qartuli cekva arqeologiur zeglta ikonografiul sistemasi donit, aramed rogorc kultmsaxurebastan...
TRANSCRIPT
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakulteti
aleko gelaSvili
qarTuli cekva arqeologiur ZeglTa
ikonografiul sistemaSi
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
sadoqtoro naSromis
a v t o r e f e r a t i
samecniero xelmZRvaneli:
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori
ana samsonaZe
Tbilisi
2013 weli
2
DnaSromis zogadi daxasiaTeba
Kkvlevis sagani
Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli sacekvao folkloris Sesaxeb cnobebs
gvawvdis saistorio Tu saliteraturo mwerlobaSi daculi originaluri
masalebi, mkvlevarTa mier fiqsirebuli da Tavmoyrili poeziis nimuSebi,
zRaprebi, legendebi, Tqmulebebi, simRerebi, uSualod cekvebi,
Teatraluri warmodgenebi... magram Cveni qveynis xalxuri qoreografiuli
xelovnebis uZvelesi warsulis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebul rols
asruleben materialuri kulturis is Zeglebi, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi miwis qveS moeqca da romlebsac Seiswavlis istoriuli
mecnierebis erT-erTi dargi _ arqeologia. aqve, unda iTqvas isic,
romAarqeologiur Zeglebs, maTze gamosaxuli sacekvao qmedebebiT,A
,,cekvis vizualur wyaroebadac’’ moixsenieben1.M
aqedan gamomdinare, naSromis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens
arqeologebis mier mopovebuli xelovnebis is uZvelesi nimuSebi,
romlebic erTiani monoTeisturi religiis warmoSobamdea Seqmnili da
romelTa ikonografiuli sistema, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT qarTul sacekvao folklorTan mimarTebaSi.
am nimuSebs miekuTvneba: imiris goris da aruxlos goris
anTropomorfuli figurebi, oznis Tixis fiala xatovani niSnebiT,
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi, saTovle nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyeli,
Tixisa da brinjaos iTifaluri qandakebebi, rexis qva masze gamosaxuli
mrokavi urCxuliT, samadlos qvevri, samadlos isarna da kavTisxevis
beWedi (sabeWdavi) mocekvavis gamosaxulebiT.
kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZveli Dda Teoriuli wyaroebi
es Zeglebi Tavis droze bevri istorikosis, arqeologis,
xelovnebaTmcodnis Tu folkloristis yuradRebis qveS moeqca. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia: S. amiranaSvili, b. kuftini, o. jafariZe, g.
gobejiSvili, m. Ciqovani, v. bardaveliZe, s. makalaTia, d. janeliZe, ir.
surgulaZe, l. gvaramaZe, n. jafariZe, m. xidaSeli da sxva. aq CamoTvlil
mkvlevarTa nawili aRniSnuli arqeologiuri Zeglebis Sesaxeb varaudis
1 Alessandra Iayer, ,,visual sources for dance‘‘http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/50/55
3
doneze afiqsirebs Tavis mosazrebas, nawili ki, myari mecnieruli
argumentaciisa da anilizis safuZvelze. TiToeuli mosazreba, farTod
aris gaSuqebuli da gaanalizebuli winamdebare naSromis calkeul TavSi
da am mosazrebebis urTierTSejerebis safuZveli erT-erTi umniSvnelo-
vanesi komponentia Cven mier warmoebul kvlevaSi.
sakvlevi obieqtebidan zogierTi maTganis Sesaxeb garkveuli saxis
mosazrebebi, rogorc qarTuli qoreografiis erT-erT pirvel mkvlevrebs,
dafiqsirebuli aqvT lili gvaramaZes da avTandil TaTaraZes. maT garda,
sakvlev obieqtTa umravlesobas vxvdebiT, ia maqacarias disertaciaSi
,,qarTuli qoreografiis transformaciis problemebi kulturul-
istoriul konteqstSi’’. aRniSnuli avtorebi ZiriTadad ganixilaven im
arqeologiur nimuSebs, romlebic saqarTvelos teritoriazea
aRmoCenili. isini Zalian iSviaTad an saerTod ar exebian da ar avleben
paralelebs msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRmoCenil sacekvao
ikonografiis mqone arqeologiur masalasTan, rac arqeologiuri
Zeglebis kvlevis dros, Cveni azriT, Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tundac
Zeglis daTariRebis, warmomavlobis an misi ikonografiis mniSvnelobis
dadgenis TvalsazrisiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cven mier qvemoT warmodgenili masalis kvleva
ZiriTadad qarTuli Tu ara qarTuli warmomavlobis arqeologiur
ZeglebTan SedarebiTi analizis meTodiT warmoebs. Tumca, aqtiurad
veyrdnobiT werilobiT da zepirsityvierebaSi SemorCenil masalebs,
garda amisa, ama Tu im arqeologiuri Zeglis Sesaxeb zemoT dasaxelebul
mecnierTa kvlevebs, romelTa Soris gamovyofdiT S. amiranaSvilis
,,qarTuli xelovnebis istorias’’, g. javaxiSvilis ,,anTropomorfuli
plastika warmarTuli periodis saqarTveloSi’’, m. xidaSelis
,,centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi
(brinjaos gravirebuli sartyelebi)’’, amavdroulad, d. janeliZis, l.
gvaramaZis, i. surgulaZis, m. iaSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebsa Tu statiebSi
fiqsirebul Sexedulebebs.
