ” gmirs:
momirTmevia, kopalav,Zrvenad fari da xmalia,d e v T s a o m a r i a b j a r i ,o q r o , v e r c x l i d a T v a l i a ,cxra exi savse oqroTa... (III, 82).
“stumar-maspinZelSic” igive meordeba, devi mimarTavs aRazas: “bevri maqvs o q r o d a v e r -c x l i , arafers dagimalavo” (III, 227). amrigad, vaJas 37. “devebi... didZal simdidres iZenen Zarcva-glejiT” (m i x . C i -q o v a n i . mijaWvuli amirani, 1947, gv. 101).
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poemebSi devi iaraRisa da oqro-vercxlis damaunje-belia da afSinas mZarcveloba devuri cxovrebis am aspeqts asaxierebs.
sainteresoa Semdegi garemoeba: uRvTo da uRmer-To afSinas k o p a l a s qvasTan Seeyreba “w i T e l -C o x o s a n i ”, angelozTagan damwyalobebuli gogo-Turi. vaJas kopalac RvTisSvilTagan (imave angeloz-Tagan) Zala miniWebuli da “w i T e l f a r i a n i a ”, xolo beRela afSinasaviT m o n a n u l i . ra Tqma unda, msgavseba mxolod formalur-miTiur elemen-tebs moicavs da ara arsebiTs. “R v T i s s a a m u r i v a l i s ” (III, 83) mTxoveli beRela Tavisi u c v l e -l a d b o r o t i arsis gamo imTaviTve ganwirulia, maSin roca gogoTurTan Sexvedramde “simrudis gza-ze naval” (46), “avi saqmiTa da avi wadiliT” (47) d e -v u r w e s z e mcxovreb afSinas s i k e T i s b e g a r a edeba. gogoTuri da afSina Zmad ificebian: “ificnes. exla Zmania, viT erTi dedis Svilebi” (47). am ZmobaSi R v T i s S v i l T a m o Z m e o b i s miTosuri modeli Wvivis. uRmerTo afSina “rjulis erTguli” (48) xde-ba. mis arsebaSi “cocxlad damarxuli”, demoniur-Tan wilnayari vaJkacobis wiaR xaxmatisa da laSaris jvris RvTaebriv sauflosTan naziarebi xevisberis g a n a x l e b u l i p i r o v n e b a ibadeba.
axundi. aseve saxeldebul poemaSi vaJa wmindano-biT SeniRbuli diabolizmis Semzarav arss gvimxels: arafers ise ar SeuZlia garyvnas eris guli da Wkua, rogorc sikeTis niRabs amofarebul borotmoqmeds, raki mas ZaluZs “furTxi da lafi miayrevinos WeSma-riti wmindanis navals” (III, 317). aseTi xalxi kidev didxans daubnelebs Cvens ers saval gzaso, — wi-naswarmetyvelebda vaJa...
axunds o r i s a x e aqvs — dRisieri da Rameuli. misi d R i s i e r i niRabi bunebasTan m i n d i a s e b u -r i TanaziarobiTa da ucodvelobiT aris SeZerwili, xolo R a m e u l i , “far-xmal-zuCSi mjdari” yaCaRi axundis saxe TiTqos rjulian-urjulos mZarcveli afSinas Targzea gamoWrili. vaJas am o r s a x i a n
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gmirs afSinasaviT aqvs gadamaluli nayaCaRari iara-Ri, oqro-vercxli, Tval-margaliti da sxva qoneba. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu afSinas or saxes (uRmer-To mZarcveli — R v T i s m o s a v i x e v i s b e r i ) misi eTikurad amaRlebuli f e r i s c v a l e b a ba-debs, axundSi e r T d r o u l a d , dRisa da Ramis monacvleobiT aris mocemuli orive saxe — “u c o -d v e l i w m i n d a n i s a da b o r o t m o q m e d i s a (poemis boloSi gairkveva, rom axundis ucodveloba mxolod niRabia codvismoqmedisa). aseve, ukve kos-mogoniur planSi, orsaxeobad aris gaSlili kopa-lasa da beRelas, rogorc k e T i l i da b o r o t i Zalebis winaaRmdegoba.
axundis orsaxeoba Tu orniRbianoba (igi Rame n a x S i r i T i m u r a v s saxes, rom ver icnon) uTuod miTosur modelzea agebuli. axundis orsaxianoba i a n u s i s a da d i o n i s e s ormag, urTierTsapi-rispiro n i R b e b s gvagonebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom miTiuri Sinaarsi savsebiT profanirebulia masSi.
aluda. afSina sikeTis gzas daadga, mZarcveli rjulis erTgul xevisberad iqca. magram poemaSi araa naCvenebi afSinas feriscvalebis Sinagani pla-ni. mindiam gvelis WamiT RvTaebrivi codna moixveWa, zemcnobeli gaxda, magram am intuiciuri grZnobis Sinagani plani agreTve naCvenebi ara aqvs vaJas. “gve-lis-mWamelSi” poeti yuradRebas, upiratesad, min-dias codnisa Tu zecnobisagan dacarielebasa da mis gamomwvev mizezebze amaxvilebs. mxolod “aluda qe-TelaurSia” naCvenebi gmiris feriscvaleba-gardaqm-nis genialuri eqspresiiT proecirebuli Sina-xedi.
aRniSnuli iyo, rom k a c i s x o r c i s W a m a da g v e l i s x o r c i s W a m a iniciaciis uZvele-si formebia, romlebic saweso adaTebidan modis. orive am aqtiT aludasa da mindias universalur sawyisTan, RvTaebriv pirveldasabamTan z i a r e b a a gamoxatuli. ukve gvqonda laparaki “m o w a m l u l i q a d i s ” W a m a z e , Tumca sakuTriv W a m a poemaSi ar aris naxsenebi (mindia yvedris cols “mowamlul
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qadas micxobdio”). “q a d i s W a m a ”, rogorc aRvniS-neT, “k a c i s W a m i s ” saxenacvalia: fSaur amira-nianSi d e v T d e d a b e r i u c x o b s da surs aWamos amiransa da mis Zmebs qada, romelSic kacis Tav-fexia Catanebuli. Tu uZvelesi orgiazmis planSi kacis Wamas RmerTTan dionisuri ziarebis Sinaarsi aqvs, profanirebul miTSi igi devuri kaciWamiobis ganmasaxierebelia (ix. devuri da RvTaebrivi, 2) da amitom aris es qada “m o w a m l u l i ” vaJas poemaSi. Cveulebriv, qada sasurveli Wamadia da “mowamluli qadis” cxoba da, maSasadame,; Wama kargad gamoxatavs adamianis T a n d a T a n o b i T i (“cot-cota, nelao-biT”) gadagvarebis Cum, SeumCnevel satanizms.
amrigad, samive SemTxvevaSi, gmirTa zeaRmavali Tu qvedaRmavali feriscvaleba-garda-qmnis aqti qarTul miTologiur masalas da vaJas mier gaRrma-vebul maT arqetips eyrdnoba.
aluda qeTelauri vaJas umSvenieresi gmiria. igi ibadeba sakraluri Temis (waikiTxe: romelime erTi, totalurad damTrgunveli ideologiiT Sekruli sazogadoebis) koleqtividan, rogorc p i r o v n e -b a , “romelsac ar akmayofilebs mciredi da fiq-robs, rom adamians ufleba aqvs emsaxuros mxolod umaRles miznebs; am miswrafebas igi mihyavs Rmer-Tis moZiebamde”...38 “aq pirovneba p i r v e l a d iRvi-Zebs adamianSi, aq Cndeba pirveli saxe p i r o v n u l i s i n d i s i s a ”39. aluda arRvevs erT dros WeSmariti, magram axla ukve gaqvavebuli religiuri dogmebis, daxavsebuli TvalTaxedvis Wuprs da Tavisuflebis saufloSi gadis.
aRaza. vaJas Tavisi poemebis gmir qalTa Soris g a m o r C e u l a d hyavs aRwerili aRaza: aRaza l a -m a z i qalia da es daxasiaTeba samjer meordeba (III, 211, 221, 223). igi “cidam moclili varskvlavi” an “sxivmixdili varskvlavia” (212, 235), “tanad alva” (212) da “yelgadagdebuli arCvia” (234), TmaxSiri da
38. Т. М а н н . Собр. соч. т. IX. М. 1960. gv. 187.39. s . d a n e l i a . vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri. 1927. gv. 52.
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giSrisTmiania (234,225), brolisTiTeba da pirmTva-rea (224, 234).
vaJas poemebisaTvis u p r e c e d e n t o a is ambavi, rom joyolas (qmars) T a v i e w o n e b a lamazi co-liT (III, 211) TiTqos am mSvenier qistis diacTan Se-saxvedrad gvamzadebs avtori, roca poemis dasawyis-Si m a m r u l i , magram daxvewili StrixiT aRniSnavs:
gaRma sCans qistis sofeliarwivis budesaviTa, - saamo aris sacqerlad,diacis ubesaviTa... (III, 207).
marTebulad aRniSnavs grigol kiknaZe, rom “vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedbaSi umniSvnelo adgili aqvs daT-mobili s a s i y v a r u l o da e r o t i u l urTier-Tobaze mimTiTebel epizodebs. vaJas poemaTa didi umravlesoba sruliad Tavisufalia aseTi motivebi-sagan... faqtebze didi Zaladobis Sedegi iyo, rodes-ac zogierTma kritikosma zviadaurisadmi aRazas Ta-nagrZnobaSi s a t r f i a l o n i u a n s i dainaxa”40.
gamarTlebulia Tu ara am n i u a n s i s danaxva?sasikvdilod ganwiruli, magram Seudrekeli zvia-
dauris Semyure aRaza “b r a z m o r e u l i ” fiqrobs:
netavi momca culio,netavi nebas maZlevdesdedakacobis rjulio,rom eg vacocxlo, s x v a s y v e l a sgavafrTxobino sulio... (221).
ra Tqma unda, es “sxvas yvelas” absoluturi mniS-vnelobiT ar aris naTqvami. magram es gamoTqma mainc
40. g r . k i k n a Z e . vaJa-fSavela sigmund froidis winaaRmdeg. kreb. vaJa-fSavelas... 1966, gv. 162, 163; vaJas SeeZlo gaemeore-bina e s q i l e s sityvebi, romlebsac mas aristofane aTqmevinebs: “Cemze veravin ityvis, rom me odesme gamomexatos Seyvarebuli qali”.
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migvaniSnebs aRazas g a n c d i s u k i d u r e s o b a -z e , imaze rom zviadaurisadmi TanagrZnoba mis ar-sebas Z a l u m a d moicavs. zemoTmotanili pasaJis momdevno striqonebi cxadad adasturebs amas —
netavi imas, vinacamagis mklavzeda wveboda,visaca mkerdi, aw kruli,magis gulmkerdsa swvdeboda,netavi imas odesmeqmris trfoba gaucvdeboda?!
es pirwmindad diacuri Tvalsazrisi bunebrivi Cans. aRazas am fiqridan (rogorca Cans, g u l i s a da ara g o n e b i s fiqridan) is cnaurdeba, rom zvia-dauris Zalgulovnebis, vaJkacuri Seupovrobisa da gautexelobis suliskveTeba mis gulSi mamruli si-qvelis sxva, am SemTxvevaSi, e r o t i u l aspeqts, ukavSirdeba. es kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs imaze, rom aRazas arseba ara marto Zalumad, aramed to-taluradac, d i a c i s b u n e b i s m T e l i s i s a v -s i T aris moculi zviadaurisadmi TanagrZnobiT...
da wyaros pirze diaci, —turfa, lamazi qistisa,Sublze da mkerdze wyals isxams,dro da dro guli misdisa... (223)
aSkaraa, rom aRazas gancda u Z l i e r e s i a da mis arsebas m T l i a n a d msWvalavs. zviadauris sikvdi-li mas TvalebSi elandeba (223), kacis kacurad sikv-dili mas g u l S i i s r a d e y r e b a (iqve) da, ma-Sasadame, kidev erTxel vityviT, pirovnuli gancdis mTeli sisavsiT moicavs aRazas.
aqve unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: vaJas zRvari aqvs gavlebuli g o n e b i s f i q r s a da g u l s Soris; es ukanaskneli qvecnobierebis impulsur a v t o n o -m i u r o b a s gulisxmobs (“es fiqri gonebisaa, guli
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T a v i s a s Svreboda”, 223). aRaza “stiroda, magram es tirili ar iyo”. aRaza g u l S i tiris, magram ver bedavs amis gamovlinebas, radgan “erT mxriv, x a T r i aqvs Temisa, meoriT — RmerTi a S i n e b s ” (223) da naTeli xdeba, rom “g o n e b i s f i q r i ” an cnobie-ri azri, Temis winaSe xaTriTa da RvTisadmi SiSiT, c e n z o r i s rols asrulebs “g u l i s ” mimarT. na-Teli xdeba, rom “g u l i ” aq aRazas dauTrgunveli, q v e c n o b i e r i s w r a f v i s gamomxatvelia, xolo “gonebis fiqri” cnobieri s i f x i z l i s a .
vaJa ucTomeli intuiciiT grZnobs, rom “Tuki “me” — sinamdvilis sferoSi adamianis maorientirebeli principia, maSin es “me” mocemuli unda iyos ara misi gankerZoebuli, mxolod racionaluri cnobierebis SedarebiT mciredaqtiuri nawiliT, aramed misi cno-bieri da qvecnobieri cxovrebis mTeli savsebiT... yofierebis erTaderTi sazomia individuumi Tavisi fiqrebiT, ocnebebiT, tanjviTa da imedebiT, iduma-li mimoqcevebiTa da jadosnuri eqstazebiT, erTi sityviT, individuumi — Tavisi pirovnuli gancdebis mTeli sisavsiTa da mravalferovnebiT... sinamdvile martooden racionaluri cnobierebis Sinaarss ki ar efardeba, aramed adamianis sulis ufskrulebSi da-zvinul rTuli fsiqikuri kompleqsebis yovelgvar erTobliobasac, romlebic iSviaTad, upiratesad, mwvave sulieri krizisebis dros SemoiWrebian xolme cnobierebis sferoSi”41.
da Cven vxedavT, mizanSewonilebis, gonierebisa Tu “jansaRi azris” sapirispirod, RvTisadmi SiSis, Temisadmi xaTris da (Temis anu sazogadoebis Tval-sazrisiT) qmrisadmi Tavisi movaleobis damviwyebeli (raki avtori SeniSnavs: “imas aRara fiqrobda, joyo-la rogor ario”, an “vis coli vis qmarsa stiris?”, 224) umSvenieresi diaci rogor tiris “ucxo kacs”...
aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Semdeg garemoe-bas: uZlieres Sinagan impulsze, gulis WeSmarite-
41. С . Л у р ь е (предисл.). v. jemsis dasax. wignidan, gv. IV.
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baze dafuZnebuli aRazas m o q m e d e b a (zviadauris “g u l a m o s k v n i T ” datireba, misi piridan “s a x s -o v r a d ” balnis aWara) misive T v i T c n o b i e r e -b i s f o n z e mimdinareobs. aRazas —
saflavebidan moesmismkvdrebis wyroma da Civili...saerTo wyromis xma ismis,saerTo gulis tkivili:“ras Svreba unamusovo”,gamwarebulni Cioden,-“maRali RmerTi grisxavdes”,samariT Semohkioden... (224)
da miuxedavad amisa, miuxedavad “balaxTa, qvaTa da qviSaTa” gamamtyunebeli Zaxilisa, miuxedavad qisteTs ganTqmuli misi mkvdari Zmis ebaris damayve-drebeli kivilisa —
vah, dao, dao, ra miyav?risxva rad damec medgari?meores saflavSi Camdev,erTs samareSi mdebari! (225)
aRazas “g u l i T a v i s a s S v r e b o d a ”. es aRSfoTeba imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom “samdu-ravs eubnebian aRazas g i S r i s T m a n i c a ” (225). gansacvifrebeli saxea: aramc Tu mkvdrebi, “garSemo dayudebuli” gorebi da mSobliuri soflis miwa-wya-li, aramed sakuTari “Tmanic ki”, e.i. yvelaferi is, rac mis S i n a g a n a r s e b a s , m i s g u l s , m i s u R r m e s z r a x v a s ar gamoxatavs Tavad masSiac, emdureba aRazas. asea Sefasebuli aRazas qmediT aqtivobas moklebuli, magram fxizeli TviTcnobie-rebis fonze misi qcevis ganmsazRvreli neba.
magram aseTi mZafri, Sinagani winaaRmdegobiT aR-beWdili fsiqikuri mdgomareoba g a r e g n u l a d a c unda gamoxatuliyo da Cven vxedavT, rom aRazas e n a
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u v a r d e b a (unda iZaxos: “miSveleT”..., magram ver ambobs verafers, 226), “o f l i w y l a d m o s d i s S u b l z e d a ”, igi “s u l S e x u T u l i g a d a i q -c e v a saxlis zRurblze” da mxolod “SuaRamisas T a n - T a n m o i c e m s g o n s ” (iqve).
axla unda iTqvas umTavresi: rogoria joyolas (qmris) reaqcia aRazas mimarT da ra pasuxs aZlevs aRaza (coli) am reaqcias?
joyolas pirvelive STabeWdileba colis danax-vaze e r o t i u l - s e q s u a l u r i xasiaTis i W v s gulisxmobs (“v a h m e o ” — es ki iZaxa, sityva gauSra enaze. qmarma mohxvia cols xeli da m i i T r i a ke-raze”, “m S f o T a r e ” joyola ekiTxeba aRazas, “xom arvin moiwadina g a d a e g o r e m k l a v z e o ?”, 226). “x a n j a r s C a b R u j v i l i ” joyola elodeba co-lis gonze mosvlasa da mis pasuxs. joyolas “armo-sagon” iWvs energiulad abaTilebs aRaza, - romelic RirsebiT savse qalis siamayes amxels: “vin gamibe-davs magasa, rad minda leCaq-kabani?”, - da Semdeg ase u x s n i s qmars Tavisi SeSfoTebisa da ugonod yofnis mizezs: Seni cxenis saZebrad wasuli devebSi gaverieo _
damixvda Sav-nabdiani,uzarmazari tanisa:jerac TvalebSi mielavssimyrale imis kanisa,did-yura, kbileb-Rajuna,umsgavso, ferad Savisa.xelebi gamomiwvada,didi xelebi Tavisa...Tan miTxra: CemTan wamodi,CemTan icxovre, qalao,bevri maqvs oqro da vercxli,arafers dagimalavo.me gamoviqec, SevSindi, devic momdevda RrialiT... (227)
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SegveZlo gvefiqra, rom am “devSi” aRaza “mkvdar-Ta wyromasa” da sasaflaos gasulierebuli Semoga-renis mis sawinaaRmdego aRSfoTebas ganasaxierebs, magram jer erTi, Tavad aRazas naambobSi “mTa-baris waRma-ukuRma triali” da “devis RrialiT gamode-vneba” urTierTisagan gamoyofilia: “mzaravda es xmac (devis Rriali an mis fexebqveS qveynis grialiT Zvra), mTa-baric” (227), — da meore, aRazas naambobSi es “devi” aSkara e r o t i u l i S t r i x i T aris war-modgenili, rac gamoricxavs aseT varauds. maS, ras unda asaxierebdes aRazas mier naambob subieqturad sworad warmosaxul STabeWdilebaSi es “devi”, an ras unda niSnavdes am devisagan aRazas xelSi Cagdebis cda?
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom aRaza qmris wi-naSe SiSisa Tu moridebis gamo pirdapir pasuxs ar iZleva da imasac, rom igi maRali zneobis da maSasa-dame, fxizeli TviTcnobierebis qalia, cxadi unda iyos, rom misi naambobi misive qvecnobieri swraf-vis c e n z u r a q m n i l da amitom n e g a t i u r i n -t e r p r e t a c i a s warmoadgens: devi xelebs iwvdis aRazasken (“netavi imas, vinaca magis mklavzeda wve-boda”). devs “m y r a l i k a n i ” aqvs (“visica mkerdi, aw kruli, magis gulmkerdsa s w v d e b o d a ”). es kani “jerac T v a l e b S i u e l a v s ” aRazas (zviadau-ris sikvdili mas “T v a l e b S i e l a n d e b a ”). devi colobas sTxovs aRazas: “CemTan wamodi, C e m T a n i c x o v r e , qalao” (“netavi imas, — e.i. zvidauris cols, — odesme q m r i s t r f o b a gaucvdeboda?”) da SeZrwunebuli aRaza gamorbis saxlisken, magram misive Zlieri qvecnobieri swrafvis ganmasaxierebe-li “d e v i ” RrialiT mosdevs ukan... faqtiurad, am “d e v i T ” cnaurdeba is, rac aeWvebs joyolas.
maS, aris Tu ara aRazas zviadaurisadmi TanagrZ-nobaSi satrfialo niuansi? araviTar “t r f o b a -z e ” da miT umetes, “e S x i T a n T e b a z e ”42 lapa-
42. k . a b a S i Z e , etiudebi, t. II. 1912, gv. 229.
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raki ar SeiZleba aq. es kiTxva aubarloebs saqmis arss da p r i m i t i u l i gadawyvetisaken gvezideba. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom aRazas zviadaurisadmi TanagrZnoba ubralo, C v e u l e b r i v g r Z n o b a -z e m e t i r a m a r i s , r a k i i g i R v T i s , T e -m i s a d a q m r i s a d m i d a m o k i d e b u l e b i s m i s T v i s a q a m d e g a S i n a g n e b u l t r a d i -c i e b s a r R v e v s . a s e T i “ T a n a g r Z n o b i s ” e n e r g i a s p i r o v n e b i s S i n a g a n i a r s e -b i s y v e l a s f e r o u n d a m o e c v a d a “ g u -l i s u R r m e s s a d a u Z l i e r e s g a n c d a s u n d a d a m y a r e b o d a 43. vaJa adamianuri bunebis mTeli sisavsiT gvixatavs aRazas, misi amaRlebis safuZvlad missave d i a c u r b u n e b a s miiCnevs, riTac “morcxvi” asketizmisagan savsebiT Tavisufal Tvalsazriss amJRavnebs.
aRazas orsave pasuxSi misi erTi da imave ganc-dis o r i p o l u s i vlindeba. am gancdis a r a c -n o b i e r S i d a m a r x u l i f e s v i , Cveni azriT, erotiuli xasiaTis impulsze migvaniSnebs (vaJas aqcentirebuli ara aqvs es impulsi. igi TavisTa-vad Wvivis aRazas fiqrebSi, qcevasa da naambob-Si), xolo misi c n o b i e r S i d a d g i n e b u l i s a x e yovlisgadamlaxvel, zneobrivad srulyo-fil, universalizmamde amaRlebul “TanagrZnobas” gvimxels.
qmris sikvdilis Semdeg aRaza sruliad marto rCeba guldabnelebul TvistomTa Soris (“qisteT-Si Cemi erTguli kenWic ki arsad aria”, 235). yve-lasgan zurgSeqceuli “u c x o k a c i s m o z a r e ” (233) “Sav xeobaSi mZvinvare”, laSdaRrenil mdinareSi
43. joyolas pasuxze vaJas orTviani dafiqreba amiT unda aixsnas. vaJa TiTqos yoymanobda, aRazas “emansipirebul” moqmedebas, rom-lis wyaros qvecnobieri, erotiuli xasiaTis impulsi warmoad-genda, ar Seelaxa joyolas mamakacuri Rirseba. qvecnobieris TvalsazrisiT namdvil “tyuilze” aRar maxvildeba yuradReba (am “tyuilis” gamo qmari ar sjis aRazas), raki masSia fesvi “ucxo vaJkacis” damtirebeli aRazas gasxivosnebuli, cnobieri “simar-Tlisa”.
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vardeba. “sxivmixdili” varskvlavi qvesknelSi eSveba, raTa “gardacvlili” kvlav Sedges kldis Tavze da RvTaebrivma m o d e m kvlav ipovos Tavisi RvTaebri-vi m o Z m e .
gveli. RvTaebrivi gardaqmnis, amaRlebisa Tu srulyofis es paTosi imTaviTve codvis moqmed, b o r o t e u l arsTac moicavs. kopalas mier da-marcxebuli devTa meufe sikeTis gzaze dadgomas cdilobs: “minda RmerTs S e n e b r mivaCnde, Senebr s i w m i n d i s mqonia” (III, 83) — eubneba beRela ko-palas. magram poemis mixedviT, beRelas gardaqmna SeuZlebelia rogorc u c v l e l a d b o r o t i ar-sebisa da amitom jvrisad laSmimarTuls zeciuri cecxli bugavs.
magram devTa meufesaviT “adamis tomis mteri” (“kopalaSi” devni “kacTa tomis mwamlavebi” arian, III, 80), borotebis gzaze mdgari gveli fers icvlis, an “b u n e b a s i c v l i s ”, radgan gvelis mimarT na-Tqvami “gadaubrunda guneba”, mindias “g u n e b i s c v l a s ” (mzia: “Cven rada gvsaxav mizezad Senis gu-nebis cvlisada” — IV, 19) da amitom “bunebis cvale-bas” Seesabameba...
bevri codvebis moqmedsagadaubrunda guneba:ra sibraluliT imsWvalvismisi gveluri buneba... (III, 182)
“kopalaSi” beRelas gardaqmnis mizani eTikur gamarTlebas moklebulia: mas “ZaliT Samosva”, e.i. kvlav Zlierebis moxveWa unda, raTa (kopalas sity-viT) boroti xmlad da keTili farad moixmaros.
sibraluliT gamsWvaluli gveli “borote-bis gzas agdebs da keTils iWers”. am gardaqm-nis eTikuri mizani gamarTlebulia: man fexze unda daayenos s a m S o b l o s a T v i s mebrZoli gmiri.
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l
rogorc vxedavT, feriscvaleba-gardaqmnis pa-Tosi vaJas poemebSi ara marto adamianebs, aramed ganpirovnebul boroteul arsTac moicavs. am “f e -r i s c v a l e b i s ” sqema miTosuri xasiaTis models gulisxmobs, kerZod, — zesknel-qveslnelis sferoTa brunvas da Sesabamisad, qvesknelis saufloSi arsTa g a r d a c v a l e b a - g a n a x l e b a s . pirvel qveTav-Si aRiniSna, rom gvelis xorcis W a m a an l o k v a , uZvelesi saweso adaTebis mixedviT, q v e s k n e l u r i n i c i a c i a s T a n aris dakavSirebuli (propi): min-dia gvelis WamiT zemcnobeli, zecasTan anu RvTae-briv pirveldasabamTan wilnayari xdeba. is, rom qvesknelis gamoqvabulTan mwoliare daWril luxums wylulebs u l o k a v s gveli, miTosur planSi amave mniSvnelobis faqtia da qvesknelisagan mis STanTq-mas anu mis RvTaebriv gardacvla-feriscvalebas, da maSasadame, mis ganaxleba-gankurnebas aRniSnavs. qvesknelSi Zalmocemuli luxumi mkvdreTiT unda aRsdges, rom SeiZlos “laSaris gorze” (zesknels) Sedgoma.
209
davlaTianni
maTi davlaTi casaviTa quxs...
(xevsuruli miTidan)
xatebi pirvelad kacebi iyvnen, ma-dlianni, ucodvelni, daixocnen da ami-tom RmerTma isini angelozebad, xate-bad gardahqmna...
vaJa (IX, 65)
vaJas poemebis gmirebs zekacuri ieri mosavT. pirvelive qarTveli poetis werilSi, romelic vaJa-fSavelas poezias exeboda, aRniSnuli iyo, rom min-dia z e k a c i a , Tumca iqve iyo ganmartebuli: es si-tyva r e l i g i u r i u n i v e r s a l i z m i s gagebiT unda gvesmodes da ara nicSeuri individualizmiso (ix. feriscvaleba, 2). 1961 wels, naxevari saukunis Semdeg, axla meore poetis mier iyvnen vaJas gmirebi moxseniebulni z e k a c e b a d 1.
vaJas es gmirebi, erTi SexedviT, TuS-fSav-xevsu-reTis Cveulebrivi moymeni arian. garegnuli cxo-vrebiTa da qceviT isini TiTqos arc gansxvavdebian sxvebisagan, magram erTbaSad Tu TandaTanobiT, upi-ratesad mwvave, krizisul situaciebSi, pirovnebis moCvenebiTi z e d n a S e n i s wiaR SiSvldeba maTi endoTimuri (Sinagan-goniTi) birTvi, romelic axle-burad iazrebs Tavis damokidebulebas tradiciulad gagebuli RmerTis, sazogadoebisa da sakuTari arse-bobis mimarT. maT gulSi ixsneba raRacnairi Sinagani Tvali Tu gulisyuri, romelic warmavali, devuri (an titanuri) cxovrebis sapirispirod, maTive WeSmari-1. i r . a b a S i Z e . mTis mdinaresaviT. gaz. “komunisti”, 1961, 26 ivlisi.
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ti, RvTaebrivi arsebis dadginebas mieltvis. antiku-ri tragediebis gmirebis msgavsad, romelTa niRbebis miRma mokvdavi da kvlav mkvdreTiT aRmdgari dioni-se tiris da icinis, vaJas heroikul poemebSi gmire-bi kvdebian da kvlav ibadebian, rogorc Tavis Tavze zneobrivad aRmatebuli, mtrobisa da borotebis da-mZlevi, axal eTikur RirebulebaTa damamkvidrebeli, RvTaebrivi adamianebi.
Tavisi gmirebis am RvTaebrivi aspeqtis aRsaniSna-vad, vaJa maT d a v l a T i a n e b s uwodebs. 1930 wels al. abaSelis redaqciiT gamocemul vaJa-fSavelas Txzulebebis III tomSi (leqsikoni Seadgina profe-sorma ak.SaniZem) d a v l a T i asea ganmartebuli: qo-neba, SeZleba, moxerxeba, madli, vaJkacoba, mxneoba. aqedan d a v l a T i a n i : SeZlebuli, bednieri. uda-vlaTo: uxeiro, ujiSo (xsenebuli wigni, gv. 414). 1969 wels gamocemul “vaJa-fSavelas mcire leqsikonSi” (Seadgina al. WinWaraulma). sxvas vkiTxulobT: da-vlaTi: iRbali, bedi, sve... vaJasTan “davlaTi” yo-velTvis am mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, “d o v l a T s ” ki Cveulebrivi mniSvneloba aqvso.
am sityvis sworad gagebaSi TviTon vaJa gvexma-reba: “davlaTi saSinlad swams fSavels, _ wers igi, _ winwasuls kacs is eZaxis davlaTians (iRblians). fSavels zogi kaci zogs xatze iRbliani hgonia” (IX, 12). aSkaraa, rom Cveulebriv, xati anu RvTisSvilia iRbliani, rom davlaTianoba R v T a e b a T a a t r i -b u t i a . “baxtrionSi” laSaris jvari davlaTiania (“venacvaleT magis davlaTsa”, III, 155). karatis xats erT dawyalobebaSi ase mimarTavs xuci: “Tqvens beds uZaxdan, davlaTs uZaxdan ...Tqven bedi, davlaT daaxmaridiT”2... ase rom d a v l a T i RvTisSvilis RvTaebrivi b e d i anu i R b a l i a .
magram, rogorc Cans, am termins sxva sinonimebic gaaCnia. vaJas Tavis werilSi “fSavlebi” motanili aqvs RvTisadmi mimarTuli xevisberis didebis te-
2. v . b a r d a v e l i Z e . sasuliero teqstebi. masalebi... I, gv. 11.
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qsti: Tu “gasazdo vinme SamogaxvewosT, gauzardeT, uqeniT e t l i a n - d a v l a T i a n i ” (IX, 30). etli... ewodebis TviToeulsa cTomilsa, anu burjsa, rome-lia niSani zodiaqosi... amis gamo iTqmis: ra etlze dabadebula, e.i. ra bedisa aris? — vkiTxulobT niko CubinaSvilis “qarTul leqsikonSi” (1961). maSasada-me, d a v l a T i , e t l i da b e d i monaTesave Si-naarsis terminebia.
erTi ubrwyinvalesi fSauri leqsis mixedviT, “giorgi etliania” (vaJas azriT, am saxelSi wm. gior-gi da laSaris jvari igulisxmeba, ix. IX, 235), xolo sxva leqsis mixedviT, giorgi — xaxmatis jvari — “n a w i l i a n i a ”. nawili — igive w i l i , x v e d r i an b e d i a , igive berZnuli “m o i r a ”. es sityva “ho-merosTan jer kidev pirvandeli, konkretuli mniS-vnelobiT ixmareba: mwvadi nawildeba moirebad, anda nadavli miiTvleba moirebad. Semdeg da Semdeg, es si-tyva ganyenebul mniSvnelobas iZens: adamianis xvedri wuTisofelSi. amitom yovel kacs, arsebiTad, Tavisi moira-xvedri aqvs, romlis bunebriv sazRvars daba-debisa da sikvdilis dRe hqmnis”3.
didad sainteresoa, rom Cvens mTaSi saxato namcxvar-sa da xorcis naWers “wiloba” hqvia. RvTisTvis Sewiru-li msxverplis xorcs xatobaSi “wilobebad” (moirebad) urigebdnen mlocavT. vaJas “fSavelsa da mis wuTiso-felSi” aRwerili aqvs: “dajarebuls xalxs “mrigeebi”... urigebdnen xorcis “wilobebs” (naWeri)” (VII, 126). am “wi-lobiT” eziareboda kaci RvTaebas, an wils iyrida masTan da amitom “nawils” qristianuli “ziarebis” mniSvnelo-ba axlavs fSavSi (ix. “vaJa-fSavelas mcire leqsikoni”) “RvTisagan nawilian” kacs tyvia ar ekareba (IX, 201), raki igi RvTaebis “wilis” an “xvedris” (etlis) mflobelia (ix. mSvenieri mZlevari, 1). amrigad, savaraudebelia, rom davlaTiani, etliani da nawiliani, uzenaes (mzisa an mTvaris) RvTaebasTan wilnayarobis gamomxatveli terminebia.
3. Ю . Б о р е в . О трагическом, gv. 50 (sqolio).
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“madlians, davlaTian kacs _ vaJas TqmiT, _ avi suli, eSmaki emtereba. scdilobs Seacdinos, RmerTs gadauyenos (IX, 67) iseve, rogorc nawilians upirebs sicocxleSi da sikvdilis Semdegac nawilis warTme-vas gveli. davlaTiani da eSmaki ise upirispirdeba urTierTs, rogorc madliani da avi, RvTaebrivi da devi, nawiliani da gveli.
davlaTianni, RvTaebriobiT morWmulni (RvTisa-gan nawilianni) an rusTavelis sityviT, “RvTisagan svianni” arian vaJas poemebis tragikuli gmirebi. “aluda qeTealauri kacia davlaTiani” (III, 58). mtris jarTan marto Sebmuli joyolas mimarT Tvistom-ni SeniSnaven: “martoka mtris jars dauxvda, swored davlaTiT dagvria” (III, 232), e.i. RvTaebrivi iRbaliT gvajobao. gvelismWameli mindiac davlaTiania. mas wminda giorgis ZaliTa aqvs momadlebuli es davla-Ti da amitom aris igi xevsurTa imedi...
Sena xar Cveni imedi,xevsurT davlaTic Senia...numc mogeSleba davlaTiwmindis giorgis ZaliTa,numc gagvimetebs ufali,ar gimfarvelos kalTiTa (IV, 26).
davlaTian aludasa da mindias “gammarjved xati dahyvebis” (III, 60, IV, 26), giglias “mweda hyavs laSa-ris jvari” (III, 22), gogoTurs “zena angelozni sw-yaloben” (III, 38), xolo kopalas — “RvTisSvilni” (III, 79) da, am azriT, isinic davlaTianni anu RvTisagan nawilianni arian, Tumca maT uSualod ar miemarTe-baT es epiTeti.
laSaris, gudanisa da xaxmatis jvris, wminda giorgisa da angelozTagan, e.i. RvTisSvilTagan xelmomarTuli, etlian-davlaTiani, nawiliani an RvTisagan sviani es gmirebi qvesknelis gavliT zes-knelisken, an miwieri Temidan zecieri Temisaken miiswrafian. isini, dionisuri RvTaebebis msgavsad,
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orjerSobilni arian: erTxel k a c a d , xolo meore-jer _ z e k a c a d ...
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m T i s q e d i s a k e n “mihkvalavs gzas” universa-luri RmerTis WeSmaritebamde amaRlebuli aluda qeTelauri. “udaburi” m T i s w v e r z e dgas, ro-gorca Cans, kopalas saydaric, raki igi “c i d a m RvTisagan ifarvis, d a b l a ifnebis jariTa” (III, 78). “k l d i s T a v z e dgas da cas ebjineba” (IV, 17) RvTiuri codniT gabrZnobili, gvelismWameli min-dias saxli. da bolos, “cis maskvlavTa” ganmasaxie-rebeli RvTisSvilebis msgavsad, “k l d i s T a v z e ” iyrebian sikvdilis karibWis gadamlaxveli, “erTur-Tis mode-moZme” zviadauri, joyola da aRaza.
ratom miiswrafvian isini mTaTa mwvervalebisaken?mTa RvTisSvilTa sadgomia. morige RmerTma
RvTisSvilebi gergetis mTaze “gadmouSvna”. miTosu-ri TvalsazrisiT, mTa igive caa. wveri am mTas zes-knelSi aqvs, xolo fesvi ufskrulSi iseve, rogorc am mTaze aRmarTuli brolis koSkebis, TeTri an cxraTvala cixeebis gverdiT totebgaSlili sico-cxlis xis ganmasaxierebel alvisxesa da bermuxas. es mTa da misi Sesatyvisi alvisxe an bermuxa, “wveriT cis gamxevi” camcumis Subis msgavsad, miTosuri qvey-nis v e r t i k a l i a , romelzec sami sknelis gavliT4 moZraoben zeaRmavali an qvedaRmavali RvTisSvile-bi da RmerTebi.
sferoTa brunvis Sedegad, qvesknels Camxdari RvTaebebi kvlav zeskels adian — iq, sadac maTi Ta-vdapirveli sadgomi an samyofloa. faskunjis Semwe-obiT, qvesknelidan zesknels adis mzieri RmerTi — amirani (“amrani mzeWabukia, afxazurad mas abrskili
4. “aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi axlac sami feris samkeci sklatiT sudraven TavianT micvalebulebs: SaviT, TeTriT da WreliT, radgan m a T s a m i v e s k n e l i u n d a g a n v l o n ” (d . S e n g e l a i a , mudmivi Tanamgzavrebi, 1964, gv. 195)
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hqvia, rac mzis Svils da masasadame, TviTon mzes aRniSnavs”)5. qvesknelis wyalSi — simurSi gadaCqve-fili da amis gamo irmad qceuli kopalac “zemTa-ze” an “borblis mTaze” adis, sadac TuSuri xalxu-ri leqsis mixedviT, “brolis marilis” cixe dgas. tbidan Tavdaxsnili iaxsari jvargamosaxul “bro-lis qvaze” an “wiTel qvaze” — igive zeciur mTaze-jdeba (gavixsenoT: jvari, borbali da broli — mzis simboloebia). da bolos, zeciur mTaze aqvs sadgo-mi “ialbuzze brZanebul did pirimzes” — wminda giorgis...
vaJas gmirebi, rogorc SesavalSiac aRiniSna, miTo-suri samyaros zedrouli, RvTaebrivi pirvelsaxee-bidan iReben TavianT dasabams. maTi adamianuri, tra-gikuli niRbebis wiaR, mokvdavi da kvlav mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RvTaebebis arqetipi Wvivis. maTi endoTimu-ri birTvi qarTuli miTosis RmerTebisa da RvTisSvi-lebis modelis mixedviT aris agebuli da, maSasadame, maTsave Tvisebebs amJRavnebs.
axadi lekebma aikles da tyveebi waasxes. mters lurjaze mjdari, “gairmebuli” giglia daedevneba...
rogorc ciT elva, moardamoyme ram svilis feria,xmals aprialebs gordasa,mazed naTeli hfenia... (III, 23)
uTanasworo brZolaSi giglias — tyveebisaTvis “ucnaur vaJas”, — hklaven lekebi. “kldes mxarmib-jenili” giglia kvdeba (“xevis pirzeda, lodebzed giglia kvdeba, xaria”, 25). misi dis sizmarSi giglias sikvdili winaswar aris nagrZnobi: “me isi vnaxe, de-dao, sxivn gamqraliyvnen mzisani, dalewilebi eyar-nen abjarni Cemis Zmisani” (III, 18). gmiris mze esveneba da “samyaro Savs icvams”, — misi sikvdili RvTaebis “g a r d a c v a l e b i s ” Sesagvania:
5. m i x . C i q o v a n i . mijaWvuli amirani, gv. 183.
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roca giglia kvdeboda,mTeb satirelzed sxdeboda.erTi beberi arwivizeiT WiuxSi wyreboda,sayornis Tavi maRalized Suagulzed tyvreboda,maRliT momfreni mTis wyarosibralulisgan Sreboda.beCavi imis lurjaigiglias TaviT bndeboda,tot dascis, daiWixvinis,TvalebSi cremli hxleboda.samyarom Savi Caicva...myvirali raRas Svreboda? (25).
ukve gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom es nawyveti “xogais mindis” xalxuri leqsidan iRebs saTaves6 (msgavseba yvela aspeqtSi TvalsaCinoa), am cnobili leqsidan, romelSic astraluri RvTaebis sikvdilis ubrwyi-nvalesi suraTia Semonaxuli (“mze wiTldeboda, cxreboda”...). cxadia, rom giglias adamianuri niR-bis wiaR R m e r T k a c i iRupeba da swored amitom unda Caicvas samyarom Savi, ufro metic: “samyaro unda daiqces da cargvlis Zali gawydes” (24).
giglias “TaviT dabnedili, totis miwaze mcemeli lurja”, mkvdari camcumis “gverdiT dabmuli”, totiT miwis mTxreli (“totiT miwas Txrida isi”) raSis Sesaty-visia. maTve Seesabameba kvirias sizmarSi “gonwasuli” gmiris “cremliT satirebeli” (III, 158) cxenic...
xalxSi amboben, mTaSiadarbis, daxvivis cxenio:vahme, sada myavs giglia,kargi patroni Cemio! (27).
6. m i x . C i q o v a n i . vaJa-fSavela da xalxuri poezia, 1956, gv. 26; es mosazreba pirvelad, 1896 w. ilia nakaSiZem gamoTqva, ix. misi “vaJa-fSavelas poezia” (kreb. vaJa-fSavela qarTul lit. kritika-Si. 1955, gv. 118-119)
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aq dro “Seyenebulia”. igi miTosis m a r a d i u l a w m y o S i a gadayvanili. lurja manamde iglovebs patrons (xalxur poeziaSi da vaJasTanac “lurja” laSaris cxenia), sanam mkvdreTiT aRmdgari gmiri kvlav ar amxedrdeba masze. magram jerxnobiT igi qvesknelSia...
qvesknelSi an qvesknelis piras wevs beri luxumi. ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli gmiris adgil-samyofeli aravin icis: “ityvian, maRals mTis Ziras... luxu-mi iwva daWrili” (III, 181). es “maRali mTa” igive “laSaris goria”, romelzec mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RvTaebrivi gmiri unda Sedges, xolo “mTis Ziri” — qvesknelia.
iqve maRali klde iyo,gamoqvabuli Savada,xavsiT morTuli pirquSi, mrisxane sanaxavada.iqve budobda veebagveli, morTuli jagriTa... (181).
gamoqvabuli aq xtonur samyaros asaxierebs. is, rom gamoqvabuli maRal kldeSia, saqmis viTa-rebas ara scvlis. kldis wverze myofi “oqrosT-miani dalis” qvabic miwisqveSa sknelis simboloa. “odiseaSi”, kldis Suagul mdebare scilas gamo-qvabuls “erebosis ufskrulSi udgas fskeri” (XII, 80-81). berZeni mwerlis filostrates (III, s. q. S.) azriT, amiranis gamoqvabuli mTis Ziras aris7. gasagebia, rom aq, xtonur gamoqvabulTan veeba gveli an gvel-veSapi budobdes... gvelis mier luxumis wylulis “l o k v a ”, rogorc aRvniSneT, gveleSapiT gansaxierebuli qvesknelisagan misi STanTqmis profanirebuli saxenacvali unda iyos (Savi veSapi ylapavs amirans), da masasadame, qves-knelis ukvdavebis wyliT luxumis gankurnebas,
7. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i . qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1960, gv. 161.
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ganaxlebasa da RvTaebriv gardacvalebas unda gulisxmobdes...
kvirias sizmarSi mzier RvTaebasTan (ro-melic amiranis, wminda giorgisa da laSaris jvris atributebiT aris SeZerwili) TviTon siz-mris mxilvelia gaigivebuli: “yoiliT” dafenil trial mindorze, Sav raSze amxedrebuli TviTon kviria mohqris. mis frangulze “sami sanTeli anTia”, xolo farze, “jvrad gamosaxuli ciu-ri Suqia” aRbeWdili (III,158). amiranis msgavsad, kviriasac Savi veSapi upirebs STanTqmas, magram gmiri sZlevs boroteuls, Tumca cxenwaqceuls “goni misdis”...
goni wamsvliyo... gonT moved,meoca saxilebeli:qveS mego TeTri logini,tkbilada saZinebeli,gverds egdo Cemive cxeni,cremliTa satirebeli,Tavs medga didi WandarisicxeSi saCrdilebeli,zed ijda beri qedani,damRuRunebda Tavzeda,mzec amobrwyinda... meCvena,mnaxa, gabrunda wamzeda,wiTlad gawira xolodaoboli sxivi mTazeda.gabrunda, TvalT damibneldada mimeZina mklavzeda. (III, 158).
aqac gmiris RvTaebrivi “g a r d a c v a l e b i s ” su-raTia mocemuli. kvirias “goni” z e s k n e l S i a “wa-suli”, an “gonwasuli” gmiri zesknelSi modis “gons”. igi “tkbilad saZinebel TeTr loginze” wevs RvTae-brivi camcumiviT da Tu am ukanasknels “gverdiT” raSi eba, pirvels “gverdiT” veSapisgan gamokluli cxeni “uwevs”. “d i d i W a n d a r i ”, igive cxovrebis
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xea (alvisxe an bermuxa, romelzec wminda giorgi an TeTrmxriani laSari daivanebs xolme). “b e r i q e -d a n i ”, rogorc demna Sengelaia ganmartavs, amira-nis samzeoze amomyvani faskunjis saxenacvalia (220). es aris miTosuri samyaros s a m o T x e — mzis sau-flo, zeskneli.
magram mze mxolod wamiT daxedavs kvirias siz-mris RvTaebriv gmirs. gabrunebuli mzis sxi-vi w i T l a d SemorCeba mTas. es mze — m k v d a r -T a m z e a . Tvaldabnelebuli kviriasaTvis hqre-ba zesknelis xilva da vaJa mkvdarTa mzis Su-qze gviCvenebs miTosuri cxovrebis xis ZirSi anu qvesknelSi miZineul (gardacvlil) gmirs, romlis “gonma” ukve ixila momavali aRorZinebis sauflo.
sferoTa brunvis meoxebiT, mkvdarTa mze kvlav cocxalTa mzed moiqceva, veSapis mZlevari, RvTae-basTan gaigivebuli kviria aRsdgeba Zilisagan, xolo mTis wverze (“laSaris gorze”), sadac axla “tanjuli qveynis ocneba qviTinebs” (III, 164), kvlav Sedgeba ukvdavebis veSawyaroTi (anu misi mcveli uZvelesi RvTaebis — gvelis mier) gankurnebuli luxumi.
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“rusTavelis Semdeg Cven aseTi... poeti ara gvyolia”8, — ase gansazRvra didma iliam vaJa-fS-avelas adgili qarTuli poeziis panTeonSi. gonier-TaTvis es gansazRvreba arasodes iqneba sadao. rus-Taveli da vaJa, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, qarTuli poeziis ori sawyisis — dionisurisa da apolonuris ganmasaxierebelni arian. rusTavelis gmirebi sa-qarTvelos istoriis S u a d R e m Sva. maT imTaviTve mefuri sxivosnoba da apolonuri mziuroba mosavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom amqveyniur bednierebas brZo-
8. e q v T i m e T a y a i S v i l i s mogoneba. citirebuli gvaqvs gr. kiknaZis dasax wignidan, gv. 277 (sqolio).
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lisa da tanjvis sazRaurad ixveWen. vaJas gmirebi nisliTmoculi qvesknelis S u a R a m i d a n amodian samzeoze, viTarca samyaros tragikul pirveldasa-bamTan wilnayari, SaveTis wyliT sxurebuli mo-gvebi.
vaJa k a T a r z i s i s kaci iyo. man goliaTuri energia CaRvara Cveni eris sxeulSi. eTniur-kul-turulad daqsaqsuli saqarTvelo, romlis Sinagan gaerTianebas udidesi Zala Sealies iliam da aka-kim, vaJam dionisuri kaTarzisis brZmedSi gamoawr-To, rogorc mTliani, gardasulTan uwyveti kavSi-risa da universaluri mniSvnelobis kulturuli fenomeni.
y o v e l e r o v n u l k u l t u r a s s a f u Z v l a d u d e v s e r T g v a r i m o d e l i , r o m e l i c u n i k a l u r i p r o c e s e b i s S e d e g a d i q m -n e b a d a T a v i s i a r s i s a d a x a s i a T i s S e -s a b a m i s a d v i T a r d e b a . droTa ganmavlobaSi, sxvdasxva mizezebis gamo, mocemuli modelis poten-cia SeiZleba daiSritos. iwyeba Zvelis gadaReWva, regresi da bolos, Tavdapirveli modelis gada-gvareba. magram zogjer, mas SeuZlia isev aRorZin-des a x a l i f o r m i T da kvlav cxovelmyofeli gaxdes.
vaJam qarTuli kulturis swored es Tavdapir-veli modeli gamoamzeura. mis poeziaSi fesveulad qarTuli msoflgancdis uSualo pirvelelemente-bisa da ucxo danaSrevebisagan SeumRvreveli yo-fierebis ritmi vibrirebs. man aaRorZina qarTveli xalxis heroikuli miTosi da misi Sinagani dialeqti-kis meSveobiT dasZlia drois istoriul dapirebaTa SeusruleblobiT dabadebuli pesimizmi da uperspe-qtivoba.
1969.V._1970.VI.