Temis aqtualoba
naSromSi warmodgenili arqeologiuri nimuSebi gamoirCeva ara
marto mravalferovnebiT Tu Sesrulebis sakmaod maRalmxatvruli
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doniT, aramed rogorc kultmsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebi, Rrma
azrobrivi datvirTviTac. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am nimuSebze
gamosaxuli adamianis figurebis xelebisa da fexebis mdgomareobebi
dRevandel qarTul sacekvao moZraobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel xelebisa
da fexebis mdgomareobebs emsgavseba, rac saSualebas iZleva sakvlevi
masala, rogorc istoriuli da xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi, aseve
folkloristikis, am SemTxvevaSi ki qoreofolkloris TvalsazrisiTac
Sefasdes. garda amisa, es Zeglebi garkveul paralelebs avleben
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT aRmoCenil sxvadasxva arqeologiur
nimuSebTan, riTac isini qarTuli da ucxouri kulturebis
urTierTkavSiris magaliTebis saxiTac gvevlineba.
gansaxilveli masala mniSvnelovan warmodgenas iZleva qarTuli
cekvis adgilze warmarTuli periodis qarTveli adamianis yofasa da
kulturaSi. amavdroulad gvawvdis informacias qarTuli cekvis
genezisze, neoliT-eneoliTis xanidan moyolebuli elinistur xanamde.
sadoqtoro naSromis mizani da amocanebi
sadoqtoro naSromis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens arqeologiuri
kvlevis gziT gamovlenili da Cven mier warmodgenili Zeglebis
monografiuli Seswavla, Semdeg ki maTi publikacia. naSromSi dasmul
amocanaTa Soris umTavresia: am Zeglebis adgilobrivi warmomavlobis
dasabuTeba, qronologiuri xaziT ganxilva, mxatvrul-stiluri analizi
da maTi mniSvnelobis dadgena qarTuli cekvis istoriuli ganviTarebis
gzaze.
gamokvlevis mecnieruli siaxle
naSromSi pirvelad moxda imirisa da aruxlos goris
anTropomorfuli figurebis ganxilva sacekvao xelovnebasTan
mimarTebaSi da aRniSnuli Zeglebi, ucxour arqeologiur ZeglebTan
Sedarebis safuZvelze, saxelwodebul iqna ,,mrokav-mlocvel’’ figurebad.
aseve pirvelad warmoebs msjeloba ,,kavTisxevis beWedze (sabeWdavze)
gamosaxul mocekvavis figuraze’’. pirvelad moxda ,,melia-telefias’’,
,,ohoi nanos’’, ,,ialis TamaSis’’, ,,baris’’, ,,winamZRolas’’, ,,iav qalTis’’
urTierTSedarebiTi analizi, ris safuZvelzec isini ,,mwyobris’’ tipis
cekvebad iqna miCneuli.
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qarTuli sacekvao xelovnebis istoriis saTaved aqamde Zv. w. aR-is
II aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli ,,TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi’’ miiCneoda,
aRniSnuli TariRi Cven mier gadaweul iqna, jer (samagistro naSromSi)
Zv. w. aR-is IV-III aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli oznis Tixis fialis da
Semdeg Zv. w. aR-is VI-IV aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli imir-aruxlos
antropomorfuli figurebis saxiT.
Qqoreofolkloris TvalsazrisiT, SedarebiT Rrma ganxilva
ukeTdeba oznis Tixis fialis xatovan niSnebs, TrialeTis vercxlis
Tasis reliefur kompozicias, rexis megaliTis gamosaxulebas, saTovle-
nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyelis kompozicias, anTropomorful
qandakebaTa mniSvnelovan nawils da samadlos Tixis WurWlis
moxatulobas.
TiToeul arqeologiur Zeglze warmoebuli msjeloba iZleva
mniSvnelovan informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom jer kidev 6000 wlis win da
ufro adrindeli droidan moyolebul kultmsaxurebaSi qarTvelebs
hqondaT erTgvarad ganviTarebuli sanaxaobiTi warmodgenebis kultura,
romelSic erT-erTi umTavresi adgili qarTul cekvas eniWeba.
sadoqtoro naSromis struqtura
sadoqtoro naSromi 229 gverds moicavs. igi warmodgenilia Sesavlis,
6 Tavisa da daskvnis saxiT, romelsac Tan erTvis sarCevi, gamoyenebuli
literatura da ilustraciebi.
naSromis mokle Sinaarsi
Sesavali
SesavalSi gansazRvrulia sakvlevi masalis mniSvneloba, Temis
aqtualoba, mizani da amocanebi. agreTve, xazgasmulia is siaxle, rac
sakvlevi masalis Seswavlis Sedegadaa miRebuli da warmodgenilia is
ZiriTadi Teoriuli wyaroebi, romelze dayrdnobiTac ganxorcielda
sakvlevi masalis Seswavla, analizi da garkveuli daskvnebisa Tu
mosazrebebis gamotana.
Tavi I arqeologiuri Zeglebis kvleva qoreografiul aspeqtSi
(XXI saukunis ori naSromis magaliTi)
garkveul mocekvaveTa Tu qoreografTa SemoqmedebiT praqtikaSi
mniSvnelovanwilad miRebulia arqeologiuri Zeglebis mixedviT
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qoreografiuli nimuSis aRdgena–Seqmna1, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs
winamdebare naSromis Temis aqtualobas. garda amisa, ar SeiZleba ar
SevexoT im mecnierTa naSromebs, romlebic farTod aSuqeben
arqeologiur Zeglebs qoreografiul aspeqtSi. aseTad warmogvidgeba
saqarTveloSi, ia maqacarias ,,qarTuli qoreografiis transformaciis
problemebi kulturul – istoriul konteqstSi’’, 2003 wels istoriis
mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
disertacia da ruseTSi, valeri rommis mier 2001 wels kulturologiis
mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili naSromi
Temaze: ,,adamianis uZvelesi gamosaxulebis semantika: qoreografiuli
aspeqti’’.
sainteresoa, Tu rogor ganixileba monografiul naSromebSi esa
Tu is arqeologiuri Zegli, rogor reprezentacias aZleven mkvlevarebi
am Zeglebs, kvlevis ra meTodebs iyeneben da ra Sedegebs aRweven.
rogorc v. rommi, ise ia maqacaria kvlevaSi warmoadgenen arqauli
cekvis gacocxlebis or gansxvavebul meTods. v. rommi uSualod
mocekvaveebis saSualebiT cdilobs gaacocxlos Zveli cekva. (sur. 1-2)
mas SesaZleblad miaCnia erTi sacekvao pozidanac ki aRadginos mTliani
qoreografiuli kompozicia. am meTodidan gamomdinare, igi arqeologiuri
Zeglebis (ZiriTadad paleoliTis xanis) kvlevis axal mimarTulebas _
,,paleoqoreografias’’2 ayalibebs. ,,paleoqoreografia’’ swored is
mimarTulebaa mecnierebisa, romelic moicavs plastikis, ritualebis da
wes-Cveulebebis fiqsacias paleoliTis xanis obieqtebze. arqeologiuri
Zeglebis paleoqoreografiuli kvleva, qoreograf-praqtikosebisTvis
SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovan nawilad warmogvidgeba.