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vaJa _ momavlis poeti
yvelas gvaxsovs skolis merxidan vaJas leqsi “arwivi”:
vah, dedas Tqvensas yovebo,cud dros CagigdavT xelada,Toro vnaxavdi Tqvens bumbulsgaSlils, gafantuls velada.
ratom “yovebo” da ara “yvavebo”, ratom “Cagig-davT” da ara “CagigdivarT”, ratom “Toro” da ara “Torem”? bavSvobisas amas, raTqma unda, did yu-radRebas ar vaqcevdiT, magram Cvens uneburad da, albaT, aracnobierad, aseTnairi gamoTqmebi ucnau-robisa da gansakuTrebulobis grZnobas aRZravda CvenSi. mainca da mainc arc maswavlebelebi da arc sxva ufrosebi gvixsnidnen Tu raSi iyo saqme. leqsis Sinaarsi yvelasaTvis gasagebi iyo da Cvenc bunebri-vad viTvisebdiT amgvar frazeologias. magram roca saqme vaJa-fSavelas poemebze midga, aq, rogorc maxs-ovs, mowafeebi erTnairad aRar interesdebodnen... gulistkiviliT unda gavamxilo, rom ymawvilobaSi me gaSinagnebuli ar mqonda vaJa-fSavelas poezia. ar miyvarda misi poemebis kiTxva, maSin roca didad viyavi gatacebuli “vefxistyaosniT”, “qarTlis cxo-vrebiT”, saba-sulxaniT da baraTaSviliT. am uaRre-sad rafinirebuli da CemTvis gasagebi literaturis fonze ucnaurad da “arabunebrivad” meCveneboda va-Jas poeturi sityva manamde, sanam erTma Cemma Tana-tolma da megobarma, ukve studentobisas, gemo ar gamixsna vaJas poeziisadmi. es Cemi megobari cnobili poetisa da mTargmnelis Svili gaxldaT da da swo-
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red mamis damsaxureba iyo is, rom Svils esmoda da amitom uyvarda kidec vaJas poezia. Sinaarsis gage-baze ar mogaxsenebT, Sinaarsi yvelas esmis ase Tu ise, _ esmoda silamaze da siRrme misi poeturi enisa da azrovnebisa, organulad moswonda vaJas poezia, _ es iyo mTavari.
ufro gvian, roca mTeli sidiadiT ganixvna Ce-mTvis vaJas Seudarebeli da genialuri poezia, me Semrcxva Cemi “gaucxoebisa” iseTi organulad qar-Tuli fenomenis mimarT, rasac vaJa_fSavelas ena da poezia warmoadgens.. metic, SemaZrwuna im azrma, rom Cemi TviTcnobierebis dadginebis sawyisi pe-riodi misi diadi Semoqmedbis monawileobis gareSe warimarTa. da es marto Cemi xarvezi ar iyo, arc marto Cemi Taobisa. garkveuli azriT, es iyo Sedegi gasuli da Cveni saukunis qarTuli literaturuli kritikis da qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris erT-gvari umwifrobisa da uniaTobisa (am “xarvezis”, am “Sinagani danaSaulis” gamosasyidad davwere Semdeg “tragikuli niRbebi”, romelic vaJas dabadebis 110 wlisTavs eZRvneba)...
v a J a _ f S a v e l a!.. “vaJa” ase Tu ise, gasagebi iyo, magram ras niSnavda “fSavela”? Cven vicodiT, rom saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva kuTxeebi arsebobs, rom “qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi, guria da samegrelo, yvela Cveni samSobloa _ sayvareli saqarTvelo”, ma-gram ar vicodiT, ra iyo “fSavi” da ras niSnavda es “fSavela”. skolidanve vicodiT, rom kuTxeebisadmi mikerZoeba uarsayofi iyo, rogorc moqalaqeobaSi, ise literaturul enaSic, magram ar gvesmoda ra iyo gansakuTrebuli da, miT umetes, saamayo “fSavelo-baSi” (SesaZloa, arc axla gvesmis), rac vaJas sico-cxleSive, Cveni literaturuli kritikis mier, Cven-da samwuxarod da savalalod, swored aseTnairi ku-Txurobis gamovlinebad iyo miCneuli. aseTma azrma inerciiT Cvens dromde moaRwia.
luka razikaSvilma, genialurma qarTvelma poetma fsevdonimad airCia ara zogadeTniuri “qarTveli”,
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aramed, rogorc XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi esmo-daT, kuTxuri “fSaveli” da es maSin, roca Cveni eris mamaTmTavrebi samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolas eweo-dnen qarTveli xalxis erovnul-kulturuli konso-lidaciisaTvis. arada TviTon vaJa iyo am brZolis erT-erTi mamamTavari, tragikulad zusti formu-lis avtori: “S i n a a r g v e S i n a v e b a ”, romelic, garkveuli azriT, ilias “Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda gveyudnodes” exmianeba. ratom unda “dapirispirebo-da” igi Tavisi fsevdonimiT q a r T v e l s rogorc f S a v e l i ?
saqmec is aris, rom araviTari dapirispireba ar momxdara. luka razikaSvilis es fsevdonimi, uwi-nares yovlisa, misi literaturuli poziciis aRm-niSvnelia, ufro sworad, literaturul-enobrivi poziciisa, aki vaJam poeziaSi, savsebiT Segnebulad, orientacia aiRo egreTwodebul “fSaur dialeqtze” (rogorc axla vityviT) anu zogadqarTuli enis fS-aur kiloze. magram saqmec is aris, rom vaJas fSauri ar miaCnda kuTxuri TvalsazrisiT gamoyofil “ki-lod”, aramed qarTuli enis sabaziso dialeqtis, e.i. qarTluris arqaul ganatotad. fSavSi Semonaxuli qarTulis Seuryvnelobas vaJa araerTxel axsenebs Tavis werilebSi.
vaJa-fSavelas saukeTeso qarTulad miaCnda fSau-ri. cnobilia misi gaocebuli Tqma: fSavels qarTuls miwunebeno! ratom? imitom, rom fSavis qarTuli mas ori udidesi qarTveli poetis, rusTavelisa da gu-ramiSvilis poeturi enis monaTesaved miaCnda da am azrs erTxmad iziareben Cveni drois qarTveli mwer-lebi da enaTmecnierebi. iziareben imitom rom, masSi daculia Zveli qarTuli enis Zireuli struqtura, ris gamoc igi uSualod ukavSirdeba qarTuli lite-raturuli enis aTaswlovan tradicias, ukavSirdeba ara rogorc arqauli gadmonaSTi, aramed rogorc cocxali salaparako ena. “fSauri” dRes CvenTvis R r m a q a r T u l s unda niSnavdes, ZirZvel, f e s -v e u l q a r T u l s . axali drois qarTuli salite-
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raturo enis integracia srulyofili ver iqneboda am aTaswlovani enobrivi siRrmis gaucnobiereblad.
erTi ubralo magaliTi. yvelas exsomeba “alu-da qeTelauridan”: “ar mogvxdaua rjulZaRlo, SamauWyivlebs qistasa”... aq “u” fSauri gadaxraa, ZvelqarTulad iqneboda “ar mogxvda-o-a”, magram ra aris es ukanaskneli “a”? ZvelqarTulSi am “a” bgeriT kiTxviTi intonacia gadmoicemoda ise, rogorc es gvxvdeba iakob xucesis V saukuneSi daweril qarTul moTxrobaSi “xuces xar_a”, rac dRevandeli qarTu-liT niSnavs: “xucesi xar?”. es forma dResac gvxv-deba fSavSi da aramarto iq, da sacnauria, rom man vaJaze daweril mogonebaSic gamoJona... gana saoca-ri ar aris, rom 1500 wliT daSorebul or genialur qarTul nawarmoebSi erTi da igive morfemaa gamoye-nebuli, morfema, romelic ukanaskneli saukuneebis qarTul literaturaSi TiTqmis sruliad gamqra-lia?
is, rom Tavis poeziaSi vaJam Segnebulad moixmara fSauri kilo, sakamaTo ar aris. misi ubrwyinvalesi leqsis “devebis qorwilis” pirvel variantSi sweria: “devebsa hqondaT qorwili”, saboloo variantSi ki: “devebsa a q v i s qorwili”. aSkaraa, rom es gacnobie-rebuli koreqtivia. da aq dgeba sakiTxi vaJa-fSave-las poeziis xalxuri Zirebisa. vaJas poeziis fesvi qarTuli miTosis uRrmes qvesknelSia damarxuli, xolo es ukanaskneli fSav-xevsureTis ubrwyinvales xalxur poeziasa da TqmulebebSi, uZveles da unika-lur sadideblebSia gacxadebuli. vaJa gverds ver auvlida fSav-xevsureTis am gansacvifrebel, savse-biT unikalur xalxur Semoqmedebas, romlis badali saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxes ar gaaCnia. am Tval-sazrisiT, saqarTvelos es “kuTxe”, fSav-xevsureTis es poeturi areali gansakuTrebulia da “kuTxeebis” ierarqiis TavSia moqceuli.
amitom dairqva luka razikaSvilma es fsevdo-nimi, rac mis poetur geneziss aRniSnavda: “v a J a -f S a v e l a ” _ aTaswlovani tradiciis mqone enaze
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metyveli qarTveli, ZirZveli qarTveli, uaRresad qarTveli, _ aseTia am poeturi fsevdonimis warmo-mavloba.
xalxuri azrovnebis samyarodan SeTvisebuli “xedviT” aris gamsWvaluli vaJas poezia da amitom am samyaros Seucnoblad gagviWirdeba misi poeziis swori wakiTxva, e.i. misi gageba da Seyvareba. ratom vxvdebiT “fSaur kilos” upiratesad vaJas poezia-Si, gansakuTrebiT eposSi maSin, roca misi proza, publicistika da leqsebis didi nawili ar amJRa-vnebs fSauris specifikas? imitom, rom vaJas eposis safuZveli pirovnebis Sinagani gardaqmnis urTules problemas exeba. am eposis situaciebi da koliziebi fSav-xevsureTis sakraluri Temis mikroeTnogra-fiul wiaRSi iSleba da, maSasadame, poeturi eqspre-siis dinamika Sesabamiss saxeebsa da faqturas moi-Txovs. Tu Cven TandaTan ar miveCvieT am miTosur samyaros, mis SigniT moqmedi adamianebis cxovrebisa da azrovnebis wess, maT arqaul fsiqologias, Cven ver SevigrZnobT vaJas eposis sidiades, ver Cavwvde-biT mis uRrmes qarTuls, misi poeturi enis ganu-meorebel da gansacvifrebel dinamikurobas.
miTosuri msoflSegrZnebidan modis vaJa-fSave-las poeturi samyaros zedrouloba, pirvelado-ba Tu pirvelqmniloba. aqedanve iRebs saTaves misi pirquSi vizionebi da infernaluri xilvebi, rom araferi vTqvaT poeturi saxeebis mTel sistemaze, romlis gageba da gaanalizeba gaWirdeboda miTo-logiuri aspeqtebis gauTvaliswineblad. magaliTad: Cven ver gavigebT, ratom eZaxis vaJa did qarTvel mamuliSvilebs “piroflianebs”, Tu ar gvecodineba, rom es termini RvTaebaTa atributia da, amdenad, specifikuri Sinaarsis matarebelia. an Rrmad ver CavwvdebiT misi erTi ubrwyinvalesi leqsis azrs, romelSic arwivis mxarze dajdomasTan aris gaigive-buli STagoneba, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT, rom frin-velTa saxiT RvTisSvilni, e.i. angelozebi asxdebod-nen mxarze maT mier arCeul “RabuSebs”, rac maT me-
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diumur codnas da RvTaebriobas aniWebda. Cven ver mivxvdebiT, ratom daarqva Tavis erT-erT umSvenie-res poemas vaJam “stumar-maspinZeli”, Tu ar gamovi-ZiebT, rom igi sakraluri xasiaTis idiomidan modis: fSaur sadidebelSi pirdapir aris naTqvami, rom ga-mCeni RmrTisagan nabadebi angelozebi “RvTis nebis aRmsrulebeli cis maskvlavni, erTurTis m o d e -m o Z m e n i da s t u m a r -m a s p i n Z e l n i ” arian. am sakralur formulas Rrma qveteqsti axlavs. kacni, RvTisSvilTa msgavsad, erTmaneTis Zmebi, stumar-maspinZelni, an, rac igivea, moyvasni da, maSasadame, sworferni anu Tanasworni arian RvTis winaSe. aRaza da zviadauri, aluda da mucali aki sikvdilsa da warmomavlobaze aRmatebul am RvTaebriv mode-moZ-meTa modelis mixedviT gamoZerwa poetma.
Cveulebriv miaCniaT, rom “miTosuri” primitiul-Tan aris asocirebuli, magram aviwydebaT is, rom axal droSi miTosuri modelebi da arqetipebi sa-ganTa da movlenaTa tipobrivi ganWvretisTvis aris gamoyenebuli. Tomas mani wers: Tu kacobriobis cxo-vrebaSi “miTosuri” adreuli da primitiuli safexu-ria, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi es safexuri gviandeli da mowifulobismieria.
vaJas ar dasWirvebia aseTi gzis gavla. igi imTa-viTve miTosuri warmosaxvebiTa da arqauli yofiT aRbaWdil garemocvaSi aRmoCnda CarTuli. es gare-mocva misTvis Cveulebriv yofierebad unda yofi-liyo aRqmuli. da swored amitom Cven unda vuma-dlodeT mis genialur intuicias da Rrma TviTcno-bierebas, ramac saSualeba misca poets ganeWvrita, Seecno da Tavisi mxatvruli miznebisTvis gamoeye-nebina qarTuli miTologiis umdidresi saganZuri. mTavari is aris, rom man “dasZlia” da amitom gamoi-yena es ganZi. magram garkveviT unda aRiniSnos isic, vaJa-fSavelas Tavad poetur cnobierebas, Tavad mis poetur xedvasa da msoflSegrZnebas azis beWedi ar-qauli miTosurobisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi didi niWiT cxebuli T a n a m e d r o v e xelovani iyo...
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TviTon vaJas pirovnebasac unda vicnobdeT.mas winaparTagan naanderZevi xasiaTi hqonda. am
xasiaTis upirvelesi Tvisebebia utexoba, meomruli siqvele da siamaye. swored am Tvisebebis gamo iyvnen vaJas winaprebi Temis Tavkacebi da soflis mosar-Cleni. maTi cxovrebis wesi Seuvalad tradiciulia. aTasi weli ar SeSlila es tradicia. magram drois suli Tavisas iTxovs. vaJas mama arRvevs tradiciis am daxSul wres. mas unda gaiWras “did qveyanaSi”: “Cemi suli siymawviliTve Cemi mSoblebis sadgom saxlSi vera Tavsdeboda”, _ aseT, ucnauri naRve-liT gamsWvalul sityvebs ambobs igi Tavis Tavgada-savalSi. pavle razikaSvili, vaJas mama, orbis frTis kalmiT sip qvaze swavlobs wera-kiTxvas, ris gamoc mamamisma TofiT mokvla daupira: “wignis mimdeva-ri kaci Cvens Cveulebazed xels aiRebso, arc Cvens xatebs iwamebso”, _ aseTi iyo kerpadqceuli tra-diciis ganaCeni. magram pavle razikaSvilic “kerpis naglejia”, igi ar iSlis Tavisas. da mas aRar uSveben soflis yrilobaSi. sofeli moikveTs, gakicxavs da daswyevlis Tavisi drois am namdvil aluda qeTe-laurs.
vaJa-fSavela ukve “didi qveynis” Svili iyo, bi-bliasa da ZvelqarTul literaturaze aRzrdili Wabuki, peterburgis universitetis msmeneli, ilias mowafe, Tavdadebuli mamulisSvili. Wabukma vaJam zepirad icis lesingis “laokooni”, gatacebiT ki-Txulobs goeTes da tolstois, xolo germaniidan axladCamosul grigol robaqiZesTan paeqrobaSi he-gelis “logikis” gansacvifrebel codnas amJRavne-bs. magram “didi qveynidan” igi winaswari ganzrax-viT brundeba fSavSi. igi ubrundeba Tavis sofels, xatebsa da salocavebs, rogorc aRTqmul qveyanas, radgan “fSavi” misTvis samSoblos Tbili da poxieri deda-miwa, amqveyniuri navTsayudeli anu “yofiere-bis saxlia”, is “Sina”, romelic mas “eSinaveba”.
vaJas cnobierebaSi ucnaurad aris Serwymuli mTaSi miyuJuli meomari da moleqse xalxis arqauli
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xedva da civilizebuli qarTveli kacis fsiqolo-gia. erTi mxriv, igi miwis muSa da monadirea, Temi-sa da qristianul wesze mdgari ojaxis wevri, meore mxriv, peterburgSi namyofi ganswavluli moqala-qe, romelic ostaturad TamaSobs biliards, Tbi-lisSi zogjer trostiT dadis, xolo zepur sazo-gadoebaSi uZvirfases sigaras eweva, Tumca ar iyo mweveli. daZinebisas qristianul “RmerTo SeniTa da ara CveniTas” ambobs, TanasoflelTa Soris gul-gaxsnili amayad acxadebs: “nawiliani var, nawiliani” (nawili, mzis simbolo, beWebs Sua hqondaT aRbeW-dili RvTisSvilebs), xolo gulmosuli “sakramen-tos” ZaxiliT ioxebs guls. Cveulebriv, fandurze ukravs da, ra Tqma unda, fSaur leqsebs waimRerebs xolme, magram zogjer lermontovis striqonebsac RiRinebs.
vaJa kargad itanda xumrobas da TviTonac xumrob-da, magram ar icoda sicili, mxolod gaiRimebda. es didad sacnauria: hadesis mxilveli gulianad ver gaicinebs. ganrisxebisas mZvinvare iyo, Cveulebriv ki, mSvidi, bavSviviT gulCvili da mgrZnobiare, _ naambobzec ki auCuydeboda guli da cremli moad-geboda xolme Tvalze. da esec uaRresad sacnauria: mxolod aseTi gulis patrons SeeZlo daewera “Svlis nukris naambobi”, “quCi”, “xmeli wifeli”...
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vaJas Semoqmedeba jer ar aris sakadrisad Seswavlili da Sefasebuli. axali drois Suqze sul sxvanairad ikiTxeba igi. vaJa ganuzomlad axlos dgas CvenTan, vidre TanamedroveebTan, magram Cven-Tanac ar dgas Zalian axlos. vaJa-fSavela momavlis poetia.
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vaJas qarTuli
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom Tanamedrove sa-literaturo ena dafuZnebulia ilias, akakis da va-Jas Semoqmedebaze, da rom vaJa-fSavelas prozisa da publicistikis ena axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis brwyinvale nimuSia.
rac Seexeba vaJas poezias, ukanasknel xanebamde is azri iyo gamefebuli, rom fSaur kiloze daweri-li misi leqsebi da poemebi moWarbebuli dialeqtiz-miT aris gaJRenTili rogorc leqsikis, ise grama-tikuli formebis TvalsazrisiT da amdenad, maTSi gamovlenili ena saerTo-saxalxo literaturuli enis garegan dgas. es mrude azri garkveul period-Si maxinjad ganimarteboda da Crdils ayenebda didi Semoqmedis saxels.
aq unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: Cveulebriv, roca laparakia dialeqtizmebze, rogorc mxatvru-li literaturis gamWolav sistemaze, savsebiT samarTlianad, igi uaryofiT movlenad aris miC-neuli. Tu logikurni viqnebiT, igive Tvalsazri-si unda gavavrceloT vaJas poeziis (yovel Se-mTxvevaSi, bevri leqsisa da poemis) mimarTac da asec xdeboda. aqedan bunebrivad gamomdinareob-da Sexeduleba vaJas poeturi enis erTgvar Ca-morCenilobaze, am enis iseT Tvisebaze, rac axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis pro-gresul tendenciebs garkveuli azriT upiris-pirdeboda da, amdenad, uaryofiT movlenad unda Sefasebuliyo.
vaJa-fSavelas sicocxleSive da misi gardacvale-bis Semdegac misi poemebisa da leqsebis ena (da, ar-sebiTad, poeziac) im xanad gamefebuli provinciul-
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kuTxuri TvalTaxedvis kvalobaze egreT wodebul “fSaur kilod” da “mTis poeziad” fasdeboda, e.i. fasdeboda rogorc kuTxuri mniSvnelobis movlena, rogorc iseTi ram, rac literaturuli qarTulis Sesaqmnelad gaweuli Zalisxmevis sapirispirod iyo mimarTuli da amdenad, ukusagdebi iyo.
Cvens droSi aseT Sefasebas Teoriuli safuZve-lic daeZebna. morfologiuri da gramatikuli dia-leqtizmebi, romlebic erTiani saxalxo enis an lite-raturuli enis s a k u T r e b a d ver iqceva, asustebs da anagvianebs literaturul enas... zogadad swori es debuleba savsebiT arasworad, k o n k r e t u l i da, me vityodi, u n i k a l u r i pirobebis gauTva-liswineblad miusadages vaJa-fSavelas poeziis enas. aqedan daskvna: vaJas fSaur kiloze dawerili leqse-bi da poemebi aferxebs qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas.
ukanasknel xans mkveTrad gamoikveTa SedarebiT marTebuli Sexeduleba vaJas poeziis enaze: “ar aris swori sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azri, rom vaJa-fSavelas poeturi ena m T l i a n a d dafuZnebulia dialeqtur masalaze... sakiTxi vaJas mimarTebisa fSaur dialeqtTan garkveuli S e z R u d v i T unda ganvixiloT. Tavis arsebiT nawilSi vaJa-fSavelas poeturi metyveleba saliteraturo enas eyrdnoba... dialeqtizmebs vaJas nawerebSi stilistikuri funq-cia aqvs dakisrebuli” (S. ZiZiguri).
es zomieri Tvalsazrisi imiTac aris saintereso, rom igi erTgvar kompromiss Seicavs. am kompromisis gareSe, rogorc Cans, SeuZlebelia imis ar daSveba, rom XIX s. didi klasikosis ena marTalia nawilobriv, magram mainc g a o r e b u l i Cans. rom viTom, erTi mxriv, Cven gvaqvs wminda, sanimuSo saliteraturo qarTuliT dawerili vaJas proza da publicistika, xolo meore mxriv, misi poezia, romelic, Tumca ki mTlianad ar aris dawerili dialeqtze, magram mainc dialeqtis Zlieri inerciis gavlenas ganicdis da, amdenad, naklulovania: kilouri formebis siuxviT
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metadre gamoirCeva “gogoTur da afSina” da “aluda qeTelauri” da agreTve bevri leqsi, davZendi me,_romlebic ucilobel Sedevrebad aris aRiarebuli qarTul poeziaSi.
am faqts axsna sWirdeba.
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cxadi rom gaxdes vaJa-fSavelas pozicia qarTuli saliteraturo enis mimarT, Tvali unda gadavavloT mis Teoriul Sexedulebebs am sakiTxis irgvliv. isini Camoyalibebulia vaJas ramdensame werilSi, romlebic enis sakiTxs utrialebs da kargad ga-moxatavs rogorc mis enobriv Tvalsazriss poeturi qmnadobis sazRvrebSi, ise imdroindeli sazoga-doebis Sexedulebebs am sakiTxebze.
vaJas erT-erTi umTavres debulebaTagani is aris, rom “qarTuli ena (aqac da sxvaganac “qarTul enaSi” vaJa gulisxmobs s a l i t e r a t u r o e n a s ) guSin mogonili ar aris. igi Zalian didi xnisaa. ukve da-mTavrebuli, daxarebuli vaJkacia” da amitom “rac xasiaTi da Tviseba dahyolia, igive SerCeba sazoga-dod, saukunod”. “enas fesvebi warsuls droSi aqvs gadgmuli, _ rac xasiaTi da buneba istoriulad mih-niWebia enas, igi unda SerCes sikvdilamdis”.
aq vaJas mier aqcentirebulia enis Sinagani bu-nebis (enis struqturis), enis Zireuli Tvisebis ucvlelobis proncipi. aqcentirebulia imitom, rom swored mis dros ganicdida qarTuli udides cvli-lebebs (dadebiTsac da uaryofiTsac), cvlilebebs, romelTac SeeZloT daezianebinaT misi buneba.
“riTi hgavs ena mdinares? imiTi, rom rac er-Txel mdinares gemo da Tviseba miuRia, Tu xelo-vnurad ar mostace, ar waarTvi, igi TavisTavad arasodes ar dahkargavs. mimdinareobs im Jamidan am Jamamde daudgromelad, misi SeCereba, dagubeba cota xnobiT Tu SeiZleba, xolo samudamod ki _ arasodes”...
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masasadame, ena Tavisi arsiT, Tavisi Sinagani bu-nebiT, Tavisi “gemoTi” ucvalebeli fenomenia. “yo-veli ena amJRavnebs miswrafebas SeinarCunos Tavisi Zireuli formebi yovelgvari cvlilebebis pirobeb-Si... ena yvelaze damoukidebeli da gamZle movlenaa kacobriobis yvela movlenas Soris. ufro advilia misi aRgva pirisagan miwisa, vidre misi individualu-ri agebulebis darRveva” (sepiri).
“marTalia, ena TandaTan warmatebaSi Sedis, win midis, magram ise ki ara, rom bunebasa da xasiaTs icvlides. Tu es moxda, maSin enac kvdeba”, _ gvafr-Txilebs vaJa.
ra miaCnia vaJas enis “warmatebad”, enis “winsva-lad”? leqsikis gamdidreba, axal cnebaTaTvis saWi-ro sityvebis Semotana, sinonimTa simravle, Zveli literaturuli enis im gauqmebuli formebis aRd-gena, romelTac c o c x a l i dasayrdeni gaaCniaT dialeqtebSi. vaJas TvalsazrisiT, yvela es procesi qarTuli enis Sinagani bunebis Sesabamisad da misi Sinagani mizandasaxulebis niSniT unda mimdinareob-des. yvela es procesi garduvalia, vinaidan “axlan-deli literaturuli ena axalia da s i a x l i s gamo bevr formebs, bevr sityvebs moklebuli aris... yo-veli saero mwerali movalea yvela sayuradRebo xa-lxuri sityva, an forma g a a c n o s literaturul enas, Tu igi sityva da forma S e e f e r e b a enis xa-siaTs, imis bunebas”.
ra Tqma unda, es Tvalsazrisi srulebiT ar niSna-vs imas, rasac gaumarTleblad miaweren vaJas: “Cveni poeti savsebiT kategoriulad aRiarebs (?), rom am enis mTeli sidiade Soreul (?) warsulSia, qarTul enas ar ganucdia progresuli (?) ganviTareba, igi TandaTanobiT dakninebis da gaRaribebis gzas ad-gaso”... (S. ZiZiguri). es arsad ar uTqvams vaJas da miT umetes, ar “uRiarebia kategoriulad”. vaJas ara aqvs kategoriuli toni, roca laparakobs litera-turuli enis srulyofis saWiroebaze da enis ise-Ti gramatikuli formebiT gamdidrebaze, romlebic
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cocxalia xalxSi, xolo dadasturebulia udidesi qarTveli poetebis nawerebSi. piriqiT, igi mokrZa-lebulad SeniSnavs: “Tu ena iSvilebs im formas, im sityvas, xom kargi, Tu ara da, arc amiTi araferi waxdebao”.
vaJa-fSavelasa da XIX s. didi mwerlebis orienta-cia gaamarTla drom. “TviT im mweralTa prestiJma uzrunvelyo maT mier gamoyenebul sasaubro sityva-Ta meti wilis Semosvla saliteraturo qarTulSi” (b. foCxua).
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vaJas aqvs erTi kardinaluri azri, romlis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia misi enobrivi poziciis garkvevisaTvis.
“ras hqvian enis codna? rasakvirvelia, ara kma-ra mxolod sityvebi vicodeT... saWiroa enis suli-sa da gulis Segneba. am SegnebisaTvis ki saWiroa is Rirseba da madli, rom TviT mwerals ucemdes qarTulad guli da maja... usaTuod, saukeTeso mgosani enis mcodnedac unda miviRoT... mwerlis niWis mixedviT rom vafasebdeT mis enas, maSin yve-la Cvengani ar wamoayenebda sakuTar enas misabaZav sagnad”.
es azri yvela enisa da yvela droisaTvis WeSma-ritia. vaJa wina planze swevs enis ara zedapirul, meqanikur (da SegviZlia vigulisxmoT, _ mecnierul) codnas, aramed enis “sulisa da gulis” Segnebas, e.i. enis Sinagani bunebis wvdomas, mis intuiciur gznebas, alRosa da geSs mSobliuri enis mimarT. ma-gram amisaTvis saWiroa “q a r T u l a d g i c e m d e s g u l i d a m a j a ”, qarTulad fiqrobde, qarTu-lad azrovnebde, qarTul enasa da miwaSi gedgas fesvi. yvela es Tviseba momadlebuli unda hqondes mweralsa da poets da Tu momadlebuli aqvs igi, “enis mcodnedac unda miviRoT”, vinaidan aravin ise Rrmad ara grZnobs enis uxilav wyarosTvalSi dabu-
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drebul ritmebsa da farul azrobriv potencias, rogorc Semoqmedis gumani. e n i s u R r m e s S r e e -b T a n f e s v e u l k a v S i r s m x o l o d d i d i p o e t e b i d a m o a z r o v n e e b i i n a r C u n e b d -n e n y o v e l d r o S i (haidegeri).
amrigad: niWiTcxebuli mwerlisa da poetis orientacia enobriv sferoSi Rrma erovnul guman-sa da intuicias efuZneba, ris gamoc misi arCeva-ni gamarTlebulia. s a u k e T e s o p o e t i e n i s s a u k e T e s o m c o d n e c a a . enis ama Tu im geziT orientacia didi mesityveebis saqmea da ara iseTi pirovnebisa, vinc vera grZnobs sityvas da im (va-Jas gamoTqmiT) filolog-lingvistTa dass ekuTvis, romlebic ramdenime sityvis msgavsebaze afuZneben sxvadasxva eris erTtomobasa da erTgvarobas...
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani azri unda movitanoT vaJasi: “mwerals, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari ena unda hqondes, vinaidan ena saxea mwerlisa... enaSi imaleba individualoba, misi “me”... fesvebi mwerlis enisa, stilisa, iq aris Cawmaxnuli”.
maSasadame, mwerlis individualobas ena da sti-li avlens, mwerlis suli enaSi saxierdeba. mwerlis frazeologiasa da suraTebsac Semoqmedis Tavise-burebis beWedi unda eWdos. magram yvelaferi es “ga-regani niSnebia mwerlis niWisa... S i n a g a n i Rirseba isaa, Tu ra movlenani gauxdia mas Tavis mwerlobis sagnad da ra Rirebulebisaa es movlenani, ramdenad cxovlad, naTlad, mkafiod, Zlierad gvixatavs am movlenaT”.
aq vaJa-fSavela Semoqmedebis garegan da Sinagan niSnebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. vaJa xedavs saTqme-lisa da Tqmis d i a l e q t i k u r k a v S i r s , sadac mxatvruli eqspresiis bunebas gansazRvravs im mo-vlenebis Sinagani Rirebuleba, romelTa mxatvrul sityvaSi gansaxierebaca aqvs ganzraxuli Semoqmeds. ase rom, vaJasTan mwerlis msoflmxedveloba gan-sazRvravs mxatvruli eqspresiis bunebas, romelic enisa da stilis meSveobiT cnaurdeba.
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vaJa-fSavelas meore, agreTve mTavar debuleba-Tagania is, rom qarTuli enis maradmedin mdinares aqvs SeubRalavi, uSreti saTave, romelic gansazR-vravs misi Sinagani bunebis ucvlelobas, mis speci-fikur, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel “gemos”. va-Jas TqmiT, es saTave enisa, gaxlavT ZvelTa niWier mweralTa nawarmoebni, is qarTuli Temebi, sadac dRevandlamde Senaxula SeubRalavad, umwikvlod qarTuli ena”.
vaJa laparakobs axali saliteraturo qarTulis or umTavres wyaroze, or gamsazRvrel wyaroze, ro-melTa gauTvaliswinebladac, romelTanac wiluyre-lad vaJas ver warmoudgenia “saerTo literaturu-li enis... gaukeTeseba” da “gawmenda”.
es ori wyaroa erTis mxriv, Z v e l i q a r T u l i m w e r l o b a da meores mxriv, S e u b R a l a v i c o -c x a l i x a l x u r i e n a . pirvelis magaliTad vaJa asaxelebs rusTavelsa da guramiSvils, xolo meori-sas _ qarTvel mTielTa enas, kerZod, fSaurs.
Zveli qarTuli mwerloba am SemTxvevaSi, pirobi-Ti cnebaa, vinaidan rusTavelica da guramiSvilic axali saliteraturo enis warmomadgenlebi arian, da araferi gasakviri araa, rom swored isini arian moxmobilni vaJas mier “axali literaturuli enis” etalonebad. Tumca vaJa sakuTriv Zvel qarTulsac Rrmad grZnobda. “Zveli qarTuli mas Sesisxlxorce-buli hqonda”, rogorc ambobs iv. imnaiSvili. “vaJa kargad icnobda biblias... da qarTul agiografias” (l. menabde).
magram ratom axsenebs igi fSaurs? imitom, rom TviTon aris fSaveli da mikerZoebas iCens “mSobliu-ri” dialeqtisadmi? ara! “fSauris saubris kilo da gramatikuli formebi, rogorc n a m d v i l i Z v e -l i q a r T u l i , sruliad hgvanan Zvelis mwerle-bis nawerebsa”, ai swored amitom fSavelTa “saTemo kilo (Tuki SeiZleba saTemo kilo davarqvaT imaTs sasaubro enas) da gramatikuli formebi xelCasaWi-debelia, Rirssacodneli”.
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upirveles yovlisa unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rac uTqmeli aqvs vaJas. igi arsad ar laparakobs qarTlur kiloze, radgan qarTluri mas miaCnia im bazisad, romelzec dafuZnebulia saliteraturo ena. qarTluris — am h e g e m o n i d i a l e q t i s _ fonze igi gamoarCevs fSaurs, rogorc mTis kilos da ara rogorc misgan gansxvavebul dialeqts. vaJas azriT, arsebobs mTisa da baris qarTuli (e.i. qarT-luri), romelTagan pirvelis miCneva saTemo kilod SesaZloa saWoWmanoc iyos.
marTebulad aRiniSna: “fSaur kilos, vaJas kon-cefciiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba axa-li saliteraturo qarTulis formebis Tvalsazri-siT, (raki) igi Zveli qarTulis kanonzomierebis realuri dadasturebaa Tanamedrove metyvelebaSi” (S. ZiZiguri).
aseTia vaJa-fSavelas enobrivi poziciis amsaxveli Sexedulebebi, romelTa safuZvelze unda axsniliyo da ganmartebuliyo esa Tu is sakiTxi misi poeturi enisa. magram moxda piriqiT: aramcTu Tavad avtoris Tvalsazrisi ar moixmes (savsebiT mosaxerxebeli) mi-sive enobrivi poziciis asaxsnelad, aramed am Tval-sazriss umarTebulod daupirispires poeziisaTvis ucxo kriteriumi, romlis Suqze arasworad fasde-boda am didi Semoqmedis rTuli memkvidreoba.
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“umagaliTi SemTxveva” moxda msoflio litera-turaSi: 1500-wlovani tradiciis mqone uZvelesi sa-literaturo enis wiaRSi genialurma poetma orien-tacia aiRo “dialeqtze” da es maSin, roca qarTuli saliteraturo enis a x l e b u r i i n t e g r a c i a xdeboda. vaJasaTvis es iyo Segnebuli aqcia: Zveli, inerciis ZaliT arsebuli, gamofituli litera-turuli enis rRvevisa da Wyinti provinciuli ki-loebis moZalebis xanaSi igi wina planze swevs he-gemoni dialeqtis arqaul ganatots, romelic misi
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azriT namdvili “Zveli qarTulia” da savsebiT ex-maureba udidesi qarTveli poetebis _ rusTavelisa da guramiSvilis poetur enas.
fSauri dialeqtis upiratesoba sxva qarTul dia-leqtebTan SedarebiT Semdegi momentebiT ganisazR-vreba:
1. fSaurSi cocxlad aris daculi “mTeli rigi arqauli gramatikuli formebi, niSandoblivi Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enisaTvis” (S. ZiZiguri). “Zveli leqsika da Zveli formebi fSauris damaxasia-Tebeli Tvisebaa” (iv. imnaiSvili). ase rom, igi im he-gemoni dialeqtis ganatotia, romelzec saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi orientacias iRebda qarTuli salite-raturo ena. fSauris safuZvelze dRemde SesaZle-belia dadgindes da gaswordes Tavad rusTavelis zogierTi CvenTvis saWoWmano gramatikuli forma (iv. gigineiSvili).
2. fSaurSi da erTobliv, mTis kiloebSi Semo-naxulia egreTwodebuli “jvris ena” anu “xatis ena”, e.i. RvTisSvilTa ena, uZvelesi sakraluri ena mTis orgiastuli kultebisa, romlis Rirebuleba ganu-zomelia Cveni kulturis istoriisaTvis da romel-sac dRemde jerovani yuradReba ar eqceva. es aris misteriuli ena Cveni mTieli qurumebisa, aRbeWdili fSav-xevsurul miTebsa, locvebsa da sadideblebSi.
3. da bolos CvenTvis cnobilia “udidesi poeziis fantastikuri qveyana” (vax. kotetiSvili), xalxuri poezia fSavisa da xevsureTisa, romelic, me vfiqrob, gadis sakuTriv xalxuri poeziis sazRvrebidan, im-denad Rrmadaa diferencirebuli da niuansirebu-li masSi ganxmuli adamianuri samyaro. miTosuri pirvelqmnilobiT aRbeWdili mTis xalxuri poezia, romlis wiaRSi da romlis niadagzec momwifda vaJas poeturi genia, udidesi Rirebulebis Semcveli fe-nomenia Tavadac da erT genialur poetad fasobs.
vaJa-fSavelas “Rirseba da madli” swored isaa, rom man SesZlo Tavi daeRwia am momnusxvel sti-qiisagan, garedan, ucxo TvaliT Seexeda misTvis da
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gaecnobierebina sidiade im enobrivi da poeturi garemosi, romelic mas muzebis weramwerelma dau-sazRvra. vaJa ar iqneboda didi poeti, rom ar egrZ-no da ar ganeWvrita ganumeorebloba am unikaluri garemosi. saTave vaJas poeturi genialobisa fSavSia Cawmaxnili. aqedan modis misi poeturi fsevdonimic: v a J a - f S a v e l a !
is azri, rom fSauri ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc Cveulebrivi “kuTxuri kilo” da, miT umetes, ro-gorc “provincializmi”, _ mZimed, magram daJinebiT ikafavda gzas. 1896 w. “kvalSi” ilia nakaSiZe wer-da: ai, fSavelasa da fSavelTa ena, stili rkinisa, pirdapir xalxis gulidan amoRebuli, rogorc kl-dis Rrma napralidan utexi madani... ena dinji, ena mxatvruli, ena mZlavri”.
“fSav-xevsuruli arqauli qarTulia da ara provin-cializmi” (p. ingoroyva). “Semcdaria is Sexeduleba, TiTqos vaJa raRac gaugebari provinciuli JargoniT werdes”... (g. qiqoZe). fSauri aris “erTi ZvelTaZveli feni qarTulisa mTebSi SerCenili da dRemde cocxa-li... fSav-xevsuruli marTlac sali kldis nakveTia yovel TqmaSi. kvecili forma am fSanisa mkveTria Zalze da, davumatebdi, vaJur-mkvrivi. sworupovari elifsi qarTulisa fSaurSi moSvildulia pirdapir” (gr. robaqiZe). “vaJas hqonda... fSauri kilo, magram saerTi foni misi metyvelebisa iyo ZvelqarTuli” (k. gamsaxurdia).
ZvelqarTulTan dakavSirebuli cocxali diale-qtis gamoyeneba udides siZvirfased, genialuri in-tuiciis mignebad unda gamoCeniliyo mTliani, mtkice da integrirebuli qarTuli enisa da literaturis fonze. mxolod XIX s. saqarTveloSi iyo mosalod-neli misi vergageba da ukugdeba, im saqarTveloSi, romelic enobrivad da fsiqologiurad jer kidev eTnografiuli kuTxeebis jams warmoadgenda.
TavSi aRvniSne: vaJas ayvedrian-meTqi enis “pro-gresuli ganviTarebis” uaryofas. am terminSi SeniS-vnis avtori gulisxmobs “qarTuli enis gramatiku-
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li wyobis daxvewas”, da misi fonetikuri sistemis gamartivebas, agreTve, “konservatuli formebisagan Tavis daRwevas”. unda SevniSnoT, rom konservatiu-li elementebiTa da formebiT savsea “vefxistyaos-ani”, guramiSvilis bevri leqsi, sabas “qadagebani” da TiTqmis mTeli poezia baraTaSvilisa, magram isini qarTuli enis brwyinvale nimuSebia. maTSi qarTuli ena Tavis mwvervalebs aCens. rac Seexeba gramatikul wyobasa da fonetikur sistemas, ZvelqarTuls erTi-ca da meorec udaxvewilesi aqvs...
saliteraturo enis mimarT xmarebuli “ganviTa-reba” mcdari, sizustes moklebuli terminia, sjobs vixmaroT feriscvaleba an saxecvlileba. ra ganapiro-bebs literaturuli enis saxecvlilebas? upirveles yovlisa: drois suli, ideologiuri xasiaTis orien-tirebis cvla, politikuri da socialuri Zvrebi...
XI-XII ss. saqarTveloSi Teokratiuli sazogadoe-ba SezRuda saero sazogadebam. iwyeba humanizmis ga-Zliereba, Sesabamisad iqmneba axali saliteraturo ena da... anbanic. am axal enaSi gafarTovda ara mar-to salaparako enasTan damakavSirebeli arxi, aramed gaZlierda dialeqtebis monawileobac. samefo kari quTaisidan gadadis TbilisSi, Sesabamisad, orienta-cias iReben aRmosavlurqarTul dialeqtebze.
XV s. dairRva mTliani qarTuli saxelmwifo. is-toriul-kulturul aqtivobas iCens mxolod qarTl-kaxeTi. dasavleTi da samxreTi gamoTiSulia kul-turuli mSeneblobidan, Sesabamisad, saliteraturo enas SeezRuda salaparako enis bazisi, daviwrovda samxreT-dasavluri dialeqtebis gamoyenebis area-li, xolo a R m o s a v l u r m a d i a l e q t i z m e b m a ubrwyinvalesi poetebis xelSi l i t e r a t u r u l i xmovaneba SeiZines.
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, qarTuli kultu-ris Tavkacebma axali enobrivi politika gamoimu-Saves: es iyo saliteraturo enis xalxur enasTan maqsimaluri miaxloebis politika, aucilebeli da gardauvali imisaTvis, rom literaturuli enis
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demokratizaciis meSveobiT, erovnul-ganmaTavisu-flebel moZraobaSi CaebaT xalxis farTo wreebi. Tavi-sTavad igulisxmeboda, rom Semdeg, kulturu-li moZlierebis kvalobaze TandaTan gafarToebu-liyo klasikur da ZvelqarTul enasTan da litera-turasTan damakavSirebeli arxebi.
“Zveli qarTuli ena” arasodes ar yofila “Zve-li” da gaugebari axali saliteraturo enis udides SemoqmedTaTvis arc winaT da arc axal droSi. mis udides maorganizebel Zalas scnobdnen da emorCi-lebodnen rusTaveli da saba, guramiSvili, baraTaS-vili, ilia, grigol orbeliani, vaJa da maCabeli.
vaJa-fSavelam Tavisi drois aucilebeli da gar-dauvali tendenciis _ saliteraturo enis xalxur, salaparako enasTan miaxloebis tendenciis sferoSi-ve gamonaxa saSualeba dakavSireboda Zveli qarTuli enis samyaros da miT udidesi Zalmosileba mieniWe-bina Tavisi poeziisaTvis.
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axla unda iTqvas umTavresi: risTvis dasWirda vaJas Tavisi poemebis werisas ase Rrmad SeWriliyo dialeqtur SreebSi? risTvis dasWirda dialeqtu-ri mimoxrebisa da niuansebis wina planze wamoweva? risTvis dasWirda uamravi sityvisa da gamoTqmis Semotana, romlebsac manamde ar icnobda qarTuli poezia?
vaJa-fSavelas poeziis problematika universa-luri mniSvnelobisaa. vaJas filosofiuri ganzoga-debiT aqvs warmoCenili kacobriuli vnebani: piro-vnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTWidili, dapiris-pireba da konfliqti, miTosuri kosmogoniis planSi asaxuli kacis eTikuri srulyofisa da movaleobis peripetiebi, adamianis gardaqmna da amaRleba dioni-suri eqstazis meSveobiT, RmerTi da samSoblo, si-cocxlisa da sikvdilis antinomiebis Suqze danaxu-li bunebis suraTebi da sxv.
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vaJa universaluri gonebis kaci iyo.es problematika misi gulisa da tvinis naSieria
da ara gareT moZiebuli ram. da vaJas sadineli unda epova im vnebebisaTvis, im mtanjveli fiqrebisaT-vis, romlebic Zalumi intuiciis talRebad iZvro-dnen mis gulSi. sadineli epova im azriT, rom isini zust da Sesabamisad azrobriv, Tematur da enobriv masalaSi ganexorcielebina. da man Tavisi uRrme-si intuiciebis asparezad saqarTvelos mTa _ TuS-fSav-xevsureTi airCia, qveyana miTosuri heroikisa, qveyana arqauli yofisa da wesCveulebebisa, qveyana, sadac jer kidev scemdnen Tayvans did Tamars da saqarTvelos ukanasknel mefes.
religiur-msoflmxdvelobrivi mrwamsiT, pir-velqmnili vnebebisa da xasiaTebis TvalsazrisiT es iyo savsebiT unikaluri samyaro, romelic so-cialuri yofisa da msoflSegrZnebis aspeqtebiT garkveul analogias amJRavnebda berZeni tra-gikosebis samyarosTan. am samyaros vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi Semohyva, rogorc misgan absoluturad gauTiSveli fenomeni, umdidresi da ubrwyinvale-si folkloris wiaRSi momwifebuli, dawmendili da umaRles doneze poeturad dakristalebuli ena, romelsac vaJa ver uaryofda da arc uar-yofda.
poetis ena da is, rac am enis meSveobiT aris ga-cxadebuli _ ganuyofeli mTlianobaa. enis siRrme-sa da eqspresiul Zalmosilebas mxolod Semoqmedi avlens da am azriT, igi enis Semoqmedicaa da, ma-Sasadame, yovlad SeuZlebelia vaJas enis ama Tu im aspeqtis uaryofam an ukugdebam Sesabamisi wiliT mi-sive poeziis uaryofa ar gamoiwvios. dauSvebeli da Seuwynarebelia “provincializmebi” vuwodoT vaJas dialeqtizmebs...
gazafxul iyo maSina,axlad yooden iani...
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Tu es provincializmia, maSin guramiSvilic sav-se iqneba provincializmebiT, raki mis enaSi “aram-ciredi” adgili uWiravs mTiulur-kaxur-qarTlur dialeqtebs, da gamova, rom ori udidesi qarTveli poeti “provincializmiT” aris gatenili.
“provincializmis” suni saerTod, mZafrad igrZ-noba XIX s. qarTul sityvierebaSi (ganskuTrebiT es iTqmis wvrilfexa mwerlebze) da mis sapirispirod momarTuli poeziis (misi elementebis) klasificire-ba imave terminiT dauSvebelia. unda gvaxsovdes, rom “vaJa ganzrax gaemijna trivialur provincializmSi gadaWrili mwerlebis enas” (k . g a m s a x u r d i a ).
erTi sawyisidan modis rogorc vaJas ena, ise misi poeziis saleqso sazomi _ xalxuri Sairi. maT gan-sazRvravs vaJas poeturi samyaros msoflmxedvelo-brivi modusi. maT Soris dialeqtikuri xasiaTis kav-Siria: vaJas leqsebisa da poemebis “dialeqtizmebisa-gan” dawreta umal iwvevs mxatvruli eqspresiulobis klebas. eqspresiulobis klebas iwvevs vaJas poeziaSi agreTve xalxuri Sairisagan gandgoma da eTnikuri wiaRisagan ganSoreba. “vaJa Zlieria, sadac xalxur TqmulebaT da xalxur ambebs (ra Tqma unda, Tavise-burad gadakeTebulsa da gadamuSavebuls) xalxuri leqsebis formiTve gvaZlevs da sustia, sadac am nia-dags Sordeba” (ak. SaniZe). vaJa-fSavelas mxatvrulad uZlieresi poemebi “e T n o s i s a ” da “d i a l e q t i z -m e b i s ” beWdiT arian dabeWdilni da swored amitom asxiveben ganumeorebel poetur Zalmosilebas.
is, rom vaJas leqsebsa da poemebSi gamoyenebuli dialeqtizmebi zog SemTxvevaSi saliteraturo enis sakuTrebad ver iqceva, sruliad ar amcirebs vaJas poeturi enis sidiades. “literaturuli normisa-gan” gadaxvevis TvalsazrisiTac ki es dialeqtiz-mebi qarTuli enis siRrmiseul plans gviSiSvleben, saliteraturo enis potenciur rezervuars gvimxe-len, qarTuli sityvis mimoxris literaturisaTvis aqamde ucnob gansacvifrebel dinamizms amJRavne-ben da amiTac “Rirssacodnelni da xelCasaWidni”
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arian, miTumetes, rom isini upirvelesi poeturi geniis brZmedSi arian gamoxurvebulni. m i x e i l j a v a x i S v i l i s TqmiT: “didi xelovanis, vaJa-fS-avelas... Cafiqrebula mindia, y a l i v a n i s C r a v p i r S i a , _ saukuneebs gauZlebs, magram salitera-turo enaSi ver Semova”. saliteraturo enaSi ver Semova rogorc saxmari sityva, samagierod saukunee-bs gauZlebs da qarTuli poeziis wiaRSi iarse bebs rogorc eqspresiulobis etaloni, rogorc ukidu-resobamde cocxali saxe, rogorc “mokled Tqmis zRvari”.
ucnauri paradoqsia: vaJam eTnosur samyarosa da dialeqts mouxmo ara provinciulis CvenebisaTvis, aramed, piriqiT, u n i v e r s a l u r i s gamoxatvi-saTvis. _ ratom?
imitom, rom qarTuli kulturisa da enis matare-beli centri maSindeli saqarTvelosi ar gamodgebo-da im bazisad, rom etvirTa “pirovnebis religiiT” (p a s t e r n a k i ) aRbeWdili STagoneba Semoqmedisa, romelic mowodebuli iyo adamianis uRrmesi ganc-dani ganecxadebina mTeli Tavisi pirvelyofilobiTa da sidiadiT. arqauli fSav-xevsureTi Tavisi Zveli tradiciebiT, “Seuryvneli eniT”, ubrwyinvalesi fo-lkloriTa da religiur-Temuri yofis gadmonaSTe-biT bevrad ufro sanukvari iqneboda poetisaTvis, vi-dre mTliani Zalovani kulturuli stilis ar mqone centri (g . q i q o Z e ), sadac aRreuli qarTuli ismo-da, xolo saliteraturo enas jer ar mieRo sisrule da daxvewiloba. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is, rom rafiel erisTavma x e v s u r i s aRsarebad warmoadgina Tavi-si patriotuli Sedevri, xolo iliam “mgzavris we-rilebSi” m o x e v i s piriT gaamxila Taobis uRrmesi zraxvebi, raic misi erovnuli programis safuZvels warmoadgenda.
amrigad, vaJas mimarTeba fSaur dialeqtTan ara marto “garkveuli SezRudviT” unda ganvixi-loT, aramed konkretuli da unikaluri pirobe-bis gaTvaliswinebiTac. Tavad es dialeqti vaJas
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poeziasTan mimarTebaSi unda ganvixiloT da Se-vafasoT upirveles yovlisa eqspresiul-poeturi TvalsazrisiT. da, rac umTavresia, vaJas genialur poezias araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda davupiris-piroT misi brwyinvale proza, rogorc “sanimuSo qarTuli”, vinaidan _ es unda vaRiaroT _ pirve-lis eqspresiulsa da stilur energias (da maSasa-dame, enobrivsac) saerTod veraferi Seedreba mis SemoqmedebaSi.
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vaJa-fSavelas lirikis wiaRSi
lirika is sityvaa, romelic zustad esadageba va-Ja-fSavelas leqsebs. Tomas elioti aRniSnavda Ta-vis statiaSi (“poeziis sami xma”, kembriji, 1956), rom Tanadrouli poeziisaTvis Seuferebelia vixmaroT termini “lirika”, raki Tanadrouli poezia medita-ciuri xasiaTisaa, xolo lirika musikasTan kavSirs gulisxmobso. marTlac, Zvel saberZneTSi lirikis dargebi _ melika da qorika musikalur kompozicias-Tan iyo dakavSirebuli da musikisagan mowyvetiT misi ganxilva warmoudgeneli iyo.
vaJas bevri leqsis saTauria “simRera”. es leq-sebi (iseve, rogorc saerTod, vaJas leqsebis umra-vlesoba) dawerilia rvamarcvliani xalxuri dabali SairiT da, xalxuri leqsebis msgavsad, Tavisuflad imRereba musikis TanxlebiT, vTqvaT, _ fandurze.
magram Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, TiTqos vaJas leqsebi moklebuli iyos Tanadrouli da, ra Tqma unda, sxva epoqis poeziisTvisac metnaklebad niSan-dobliv meditaciurobas, Tu am terminSi mxolod formalur elementebs ar vigulisxmebT.
is, rom vaJa-fSavelam Tavisi poeziis mTavar ins-trumentad maincdamainc xalxuri Sairi airCia, bevris-metyveli faqtia. ukve aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT misi Sinagani kavSiri xalxur poeziasTan, xalxur da, masasa-dame, folklorul-miTosuri xasiaTis msoflSegrZne-basTan. es adreve, vaJas sicocxleSive SeniSna litera-turulma kritikam: “am uCveulo poetis SemoqmedebiTi cnobiereba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc miTolo-giuri” (Jurn. «Русская мысль», 1911, #8, gv. 25).
miTosuri msoflSegrZnebidan modis vaJa-fSave-las poeturi samyaros zedrouloba, pirvelado-
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ba Tu pirvelqmniloba. aqedanve iRebs saTaves misi pirquSi vizionebi da infernaluri xilvebi, rom araferi vTqvaT poeturi saxeebis mTel sistemaze, romlis gaanalizeba savsebiT warmoudgenelia miTo-suri struqturebis codnisa da gaTvaliswinebis ga-reSe. magaliTad: Cven ver gavigebT ratom eZaxis vaJa did qarTvel mamuliSvilebs “piroflianebs”, Tu ar gvecodineba, rom es termini RvTaebaTa atributia, da amdenad, specifikuri Sinaarsis matarebelia; an Rrmad ver CavwvdebiT misi erTi ubrwyinvalesi leq-sis azrs, romelSic STagoneba da aRmafrena mxarze arwivis dajdomasTan aris gaigivebuli, Tu ar ga-viTvaliswiebT, rom frinvelTa saxiT RvTisSvilni, e.i. angelozni asxdebodnen mxarze maT mier rCeul “RabuSebs”, rac maT mediumur codnasa da RvTae-briobas aniWebda. dabolos, Cven ver mivxvdebiT avtoris bevr Canafiqrs da TviT saTaursac ki zogi nawarmoebisas, miTosuri masalis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
Cveulebriv, miaCniaT, rom “miTosuri” primitiul-Tan aris asocirebuli, raki igi socialuri ganviTa-rebis dabal safexurTan an, ufro sworad, pirvel-yofili socialuri jgufebis mxatvrul azrovnebas-Tan aris dakavSirebuli, magram aviwydebaT, rom axal droSi miTosuri modelebi da arqetipebi xelovanTa mier saganTa da movlenaTa tipiuri ganWvretisaTvis aris gamoyenebuli. Tomas mani wers:
“is dro, roca epikosi xelovani sagnebs ti-piuri da miTosuri TvalsazrisiT ganWvrets, mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan niSansvets warmoadgens. es nabiji suls udgams mis SemoqmedebiT TviTcno-bierebas da Semecnebisa da Semoqmedebis sixaruli moaqvs misTvis... Tu kacobriobis cxovrebaSi miTo-suri adreuli da primitiuli safexuria, calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebaSo es safexuri gviandeli da mowifulobismieria”1.