rac Seexeba ia maqacarias mier kompiuteruli animaciis gziT
gacocxlebul samadlos qvevrze gamosaxuli figurebis cekvis
fragments3, am meTodTan dakavSirebiT sawinaaRmdego araferi gagvaCnia,
magram, Cveni azriT, sruliad zedmetia am gacocxlebul cekvas
1 ix. Ishtar, www.bellydancemerseyside.co.uk; Sarah Wenner, www.albion.edu; Minoan preistessbellydance,
www.youtube 2 В. Ромм, «человекознание: история, теория, метод. Палеохореография», dlib.eastview.com 3 i. maqacaria ,,qarTuli qoreografiis transformaciis problemebi kulturul – istoriul konteqstSi’’ istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili disertacia. Tb. 2003w gv. 35-36
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SevusabamoT musikaluri masala, miT umetes, simRera da Semdeg
gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom am simReris romelime nawils asruleben
warmodgenil arqeologiur Zeglze gamosaxuli figurebi.
ia maqacarias naSromSi warmodgenili arqeologiuri Zeglebi Cveni
sadoqtoro naSromis kvlevis obieqtebsac warmoadgenen da, Sesabamisad,
sadoqtoro Temis momdevno TavebSi am Zeglebze vrclad vsaubrobT. rac
Seexeba ia maqacarias kvlevis Sedegebs arqeologiur ZeglebTan
mimarTebaSi, Cveni azriT, avtoris kvleva naklebad iTvaliswinebs
arqeologiuri Zeglebis ikonografiuli semantikis dadgenas da Tu
saubari warmoebs semantikaze, avtors naklebad mohyavs mtkicebulebebi am
semantikisa da qarTuli cekvis kavSirebis Sesaxeb. amave dros, ZiriTadad
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ara romelime konkretul cekvaze, aramed
qarTuli cekvis zogad cnebebze.
Tavi II ,,mrokav-mlocveli figurebi’’
qvemo qarTlis (1965-1971 w.w.) arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros,
(arqeologiur eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobdnen: al. javaxiSvili da o.
jafariZe) imiris gorasa da aruxlos goraze gamovlinda Tixis WurWlis
fragmentebi anTropomorfuli figurebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT1,
romlebic Zv. w. aR-is VI-IV aTaswleulebiT, neoliT-eneoliTis xaniT
TariRdeba.
figurebis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSanTagan gamoikveTeba
mamakacuri gamanayofierebeli Zalis simbolo (falosi) da xelebis
uCveulod maRla apyrobili mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT,
rogorc mlocveli adamianis Jesti da, amavdrolad, rogorc mrokavi
adamianis sacekvao poza (sur. 3, 4, 5, 6). Aam figuraTagan yvelaze metad
dinamika SeiniSneba aruxloze aRmoCenil WurWlis fragmentze gamosaxul
figurisa2 (sur. 4) da imiris goraze aRmoCenil Savzedapiriani WurWlis
fragmentze gamosaxuli figuris (sur. 5) SemTxvevaSi.
aruxlos goris figuris xelebi Tavisgan moSorebiT, ganze sruliad
gaSlil da erTob daZabul mdgomareobaSia mocemuli. igive SeiZleba
1 ,,qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi’’, (1965-1971ww), ,,mecniereba’’, 1975w. gv. 85 sur. 51:5 2 g. javaxiSvili ,,anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi’’, Tbilisi 1984w. gv. 24 tab. IV sur. 11
8
iTqvas fexebzec da iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom figura TiTqos naxtomis
mdgomareobaSia gamosaxuli.
imiris goris figuras xelebi maRla aqvs aRmarTuli. maja, xelis
mtevani da TiTebi am figuraze ar aRiniSneba. mas axasiaTebs mrgvali,
patara Tavi viwro kisriT, wvrili da grZeli tani da aseve wvrili,
joxebiviT fexebi. fexebi daaxloebiT 45 gradusiani kuTxiT gamodis
korpusidan da muxlis saxsarSi isea moxrili, rom TiTqos figura
Camjdaria (e.w. ,,plieSi’’), Tumca, isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mis
gamomsaxvels surda muxlis saxsris Cvenebac da man es survili mxolod
am gziT ganaxorciela. fexebi bolovdeba terfebiT, fexebs Soris,
TiTqmis muxlebamde, figuras CamoSvebuli aqvs falosi.
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT imiris goris figuras, SevamCnevT imasac,
rom igi moZrav mdgomareobaSia gamosaxuli. aSkaraa, rom sxeulis simZime
araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli orive fexze, korpusi ufro metad
gadaxrilia Cvengan marjvniv, Sesabamisad, sxeulis simZime gadatanilia
figuris marcxena fexze, marjvena fexi ki SeiZleba haerSic iyos amgvari
gadaxridan gamomdinare. Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda imiris Savzedapiriani
WurWlis fragmentis figurisTvis fexebis mdgomareobebis Secvla, anu
sxeulis simZimis gadatana figuris marcxena fexidan marjvena fexze da
Tu amgvari moqmedeba ramdenjerme ganmeordeboda, aSkarad miviRebdiT
xelebapyrobili figuris ,,ornabijian’’, ,,yunculis’’ msgavs martiv
sacekvao moZraobas.
imir-aruxlos goris adamianis gamosaxulebis msgavsi magaliTebi
msoflios mraval kuTxeSi moipoveba, Tumca gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT
qarTuli antropomorfuli figurebi ikonografiul msgavsebas
,,valkamonikas’’ kldis reliefze mocemul figurebTan (sur. 7) amJRavneben,
romelTagan qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT oTxi stili gamoiyofa.
amaTgan I da II stili daTariRda neoliTuri xaniT, III stili –
eneoliTisa da brinjaos xaniT, IV stili _ brinjaos xanis
dasasrulidan rkinis xanis dasasrulamde. e. anatis mier ,,mlocavebi’’
miCneul iqna I da II stilad. I stili TariRdeba V aTaswleulidan Zv. w.
aR. IV aTaswleulis dasawyisamde (5000 – 3800 Zv. w. aR.) da II stili Zv. w.
9
aR. IV aTaswleuliT (3800 – 3000 Zv. w. aR.1). es msgavseba TavisTavad am
figurebis gamomZerwvelTa Tu amomkveTelTa SemoqmedebiTi (da ara marto
SemoqmedebiTi) ganviTarebis erTnair doneze miuTiTebs, rom
erTmaneTisgan Sors myofi, imdroindeli avtorebisTvis adamianis
sxeulis nawilebis warmosaxva aracnobier niadagze erTnairad
xorcieldeboda.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom imiris da aruxlos goris ,,mrokav-
mlocveli figurebi’’ ikonografiulad emsgaveba da enaTesaveba eneoliT-
adre brinjaos xaniT (Zv. w. aR-is IV-III aTaswleulebiT) daTariRebul
oznis Tixis fialis I niSans _ yunculas gamosaxulebas (sur. 8) da n.
vaCeiSvilis mier Zv. w. aR. IX-VII s.s. daTariRebul rexis ,,mrokav
urCxuls’’. (sur. 9)
Tavi III cekva `samaias~ istoriuli Zirebi eneoliTis xanis
arqeologiuri Zeglebis fonze
eneoliTis xanis dasasruliT, IV-III aTaswleulebis mijniT
daTariRebuli oznis Tixis fiala (sur. 10) aRmoCnda 1947 wlis walkis
raionis sofel oznis #1 samarxSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros,
romelsac b. kuftini xelmZRvaenlobda. igi Semkulia simboluri xasiaTis
niSnebiT da sqelkedlian, gamomwvar, gaprialebul da
muqwiTelzedapirian WurWels warmoadgens.
oznis Tixis fialis gare kedelze, irgvliv gamosaxulia notio
TixiT erTmaneTis miyolebiT gaprialebuli xuTi msxvili
gancalkevebuli niSani Taviseburi formiT. (sur. 11) am niSnebis Sesaxeb
Tavis droze mniSvnelovani Sexedulebebi gamoTqves b. kuftinma da d.
janeliZem. orive mkvlevari zog SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul
mosazrebas gamoTqvams, zog SemTxvevaSi ki maTi Sexedulebebi TiTqmis
erTmaneTs emTxveva. magaliTad, am niSnebSi orive kargad arCevs xis (sur.
12) da adamianis (sur. 13) gamosaxulebas. xis gamosaxulebas orivesTvis
ritualuri daniSnuleba aqvs, mxolod gansxvavebuli terminebiT
moixsenieben mas: ,,wminda xed’’ da ,,sicocxlis xed’’; adamianis
gamosaxuleba orivesTvis ritualis, ,,locvis’’ Semsrulebels
1 Andrea Arca, ,,Chronology and interpretation of the “Praying figures” in Valcamonica rock-art’’,
http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=4123
10
warmoadgens, im mciredi damatebiT rom d. janeliZisTvis es rituali
,,yuncula’’ cekviT sruldeba.
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aqvT avtorebs sarkisebur or niSanTan
(sur. 14) da kuftinis mier miCneul me-5, xolo janeliZis mier me-4
niSanTan (sur. 15) mimarTebaSi. Cven ver vuaryofT b. kuftinis mosazrebas
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom sarkiseburi niSnebi cxovelebis
gamosaxulebebia, Tumca is rac b. kuftins kudad miaCnia, misi aRqma erTi
SexedviTac ki, gamosaxulebis Tavad ufro SeiZleba, vidre kudad. Cveni
azriT, kuds am gamosaxulebis meore daboloeba unda warmoadgendes da
ufro metic, migvaCnia, rom spiralurad daxveuli monakveTi ,,rqebis’’
gamosaxulebaa, rasac vamtkicebT mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikaze
mocemuli rqis gamosaxulebebis1 da agreTve xevsurul ornamentSi
cnobili ,,rqanis’’2 (sur. 16) SedarebiTi analiziT oznis fialis
cxovelebis rqebTan.
unda aRiniSnos Semdegi garemoebac: is rac oznis Tixis fialaze
sarkisebur niSnebSi cxovelebis fexebad, tanad, kudad an rqebad aRiqmeba
xelovnebaTmcodneebis mier sxvagvarad ganisazRvreba. e. karaliova
wignSi ,,cekvis uZvelesi formebi’’ wers: ,,abstraqtuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad pirdapiri da texili xazebis rTuli
konfiguraciebi miiCneva geometriul figurebad da ganixileba rogorc
cekvis naxazi’’3.Ooznis Tixis fialis sarkiseburi gamosaxulebebic
texili da daxlarTuli xazebiT gadmoicema da bolos xveuli,
spiraluri monakveTiT bolovdeba, ase rom rodesac d. janeliZe
sarkisebur gamosaxulebebs ,,ferxisebis’’ mwyobrad miiCnevs, realobisgan
Sors namdvilad ar aris. amrigad sarkiseburi gamosaxulebebi Cveni
azriT ori mniSvnelobiT unda aRviqvaT: rogorc rqosani cxovelis
gamosaxuleba da rogorc cekvis naxazi.
rac Seexeba b. kuftinis mier me-5 da d. janeliZis mier miCneul me-4
niSans, Cven am SemTxvevaSi d. janeliZis mosazrebasTan miaxlovebuli
Sexeduleba gagvaCnia. am niSanze aSkarad SeiniSneba fexebis da mklavebis
1 http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=551&lang=ka 2 http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=551&lang=ka 3 Е.А. Королева, «Ранние формы танца» кишинев, 1977г. Стр. 124
11
gamosaxuleba, Cven igi anTropomorfuli RvTaebis piqtogramad
warmogvidgeba, xolo is rac d. janeliZem kverTxad miiCnia, Zalian hgavs
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, iseTive spiralurad aris daxveuli, rogorc
sarkiseburi niSnebis rqebad miCneuli nawili. amgvarad, am niSnis
spiralurad daxveuli nawili Cveni azriT rqas warmoadgens, romelic
xelSi uWiravs RvTaebas, romelsac Seswires am rqis matarebeli
cxoveli.
aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT am niSnebis mdebareoba fialaze:
isini ganlagebulni arian wriulad, erTmaneTis TanmimdevrobiT da
Tanabari daSorebebiT avseben fialis gare zedapirs. Ppirveli da
yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani, Cveni azriT, aris xelebapyrobili
(SeiZleba frinvelsaxovanic) mocekvavis - ,,yunculas’’ gamosaxuleba. amis
Semdeg daTvaliereba unda gavagrZeloT saaTis isris mimarTulebiT da
Sesabamisad, meore niSani aris Sesawiri rqosani cxovelis gamosaxuleba
da amavdroulad cekvis naxazi. mesame niSani aris RvTaebis gamosaxuleba
romelsac Seewira es cxoveli. meoTxe niSani aris ,,sicocxlis xis’’
gamosaxuleba, romlis totebic iseve spiralurad aris daxveuli
rogorc Cven mier rqad miCneuli monakveTi da mexuTe niSani aris ukve
aRdgenili rqosani cxovelis, rogorc adamianis mier RvTaebisgan
gamoTxovili nayofierebis simbolo, amavdroulad cekvis naxazi. (sur. 17)
rogorc aRiniSna, garda yunculas gamosaxulebisa, oznis Tixis
fialis wriulad ganlagebuli xuTi niSnidan sacekvao qmedebaze
miuTiTebs II da V niSnebic. I niSani – yuncula gamosaxulia II da V
niSnebs Soris, rac Cveni azriT sacekvao qmedebis samnawilad, samTaganad
ganlagebaze (cekvis naxazze) mimaniSnebeli faqtia. samTaganad agebul
cekvis faqts vxvdebiT Teimuraz II-is mier aRweril Zeobis ritualSi,
romlis drosac sruldeboda cekva samaia, erT mxares kacebis, xolo
meore mxares qalebis jgufisa da maT SuaSi menestvis cekviT. samTaganad
sruldeba a. TaTaraZis mier aRwerili fSauri samaiac, sadac frenas
mimsgavsebuli sacekvao moZraoba exmianeba d. janeliZis mier
frinvelsaxovan RvTaebad navaraudev ,,samaias’’.
12
samaias organad Sesrulebuli variantic arsebobda, razec al.
jambakur-orbeliani migviTiTebs1, magram cekva samaias struqturuli
naxazi rom mkacrad samnawilovani unda iyos amasve metyvelebs fSauri
samaias teqsti ,,samaia samTagana ar iqneba orTagana”, amis dadasturebaa
Tavad termin `samaias~ qarTuli variantebi _ ,,calyua’’ da ,,yunculi’’
(`calyua~ _ Semdegnairad ganimarteba: ,,mobmuli sama (samaia)’’2; ,,yunculi~
_ sam-urmeuli Zna’’3; iv. javaxiSvilis etimologiiT `yunculi~ - `yun~ _
ori, `culi~ (cali) _ erTi, mTeli sityva `yunculi~ ki samis aRmniSvneli
unda yofiliyo’’ (`calyuaSi~ ki nawilakebi gadaadgilebulia cal _
erTisa da `yua~ _ oris saxiT)4; ,,qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi’’
dafiqsirebuli gansazRvrebiT ,,yunculi SemorCenilia qarTlur, imerul
da gurul kiloebSic ,,skup-skupis’’ (CajdomiT gadaxtomis), ,,cunculis’’
(mokle nabijebiT, msubuqad, swrafad moZraobis) mniSvnelobiT5 da, ra
Tqma unda, amasve mowmobs oznis Tixis fialis I, II da V niSnebic.
d. janeliZis TqmiT, `samaia~ sruldeba `samirgvaladi ferxuliTac
da samTagana ferxisiTac~, ris safuZvladac leqsnamsxvrevebs iyenebs
(,,samaia Cagimbies, samirgvalad magivlies’’; ,,samaia samTagana ar iqneba
orTagana’’).
Mmagram rodesac ,,samTaganas’’ struqturis mqone cekvaze vsaubrobT,
Sors wasvla namdvilad ar gvWirdeba, radgan cekvis aseTi Sesrulebis
principi gamosaxulia oznis Tixis fialis I, II da V niSnebis meSveobiT.
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, I niSani – xelebapyrobili, frinvelsaxovani
mocekvavis piqtograma, mocemulia II da V niSnebs – ,,ferxisebs’’ _
garkveuli geometriuli formis mqone cekvebs Soris, rac pirdapir
exmianeba samaias Sesaxeb werilobiT wyaroebSi Semonaxul am cekvis
struqturas: ,,or qalad Soris jdomas da Semdeg gadmofrenas, aseve
,,calgniT kacis xmanis, calgniT qalis xmanis da SuaSi menestvis yofas’’.
amavdroulad, Cveni azriT, ,,yuncula’’ da ,,calyua’’ ufro marTebulad
1 al. jambakur orbeliani `iverianelebis galoba, simRera da RiRini~, jurnali `ciskari 1961, #1, gv. 147 2 sulxan-saba orbeliani, ,,sityvis kona qarTuli, romel ars leqsikoni’’, Tbilisi, 1949w. gv. 429 3. iqve, gv. 404 4 d. janeliZe samaia werili II, gazeTi `lit. saqarTvelo~, 1982, #29 5 ,,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni’’, Tbilisi, 1962w. gv. 587
13
gamoxatavs am sanaxaobis struqturis arsebas: erTisa da oris an orisa
da erTi ganis SerwymiT, vidre daunawevrebuli da mTliani sityva
,,samaia’’. magram radgan leqsnamsxvrevebSi, mwerlobasa da simRerebis
teqstebSi dafiqsirebuli da Semonaxulia termini sama/samaia Cvenc
iZulebuli vxvdebiT igive terminebiT movixsenioT ,,samTaganad’’ da
,,samirgvaladi’’ wyobiT Sesrulebuli es cekva.
aqve, unda SevCerdeT kidev erT garemoebaze: rogorc
xelovnebaTmcodne e. karaliova aRniSnavs: ,,arqeologiur Zeglebze
mocemul geometriul figurebSi cekvis naxazis aRqma uZvelesi cekvis
mxolod erT mxares Seadgens’’1. misi TqmiT, ,,didi mniSvneloba hqonda
agreTve kinetikur teqsts _ sacekvao pozebs Dda mdgomareobebs’’. pirvel
rigSi avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs am pozebSi gamokveTil samkuTxdis
figuraze, romelic avtoris azriT, damaxasiaTebeli iyo qalis
gamosaxulebebisTvis2. karaliovas magaliTebad mohyavs moldaveTis,
saberZneTis da indoeTis teritoriebze aRmoCenili qalis
gamosaxulebebi.