1. T o m a s m a n i , t. IX, gv. 175-176.
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vaJa-fSavelas ar dasWirvebia aseTi gzis gavla. igi imTaviTve CarTuli aRmoCnda miTosuri war-mosaxvebiTa da arqauli yofiT aRbeWdil savsebiT unikalur garemocvaSi, rac misTvis Cveuli yofie-reba unda yofiliyo, da swored amitom Cven unda vumadlodeT mis genialur intuiciasa da cnobie-rebas, risi meoxebiTac man SeZlo ganeWvrita, Seec-no da gamoeyenebina qarTuli miTosis umdidresi masala Tavisi mxatvruli miznebisaTvis. mTavari aq is aris, rom man “daZlia” da amitom “gamoiyena” es masala. magram garkveviT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom vaJa-fSavelas Tavad poetur cnobierebas, Tavad mis poetur xedvasa da msoflSegrZnebas azis beWedi ar-qauli miTosurobisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi didi Tanamedrove xelovani iyo2.
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vaJa-fSavelam Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi dawera ramdenime gansacvifrebeli leqsi, romlebSic, Cemi azriT, mkveTrad aris Camoyalibe-buli misi poeturi da, Tu gnebavT, filosofiuri TvalTaxedva...
balRi rasaca vxedavdi,imasve vxedav dResaca:rac adamis dros hqonia,is gulive aqvs dedasa.
ase iwyeba 1915 wels dawerili es leqsi, ukanask-neli Zlieri leqsi vaJa-fSavelasi.
pirvelive strofi ontologiur wres hkravs: balRi da sikvdils miwuruli kaci erTnairad “xe-daven” (erTis mxriv), da: pirveli deda igivea, rac axlandeli deda. xedvis, da vnebis sruli igiveobaa
2. l . k a l a n d a Z e m vaJas Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel terminad “miTologiuri realizmi” airCia. pasternakisaTvis vaJas miTolo-gizmis aRmniSvnelia “vaJa-fSavelas vagnerizmi”.
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droSi, ganviTareba wriulia: pirveli ubrudeba uka-nasknels, pirveli da ukanaskneli igiveobrivia...
zedroulobis am planSia naCvenebi da ganxiluli wuTisoflis saorientacio cnebebi: RmerTi, samSo-blo, kaci. cas RmerTi amSvenebs, kacs _ samSoblos trfiali, mamulisaTvis Tavdadeba da Rvawli...
kacobriuli cxovrebis es panorama cikluri (da maSasadame, wriuli moZraobis) maradiul fonzea gaSlili: es cikluri brunva ucvalebelia:
dian Zvelebriv nislebiucvalebelis wesiTa,ara dgebian erT alagsufesvoebi fesviTa...
fantastikuri saxea: nislis fesvi ufesvobaa. sim-yarisa da statikurobis aRmniSvneli cneba (“fesvi”) gamoyenebulia dinamikuri procesis ucvaleblobis aRsaniSnavad. fesvi uZravs gaaCnia. moZravis fesvi ki ufesvobaa.
vaJaseuli “ucvalebeli wesi” universaluri kano-nia am leqsSi. es kanoni dialeqtikuri dapirispire-biT ifineba: gazafxuls zafxuli mosdevs, Semodgo-mas _ zamTari, mze gvaTbobs, sicive gvyinavs... da aq, amave planSi erTveba eTikuri niSniT aRbeWdili trfoba da mtroba, kocna da furTxi...
mze gvaTbobs, sicive gvyinavs,dardi gvaoxrebs, gvatirebs.trfiali gvkocnis pirSia,mtroba muSts SemogvaRirebs,kocna Svilia trfobisa,furTxi da mtroba _ zizRisa, mudamac ase iqneba, vinc soflis wesi icisa,vnebaTa igiveobawesia dedamiwisa...
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urTierTdapirispirebul, antinomiur cnebaTa dialeqtikuri kavSiri am leqsSi cxadad cnaurde-ba. es dapirispireba ucvleli da maradiulia. iyo da “mudamac iqneba” da aq bunebrivad gagvaxsendeba bibliuri: ra¡ yofili, igive yofadi, da ra¡ qmnadi, igive qmnuli... axali araferia, yvelaferi daxSul wreSi moZraobs. “vnebaTa igiveoba” dedamiwis wesia da es wesi ucvalebelia. magram es wriuli brunva, vnebaTa es ganmeoreba aris safuZveli swored gar-daqmnisa, rac swams vaJas da riTac igi arRvevs am daxSul wres:
Tu winaT ase momxdara,dResac aseve iqneba:ganmeoreba ar moxdes,ise ver gardaiqmnebaadamianis sicocxleda masTan mTeli buneba...
is, rac meordeba, gardaqmnis meSveobiT viTarde-ba kidec, da amdenad, wriuli moZraoba spiralurSi gadadis. amrigad, adamianisa da masTan erTad mTe-li bunebis gardaqmnis safuZvelia dialeqtikuri dapirispirebiT mimdinare spiraluri ganmeoreba, romlis maradiul fonze Wvrets vaJa maradiuli sa-mebis, pirovnebis, samSoblosa da RmerTis erTobasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas:
mitom vmRer daucxromelad,saflavSic Caval mReriTa;RmerTo, samSoblo micocxle,tanjul qarTveli eriTa.
ase amTavrebs vaJa am leqss, faqtiurad, Tavis ukanasknel leqss anu locvas samSoblosadmi. es leqsi ara marto locva da aRsarebaa mSobeli xa-lxisadmi, aramed misi momavlis didi rwmenisa da am rwmenis Sinagani dasabuTebis dasturic.
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1913 wels aris dawerili vaJas erTi metad uc-nauri leqsi “Cems siymawviles mivtiri”, am leqsSi “maradiuli balRis” fsiqologiuri aspeqtia gaSli-li...
Cems siymawviles mivtirimartodmartoka mitoma,rom maSin yvela miyvarda,axla eSmakma mitoma.narisa vardad mxedavidavcini bavSvurs grZnobasa,Tumc maSindeli siregvnesjobs Cems exlandels brZnobasa...netavi bavSvad mamyofa,(Secvala wesi tiali) _srul Tavis ubirobiTa,goniT da grZnobiT RvTiani,da isev bavSvad yofilsadRe damibnelda mziani...
adamianis pirvelSobili codva, _ wers erTi fi-losofosi, _ is aris, rom Tavis SemecnebaSi igi ar eSveba warmavals... yvelaferi, rac mis Tavs xdeba, cxovrebisagan gamomdinareobs. magram es yvelafe-ri kargavs Tavis nestars, roca adamiani aucilebel Rirebulebas ar aniWebs cxovrebas, maSin mas isev ubrundeba umankoeba, igi TiTqos bavSvobas ubrun-deba, ukuqceuli _ egreT wodebuli cxovrebis se-riozulobisagan.
maradisobis TvalsazrisiT “seriozuli” Rire-bulebani kargaven TavianT fass da maSin cxovreba TamaSad gadaiqceva. amitom ambobs heraklite: “mara-disoba moTamaSe bavSvia, _ bavSvis sasufeveliao”.
raSia pirvelyofili codva? imaSi, rom udidesi Rirebuleba eniWebaT sagnebs, romlebic ar imsaxu-reben amas, RmerTi saganTa samyarod moiqca da vinc
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maT RvTis gareSe miiTvlis, “RmerTis cariel samar-xebs” sinamdviled iRebs. mas balRiviT unda eTamaSa sagnebTan, xolo seriozulobiT imas unda mohkide-boda, rom am sagnebSi mZinare RmerTi gamoexsna...
da leqsis im monakveTSi, romelic Cven gamo-vtoveT, vaJa “cxovrebis” Semzarav suraTs gvixa-tavs, mieTmoeTis, enis trialis, aTasgan CaZrom-gaZromis, Rrejis, fexebis lokvis umsgavs, cun-crukian cxovrebas. es aris warmavali anu, vaJas eniT, muwukiani cxovreba, sadac angelozis magi-vrad qajis oinbazobaa gamefebuli, sadac (da aq vaJa mZafrad Tanadroul socialur Strixs imar-jvebs). ia-vardis ocnebis nacvlad “CoTqarSinis” wkriali ismis.
bavSvi “goniT da grZnobiT RvTiania” da am azriT srulyofilia. “bavSvebs rom zrda gaugrZeldeT im-dagvaradve da imave mimarTulebiT, Cven marad ge-niosebi gveyoleboda” (goeTe). bavSvi “pirispir mxe-davia” (korinT. 1.14,20), da maSasadame, RmerTis sau-floSia, magram cxovreba iZulebuls xdis adamians dasTmos es sauflo, anu pirispir xedvis es unari, raTa qveyniuri codniT gamdidrebulma xelaxla, ufro maRal safexurze kvlav moipovos xedvis una-ri, magram saxarebis am sentenciisagan gansxvavebiT vaJa bavSvuri siwmindis sauflosken ukumiqcevas amjobinebs da bavSvad sikvdils rCeobs.
me vfiqob, pirdapir ar unda gavigoT vaJas es amo-Zaxili. amas gvafiqrebinebs erTi uTariRo leqsi:
RmerTo, nu mohklav pataras,nu autireb mSobelsa,nu miabareb Sav miwasam soflis gaucnobelsa...ecade gaZRes sicocxliT,avis da kargis naxviTa...Tu ar aclidi, sofeliradRa aCvene TvaliTa?
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am leqsis mixedviT absurdulia kacis qveynad movlineba, ukeTu igi ar naxavs “avsa da kargs” (aq Cveulebriv, vaJa ar Ralatobs antinomiurobis princivs), e.i. Tu igi ar “gaicnobs” sofels.
amave azrs aviTarebs vaJa kidev erT leqsSi (“saasparezod mogvca ufalma”), sadac pirdapir acxadebs:
saasparezod mogvca ufalmawuTisofeli adamianTa:g a m o c d a a r i C v e n T v i s s i c o c x l e ,ase ucvniaT kacTa WkvianTa.
magram Tu Cven pirdapir gavigebT vaJas am leqsis dasasruls gamoTqmul azrs, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom bavSvobisadmi ukuqcevis am survilSi naTlad Wvivis miTosuri oqros xanis mimarT, SeubRalavi, pirvelqmnilobis mimarT ltolvis dauTrgunveli Zaxili, rac xsenebul leqss involuciur ganzomi-lebas aZlevs.
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ocdaori wlis vaJam ukve icoda, rom samSoblo “qveyniuri RmerTia” da rom “kaci is aris... vinc mas msxverplad Seswiravs Tavs”. Tormeti wlis Semdeg igi isev imeorebs “qveyniuri RmerTi _ qarTlis deda”. es RmerTi mravalsaxiania vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi, magram ZiriTadad, ori saxiT cnaurdeba, erTSi igi cnaurdeba, rogorc maradiuli, zedrouli “didi iveria” da aq misi ipostasebia Tamari _ qarTlis la-mazi deda da saqarTvelos naTliTmosili gmirebi...
guli gvaqvs papaTeuli,sisxli gvifuis ZarRvebSi, _sisxli laSqrobas Cveuli,mklavic gvaqvs Samqors nacadiara varT gamorCeuli.
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meoreSi igi cnaurdeba, rogorc “jvarcmuli fi-qri”, da es fiqri mis leqsebSi badebs erTis mxriv, sisxlian vizionebsa da tragikul saxeebs, xolo meo-re mxriv, groteskiT da daRvremili ironiiT, zog-jer ki gesliani sarkazmiT aRbeWdil xilvebs.
warudinebeli saqarvelos idea vaJas didi eqs-presiiT aqvs gamoxatuli saocar leqsSi “Zvalebi”. vaJasTvis eri ukvdavi fenomenia. igi SeiZleba Se-Txeldes, Semcirdes an daknindes, magram mis uRrmes arsebaSi xeluxleblad aris Senaxuli Tavdapirve-ladi dvrita anu modeli, ganaxlebisa da aRdgo-mis dauTrgunveli potencia. eri TiTqos samzeodan uCinSi da uCinidan samzeoSi gardamavali fenomenia, romelic xan mTeli sisavsiT cnaurdeba, xan ki iSri-teba da iwureba qvesknelSi. ai, es leqsic:
ZvalTa Tqves samareSia:aRvdgeT, gveyofa Zilio,vigrZnoT kideva sicocxle,lxini da brZola tkbilio,aq yras uqms gaciebulsaiq tanjva sjobis Tbilio.
(aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT “Tbil tanjvas”, rac araCveulebriv STabeWdilebas axdens).
im ZvlebSi erTi Zvali CndaomSi moklulis berisa,dafitebuli, damWknari,naxravi Wia-mwerisa,Zvalma Wkva gamoiCina,sityva sTqva ZvelisZvelisa:daeyareniT TqvenTvisa,Tqve sacodavo, xmelano,is dro xom ara ggoniaT,Cven rom movWameT Zvelado?netav ro Cqarob adgomas,vis gauZRvebi belado?
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samareSiiT yurs vugdebCvens saflavebze mavalTa,xma maTi _ kacis xmas ar hgavs,ena ucxo aqvT mravalTa.Tqven wadiT, me aq davrCebi,gzaT ar SagiSliT savalTa.
es uCini, qveskneli Tu saflavi homerosis ha-desis msgavsia. am saflavebSia Cawuruli ukeTesi saqarTvelo, sxvadqmnili saqarTvelo da amitom ara Rirs samzeoSi asvla. qvesknelSia damarxu-li qarTvelTa WeSmariti dideba, romelic _ vaJas rwmeniT, _ bolosdabolos samzeoze unda amovides. magram jer adrea aRdgoma, radgan aRdgoma unda iyos sruli. “mowamluli guliT” da “gadagdebuli rjuliT” cxovrebas sikvdili sjobs, aseTia vaJas Tvalsazrisi.
da vaJa moixilavs “iveriis didebas” rusTavels, Tamarsa da ninos, da aq ucnauri is aris, rom dro absoluturad ignorirebulia, mimarTva intimuri da uSualoa, TiTqos cocxal adamians elaparake-bao, radgan vaJa sxva poetebis msgavsad ki ar igo-nebs maT, aramed “cocxlad mzers”. warsuli awmyo-Sia STawuruli, yvela didi mamuliSvili erTmane-Tis Tanamedroved aris warmodgenili. vaJa zRvarsa Slis epoqebs Soris, da es umtkivneulod, yovelgva-ri Zaldatanebis gareSe xdeba.
vaJa-fSavela viTarca moqalaqe da poetic mxne patrioti iyo. igi, rogorc TviTonve ambobs, is iyo, rac unda yofiliyo Tavisi drois samSoblos Semawevari kaci. magram amave dros mas fxizeli da ucTomeli Tvali hqonda, romelic uSiSari simarT-liT Wvretda gare sinamdviles, im siduxWires, mas rom gars ertya da zogjer es Tvali Sedrkeboda an SeRondeboda uRimRamo sinamdvilis cqeriT. poetis gulSi miZinebuli eWvi gaiRviZebda da samSoblo da Tanamemamuleni Tavisi erTaderTi, Semzaravi ganzo-milebiT warmoudgeboda...
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janRma dafara qveyana,mkvdarni saflavSi tirian,ia ar mohyavs gazafxuls,amovardnila Zirian.xes ar mousxams foToli,mTa aRar amwvanebula...
da amis gamo: “grZnoba win mimezideba, ukan mi-maTrevs goneba”, es goneba sazarel WeSmaritebebs eCurCuleba poets: “briyvi Wkvianis bargia, zurgiT saTrevi gudada, unda Wkvianma asworos briyvis na-Tali mrudada”. da roca WkvianTac moswyindebaT es, maSin “g a T a m a m e b u l s i b r y v e s ” rCeba burTi da moedani.
vaJa xedavs indiferentulobas da urwmunoebas, eWvsa da uimedobas Tavad im xalxisas, vinc erT dros Tavdadebuli iyo saqveyno saqmisaTvis. zustad da ucdomlada hyavs daxasiaTebuli isini vaJas:
axlebi raRas Svrebian,sad gahqrnen maTni ndomani,gaficva erTmaneTTana,didi Relva da wyromani?
da vaJa ironiiT CamoTvlis maTi “gaqcevis” saSua-lebebsa da saqmianobas...
zogebi gandgnen, gaiqcnen,daswyevles Tvisi cdomani,Tavsa da xelebs aqneven,rogorc urwmuno Tomani,zogT anafora ifaressxvis ar ZaledvaT wvdomani,zogT “kancelia” moZebnesda iq daiwyes Zromani.amaod eqmna qveyanasmaTi yofna da Sromani.
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SeuZlebelia ufro zustad da srulad gamoixa-tos “gamqcevTa” fsiqologia (sxvaTa Soris, _ Jes-tikulaciac), vidre es aqaa gakeTebuli, da azrTa da ganwyobilebaTa am fonze zariviT rekavs vaJas locva:
netavi imas, saqveynodvinc yofna gaimwarao,xalxis bomonis winaSeqedi ar moixarao.xorciT ewama da suliTayvavda, gaixarao.
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vaJas aqvs erTi uTariRo leqsi, romelic, Cemis azriT, misi Semoqmedebis gviandel xanas miekuTvne-ba, es aris “sizmari”. leqsis saTauri am SemTxvevaSi mxolod imas gveubneba, rom aq ararealur sagneb-sa da garemocvazea saubari. es leqsi miTologiuri xasiaTis groteskia, romlis Sinaarsi patriotuli Temis ukana mxares warmogvidgens.
leqsis subieqti oqros taxtze zis, magram igi WiaRuebis mefea. am samefos wesdeba aseTia: qveSevr-domTagan yvelas, visac ki moesurveba, ufleba aqvs TavSi CartymiT da panRuris cemiT miesalmos mefes da mefe gaocebulia, ratomRa amirCies mefedo...
kiserze mzomela mzomavsda Wiayela xelzeda,buWya ki, rwyilebis deda,damkidebia yelzeda.bayayi fexebze mazis,gveli mexveva welzeda,obobac, TiTqos Saraa,midmodis mefis ybebzeda.sCans, ablabudas gaabams,gvirgvinosanis wverzeda.
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mefes ganZrevis saSualeba ara aqvs imdenad, rom mis ybebze da wverze ablabudas abams oboba. igi ususuria imdenad, rom qveSevrdomebi Tavisuflad danavardoben mis sxeulze. magram umTavresi aq sxva ramea: ras unda niSnavdes iseTi, winaukmo mniSvnelo-biT daxatuli suraTi?
jer aRsaniSnavia is, rom mefe erTaderTi ada-miania Tavis samefoSi, _ yvela qveSevrdomi WiaRuad qceula, e.i. daukargavT TavianTi pirvandeli saxe. alegoria gamWvirvalea: mefe _ mwerobobebad da gvel-bayayebad gadagvarebul TanamemamuleTa Soris erTaderTi kacia, vinc SeinarCuna Tavisi pirvande-li, adamianuri arsi. es erTi mxriv.
meore mxriv: mefe faqtiurad monaa Tavisi qve-Sevrdomebisa, mwerebad da qvemZromebad saxenacva-li Tanamemamuleebisa. es ukanaskelni mouridebeli “bzuiliT” ajdebian pirsa da cxvirze “mefes”.
Znelia ufro unugeSo suraTis warmodgena. unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove mkiTxvelSi am suraTma Se-saZloa kafkaseuli xilvis asociacia aRZras, rac garkveuli azriT, mis TvalSi ukiduresad gaamwvavebs am suraTis aRqmas...
aseT dReSia “WiaRueTis gvirgvinosani”, magram amiT ar mTavrdeba saqme.
dameca koRos laSqariqamanCiTa da stviriTa.me Semaqcevdnen viToma,Tumc sisxlsa mwovdnen piriTa.damwarda taxtic, gvirgvinic,vicqirebodi ZiriTa...
am striqonebidan cxadad Cans, rom es “mefe” per-sonificirebuli saxea saqarTvelosi, m a r a d i u -l i i v e r i i s a , romelic amjerad aseT dReSia. es unugeSo suraTi imiT mTavrdeba, rom gajavrebuli gvirgvinosani bolos wamoiWreba taxtidan da gavar-deba.
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aq Tavdeba “sizmari” da iwyeba realoba. es rea-loba kidev ufro unugeSoa da faqtiurad mis gro-teskul proecirebas warmoadgens sizmari:
saxadSeyrili eri, buWyad da rwyilad qceuli xalxi, koRos laSqrad mofrenili, qamanCiTa da stviriT Semaqcevari Sinauri mteri, mouridebeli, gaTavxedebuli bzuila qveSevrdomebi da maTi taxts dakerebuli, uZluri, muxlmokveTili mefe... “e r -T x e l ” aseTi TvaliTa aqvs danaxuli saqarTvelo vaJas.
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vaJa-fSavelas leqsebSi da werilebSic didi adgi-li aqvs daTmobili ilias mkvlelobis Semzarav aqts, romelmac SeaZrwuna mTeli maSindeli saqarTvelo. mohkles eris beladi, erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli winamZRvari, mokles ara “mtrebma”, aramed Tanamemamuleebma da es faqti imTaviTve iyo cnobi-li yvelasaTvis.
mogkaliT Cvenisve xeliT,moZmeTTvis naWirmagari.
ilias sikvdili eris TviTmkvlelobas udrida. TviTmkvlelobas, radgan, aseTi aqtiT mcirericxo-vanma da Tavisuflebas moklebulma erma SeiZle-ba garedan xelSeuwyoblad daamTavros arseboba. ilias sikvdili, rac TavisTavad udidesi Tavzari iyo qarTvelobisaTvis, fsiqologiur-moraluri TvalsazrisiT, gamanadgurebeli iyo erisaTvis da vaJa-fSavela zogjer yrud da moiarebiT, xolo zogjer pirdapir amxels, kicxavs da aaSkaravebs zneobriv da fsiqologiur safuZvels am mkvlelo-bisas.
ilia WavWavaZis saxsovrad miZRvnil leqsSi vaJas pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin amoiRebs bazaleTis tbis ZirSi rom dgas, im akvanso, _ aseTia:
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verafers vityvi. ena dums,Tavze dagvCxavis yorani.gaRma gasvlisa msurvelTaukuRma migvyavs borani.gagvibatonda, mgosano,siregvne Seuwonari.
“gaRma gasvla”, cxadia, Tavisuflebas gu-lisxmobs. magram borani “ukuRma” midis, radgan sa-qarTveloSi gabatonda “siregvne Seuwonari”. amave wels (1907) dawerili leqsidan irkveva, rom “gau-gonar siregvnes” sCadis xalxi (“TanamoZmeni”, e.i. qarTvelni), romelTac “saqveyno saqme” abariaT. ori wlis Semdeg dawril leqsSi “Sendami” (eZRvne-ba ilias xsovnas), sadac laparakia “oxermoxrebze” da, cxadia, maTSi vinc igulisxmeba, bolo strofSi naTqvamia:
ukvdavs vqmni Sensa saxelsa,d R e s S e m u r v i l s a l a f i T a .
Cven viciT, vinc asxamda lafs ilias sikvdilis Semdeg. es swored is xalxi iyo, visac “saqveyno sa-qme” ebara. am xalxs vaJa erT uTariRo leqsSi uwo-debs “RvarZls” (“RmerTo, gvaSore es RvarZli, sai-dan gamogveria?”), xolo maT liders “friad cetsa da tvinTxelaZes”...
sad gagonila, miTxariT,namdvili mwyemsi farisarom mglebs usevdes samwysozesaamebelad Tvalisa?y o f i l a , a r a m j e r o d a ,m t e r o b a T a v i s T a v i s a .
es lideri Zmobis mqadagebelia, magram am Zmobis pirveli gamyidvelic (iqve), igi Signidan texs cixes da daRupvisaken mihyavs eri.
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ilias sikvdilis Semdeg qarTveli mwerlisa da in-teligenciisaTvis cxadad gamoikveTa ormagoba eris samsaxurisa. ormagoba im azriT, rom visac saSvelad uxmob, swored igia Seni mkvleli. am ucnaurma, Sina-ganad gaTiSulma gancdam tragikuli elferiT Semo-sa erovnuli mebrZolis saxe, da es saxe saqarTvelo-si, qveynisa, romlis samsaxuri sisxlian sazorvels iTxovs.
da aqedan ibadeba sruli Tavgametebisa da Tav-ganwirvis grZnoba:
me Senis trfobiT ver gavZeR,Sen _ Cemi siZulviliTa.ver giRalateb mainca,Tund xorcs viglejde kbiliTa...
aseTia ukanaskneli aRsareba vaJasi. am aRsarebas vaJa uwodebs “jvarcmul fiqrs”, rac mTeli simwva-viT gadmoscems mis tragikul gancdas samSoblo-sadmi.