maxvilkuTxovani da samkuTxedi formebiT xasiaTdeba oznis Tixis
fialis xatovani niSnebic. Aamis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs rogorc
mrokav-mlocveli figuris xelebis zeaweviT, idayvis saxsarSi moxrili
mdgomareoba da RvTaebad miCneuli figuris xelebisa da fexebis
maxvilkuTxovani mdgomareobebi, aseve uSualod sruli samkuTxedis
gadmocema. samkuTxedis formiT aris gamosaxuli mrokav-mlocveli
figuris Tavi da xis gamosaxulebis sayrdeni _ ,,gorakad’’ miCneuli anu
SemaRlebuli niadagi – miwa, rac simbolurad nayofierebis kultis
qalur sawyisTan midis da aqedan gamomdinare gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom
oznis fialis I niSniT qalia gamosaxuli. am azrs amyarebs isic, rom
gamosaxulebas fexebs Soris ar mouCans mamakacuri gamanayofierebeli
Zalis simbolo – falosi. verc imas vityviT, rom oznis fialis xatovani
niSnebis avtorma ver moaxerxa gamoesaxa mamakacis sqesis ganmsazRvreli
organo, radgan rogorc mrokav-mlocveli figurebis SemTxvevaSi
davinaxeT, amas jer kidev neoliTis xanis ,,ostatebi’’ axerxebdnen. aqedan
1 Е.А. Королева «Ранние формы танца» кишинев, 1977г. Стр. 141 2 iqve, gv. 143
14
gamomdinare, Tu oznis Tixis fialis Semqmnels mamakacis gamosaxva
moundeboda, amas aucileblad gaakeTebda, magram mas ideaSi qalis
gamosaxuleba qonda da gamosaxa kidec I niSniT. garda amisa, es garemoeba
xels ar uSlis oznis Tixis fialis xatovani niSnebis damwerlobis
`samaiasTan~ rogorc sacekvao saxilvelTan dakavSirebas, piriqiT, igi
exmianeba l. gvaramaZis mier warmodgenil gurul ,,ZeobaSi’’ SeniRbuli
qalebis mier Sesrulebul rituals, al. jambakur orbelianis mier
aRweril 40 qalis mier Sesrulebul samaias da qalebis mier
Sesrulebul fSaur samaias.
l. gvaramaZe gadmogvcems im movlenas, Tu rogor moxvda cekva
`samaia~ qarTul baletSi `mzeWabuki~. a. balanCivaZes es cekva libretos
avtoris, g. leoniZis rekomendaciiT CaurTavs baletis partituraSi. g.
leoniZis azriT, sveticxovlis freska (sur. 18) plastikurad unda
gacocxlebuliyo, rac SemdgomSi kidec ganaxorciela v. Wabukianma. am
cekvam scenuri gansaxiereba, pirvelad hpova 1938 wels leningradSi s. m.
kirovis operisa da baletis TeatrSi1. ,,es aris qalTa cekva sam-samni, sam
mwkrivad agebuli principiT. Sua cekvaSi Seyvanilia solisti dairiT.
cekva sruldeba fexis TiTebze baRdadiT xelSi’’. xelebis ZiriTadi
mdgomareoba iseTivea, rogorc zemoxsenebul freskaze (mxedelobaSi aqvs
sveticxovlis freska), fexis ZiriTadi moZraobaa ,,davla’’2 – aRniSnavs l.
gvaramaZe da iqve gvaZlevs metad mniSvnelovan cnobas, romlis
mixedviTac ,,samaias~, rogorc qalTa cekvis gadmocemis es principi –
jgufebi sam-sami qaliT, safuZvlad udevs mis Sesrulebas rogorc
saqarTvelos cekvis saxelmwifo ansamblSi, ise mxatvruli
TviTmoqmedebis mraval qoreografiul ansamblSi’’3 (sur. 19) anu am
faqtiT dgindeba, rom dRes qoreografiul ansamblebSi Sesrulebul,
cekva ,,samaias’’ safuZveli ara istoriuli an werilobiTi masalaa am
cekvis Sesaxeb, aramed v. Wabukianis SemoqmedebiTi fantaziiT
gacocxlebuli sveticxovlis freska (ufro sworad freskis mxolod
erTi detali) da Semdeg am cekvaze darqmeuli safuZvels moklebuli
saxeli ,,samaia’’.
1 l. gvaramaZe, ,,qarTuli xalxuri qoreografia’’, Tbilisi 1957w. gv. 48 2 iqve, gv. 48-49 3 iqve, gv. 49
15
rac Seexeba nikoloz vaCeiSvilis mier 1991 wels qarTuli
xelovnebis istoriis institutis samecniero eqspediciis msvlelobisas
TrialeTSi, sofel rexis SemogarenSi mikvleul, Zv. w. aR-is IX-VII s.s.
daTariRebul qvis megaliTs, romlis zomebia 320×155 sm, sisqe 42 sm1. (sur.
9), mis gamosaxulebaSi, marTlac SeiniSneba cekvis elementebi, igi
iseTive yuncula mdgomareobaSia gamosaxuli rogorc oznis Tixis
fialis mrokav_mlocveli qali (I niSani) da agreTve imiris goris mrokav
mlocveli figura (sur. 20). garda amisa, rexis qvis gamosaxulebis aRqma
Semobrunebuli mxridanac SeiZleba, ra SemTxvevaSic igi xelebapyrobili
figuris monacemebs iZens da amgvaradac Semobrunebuli mxridan axlos
dgas Cven mier aRweril oznis Tixis fialaze mocemul mexuTe niSanTan _
xelebapyrobili mrokavi qalis _ `yunculas~ gamosaxulebasTan (sur. 21),
rac gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom rexis qvis megaliTi warmoadgens niSs im
adgilisa, sadac tardeboda rituali miTiuri gmiris `samaias’’
pativsacemad. am ritualSi ki gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda
samTaganad da samirgvalad Sesrulebul `samaias~.
Tavi IV TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis ikonografiuli sistema
qoreofolkloris TvalsazrisiT
1938 w. TrialeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam, (b. kuftinis
xelmZRvanelobiT) walkis raionSi, yorRan kuruxtaSSi miakvlia
vercxlis Tass, romelic mecnierTa, maT Soris, qoreografiuli
folkloris mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. Tasis simaRle 108
mm-ia, udidesi diametri _ 99 mm, wona _ 250 gr. Tasi warmoadgens
orkedlian WurWels, vercxlis erTi firfitisagan aris damzadebuli,
qvemoT daviwroebuli cilindirs formisaa da dabalyeliani fexiT
bolovdeba. (sur. 22)
am Zeglis Rrma mxatvrul-stilur analizs gvawvdis nana jafariZe
wignSi brinjaos xanis oqromWedloba saqarTveloSi: TrialeTis
kultura’’, sadac Tasi Semdegnariad aris aRwerili: ,,Tasi Sedgeba zeda
da qveda registrisagan. zeda registrze gamosaxulia 22 figurisagan
Semdgari procesia, romelic uzurgo taxtze mjdomi figurisaken
1 n. vaCeiSvili `urCxuli sofel rexadan~, Jurnali `saqarTvelos siZveleni~, 2003 w. #4, gv. 90
16
miemarTeba. mTeli registris simaRleze centraluri figuris marjvniv
mocemulia xis stilizebuli gamosaxuleba, xolo marcxniv _ didi zomis
maRalfexiani WurWeli (samsxverplo), romlis orive mxares gamosaxulia
ori dawolili cxovelis figura. maRalfexiani WurWlis marcxniv kidev
erTi SedarebiT mcire zomis maRalyeliani WurWelia moTavsebuli1.
Tumca, is, rac n. jafariZes maRalyelian WurWlad miaCnia, misi
gamosaxvis adgilidan (sivrceSia gamosaxuli pirveli figuris win)
gamomdinare, Cven dasartyam instruments ufro mogvagonebs.
gansxvavebuli suraTia meore registrze, romelic ori reliefuri
msxvili zoliTaa SemosazRvruli. am registrze gamosaxuli irmebis
procesia pirveli registris figuraTa sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
moZraobs (marjvnidan marcxniv). irmebis moZraobis sakmaod Zlier efeqts
xels uwyobs Tavdaxrili, rqadatotvili xarirmebisa da Tavaweuli
furirmebis horizontalurad ganlagebuli sxeulebis talRiseburi
monacvleoba2. sul 9 iremia gamosaxuli qveda registrze, aqedan 5
xariremia da 4 _ fur-iremi.
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze sacekvao qmedebis ganlagebis
umniSvnelovanesi faqtia warmodgenili. Tasis formidan gamomdinare,
mkvlevarebi figuraTa msvlelobas ,,ferxulad’’ miiCnevdnen, rac Cveni
dakvirvebiT ar aris marTebuli, Tundac imitom rom ferxulis
etimologiuri mniSvneloba _ ,,mrgvalT wyoba’’ da am mniSvnelobaSi
arsebuli sacekvao qmedebis mrgvali, wriuli agebuleba irRveva Tasze
mjdomare figurisa da sicocxlis xis gamosaxviT. aSkaraa, rom
erTmaneTis zurgsukan ganlagebuli figurebi ara wriulad, aramed erT
xazSi ,,mwyobris’’ saxiT miemarTebian mjdomare figurisa da sicocxlis
xis gamosaxulebisken.
cekvis es forma 150-e fsalmunSi naxsenebi sacekvao terminis
,,mwyobris’’ gamoxmaurebacaa. rogorc mkvlevarebi varaudoben, ,,Zveli
aRTqmis wignebidan upirvelesad fsalmuni unda eTargmnaT, vinaidan
Zveli aRTqmis swored es wigni asrulebda saRvTismsaxuro mniSvnelobis
Zeglis funqcias. fsalmunis uZvelesi Targmanis arsebobas adasturebs
1 n. jafariZe, brinjaos xanis oqromWedloba saqarTveloSi, TrialeTis kultura, Tbilisi 1981w. gv. 11-13 2 iqve, gv. 11-13.
17
V_VIII saukuneebis araerTi originaluri agiografiuli Zegli. ,,SuSanikis
wamebis’’ mixedviT savsebiT Tamamad SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom ukve 476-482
wlebSi Zveli aRTqmis es wigni xelT upyriaT, rogorc sasuliero, aseve
saero wris warmomadgenlebs’’1. es garemoeba ki imis Tqmis saSualebas
gvaZlevs, rom imdroindel qarTul realobaSi, e.i. V saukunisTvis
,,mwyobri’’ ukve arsebuli sacekvao terminia, xolo TrileTis vercxlis
Tasze gamosaxuli figurebis msvleloba imis dadasturebaa, rom
,,mwyobris’’ tipis sacekvao saxilvels minimum 4000 wlis istoria aqvs.
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis frizuli kompoziciis uaxloes
paralelebad uruqis alebastris WurWlisa (sur. 23) da karatepes cixis
kedlis reliefuri kompoziciebi (sur. 24) gvevlinebian. Tumca,
SedarebiTma analizma gviCvena, rom Sumeruli da xeTuri Zeglebidan
qarTul Zeglze mocemuli informacia ikonogrfiuladac da
kompoziciuradac mWidro kavSirs ufro xeTur samyarosTan avlens.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mkvlevarTa garkveuli jgufi TrialeTis
Tasze gamosaxul kompozicias xeTuri nayofierebis RvTaebis
,,telefinusis’’ Tayvaniscemis scenad miiCnevda, Tumca, maT mosazrebebSi
naklebad gvxvdeba cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra formiT scemdnen Tayvans
xeTebi ,,telefinuss’’. e. giorgaZis naSromze _ ,,erTi sakulto obieqtis
Sesaxeb xeTebis droindel mcire aziaSi’’ dayrdnobiT, sadac is exeba
nayofierebis RvTaeba telefinusis dResaswaulsac, Cven mniSvnelovani
paralelebi davinaxeT am dResaswaulis aRniSvnis wessa da TrialeTis
vercxlis Tasze mocemul siuJets Soris da gadaWriT aRvniSneT, rom
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze mjdomare figuris saxiT mocemulia
telefinusis gamosaxuleba, mTliani siuJeti ki mis mimarT aRvlenil
ritualur qmedebas gadmoscems. unda iTqvas isic, rom aRniSnuli
mosazreba sulac ar gulisxmobs TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis xeTuri
kulturis Zeglad miCnevas, Tumca, xeTuri kulturis gavlena
imdroindel qarTul kulturaze aSkaraa, rac TrialeTis vercxlis
Tasis magaliTze qarTveli tomebis mier xeTuri RvTaebis Tayvaniscemis
saxiT aris mocemuli.