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vaJa _ mTargmneli
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis amomwuravi Seswavli-sa da kvlevisTavis garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs mis Targmanebs. didi poetis Targmanebi yovelTvis iwve-vda da iwvevs daucxromel interess, vinaidan is, Tu ras da rogor Targmnis poeti, yovelTvis raRacnair mimarTebaSia misi originaluri poeziis Sinagan da garegan aspeqtebTan. Targmna poetisaTvis gansxvave-buli SemoqmedebiTi procesia da masSi TvalnaTliv gamosWvivis (sulerTia, pozitiurad Tu negatiurad) mocemuli poetis Sinagani samyarosa da formismieri qmnadobis zogi iseTi mxare, rac mxatvruli nawar-moebis mTlianobiTi xasiaTis gamo, SesaZloa, yura-dRebis gareSec ki darCes mkvlevars.
rogorc cnobilia, arseboben kargi poetebi, romlebic cudad Targmnian da da kargi poetebi, romlebsac midrekileba ar gaaCniaT Targmnisadmi. im garemoebisa da mizezis garkveva, Tu ratom xdeba ase, erTgvarad fardasa xdis poeturi Semoqmedebis specifikur xasiaTs da naTlad gviCvenebs poetis temperamentis Taviseburebas.
vaJa-fSavelas Targmanebi mkrTali da zogjer ususuri Cans misi brwyinvale poemebisa da leqsebis fonze. es Targmanebi Seqmnilia vaJas Semoqmedebis miwurulSi, roca mas ZiriTadad moTavebuli hqon-da Tavisi epikuri da lirikuli Sedevrebis Seqmna. am TargmanebSi minumumamdea dayvanili an savsebiT ganelebulia vaJas poeturi niWis erupciuli mZvin-vareba. garda amisa, maTSi mJRavndeba is TvalsaCino faqti, rom vaJas specifikuri poeturi ena mxolod adekvaturi Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad aris gankuTvni-li da rom igi absoluturad ver egueba gansxvave-
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bul poetur azrovnebas. TargmanebSi vaJa gamodis an cdilobs gamovides misTvis organuli poeturi sam-yaros sauflodan da miwas mowyvetili anTeosiviT kargavs Zvel Zalmosilebas. ase rom, misi Targmane-bis analizi erTxel kidev adasturebs vaJa-fSavelas poeturi samyaros da, Sesabamisad, eqspresiis iSviaT ganumeoreblobas da gansakuTrebul originalobas. naTeli xdeba, rom poeti srulad aris moculi mis-Tvis organuli stiqiiT da mis gareT adgili aRar rCeba Tavisufali poeturi gardasaxvisaTvis.
vaJa-fSavela Tavis poetur TargmanebSi, aT-marcvlian (5-5) saleqso sazoms iyenebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ramdensame originalur poemasa da leqsSi gamoyenebuli aqvs es metri, vaJasaTvis igi ara aris organuli. aq vaJa tovebs misTvis esoden damaxasia-Tebel xalxuri metyvelebis sferos da, bevr SemTxve-vaSi, ilia WavWavaZis poemebis frazobriv-intonaciur gavlenas ganicdis. vaJas ar hqonda damuSavebuli es metri Tavisi uCveulo xilvebis gadmosacemad, raki xelT adekvaturi saleqso sazomi gaaCnda. am metriT mas arc erTi brwyinvale nawarmoebi ar Seuqmnia. aT-marcvlovan taepSi vaJas uaRresad dinamikuri stili kargavs moqnilobas da TvalsaCinod knindeba.
saTargmni masalis SerCevisas vaJa ar xelmZRva-nelobs mxatvruli gemovnebis principiT. poeziis brwyinvale nimuSebTan erTad mas Targminili aqvs mxatvrul Rirebulebas moklebuli mdarexarisxo-vani nawarmoebebi, rac imas mowmobs, rom igi yu-radRebas upiratesad ideur-Sinaarsobriv mxareze amaxvilebda. edgar pos “yoransa” da lermontovis “demonSi” (qaji) vaJas yuradRebas filosofiuri Wvreta ipyrobs, kremliovis “saqarTvelos ocneba-Si” _ patriotuli Tema, xolo sadovnikovis “stenka razinSi” am nawarmoebis xalxuri suli. es Targmane-bi sainteresoni arian ara rogorc damoukidebeli mxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebebi, aramed rogorc garkveul etapze vaJas poeturi interese-bis aRmniSvneli orientirebi. maTSi Zalumad aris
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SeWrili vaJa-fSavelas msoflSegrZnebisaTvis da nawilobriv, mecxramete saukunis qarTuli poezii-saTvis niSandoblivi stiluri komponentebi, ris gamoc isini Tanamedrove mkiTxvelze mTargmnelis poetur Semoqmedebasa da saTargmn nawarmoebSi ga-mJRavnebuli mxatvruli elementebis ucnauri sim-biozis STabeWdilebas stovebs.
ra Tqma unda, es imas ar niSnavs, rom vaJa nebis-mierad eqceva saTargmn teqsts. mas keTilsindisie-rad gadmoaqvs dednis siuJeturi qarga da Sinaarsi, magram iq, sadac saqme exeba poeturi nawarmoebis mTliani struqturisaTvis aucilebel aspeqtebs (intonacia, bgerwera, ganwyobileba da sxv.), igi ar iTvaliswinebs, an, ufro swored, vera grZnobs ucxo nawarmoebis Taviseburebis mTel sisavses da am aspe-qtebis nivelirebas, xolo zogjer srul asimilire-bas axdens (magaliTad _ “polSuridan”).
magram ase iqceoda TiTqmis yvela didi Semoqme-di, romelic Targmnisadmi gansakuTrebul midreki-lebas ar amJRavnebda (rasac TavisTavad maTi tem-peramentis Tavisebureba ganapirobebda), Tundac im cxadi mizezis gamo, rom maTi gulisyuri da tita-nuri energia dReniadag sakuTari poeturi sayaros Seqmnisaken iyo mimarTuli. roca es samyaros ukve Seqmnilia, maT mxolod misi meSveobiT SeuZliaT ganWvriton, SeigrZnon an gardasaxon is, rac maTSi imTaviTve ar iyo mocemuli.
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aluda qeTelauri
poema iwyeba ritmulad mZafri, aCqarebuli, di-namikuri suraTiT. pirvelive ori striqoniT gad-mocemulia brZolis sagangaSo mdgomareoba da es miRweulia maqsimalurad, mxedruli lakonizmiT ga-moTqmul frazaSi: “macne moida Satilsa: qistebma mogvces ziani”. Semdegi ori striqoni dakonkrete-baa imisa, rac moxda da iqve, sulmouTqmelad iwyeba im kacis daxasiaTeba, visac uSualod exeba es ambavi da visac yvelaze ukeT SeuZlia momxdar situacia-ze reagireba. mokled moWrili sityviT mkiTxveli ecnoba aluda qeTelaurs, “davlaTian”, Wkvian Ta-vkacs, ficx da SemmarTebel meomars. poemis es pir-veli monakveTi erTi riTmiTaa gawyobili, riTac xazgasmulia ganuyofloba saxifaTo situaciisa da masSi samoqmedod aRZruli gmirisa. igi mTavrdeba TvalismomWreli, uCveulo poeturi saxiT:
qistebs wausxam cxenebialudaisac fTiani.guman aqvT, gadaavlionarxotis Tavi mTiani,gadabertyinon naliTaquCi mTebisa cvriani.
uCveulo-meTqi, imotom, rom meomruli ganwyo-bilebis fonze, romelic sazogadoebis interesebis Selaxvam gamoiwvia, poeti swrafad Senacvlebuli rakursiT, did planSi gviCvenebs TiTqosda umniS-vnelo rasme: qistebis cxenTa nalebiT gadabertyil mTebis cvrian quCs. quCi mTis wminda balaxia da aq bunebis SeubRalav simSvenieres asaxierebs. am poe-
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turi saxis ucnaur naTelSi, romelsac momdevno striqonebSi daxatuli gariJraJis mSvidi suraTi amagrebs (“gaTenebisas WiuxSi SurTxma dareka zario, ZaRlebs ki sZinav Teoze, jer ar gaSlila cxvario”), kontrastis xerxiT aqcentirebuli unda iyos wuTi-sofelSi kacTa mdrtvinavi da SfoTiT savse cxo-vrebis daudgromloba.
aluda _ “kldis Savardeni” male daeweva qistebs.
marjvedve gadaewia, Tofma gaiRo Cqamio:erT qurd-kantalas RilRvelsacudi daudga wamio.gadavardeba cxenzeiTyelTavqve ekidebisa,natyviari sWirs beWis Tavszed cecxli ekidebisa:amxanagmoklul RilRveliCaxmaxsa ezidebisa.
ukiduresi TvalsaCinoebiT warmosaxuli brZolis am suraTiT iwyeba aludasa da mucalis stiqiuri mZvinvarebiT aRbeWdili orTabrZola. ukve zemoT motanil nawyvetSi avtori iseT eqspresiul Zalmo-silebas amJRavnebs, rom mkiTxveli TviTmxilvelis mdgomareobaSia Cayenebuli. zedized ganmeorebuli sami xuTmarcvliani zmnuri riTmiT cxenze yelTa-vqve dakidebuli kacis miwaze xaTqaxuTqis bgeriT-ritmuli STabeWdilebaa gadmocemuli. riTmebi sul-mouTqmelad erwymian erTmaneTs, riTac siswrafis ucnaurad cxoveli SegrZneba eufleba mkiTxvels.
am nawyvetSi, iseve, rogorc mis momdevno brZolis aRwerilobaSi, vaJas poeturi metyvelebis bgeriT-ritmuli struqtura srulyofilad gangvacdevinebs mebrZolTa fiziologiuri, fsiqikuri da fizikuri moZraobis dinamikas. orive meomari TavdaviwyebiT, pirovnuli gancdebis mTeli sisavsiTa da siRrmiT aris Cabmuli brZolis mdinarebaSi. mowinaaRmdegeni
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sam-samjer esvrian erTmaneTs, mesme tyviiT aluda hklavs qists. poeturi geniis amazrzenad xelSesaxe-bi TvalsaCinoebiT aris warmosaxuli mucalis uka-naskneli gabrZoleba:
mucals ar swadis sikvdili,fers ara hkargavs mglisasa,mahglejs, daifevs wylulSiamwvanes balaxsa mTisasa...erTic esrola aludas,xans ara hkargavs cdisasa.Tofic aludas gadugdo,erTs kidev etyvis sityvasa:exla Sen iyos, rjulZaRlo,xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa.sityva gauSra pirzeda,dabla gaerTxa miwasa.
aq xdeba moulodneli ram. aluda aramc Tu Tofs ar ahyris mucals, aramed xelsac ara sWris. magram Cven ukve viciT, xolo Semdeg vigebT, rom man “bevr qists maaWra marjvena”, rom mis qavze “marjveneebis xidia”. mtris ganwiruli SemarTebiT gulSeZruli aluda daitirebs mucals, gvars daulocavs, ga-mzrdels Seuqebs da misi misamarTiT aqve dascdeba pirvelad yovlad warmoudgneli “RmerTma gacxonos mkvdario”.
mucalTan orTabrZolis Semdeg qeTelauris qce-vasa da azrebSi iseTi ram Cndeba, rac mas arasodes gamoumJRavnebia aqamde da ramac bolos im sazoga-doebasTan konfliqtamde miiyvana aluda, romlis idealebsa da cxovrebis wessac manamde savsebiT iziarebda. cxadia, mxolod did Sinagan Seryevas SeeZlo gamoewvia pirovnebis aseTi Rrma feriscva-leba. ra viTarebaSi da ranairad SeiZleboda momxda-riyo es feriscvaleba?
aluda qeTealuri aqtiuri, Zlieri niSatis ada-miania. igi monoliTuri xasiaTis kacia. sazogadoeba-
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Si misi mdgomareoba misi pirovnuli bunebidan mom-dinare SemarTebiT aris ganpirobebuli upiratesad. igi ficxi da saxelovani meomaria. misi Zalgulovani temperamenti srulad mxolod Rirseul mowinaaRm-degesTan brZolas SeeZlo gamoevlinebina. mxolod gansakuTrebulad mZvinvare Serkinebisas, romelic adamianur ZalTa ukiduresi intensivobiT daZabvasa da raime erTi mTavari miznisaken warmarTvas moi-Txovs, aludaSi unda ganTavisuflebuliyo didi Si-nagani energia, rac mxolod iSviaTad, upiratesad mwvave krizisul situaciebSi iCens xolme Tavs. masSi unda amoqmedebuliyo potenciurad mTvlemare ins-tiqtebis uRrmesi Sreebi. aseT viTarebaSi aluda qe-Telaurs SeeZlo uneburad iseT rames miswvdomoda, rac gamoricxuli iqneboda sxvagvar situaciaSi.
pirveli, rac orive meomarma igrZno uSualod da gaucnobiereblad, urTierTis mxedruli xelo-vnebisa da gautexeli SemarTebis aRiareba iyo. es jer sikvdils miwurvilma mucalma gamoamJRavna, roca mZvinvare gulwrfelobiT aRsavse SeZaxiliT gadaugdo aludas Tofi. mucali Sinagani wvdomis am dabal safexurze darCa, raki kvlav gaimeora tra-diciuli “rjulZaRlo”. TvistomebTan saubrisas aluda aRelvebiT igonebs am ambavs: “suls ar acli-da amosvlas, kidev mixsena rjulio”. aludas qvec-nobieri wvdoma ufro Rrmaa. aluda instiqturad xvdeba, rom mucali misive msgavsi adamiania. “RmerT-ma gacxonos” etyvis igi mucals, iqve, brZolis das-rulebisas, xolo Semdeg, uyveba ra xevsurebs mter-Tan brZolis ambavs, kvlav imeorebs: “im cxonebulsa mucalsa rkina sdebiyo gulada”. roca mas SeniSnaven, qistis cxoneba ar SeiZlebao, aluda pasuxobs: “miT vaqeb vaJkacobasa, ar iyideba fulada”. aludasaTvis vaJkacoba da adamianoba TavianTi mniSvnelobiT fa-raven urTierTs. man, rogorc meomrad dabadebulma kacma, adamianobis am erTi aspeqtiT moaxdina Tavisi Tavis proecireba mucalze. Sinagani wvdomiT igi im azramde midis, rom gansxvavebuli sarwmunoeba ar
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iZleva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebis myar safuZvels. “kargi gyolia gamdeli, RmerTm gidRegrZelos gva-ria”, locavs moklul mters aluda, xolo Sin mo-brunebuli xevsurebTan saubarSi eWviT ambobs:
Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT,marto Cven gvzdian dedani.Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloTkuprSi mieliT qSenani.amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT,RTisSvilT ukeTes ician.yvelani marTals ambobengana, vinaca hfician?!
aludas ukve axla eviwroeba tomobrivi fanatiz-miT SezRuduli sarwmunoeba. mas eeWveba siswore zo-gierTi tradiciuli doqtrinisa, Tumca swams, rom “RTisSvilT ukeTes ician”. amis rwmena gaabedvinebs SemdgomSi aludas uflisad msxverplis Sewirvas mu-calis sulis mosaxseneblad.
aluda marjvenis mosaWrelad ver imetebs moklul mucals. ratom? imitom, rom masSi gaRviZebuli uRr-mesi adamianuri instinqti hkarnaxobs, rom ege adamia-nisaTvis arabunebrivi saqcielia: “guli gamiwyra, ara hqna, rac saqnelia Znelada”. aluda veRar egueba aseT sivelures. roca mindia mucalis moWril marjvenas moutans, mas Sexedvad ezareba igi: “waiRe, Tu gwam ufali, nuRar maCveneb TvaliTa”. amas ambobs aluda qeTealuri, romlis qavze “xeleb jRrdesaviT hkidia”.
amrigad, mucalTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo or-TabrZolaSi pirovnuli gancdebis mTeli siRrmiTa da sisavsiT Cabmul aludas instinqturad gaexsna raRacnairi Sinagani Tvali Tu gulisyuri. am wami-dan igi daJinebiT usmens sakuTari arsebis uRrmes SreebSi ganxmul, misTvis jer kidev bundovan WeSma-ritebaTa xmas.
aluda danTqmulia sakuTar gulSi. mas “pirs daswolia nislebi, guliT nadebi Savia”, rac sxva
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araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara mZime fiqrebi, gamar-jvebul aludas “ar ewoneba Tavia”. Sinaganad fer-Secvlili aluda uaxlovdeba Satils. magram Satili isev iseTia, rogoric aludas wasvlamde iyo: Seurye-veli, gvelisagan libogauWreli qavebiT, romlebzec urjuloTa xelebs mzis mwvave sxivebi adnobs. da mom-devno monakveTSi vaJa dantes vizioneruli xilviT aRwers wuTisofelSi kacTa mtrobis amazrzen, jo-joxeTur suraTs. Satilis pirquSi cxovrebis fonze es wiaRsvla aludas mZime, qvecnobieri ganwyobilebis Sesatyvis azrTa mdinarebas unda gamoxatavdes:
visac mteroba maswyurdes,gaaRos saxlis karia,sisxl daigubos keraSi,TviTanac Sigve mdgaria,Rvinodac imas dahlevdes,puradac mosaxmaria.pirjvari daiwerodes,miTam saydarSi aria.sisxlSia hqondes qorwili,iq daiweros jvaria,daipatiJos stumrebi,daamwkriodes jaria.sisxlSi daigos logini,gverds daiwvinos calia.bevri iyolos Svilebi,bevri vaJi da qalia.iqve saflavi gaTxaros,iq daimarxos mkvdaria.Sen ro sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen,mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria.
aluda am maradi mtrobis morevSia CaTreuli. dabadebidan sikvdilamde sisxlSi dgas kacis mkvle-li kaci, igi sisxlsa svams Rvinod da sisxlsa Wams purad. misi xvedri maradi sisxlisRvra da bolos mtris xeliT miRebuli sikvdilia.
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poemis es erT-erTi uZlieresi adgili remarkis farglebSi rCeba, vinaidan qeTelaurisaTvis aq gamo-Tqmuli azrebi jer kidev ar aris gacnobierebuli. zemoT motanil nawyvetTan organul kavSirSia alu-das sizmari, sadac konkretuli TvalsaCinoebiTaa mocemuli is, rac zogadad aris gamoTqmuli poemis meore TavSi.
aludas sizmari fsiqologiurad uaRresad sain-tereso adgilia, sadac gmiris sulSi mimdinare uRrmesi procesebi aris naCvenebi. es ukve aRar aris remarki, sizmars Tavad aluda hyveba, rac ara mar-to imaze metyvelebs, rom mas kargad axsovs sizmari (da amdenad sizmari mniSvnelovania misTvis), ara-med imazedac, rom adre Tu gvian aluda mis srul obieqtivacias moaxdens. sizmari ase iwyeba: micvale-bulis irgvliv salaSqrod gamzadebuli xevsurebi isxdnen da idgnen. aludac iq iyo da s x v e b s a v i T “salaSqrod hqonda gumani”. sizmris aseTi dasawyisi imas gvauwyebs, rom aluda qeTealurSi Zveli Cveva moklulisaTvis sisxlis aRebisa jer kidev Zlieria, rom mas sabolood ara aqvs daTrgunuli dabadebi-dan sisxlSi gamjdari tradiciuli zneCveulebani. “xani movida wasvlisa” da am dros aludas “xanjris tari” Caudva xelSi viRacam. aludam Sexeda da mu-cali icno. magram rogor warmoudga qeTelaurs mu-cali?
gulze emCniva niSanime-d imis brZolis wamisa,efina natyviarSialega safevi brZamisa.klded idga, gautexlada...
es nawyveti analogiuria Satils mobrunebuli aludas mier moyolili brZolis suraTisa. aluda xevsurebs uyveba mucalTan Tavisi brZolis ambavs da ar aviwydeba aRniSnos, rom:
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mkerdze nakravma tyviamagaunaZoZa gulia.natyviars brZamiT ifevdaisre dalia sulia,suls ar aclida amosvlas,kidev mixsena rjulia.
aludas cxovlad CarCa gulSi saxe Tavganwiruli SemarTebiT mebrZoli mucalisa, imitom, rom brZo-lis am kulminaciur momentTanaa dakavSirebuli qe-TealurSi momxdari didi feriscvalebis aqti. siz-marSi, salaSqrod gamzadebul aludas, rac misgan uaryofili Zveli Cvevebis kvlav gamarjvebis badali iqneboda, mucalis saxiT movlenili masSi axlad ga-cnobierebuli humanurobis instiqti aCerebs. Zveli gziT siaruli mas ukve aRar SeuZlia. ucremlo mu-cali sikvdils evedreba aludas:
Tqven dagrCes wuTisofeli,me ki wavide qveyniTa.daZeRiT, xevsurT Svilebo,laSqrobiT, xmlebis qneviTa.
mucalis es sityvebi TvalnaTliv daanaxebs alu-das Tavis ukve ganvlil, sisxlian cxovrebas, romel-Siac igi sisxls Rvinod da purad xmarobda. aluda mTeli sisavsiT da sicxadiT sacnauryofs, Tu ras niSnavs “laSqrobiT ZRoma”.
davje, jam vinam damidga,kacis xorc iyo wvniani,vsWamdi, mzaravda TumcaRakacis xel-fexi Zvliani.rasa vsCadio, vsjavrobdi,umsgavsi, SaCvenebuli,Wameo, ramam miZaxa,nu hxdebi gaSterebuli...
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aluda qeTelauris gaRviZebulma adamianurma gulma igema saSineleba kaciWamiobisa da tanjviTa da wamebiT ganvlo es jojoxeTi, raTa metad araso-des mobruneboda mas.
“aluda qeTelaurSi” wina planzea wamoweuli mZafri fsiqologiuri momentebiT datvirTuli si-tuaciebi da gmiris sulieri mdgomareobis siRrmi-seulad gamxsneli wiaRsvlebi. yvelaferi danarCeni ukan gadadis an sruliad qreba. am mxriv unda aRi-niSnos Semdegi magaliTebi: aludam mohkla mucali da xeli ar mosWra mas. meore TavSi gakvriT naTqva-mi ori striqoniT mkiTxveli moulodnelad igebs, rom mucalis Zmas aludam xeli mosWra: “taxtaze daukidebav mucalis Zmisa mklavia”. rodis unda moeWra mucalis ZmisaTvis marjvena aludas? ra Tqma unda, mucalis mokvlis Semdeg. mucalis sikvdilis pirvelive wuTebSi aluda, rogorc aRiniSna, did fsiqikur Seryevas, feriscvalebas ganicdis. magram erTis mxriv, es feriscvaleba gaucnobierebelia da amitom im konkretuli obieqtis farglebidan ar gadis, ramac igi gamoiwvia. meore mxriv, aludas biologiasa da fsiqikaSi imdenad mZlavradaa gamj-dari Zveli Cvevebi, rom mas ar SeuZlia erTbaSad dasZlios isini. aluda Cvevis meqanikuri procesis ZaliT marjvenasa sWris mucalis Zmas da vaJa poema-Si amas ar gviCvenebs.
qistebma xevsurebs mopares cxenebi, romlebSic aludas “fTianic” eria. aluda cxenebis dasabru-neblad daedevneba qistebs. misi mTavari mizani eg iyo. poemis mTel manZilze erTi sityvac aRar aris daZruli am cxenebze da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT es savsebiT gamarTlebulia. poemis magistraluri ideis simZime sxva problemebzea gadatanili, romlis mimarT cxenebis wasxma mxolod sababis mniSvnelobas inarCunebs.
aludam marjvena ar mosWra mucals. Satilionebs hgoniaT, rom qeTelauri gamoeqca qistisSvils. “mar-Talis” gasagebad brZolis adgilze midis darbaise-
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li mindia: “dResav mogivaT mindia, manam dabZandes mravali”, e.i. daRamebamde movalo.
aluda ciskris Jams wavida saomrad da SuadRes dabrunda Satils, amitom mindias es sityvebi da-majereblad JRers. mindia midis. am adgils mesame Tavi mosdevs, sadac aluda uars ambobs vaxSamze, “wuxel cud sizmreb vsinjeo”. “wuxelSi” nagu-lisxmevia aludas SatilSi mosvlis pirveli Rame. magram gadis meore Ramec da mxolod gaTenebisas Cndeba mindias “wiTlai”. mindia or dRe-Rameze met xans undeba wasvla-mosvlas. aq aSkara Seusabamobaa droSi. ras unda gamoewvia es Seusabamoba? me vfi-qrob, mesame Tavis Camatebas, romelic siuJeturi xazis garedan dgas da romelic aucilebeli iyo aludas siRrmiseuli bunebis gaxsnisaTvis. pirve-lxarisxovani mniSvnelobis fsiqologiuri momenti poemaSi erTgvarad aviwroebs da nawilobriv ar-Rvevs meorexarisxovani mniSvnelobis mxatvruli elementis mTlianobas.
zemoTqmuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom poemaSi do-minanturi roli mikuTvnebuli aqvs gmiris Sinagan bunebaSi mimdinare fsiqikuri procesebis Cvenebas. maTi ZiriTadi simZime gadatanilia iseT adgileb-ze, romelTac uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT siuJetur xazTan: “aluda qeTelaurSi”, vaJas sxva poemebisagan gansxvavebiT, es procesebi mxolod nawilobriv ixs-neba siuJetis sazRvrebSi, sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iqneboda aludas mTlianobaSi warmodgena. mas mu-calTan orTabrZolis Semdeg didi safiqrali gauCn-da da aludasagan igi Rrma daunjebas moiTxovda, brZolidan Satils wasul aludas “guliT nadeni Savi nisli daswolia pirze”. roca aluda mucalTan brZolisa da xelis armoWras mouyveba TvistomT, isini “tyemlad” gadaiqcevian, “xmelad SeuZraxnian” da “qalad gadaqcevas” daabraleben aludas. mo-salodneli iyo, rom ficxi aluda gabrazdeboda am sityvebze. magram igi indiferentulad Sexvdeba maT kicxvas. aluda araviTar reaqcias ar amJRavnebs imi-
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tom, rom mas ufro didmniSvnelovani ram aRelvebs, razec gamudmebiT fiqrobs.
poemis meore da mesame Tavebi aludas qvecnobie-ri ganwyobilebebisa da fiqrebis Sesatyvis azrTa mdinarebas gamohxataven. igi xatobazec dafiqrebu-li mova _ “nisliviT modgeba”, rogorc vaJa ambobs. aris cTuneba, es poeturi saxe gaiazro, rogorc mucalTan aludas Serkinebis Semdeg qeTelauris gulidan “nadeni nislis” anu fiqris mier misi ar-sebis srulad gamsWvalva. aluda TiTqos sakuTar gulSi aRZrulma fiqrma, e.i. nislma srulad moicva da amitom TiTqos “nisliviT modga”. ra Tqma unda, naklebad damajerebelia, rom vaJas aseTi gaazreba hqonoda, magram gamoricxuli arc isaa, rom avtoris uneburad am poetur saxes swored es azri hqondes.
xatobaze gamoaSkaravdeba ukve momwifebuli kon-fliqti aludas uCveulod gazrdil pirovnebasa da Satilis konservatul sazogadoebas Soris. es sazo-gadoeba xevisberis piriT daswyevlis da moikveTs qeTelaurs, rogorc uRirssa da misTvis saSiS piro-vnebas. “poema mTavrdeba klasikuri tragediis Rirsi grandiozuli suraTiT” (g. qiqoZe). Tovlsa da qar-buqSi, mTis gaukvalav bilikebze midis mgzavri, ro-melsac ukan jalabi mihyveba. mgzavrs Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi xvedris garduvaloba, raic misma mtkice da Seuryevelma gadawyvetilebam miago mas. igi stoiku-ri simSvidiT iRebs am xvedrs, radgan igi misive rw-menis naSieria. dedisa da colisaTvis, iseve rogorc danarCeni TvistomTaTvis, gaugebaria am “maRlad mxedi” kacis axali rwmena, mgzavrma unda gadalaxos qedi. aq igi moibrunebs Tavs, raTa ukanasknelad ga-moemSvidobos Tavis salocavebs, miwa-wyals, saxl-karsa da “Sterad damdgar” mwvervalebs.
gadviden, qedi gardavles,Txrili aRar Cans kvalisa.erTi maisma SoriTamware qviTini qalisa.
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aluda qeTelauri zogadi saxea adamianisa, ro-melic raki erTxel miswvdeba misTvis manamde da-farul WeSmaritebas pirovnuli Zlierebisa, da mo-noliTuri bunebis gamo, bolomde Caxyveba da gaic-nobierebs mas, xolo Semdeg Seudreklad moaxdens mis aqtivacias, aqedan gamomdinare misTvis saxifa-To Sedegebis miuxedavad, aluda titanur sulier energias amJRavnebs, sZlevs ra misTvisa da mTeli misi gvartomisaTvis sisxlxorceulad gaSinagnebul mamapapur Cvevebsa da religiur kanonebs. aludas cocxali adamianuri gulis WeSmariteba Seaqvs Te-mis samarTlisa da sarwmunoebis tradiciul wesebSi. sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT igi did mkrexelobas Cadis, roca Tavad hklavs mucalis sulis mosaxse-neblad Sewirul msxverpls. magram es mkrexeloba sarwmunoebis uaryofamde ar midis... aluda mxolod mis gaqvavebul formebs uaryofs, formebs, romle-bic aRar Seesabamebian pirovnebaSi gaRviZebul axal WeSmaritebaTa ufro maRal Sinaarss. qeTelaurs swams uzenaesoba gudanis jvarisa, amitom axvewebs aseTi gulmxurvalebiT batons mucalis suls da amitomve stuqsavs diacebs poemis ukanasknel TavSi. “jvars ar awyinoTo”. magram igi ar iziarebs tomo-brivi fanatizmiT SeboWil mis doqtrinebs, romle-bic mas “mounaTlavSi” gmiris, e.i. Tavisi msgavsi adamianis danaxvas ukrZalaven.
“aluda qeTelauri” agebulia martiv xevsurul Tqmulebaze, romelic embrionulad Seicavda piro-vnebis Sinagani bunebis ganviTarebisa da amaRlebis ideas. vaJam, misTvis organulad maxlobeli mTiel qarTvelTa cxovrebis mikroeTnografiul, socia-lurad arqaul wiaRSi gaSala es Rrma idea, riTac iSviaTi damajerebloba da ganumeorebloba mianiWa nawarmoebs.
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vaJas pirveli leqsi
vaJa-fSavelas pirvel leqsad sxvadasxva krebule-bsa da srul gamocemebSi “amirani” zis. es SesaniSnavi leqsi poetma dawera ocdasami wlis asakSi. “rogorc aRniSnaven, pirveli leqsi, romelSiac vaJam Tavisi poeziis Sesaferi forma ipova da didi SemoqmedebiTi mwvervalebisaken mimaval gzas daadga, aris “amira-ni”... amitom bunebrivia, rom vaJa-fSavelas Txzule-baTa pirveli tomi am leqsiT ixsneba”... vkiTxulobT vaJa-fSavelas aTtomeulis meore tomis SeniSvnebSi.
SesaZloa, marTlac gamarTlebuli iyos vaJas kre-bulebis am leqsiT dawyeba, leqsiT, romelSic poe-tis didi da Rrma Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani aspe-qtebia gacxadebuli, magram Znelia daveTanxmoT ze-moT moyvanili SeniSvnis avtors, roca igi wers, vaJas yrmobisdroindeli leqsebi mxatvrulad marTlac sa-grZnoblad moisustebso (iqve). Znelia daveTanxmoT mxolod erTi leqsis gamo, saxeldobr, es aris Teqvs-meti wlis vaJas pirveli leqsi “Txovna”, romelic mas Tavis sicocxleSi ar gamouqveynebia. igi 1940 wels gamoaqveyna solomon xuciSvilma gazeT “litera-turul saqarTveloSi”.
es leqsi _ “Txovna” (Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom igi vaJas marTlac pirveli leqsia) friad mniS-vnelovani poeturi nawarmoebia.
da swori ar iqneba imis Tqma, TiTqos am leqsSi va-Jas poeziisaTvis niSandoblivi suliskveTeba ar iyos gamoxatuli an TiTqos igi ar esadagebodes poetisaT-vis damaxasiaTebel azrsa da msoflmxedvelobas...
modiT, Zmano, wamomyeviT,sxva qveyanas gadavideT.
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sxva ersa da sxva sicocxlessxva cxovrebas movekidneT,sofliT sofels movuZaxoT,Zmurad erTad SevikribneT,erTad vxnaT da erTad vTesoT,erT bilikzed gavivlideT,da gasaWirs adgilasaSemweobiT amovideT.
pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom es leqsi vaJa-fSavlas Sedevruli leqsebis Semdeg erT-erTi SesaniSnavia. eWvic ki ibadeba, rom igi win uswrebs momdevno wle-bSi daweril marTlac sust leqsebs, romelTa gamo sworad SeniSna Tavad vaJam: “rasakvirvelia, im leq-sebSi bevri ara hyria ra. iqneba cota ram ki etyobo-des niSanwyali grZnobisa” (iqve). pirveli, rac Tval-Sisacemia am leqsis wakiTxvisas, es aris sayovelTao erTobis, msoflio Zmobis suli. kacobriuli amxana-gobisa da moyvasisaTvis Tavganwirvis suli. Sedare-biT gaugebaria meore da mesame striqoni. ras unda niSnavdes “sxva qveyana, sxva eri da sxva sicocxle”?
Tu leqsis saerTo tonalobidan gamovalT, Tu ga-viTvaliswinebT leqsis mTlian konteqsts, unda va-RiaroT, rom es “sxva qveyana da sxva eri” romelime realuri qveyana da eri ki ar aris, aramed idealuri sauflo Zmobisa, erTi azriT SekavSirebuli amxana-gebis an moyvasebis idealuri qveyanaa. “eri” am leqs-Si “xalxis” mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari ise, ro-gorc am sityvas moixmarda Zveli qarTuli mwerloba. “sxva ersa da sxva sicocxles, sxva cxovrebas move-kidneT”. winandel cxovrebaze saWiroa xelis aReba. da ufro meti, saWiroa “sxva” da ara “es” sicocxle. erTi bilikiT, erTurTis SemweobiT, erTad SromiTa da RvawliT kacni sayovelTao Zmobis momaval, idea-lur saufloSi unda gavidnen. aseTia am leqsiT ga-moxatuli eTikur-religiuri xasiaTis gancda.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi momenti: Teqvsmeti wlis poetis am pirvel leqsSi aSkarad igrZnoba Zveli
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qarTuli mwerlobidan moberili sunTqva, rac Zalu-mad Cans sityvier faqturasa da frazis gansakuTre-bul moqcevaSi: movekidneT, SevikribneT, gavivli-deT, amovideT... an “sofliT sofels movuZaxoT”, da kidev “modiT, Zmano”...
es leqsi Tavisi tonalobiT da percepciiT di-dad gansxvavdeba vaJas pirveli leqsebisagan, magram mowiful vaJas aqvs leqsebi, romlebTanac am leqsSi gamoxatuli suliskveTebis dakavSireba ar gaWirde-boda.
sasurvelia, vaJa-fSavelas pirveli leqsi “Txo-vna” (usamarTlod miviwyebuli mkiTxvelTagan da Ta-vad avtorisaganac) kvlav damkvidrdes kuTvnil ad-gilas _ didi poetis tomeulebis pirvel gverdze.
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vaJa-fSavelas poemebis zabolockiseuli Targmani (“aluda qeTealauris” mixedviT)
vaJa-fSavelas poemebis rusulad Targmna am ormociode wlis winaT daiwyo. 1923 w. Jurnal «Восток»-Si daibeWda cnobili rusi poetis o. man-delStamis mier Targmnili “gogoTur da afSina”. Targmani gakeTebuli iyo uriTmod, igi zedmiwe-vniT misdevda qarTul teqsts da daclili iyo im momxiblvelobisagan, romelsac vaJas poezia ga-nacdevinebs mkiTxvels. es iyo vaJa-fSavelas poe-mebis rusulad Targmnis pirveli cda.
ukanaskeli oci wlis manZilze vaJas poemebi ramdenime cnobilma rusma poetma Targmna. maTi daJinebuli yuradReba vaJasadmi da rusulad misi poeziis mTeli sisavsiT gardasxeulebis miswrafe-ba zabolockiseuli TargmanebiT dagvirgvinda. es Targmanebi ruseTSi da CvenSiac saukeTesod iqna aRiarebuli. zabolockis gamarjveba kanonzomie-ri Sedegi iyo im didi da xangrZlivi muSaobisa, romelsac igi qarTveli klasikosebis rusulad Targmnis saqmeSi eweoda. es gamarjvba imiTacaa sa-gulisxmo, rom vaJas genialuri poeziis Targmna ucxo enaze specifikur garemoebaTa gamo udides siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
am siZneleTa specifikuroba arsebiTad ori mo-mentiT ganisazRvreba:
1. vaJa-fSavela enobriv aspeqtSi ar agrZelebs romantikosebis gzas. vaJas poeturi ena fSav-xevs-ruli poeziis wiaRSi rCeba da swored ega hqmnis vaJas poemebisa da leqsebis ganumeorebel simSve-nieres. am ocdaxuTi wlis winaT mixeil javaxiS-
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vilma aRniSna: “yalivani sCrav pirSia” genialuria, magram arasodes Semova literaturul qarTul-Sio. fSav-xevsuruli dialeqti vaJas poeturi enis ganuyreli Tvisebaa.
2. vaJa-fSavelas poemebi zogadkacobriulia Tavisi SinaarsiT. magram misi poemebis gmirebis yofacxovrebiTi lokali mikroeTnografiuli xa-siaTisaa. es eTnografiuli samyaro socialurad arqaulia da misi bevri elementi TviTon CvenTvis vaJas poeziis meSveobiT gaxda sacnauri da max-lobeli.
es ori specifikuri momenti udides siZneles hqmnis mTargmnelisaTvis. vaJas enis Tundac ro-melime niuansis gadmocema ucxo enis normebiT saerTod warmoudgenelia, arada _ maT mxatvruli fuqcia akisriaT. rac Seexeba eTnografiuli ko-loris elementebs _ maTi gadmotana ucxo teqstSi mxolod nawilobrivaa SesaZlebeli. amrigad, vaJa-fSavelas poeziis ori mTavari ingredienti TiTq-mis sruliad iTiSeba yoveli Targmanidan.
sakiTxi, Tu riT unda aanazRauros esoden didi danaklisi mTargmnelma, uSualod aris dakavSirebuli poeturi qmnilebis mTlianoba-Si wvdomisa da intuituri gancdis sakiTxebTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, mTargmnelis pirovnebasa da mis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli... “rogoria Tavisi xasiaTiT mTargmnelobiTi pro-cesi? es procesi erTdroulad analitikuricaa da sinTetikuric, mecnierulica da mxatvrulic”, am procesis pirvel fazaSi mTargmneli umar-tives elementebamde Slis poeturi nawarmoebis mTlian struqturas, swavlobs da iTvisebs maT, rom Semdgom, inspiraciis periodSi axal mTlia-nobad Serwyas isini, saTargmneli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, azrTa da grZnobaTa aRnagoba, maTT-vis damaxasiaTebeli bgerweruli gamoxatulebi-TurT Targmnisas hkargavs pirvandel formas da sruliad axali formiT imoseba. es axali forma
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ucxo enisa da kulturis normebiTaa gapirobebu-li. saboloo mizani is aris, rom am axladqmnil nawarmoebs dednis funqcia gaaCndes, e.i. iseTive STabeWdileba gangvacdevinos, rogorsac dedani gvaZlevs.
zabolocki SemoqmedebiTi Targmnis erTaderTi swori principidan gamodis. man icis, rom mTargm-neli garkveuli formiT gamovlenili Sinaarsis, fi-qrebisa da gancdebis mediumia. aqedan gamomdinare, zabolocki uaryofs qarTuli poeturi sazomebis kalkirebis formalistur gzas, vinaidan, rogorc TviTon ambobs:
«Переводчик, калькирующий грузинские размеры, гонится за малым и теряет при этом большое. Размеры с грехом пополам получаются, но читать стихи невозможно, и понять о чем в них говорится, нет возможности» (Мастерство перевода. Москва, 1959, с. 252).
man vaJas poemebis gadasaTargmnad gamoiyena rusuli klasikuri leqsi, romelic epikuri Si-naarsis gadmosacemad ixmareboda gasuli saukunis rusul poeziaSi. zabolocki vaJas poemebs Targm-nis qveda da zeda jvaredini, agreTve paraleluri riTmebiT, ise, rogorc amas akeTebdnen puSkini da lermontovi, zabolockim gamoiyena anJambemenebi, rac ara aqvs vaJas, magram uxvad gvxvdeba rusul klasikur poeziaSi. amrigad, poeturi sazomebis mxriv, mTargmnelma sruli rusizacia moaxdina, ris Sedegad miviReT metad Tavisufali da bune-brivi rusuli leqsi:
«...Теперь они средь бела дняЕго похитили коня.И гонят весь табун к высотамЧерез архотский перевал,Чтоб конь ногами потопталЛуга, поросшие осотом...И вот — рассвет. И сокол скалЛетит за кистами в погоню».
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aseTi leqsi organulia rusuli klasikuri poe-turi metyvelebisaTvis, mas SeuZlia itvirTos da gadmosces vaJas poemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli di-namikuroba.
rogor Targmnis zabolocki?upirveles yovlisa, igi Sesabamisad cvlis ded-
nis leqsikas, vinaidan leqsikuri bukvalizmi angrevs rogorc formas, ise Sinaarss. sainteresoa am leq-sikuri feriscvalebis saxesxvaoba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi poeti pirdapir Targmnis si-tyvas, Targmnili sityva asociacuri sisavsiT ver gadmoscems saTargmneli sityvis mniSvnelobas, ma-gram Sinaarseuli birTviT emTxveva mas. magaliTad, “safixvno” Targmnilia ase _ Сходка.
meore SemTxvevaSi poeti gvTavazobs subtituts _ sanacvlo sityvas, romelic Sinaarseuli mniS-vnelobiT ar emTxveva dedans, samagierod poemis konteqstiT savsebiT gamarTlebulia. magaliTad “macne moida Satilsa” Targmnilia ase: «В Шатиль ворвался верховой».
mesame SemTxvevaSi poeti absoluturad Sordeba calkeul sityvebs da perifraziT gadmoscems maT Sinaarss. magaliTad: “gaTenebisas WiuxSi SurTxma dareka zario” Targmnilia ase:
Встречая солнечный восход,индейка горная поет.
aseve cvlis igi, an ufro sworad, fers ucvlis bevr frazasa da poetur saxes, saxeTa azrobrivi aspeqti zabolockis TiTqmis yovelTvis zustad gadmoaqvs, magram mis moculobas an simZafres saWi-roebisamebr aviwroebs an afarToebs, anelebs an amaxvilebs, magaliTad:
jixvni maebnen myinvarsa,madli rqaT adga RvTisao,
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rusul TargmanSi gvaqvs:
Десятки туров в ледникахРассыпались. На их рогахГосподня милость опочила.
rogorc vxedavT, vaJas pirveli striqoni aq inertuladaa gadmocemuli, dakargulia dednis di-namikuri da poeturi suraTi. meore striqoni sru-lad aris Targmnili da, Cemis azriT, ufro xazgas-mulia.
meore magaliTi:
xevsurTa axal-uxlebigadaiqcian tyemlada.
rusul TargmanSi gvaqvs:
В ответ кислее диких сливМгновенно сделались хевсуры.
rusul TargmanSi saxe ufro mZafria. simZafres hqmnis sityva, romelic qliavis ganmsazRvrelia, ma-gram iribad xevsurTa gabrazebis siveluresac ga-moxatavs. amas emateba, мгновенно, rac dedanSi ar aris.
kidev erTi magaliTi:
ramdens fraS-fraSSi arian, cas ver gaavles kvalia!
Targmnilia:
Но как ни бьют они крыломНа небе след не виден птичей.
aq vaJaseuli saxe danelebulia da simkveTresaa moklebuli. danelebulia imitom, rom “fraS-fraSi”
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ufro metia da mkveTria, vidre бьют крылом, am si-tyvasTan SedarebiT nebismieri substituti sisxl-nakluli gamodgeboda. merme птичий-ar Seesabameba kaciWamia svavebs. miuxedavad am uzustobisa, saxe azrobrivad gamarTulia.
calkeuli sityvebis, striqonebisa da saxeebis Sedareba Tumca saCinos xdis mTargmnelis mu-Saobis zogierT aspeqts, swor suraTs ar gviCve-nebs yovelTvis. miT umetes, epikuri nawarmoebis ganxilvisas. am elementebma SeiZleba swori war-modgena ar mogvcen Targmnil nawarmoebze mTlia-nad. mTargmnels xelewifeba “klebaca da matebac” da iq, sadac igi ver gadmoscems mxatvruli saxis poetur ekvivalents, SeiZleba is azriT Seicva-los. SeiZleba man qvemoT daumatos is, rac zeviT miaklo romelime striqons da amrigad dedani kom-pensirebuli iqneba.
SevadaroT dednisa da Targmnilis erTi nawyveti.
v a J a
visac mteroba maswyurdes,gaaRos saxlis karia,sisxl daigubos keraSi,TviTanac Sigve mdgaria.Rvinodac imas dahlevdes,puradac mosaxmaria.pirjvari daiwerodes,miTam saydarSi aria.
zabolockis rusul TargmanSi vkiTxulobT:
Кому вражда всего милей,Кто сеет бедствия повсюду,Тот должен в хижине своейЛюдскую кровь собрать в запруду.Пусть он ее из кубка пьет,И в хлебе ест, и словно в храме
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Хвалу святыне воздает,Крестясь кровавыми руками.
TargmanSi dednis meore da meoTxe striqoni fa-qtiurad gamotovebulia, samagierod pirveli da mesame gavrcobilia da gaZlierebuli. mTargmnels ufleba aqvs mTavar azrSi potencialurad nagu-lisxmevi Sreebi poeturi metyvelebis zedapirze amoitanos SedarebiT inertuli striqonebis xarj-ze. aq motanili vaJaseuli teqstis meore striqoni raime mniSvnelovan mimarTebas ar amJRavnebs azro-brivad, igi upiratesad riTmis gamovlinebisaTvisaa saWiro. meoTxe striqoni metad lakoniuria da poe-tur azrs mkveTrad gamoxatavs. mTargmneli mas mxo-lod merve striqonSi aanazRaurebs, roca qarTul “pirjvari daiwerodes” rus mkiTxvels meti eqspre-siiT gadascems: «Крестясь кровавыми руками». amrigad, erTgan gamotovebuli poeturi simkveTre sxvaganaa kompensirebuli.
meore magaliTi:
dabnelda, wyalni tirian,kalTa gvexurvis Ramisa, droa varskvlavTa JikJikis,mcvreva balaxzed namisa,mkvdarT sulT saflaviT gamosvlis,dro maT simReris wynarisa.devni gamovlen kldidama,xev-xuvSi exetebian.yvelam ivaxSma da axlasaZiled emzadebian.
zabolockis rusul TargmanSi es adgili Semdeg-nairad ikiTxeba:
Стемнело. Плачет лоно вод,Покрылся мраком небосвод.
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Пора сиять вечерным звездам,Пора росе упасть в травуИ мертвым душам наяву,Блуждать и плакать над погостом.Вот дэвы из расселин скалВыходят, сумрачны и хмурыПоужинав чем бог послал,Ко сну готовятся хевсуры.
Targmani brwyinvalea da dedans arafriT Ca-mouvardeba. ra Tqma unda, meore striqonSi, pir-vel pirSi dasmul zmnas mTargmneli ver gaimeo-rebda, aseTi Rrmad intimuri moqceva frazisa mxolod mSobliuri enis wiaRSia SesaZlebeli _ misi ucxo enaze ganmeoreba sasacilo iqneboda, ucxo enis verc erTi sityva ver gadmoscemda sis-ruliT im asociaciebs, romelsac CvenSi aRZravs “JikJiki”, an “mcvreva” an Tundac “kldidama”. es “mani” CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, magram veraviTari Zala ver aaxmianebs mas sxva enaze, amrigad, TviT ubrwyinvales TargmanSic raRac rCeba uTargmneli, iseTi ram, rac ganumeorebel simSvenieres aniWebs originals. rogorc werilis dasawyisSi aRvniSne, es uTargmneli vaJas poeturi enaa, am enis niveli-rebiT uzarmazari ganZi ikargeba yovel TargmanSi, arada, misi Targmna, sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, warmoudgenelia. aseT dros exmareba mTargmnels poeturi alRo, intuicia. zabolockis Targmane-bis mTlianobaSi wakiTxvisas iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos vaJas enis es ganumeorebeli Tvi-sebebi sublimirebulia da rusuli TargmanisaT-vis damaxasiaTebel romantikulobaSi iCens Tavs. “romantikuloba” zustad ar gamoxatavs imas, rac TargmanSi gamJRavnebulia, rogorc Sinagani ga-taceba an SemarTeba. zabolockis Targmanebi ver moxiblavda rus mkiTxvels, rom masSi ar iyos va-Jas didi geniiT inspirirebuli TviTon misi su-lis nawili. zabolockis Targmanebi mTargmnelo-
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biTi SesaZleblobis maqsimums gadmoscems, amas-Tan aucilebelia iTqvas, rom mTlianadac brwyin-vale ostatobiT da erTiani STagonebiT daweril “aluda qeTelaurSi” aris zogi adgili, romelsac genialobis utyuari beWedi azis da Tavisi bune-biT ganumeorebelia. maTSi STagonebis iseTi didi energiaa gamosxivebuli, rom usafuZvlo da amao iqneboda romelime mTargmnelisaTvis mogveTxova Sesabamisi ZalmosilebiT maTi gardasxeuleba.
1961
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drois SurisZieba
saqarTvelos “gasabWoebis” Semdeg qarTvelma mwerlebma zedized gamosces vaJa-fSavelas krebu-lebi, raki swored mis SemoqmedebaSi Wvretdnen fes-veulad qarTul msoflgancdas da momavlisaTvis brZolis imedis momcem perspeqtivas. magram rogor iyo es aRqmuli maSindeli xelisuflebis mier?
trockis ubadruki mimdevari da fanatikosi bol-Seviki platon qiqoZe (ra saxels da gvars aTaxsi-rebs!) Savi sityviT ixseniebs vaJa-fSavelas Semoqme-debis gamocemisaTvis mzrunvel qarTvel mwerlebs, im qarTvel mwerlebs, romlebic Turme “am bolo xanebSi metismetad bevrs laparakoben vaJa-fSavelas genialobaze. Cemi azriT ki, _ ganagrZobs p. qiqoZe, _ vaJas demonstraciulad imitom ebRauWebian, rom igi maCvenebelia umTavresad Cveni ukulturobisa da nacionaluri primitivisa”. cota qveviT igi wers: “nacionaluri kulturis mebrZolTaTvis vaJa egna-te ninoSvilze ufro nacionaluria, radgan vaJa-fS-avela primitivis, Tanamedroveobidan ukan daxevis, ukulturobis da sibnelis “nacionaluri” gmiria, radgan igi idealizaciaa ukulturobisa”. am gada-gvarebuli, “degeneraciis gzaze damdgari” (misive sityvebia) kacis striqonebi 1924 wels, saqarTvelo-Si antibolSevikuri amboxebis sisxlSi CaxSobis wels aris dawerili, roca ganaxorcieles stalinis cnobi-li direqtiva: допустить и проучить, da надо перепахать Грузию вдоль и поперек... im wels, roca qarTveli xa-lxis paTologiurma nabiWvarma sergo orjonikiZem daaxvretina vaJa-fSavelas ufrosi vaJi _ levani. sagulisxmoa, rom Salva dadianis meTaurobiT or-jonikiZesTan misul qarTvel mwerlebs, romelTac
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surdaT gamoexsnaT qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmis mebrZoli levan razikaSvili, mas upasuxia: vaJas Svils ki ara, vaJa rom iyos cocxali, imasac davx-vretdiTo... asec izamdnen, ilias mkvlelebi vaJasac daxvretdnen. saocaria, rom Tavis bolodroindel leqsebSi vaJas aRwerili aqvs momavlis es sisxlia-ni bakxanalia: “mama vaJs mwvadad Seswvavda, deda _ bataras qalasa”, an “davcurav sisxlis morevSi” da sxva, sadac daundobeli Semusvrisa da kaciWamiobis suraTebia daxatuli.
mainc, saidan modioda 20-iani wlebis qarTveli bolSevikebis gaafrTebuli siZulvili vaJasadmi, an Semdegdroindeli qarTveli komunistebis mier vaJas Semoqmedebis erTgvari ugulebelyofa? gavixsenoT Tundac 1961 wels uferulad Catarebuli vaJas da-badebis 100 wlisTavi!
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs yovelgvari erovnuli kulturis uarmyofel proletarul ideologiasTan, romelic ar scnobs arc kultu-ras rogorc aseTs, da arc miT umetes, araviTar miToss, garda sakuTari _ filosofiuri da re-ligiuri TvalsazrisiT Rataki, gamofituli da fuye, antihumanuri “proletaruli miTosisa”. meore SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi cxadia: stalinis iniciativiT da davalebiT uaryofili iyo vaJas Semoqmedeba saqarTveloSi da es saxelmwifoebri-vi RonisZiebis doneze iqna Catarebuli. amboben, TiTqos vaJas Semoelaxa axalgazrda social-de-mokrati juRaSvili. ar aris gamoricxuli! vaJas wixliT daugorebia gazeT “droebis” kibeebze pe-terburgidan CamobrZanebuli vinme aSinovi, e. w. Tavisufal kazakTa atamani, romelic iqadda: Cemi xanjlis wverze mivarTmev ruseTs Teiranso, da axalgazrda juRaSvilis galaxva ar gauWirdebo-da. da mainc, ratom ar uyvarda rusTavelis erTi strofis rusulad mTargmnels, iliasa da akakis “damfasebel” stalins vaJas poezia? imitom xom ara, rom aRizianebda vaJas Rrma miTosi, misi uni-
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versaluri msoflmxedveloba da pirwmindad qar-Tuli msoflSegrZneba, raki TviTon qmnida Tavis ubadruk, komunistur fsevdomiToss da lokalur fsevdofilosofiur materializms?
saqarTveloSi, rogorc yovelTvis, amazrzeni gulmodginebiT ganaxorcieles stalinis miTiTeba. me maxsovs es gulisamrevi kampania, romelsac “mTe-li saqarTvelo” gamoexmaura. vaJa dasaxes ZmaTa-mkvleli omebis mexotbed, qarTuli enis regresiul gzaze damyeneblad, lamis qarTuli enis gamryvne-lad. amas akeTebdnen TanamemamuleTa sisxlSi xel-gasvrili qarTveli bolSevikebis degeneraciuli bandis poxier nexvze aRmocenebuli “ganaTlebuli” komunistebi, romelTa politikuri Zalaufleba ise-ve usazRvro iyo, rogorc maTive umecreba da mora-luri idiotizmi.
vaJam sZlia dros!man gaimarjva im epoqaze, romelsac rusuli bol-
Sevizmisagan danaTluli saxeli erqva, saxeli im “xvlikisTaviani” kacisa, visac saxeze gamudmebiT ekera vaJas silaqi.
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mkiTxvels, romelsac xelT upyria Tamaz Cxen-kelis “tragikuli niRbebi” da misi werilebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, Cveni didi winapris Sinagan sam-yarosTan Sexvedrisa da misi poeziis arsiseuli wv-domis gamorCeuli SesaZlebloba eZleva.
Cxenkeliseul kvlevaTa umravlesoba gasuli sau-kunis 60-70-iani wlebiTaa daTariRebuli, humani-tarul azrovnebaSi ki 40-50 weli, Cveulebriv, sak-marisi vadaa, raTa gamoCndes, ramdenad gaxunebula mignebuli xedva, ramdenad gasvlia yavli nafiqrsa da gamoTqmuls, _ da miT umetesi darwmunebiT Segvi-Zlia dRes vTqvaT, rom Tamaz Cxenkeli vaJa-fSave-las garemosTan, mis samzerTan, mis TvalsawierTan, mis gmirebTan misasvlelad mkiTxvelisaTvis sando Suamavali aRmoCnda. es sandooba ki im sinamdviles daefuZna, rom gzaTa Ziebisas da mosinjvisas mkvle-varma, rogorc megzurs Sehferis, Tavadve SeZlo poetTan misasvleli imgvari gzis moZebna, romelic masTan Sexvedrisa da miseuli uwyebis wvdomis saw-indars iZleoda. xolo Tu ragvar ganzomilebad mi-aCnda “tragikuli niRbebis” avtors sivrce, sadac am Sexvedras hqonda adgili, Cans im miZRvnidanac Tu mimarTvidanac, romelic win uZRvis wigns: “vaJas ukvdav suls”. kvlevaTa Sinaarsi aSkarad gamokveTs, rom poetis naTqvamis gagebis mcdeloba am SemTx-vevaSi poetis sulTan warmosaxviTs saubars emyare-ba, roca “mistikuri” Tu “magiuri” Sexvedra litera-turul Sexvedras arc gamoricxavs da arc uaryofs, arc emTxveva da arc faravs. swored am Sexvedris-mieri saubris gaTvaliswineba agvixsnis, Tu ratom gvTavazobs mkvlevari xSirad (Tundac im brwyin vale
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furclebze, sadac igi dawvrilebiT ganixilavs “alu-da qeTelaurs”, anda “gvelismWamels”) ara imdenad filologiur gansjasa da msjelobas, ramdenadac poetTan saubris Sedegsa Tu gagrZelebas, _ naTq-vamis gardaTqmas, xelaxal Txrobas; Tamaz Cxenkeli Tavad gvevlineba vaJa-fSavelas TanamTqmelad, Tan-amTxroblad: am jerze Tavad gadmogvcems saTxrobs, da isev, kidev erTxel, magram gamoxatvis axal si-tyvier samosSi gangvacdevinebs poetis teqstebis xe-laxali da ganaxlebuli kiTxvis Sedegad moniWebul esTetikur gancxromas, inteleqtualur aRtacebas, eTikur damuxtvas (am mxriv mas erT winamorbedad qarTul literaturaSi vasil barnovi hyavs, romel-mac 1923 wels, Tavis narkvevSi “gvelismWamelis” Ses-axeb, mkiTxvels mxatvrul teqstad Tavad mouTxro, _ ara oden cnobad, aramed Txrobad miawoda, _ po-etis es poema, swored imxanad pirvelad dabeWdili calke wignad).
tradiciaSi _ Tundac xalxur mexsierebaSi, Tun-dac literaturul memkvidreobaSi _ Senaxul am-bavTa xelaxali moTxrobiT es teqstebi uaryofs gamonaTqvamis erTjeradobas da paradigmul saxes iRebs, riTac isini am SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod mi-Tosur funqcias iZens, aramed TavianT miTosur sawyisebs aRidgens, _ es teqstebi, miTosidan amoz-rdilni, isev miTosur bunebas ubrundeba da amgvar xasiaTs kidev erTxel imkvidrebs da ganimtkicebs.
vaJa-fSavelas poeziis wvdomis survilma kanon-zomierad ganapiroba yuradRebis mizanswrafuli warmarTva miTosisken, radgan vaJa-fSavelas po-etur samyarosTan Sesaxvedrad Tamaz Cxenkels jer qarTuli miTosis _ miTosuri Tqmulebebisa da gad-mocemebis _ samyarosTan aucilebeli da nayofieri Sexvedra uwevda. mkiTxvelsac mkvlevari da megzuri aqeTken mouxmobs...
Tamaz Cxenkeli pirveli ar yofila, vinc es mi-marTeba da damokidebuleba safiqralad an sam-sjelobod wamoWra: sakmarisia davasaxeloT Tun-
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dac grigol robaqiZe (romelic “tragikul niR-bebSi”, komunisturi cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad, xan “gr. kavkasielis” fsevdonimiT, xan ki anonimuradaa damowmebuli), Tundac akaki gawerelia (“vaJa-fSave-la da qarTuli miTosi”!), an, albaT, igive vasil barnovi, anda gare mizezebis gamo mkvlevarTagan uyuradRebod darCenili aleqsandre WeiSvili... ma-gram “tragikuli niRbebis” avtori winamorbedTagan aramxolod ganxilvis sisrulis miswrafebiT an kon-cefciis mTlianobis CanafiqriT gamoirCeva, _ ar-sebiTi isev isaa, rom qarTul miTosur TqmulebaTa sawvdomadac mkvlevari ara danawevrebul ganxilvas da ara gansjiT-analitikur xerxebs, aramed uwyvet Txrobas mimarTavs: roca vkiTxulobT “mSve nier mZlevars” (romelic “tragikuli niRbebis” erTi Ta-via, magram damoukidebladac arsebobs da is zogjer amgvaradacaa gamoqveynebuli), _ qarTuli miTosis erTian mTlianobad gadmocemis iSviaT mcdelobas, _ aSkarad vxedavT, rom Tamaz Cxenkeli arc am SemTx-vevaSi gvevlineba andrezul ambavTa civ da gaucxo-ebul damkvirveblad, romelic maT, rogorc sakv-lev masalas, racionalisturi an pozitivisturi saTvaliT dahyurebs da winaswar gamzadebuli sa-gangebo xelsawyoebiT upirebs daSlasa da ganSreve-bas; igi miToss _ siyvaruliTa da codniT _ iseve mogviTxrobs, rogorc mas winaparTagan gadmoscemia, rogorc tradiciis matarebelsa da Semnaxvels Seh-feris, rogorc qurumi mouyveboda (da gauZRveboda) iniciaciaTa gzaze Semdgar neofits... amdenad, miTo-sur gadmocemaTa Cxenkeliseuli Txroba, _ romelic, cxadia, saavtoro rekonstruqciaa, _ ara analizuri, aramed sinTezuria, ara Caketili, aramed Riaa, ara dacalkevebuli, aramed ganuyofelia: am miTosuri wrebrunvis rkalSi, erTian da uwyvet nakadSi gada-laxula droisa da sivrcis farglebi, istoriuli da geografiuli SezRuduloba, _ erTad Sekrebilan sxvadasxva samyoflisa da sxvadasxva Jamis RmrTaeba-ni da gmirebi, SuamdinareTidan Tu egviptidan, indo-
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eTidan Tu islandiidan, saberZneTidan Tu romidan, da maT Soris aRmoCenilan _ miTosuri metafizikiT, literaturul-kulturuli logikiT, “tragikuli niRbebis” avtoriseuli nebiT _ vaJa-fSavelas po-emebis tragikuli gmirebic. am didebuli gmirebis, mTieli qalebisa da kacebis, tanjviT aRbeWdil sax-eTa miRma mkvlevari miTosur RmrTaebebs xedavs, XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis poetis striqonebSi gacocxlebulT da aRmdgarT, _ RmrTaebebs, romelTac, taZarTa da sakurTxevelTa-gan gaZevebulT, yoveldRiuri, yofiTi cxovrebi-saTvis SeufarebiaT Tavi, yofiTi (da ara RmrTae-brivi) gmirebis, mokvdav adamianTa niRbebi aufare-biaT, xolo miwier arsebaTa Soris maTi bediswera, _ sazogadoebriv garemoSi Zvel tragediaTa msgavsad sastiki gardauvalobiT gaTamaSebuli, _ uTuod tragikuli aRmoCenila, amitomacaa maTi niRbebic tragikuli, _ aqedan: tragikuli niRbebi!
vaJa-fSavelaseuli es gmirebi, _ Tamaz Cxenkelis miCneviT, adamianadqmnili miTosuri RmrTaebani, RmrTisSvilni da RmerTkacni, romelTac TavianTi RmrTaebrivi warmoSoba adamianuri safarvelis qveS SeuniRbavT, _ maTTvis gadamwyveti da gardamqm-neli zneobrivi naxtomiT, gadian oden adamianuro-bis farglebidan da isev TavianT RmrTaebrivobas ubrundebian, isev miTosuri panTeonis binadarni _ “mode-moZmeni” da “stumar-maspinZelni” _ xdebian.
magram SegviZlia Tu ara daueWveblad ganvacx-adoT, rom, rakiRa isini miTosuri samyarodan gad-mosulan, amdenad, maTi Sinagani samyaroc miTosur Rirebulebebs efuZneba? Tumca poetic xom naTlad gviCvenebs da mkvlevaric xom ucdomlad xedavs, rom am gmirTa zneobrivi mimarTuleba da arCevani ase calmxrivad aramc da aramc ar ganisazRvreba, _ aSkaraa, rom maTi Sinagani cxovrebis horizonti sruliadac araa mowyvetili qristianobis Suquras. “tragikuli niRbebis” avtori xazs usvams vaJa-fSavelas personaJebis sulier cxovrebaSi gaRvive-
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bul miswrafebaTa qristianul suliskveTebas, rac, pirvel yovlisa, pirovnuli sawyisis iseT gamoR-viZebaSi gamovlindeba, rogoric mxolod qris-tianul moZRvrebas SeiZleba daemyaros. miTosi, Cveulebriv, ugulisxmoa yovelive imis mimarT, rac araa tipobrivi, qristianoba ki gulisxmas, pirvel yovlisa, individualurs miapyrobs; miTosur cno-bierebas gansazRvravs zogadi da saerTo, qris-tianuli cnobierebisaTvis ki umaRlesi Rirebuleba konkretulsa da pirovnulSi Zevs; amrigad, mxolod qristianoba aniWebs umaRles fass calkeul ada-mians, mis kerZo cxovrebas, mis Sinagan biZgebsa da moZraobebs. “tragikuli niRbebis” avtori, _ Tomas manis (XX saukunis literaturaSi miTosis erTi yve-laze ganswavluli da nayofieri aRmaorZineblis) damowmebiT, goeTesTan gadaZaxilSi, _ bunebrivia, oden qristianobas miiCnevs humanizmis namdvil sa-fuZvlad, xolo roca Tamaz Cxenkeli acxadebs, rom “miTosi vaJas SemoqmedebaSi humanizebulia”, am SemTxvevaSi imas gulisxmobs, rom is _ miTosi _ gaqristianebulia. da es savsebiT gasagebia, radgan adamianuri yofnis RirebulebaTa upirobo aRiareba mxolod qristianuli Tvalsawieridan xorcieldeba _ ganxorcielebuli, gankacebuli RmrTis rwmenisa da miRebis sayrdenze.
vaJa-fSavelas gmirebis mtanjveli _ pirovnulad da socialurad mtkivneuli _ sulieri gardaqmna, gadamwyveti zneobrivi SemobrunebiT ganpirobebuli feriscvaleba, maTs Sinagan bunebaSi axmianebuli mowodebis Cumi, magram momTxovni Zaxili faqizadaa danaxuli, aRwerili da mowodebuli “tragikul niR-bebSi”.
es Seupovari gmirebi daJinebiT mihyvebian saku-Tari vinaobis moulodnelad aRmoCenil biliks da ar eridebian maT pirispir saxifaTod azvirTebul nakadebs an maT Tvalwin SemaZrwuneblad aRSkmul ufskrulebs. gardauvali kanonzomierebiT, isini toveben Tems da TavianT pirovnul meobas imkvi-
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dreben; gamodian koleqtiuri, jgufuri arsebobis zRudeebidan da individualuri, erTeuli arsebo-bis Tavisuflebas moipoveben; gadmodgamen nabijs zogadadamianuridan da Seudgebian gzas kerZoadami-anurisaken; gadmolaxaven miTosis sazRvrebs da Se-moabijeben istoriaSi... xolo gadmobijebis am gan-zomilebaSi Rvivdeba tragikuli konfliqti sayov-elTaosa da erTjerads, sazogadosa da pirovnuls, miTosursa da qristianuls Soris! magram am koli-zias xom mkvlevari imTaviTve gulisxmobda, _ dak-virvebisa da Seswavlis SedgomisTanave, _ kolizias, romelic “tragikuli niRbebis” ukve qvesaTaurSia gacxadebuli: “pirovnebis gardaqmnis miTosuri safuZvlebi”, _ pirovnebis ganviTareba, saxecvli-leba im sivrceSi, sadac pirovneba da pirovnuli, Cveulebriv, ugulebelyofilia: miTosis garemoSi! (am dapirispirebis moxsnis savaraudo mcdelobad unda miviCnioT Tvalsazrisi, roca Tamaz Cxenkeli vaJa-fSavelas poetur samyaroSi xedavs rogorc “warmarTuli da qristianuli warmodgenebisa da azrobriv-mxatvruli elementebis ucnaur sim-biozs”, ise, zogadad, “qristianulisa da warmarTu-lis urTi erTSesabamisobasa da Tanaxmierebas”, da am SemTxvevaSi, ara zedmiwevniT zustad da odnav uxeSad rom vTqvaT, es cnebebi _ “warmarToba” da “miTosi” _ erTmaneTs faravs).
magram Tavad poemebis gmirTa verc sazogado da verc Sinagan cxovrebaSi asruldeba am daZabulobis, am SeuTavseblobis daZleva da Sesabamisobisa Tu Ta-naxmierebis miRweva, _ gind garemosTan, gind sxvebT-an, gind sakuTar TavTan, _ amitomac aris maTi aw-myo tragikuli, maT xom jer mxolod Tvali mohkres qristianuli xsnis ciags, Tumca gza dawyebulia: pirovnebis gamoRviZeba! qristianuli rwmenis erTi paradoqsia, rom pirovnebis namdvili Camoyalibeba sxva pirovnebis aRqmisas, masTan misvlisas, misTvis Tavganwirvisas cnaurdeba (Tvalwin warmogvidgebian vaJa-fSavelaseuli gmirebi); da kidev meore parado-
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qsi: adamianurobis yvelaze maRali gamovlineba ara marto gzas gakvalavs ganRmrTobisaken, aramed uze-naesi pirovnuli Rirebuleba, amave dros, uzenaes RmrTaebriv Rirebulebas utoldeba da uigivdeba. swored qristianuli moZRvrebisaTvisaa ueWveli is WeSmariteba, rom adamianuri bunebis srulyofileba miiRweva mxolod da mxolod RmrTaebrivTan ziare-biTa da am ziarebiT sakuTar TavSi RmrTaebrivis gaRvivebiT. amdenad, vaJa-fSavelas tragikuli gmirebis mkveTrad arCeul zneobriv gadawyvetile-bebsa da qmedebebs maTi adamianuri buneba sulieri ganviTarebis im safexurze ahyavs, sadac RmrTae-briobis Suqi saimedod Wiatebs. amitomacaa SesaZle-beli, amgvari TvalTaxedviTac ar iqneba ucnauri Tu moulodneli, imis Tqma, rom am adamianTa tragi-kuli niRbebis miRma maTi RmrTaebrivi buneba ilan-deba... miTosis sakraluri samyarodan _ pirovnulis aRmoCeniTa da mopovebiT _ qristianuli WeSmariti arsebobisaken!
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis Cxenkeliseuli kvle-vis inteleqtualur miRwevad unda iqnes miCneuli ara marto povna, dasabuTeba da saxeldeba miTo-suri Zirebisa da wyaroebisa an miTosuri ganWvretis anareklisa poetis, saerTod, mTel SemoqmedebaSi, ara marto miTosuri mimarTebebis amocnoba poeme-bis gmirTa pirovnuli gardaqmnis poetur-sityvieri gamoxatulebis qsovilSi, aramed, amave dros, miTo-sis horozontis danaxva da gaTvaliswineba poetis enobriv arCevanSic.
gamorCeulad mwyobri da uTuod sarwmunoa Tamaz Cxenkelis koncefcia, gamoTqmuli mis narkvevSi “va-Jas qarTuli”. vaJa-fSavelas poeziis mkiTxveleb-mac da mkvlevrebmac kargad ician, rom poetis enis sakiTxi dRemde mwvave da sakamaToa: kiTxvebi im-TaviTve arsebobda, magram pasuxisken misasvlelad upriania, narkvevis avtoris gakaful gzas gavyveT. gansxvavebiT manamde gavrcelebul TvalsazrisTa-gan (Tu erTni miiCnevdnen, rom poeti, ubralod,
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dialeqtze werda, rac misi enobrivi poziciis pro-vinciulobaze metyvelebs, meoreTa TvalsazrisiT, poeti imitom mimarTavda fSaurs, raki misTvis es kilo Zveli qarTuli enis anasxleti iyo, rac misi enobrivi orientaciis arqaulobisaken miswrafebas gamoxatavs), Tamaz Cxenkeli mkafiodac ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebas, maxvilebsac axleburad gad-aanawilebs da xedvis axal perspeqtivasac saxavs. pirvel yovlisa, aravis epareba eWvi, rom “xmeli wiflisa” Tu “kosmopolitizmisa da patriotizmis” avtoris qarTuli XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnis salit-eraturo enis saqrestomaTio nimuSia, magram, meore mxriv, mkvlevris mosazrebiT, vaJa-fSavelas po-eziis _ swored poeziis _ uxv sazrdoobas fSauris leqsikuri da gramatikuli maragiT sammagi safuZ-veli aqvs: garda imisa, rom qarTul dialeqtTa So-ris swored fSaur kilos axasiaTebs gansakuTrebiT mWidro siaxlove Zvel qarTul enasTan (fSaurs mkvlevari saliteraturo qarTulis dominanturi fuZedialeqtis arqaul ganatots uwodebs), da, gar-da imisa, rom fSauri kilo aris ena im didebuli fSauri xalxuri poeziisa, romelTanac bunebrivi naTesaoba akavSirebs “kopalasa” da “gvelismWame-lis” avtoris poetur Tvalsawiers, Tamaz Cxenkeli yuradRebas miapyrobs, rom fSauri (da xevsuruli) metyveleba, amave dros, miTologiuri samyaros SemorCenil msaxurTa _ mis qurumTa da mogvTa, xe-visberTa da xucesTa sakraluri, saritualo, saRmr-Tismsaxuro enaa... SesaZloa darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom swored am samma biZgma gadaawyvetina poets, Tavisi leqsebi da poemebi fSaurad (an fSav-xevsurulad) aemetyvelebina. enobrivad masazrdoebelma noyierma wyarom _ mTis kilom _ nayofierad iCqefa mis po-eziaSi, uxvad gaapoxiera misi Semoqmedebis poeturi xodabuni.
magram, amave dros, uTuod SesamCnevia, rom va-Ja-fSavelas poetur nawarmoebebSi dadasturebuli fSauri kilo aramc da aramc araa zusti dialeq-
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tologiuri Canaweri, romelic akademiuri miznebi-saTvis _ konkretuli lingvisturi kvlevebisaTvis gamodgeboda. is, rac mkiTxvels am furclebidan esmis, miTosisa da poeziis enaa, romelic odin-del qurum-moZRvarTa da mgosan-mgalobelTa enas ireklavs.
sxvaTa Soris, am samzeridan isic gasaTvaliswine-belia, _ da es Tamaz Cxenkelis uTuod mniSvnelo-vani dakvirvebaa, _ rom maSinac, roca poeti Tavis qmnilebebSi fSav-xevsureTis sazogadoebriv land-Safts xatavs, arc am mxatvrul samyaros aqvs bev-ri saerTo mis Tanadroul mTianeTTan, _ realur, yofiT, xelSesaxeb fSavsa da xevsureTTan (romelic ueWveli sandoobiTa da sizustiTaa aRwerili mis eTnografiul-folkloristul narkvevebSi). mis po-eziaSi asaxuli mTis xati umTavresad mowyvetilia empiriul realobas: es warmosaxviTi, poeziismieri, idealuri mTaa, da am xatSi idealuri saqarTvelos erTi waxnagi areklila...
amgvari saqarTvelo ki vaJa-fSavelas warsulSi eguleboda (SesaZloa, momavalSic eocnebeboda!) da mis erT gamonaSuqad igi Zvel qarTul enasac miiC-nevda, xolo masTan keTilsaimedo mekavSired igi fSaur kilos miiCnevda, romelSic, misive sityvebiT, “namdvili Zveli qarTuli” Semonaxuliyo, _ “Zvelis mwerlebis” ena. am Zvel mwerlebTan igi gamorCeul naTesaobas grZnobda ara marto saTqmelis gamoxat-vis formiT _ eniT, aramed TviT saTqmeliTac. XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli, _ mniSvnelovan-wilad gamartivebuli, gaubraloebuli, religiuri JReradobisa da suliskveTebisagan daclili ena (da ara mxolod ena!), _ mas, ra Tqma unda, mcired-gamosayenebel saSualebad miaCnda religiuri uwye-bis gadmosacemad da mosawodeblad, misi religiuri saTqmeli swored miTosisa da poeziis enas iTxovda, da man mSobliuri mTis saganZurs mimarTa: fSavsa da xevsureTSi Senaxul sityvier da saxeobriv, mi-Tosur da andrezul saunjeebs. mTis kiloebis
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SemweobiT Zveli qarTulisaken misabrunebeli gze-bis Ziebam igi gamomwvevad gamijna egreT wodebul “TergdaleulTagan” _ maT mier xorcSesxmuli “eno-brivi reformisagan” (rasac maTi mxridan cnobili gaRizianeba mohyva); man mowyurebuli smena miapyro Zveli qarTuliT nasazrdoeb _ rusTvelisa da gu-ramiSvilis, grigol orbelianisa da baraTaSvilis _ enas; igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom yvelaze ukeT swored am enaSi aRbeWdiliyo samyaros religiuri aTinaTi... da isev: Zvel enasTan, Zveli saqarTvelos enasTan kavSiris aRdgeniT, misi aRorZinebis mcde-lobiT, vaJa-fSavela Zvel saqarTvelosa da mis Ri-rebulebebTan gacveTili da gawyvetili kavSiris aRdgenasac lamobda (Tu “baSi-aCuki” XIX saukunis yofasa da yoveldRiurobaSi _ siaxlovesa da axlob-lobaSi _ gadmotanili Zveli saqarTvelos suraTe-bia, “baxtrions” XIX saukunis _ da Tundac dRevan-deli _ mkiTxveli Zveli saqarTvelos miTosur-“mistikur”, xilvismier garemoSi gadahyavs). amgvari arCevaniT man, XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnis adamianma, Tavisi Tanadrouli saqarTvelos wiaR ara imdenad istoriuli, ramdenadac miTosuri, Tundac misti-kuri saqarTvelo ganWvrita, risi unari, rogorc viciT, mxolod filosofosebs, mistikosebs an po-etebs SeswevT!
da kidev araerT sxva faseul mignebas ipovis, kidev araerT nayofier biZgs igrZnobs mkiTxveli Tamaz Cxenkelis kvlevaTa Soris vaJa-fSavelas Ses-axeb: Znelad Tu sadme sxvagan Sexvdeba igi poetis ase plastikurad, ase STambeWdavad daxatul pirovnul-adamianur portrets (sxvaTa Soris, agreTve, iS-viaT portrets vaJa-fSavela-evropelisas), misi lirikis mxatvruli horizontis ase zust moniSv-nas, misi Semoqmedebis xangrZlivi kvlevis SedegTa Soris yovelive faseulis mimarT aseT yuradRebasa da madlierebas, anda literaturulad ase marTal da uSeRavaTo Sefasebas Tundac “gvelismWamelisa”, Tundac poetis mTargmnelobiTi saqmisa...
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vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb Tamaz Cxenkelis narkvevebs mkiTxveli Sordeba imgvarad, rom mas ukve, mkvle-varTan erTad, poetis samyarosTan Sexvedrisa da misi wvdomis gamocdilebis ara marto sixaruli ganucdia, aramed movaleobac utvirTavs sakuTar mxrebze, _ movaleoba, raTa Tavadac megzuroba gau-wios am samyarosTan Sexvedris, am samyaros wvdomis mowadine mkiTxvels.
Tebervali, 2009