1 http://geomanuscript.ge/?page=bibliuri-xelnawerebi
18
is, rom Tasi qarTuli warmoavlobisaa, amis ara mxolod
arqeologiuri dadasturebebi arsebobs: TrialeTis vercxlis sarwyulis,
beSTaSenis Tixis sasmisebisa Tu saTovle nabaRrebis sartyelis da
sxvaTa saxiT, aramed amasve cxadyofen eTnografiuli wyaroebic.
qarTuli eTnografiuli sivrcisTvis xeTuri RvTaeba telefinusi
kargad aris nacnobi, rac gamovlenilia xeTuri telefinusis
dResaswaulisa da svanuri ritualebis ,,muryvamobisa’’ da ,,saqmisais’’
aRniSvnis wesebis msgavsebebSi. amis sailustraciod gamodgeba svanuri
,,melia telefias’’ – igive ,,telefuniS’’ an ,,telfiSis’’ saxelwodebebis
Tanxvedra RvTaeba telefinusTan da amis magaliTia svanuri ,,adrekilas’’,
rogorc RvTaebis tipis aseve saxilvelis kuTxiT msgavseba xeTur
telefinusTan da masadmi aRvlenili dResaswaulis garkveul
detalebTan.
Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovania TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze mocemuli
ikonografiuli ,,mwyobrisa’’ da folkloruli ,,melia telefias’’
qoreografiuli suraTis erTmaneTTan kavSiric, rac imis Tqmis
saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom ,,melia telefia’’ da sxva misi msgavsi cekvebi:
,,ialis TamaSi’’ ,,winamZRola’’, ,,ohoi nano’’, ,,bari’’, ,,laloini’’ da ,,iav
qalTi’’ ,,mwyobris’’ tipis cekvebs mivakuTvnoT. M,,ialis TamaSis’’, ,,ohoi
nanos’’, ,,baris’’, ,,laloinis’’, ,,iav qalTis’’ aRwerilobidan aSkara xdeba,
rom amgvari saxis cekvebs erTi safuZveli gaaCndaT, rac gamoikveTeba maT
Soris arsebuli Semdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT:
1) yvela maTgani erT mwkrivad, mwyobris saxiT, ZiriTadad wris
Seukvrelad sruldeba;
2) yvela maTganSi gamokveTilia mwyobris winamZRoli;
3) yvela maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributia joxi, romelic
mwyobris winamZRols xelSi uWiravs;
4) yvela maTganSi mwyobris monawileebi emorCilebian winamZRols
da mxolod misi miTiTebis Semdeg cvlian mwyobris mimarTulebas,
sacekvao moZraobas Tu sxva qmedebebs;
5) yvela maTganSi mxolod mamakacebi monawileoben (,,winamZRolaSi
mxolod qalebis monawileoba imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom am
cekvas Zveli daniSnuleba (rac, Cveni azriT, kavSirSia
19
nayofierebis kultTan) daukargavs da mxolod garToba-TamaSis
saxiT SemorCenila, rac am cekvebis nayofierebis kultTan
kavSirze miuTiTebs. am mosazrebis WeSmaritebas amyarebs zog
maTganSi arsebuli, pirdapir mimaniSnebeli detalebi:
monawileTa gaSiSvleba ,,ialis TamaSSi’’ ,,melia-
telefiasaviT’’;
,,iav qalTis’’ meore naxevarSi teqstis uwmawuroba
,,adrekilasaviT’’;
,,baris’’ Sesrulebis tradicia qorwilSi;
,,ohoi nanosTvis’’ damaxasiaTebeli erT-erT sacekvao
moZraoba, romlis Sesrulebis drosac, monawileebi erT
mwkrivSi, erTmaneTis zurgs ukan dganan muxlebmoxril
mdgomareobaSi, (,,plieSi’’) romlis drosac muxlebi
erTmaneTs exeba win midian da muxlebs aqeT-iqiT aqanaveben.
savaraudoa rom es moZraoba ,,melia-telefias’’ aRwerilobaSi
mocemuli Semdegi detalis gamoxmaurebaa: ,,SiSvela kacs
Tavisi sarcxvineli xelSi ukavia, ukanani ki mas uknidan
uqaquneben da Tan gaiZaxian: `melia-tulefÁa, Áoh, Áoh!~
aWarul cekvaSi ki am SeZaxils warmoadgens, ,,ohoi, nanoi’’.
sagulisxmoa orive cekvis SeZaxilSi ,,Áoh’’ da ,,ohoi’’-s
msgavsebac, garda amisa ,,ohoi nanos’’ teqstobriv masalaSi,
winamZRolis mier frazis _ ,,melis kudi’’ gamoyenebac, rasac
wesiT unda mosdevdes cekvis naxazis Secvla SemsrulebelTa
mier. rogorc cnobilia, melas kudi swori aqvs da Tu
SeZaxilebze ,,mixveuli’’, ,,moxveuli’’ Semsruleblebi
labirinTis magvar naxazs gamosaxaven, maSin SeZaxilze
,,melis kudi’’, Semsruleblebis sworxazovani gadaadgileba
unda moxdes. an SesaZloa, winamZRolis SeZaxili _ ,,melis
kudi’’ sruliad ar aris kavSirSi cekvis naxazis SecvlasTan
da aWarul sacekvao saxilvelSi svanuri melia-telefias
saxelwodebis gamoxmaurebis naSTs warmoadgens.
Tavi V ,,gvian brinjao – adre rkinis xanis arqeologiur Zeglebze
fiqsirebuli sacekvao qmedebebi’’
20
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis mwyobrisa da ,,melia telefias’’
makavSirebel rgolad warmogviCndeba, saTovle nabaRrebis brinjaos
sartyelis oTxi niRbosnis mwyobri. sartyeli aRmoCnda, mcxeTis 1977-
81w.w. arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, (xelmZRv. a. afaqiZe). mcxeTasTan
axlos, ,,Zegvis’’ sofsabWoSi Semaval arqeologiur Zegl saTovleSi, md.
xekorZulas marjvena Senakadis, e. w. zariZeebis – wylis saTavesTan1,
adgil nabaRrebis Zv. w. aR-is IX-VII s.s. samarovnis #5 samarxSi2. (sur. 25)
nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyelze adamianTa figurebis gamosaxvis
manera, TiToeul maTganSi fiqsirebuli xelebis, fexebis, korpusis
mdgomareobebi, dinamiur xasiaTs avlenen, garkveul ritms emorCilebian
da Cveulebrivi yofiTi moZraobebisgan gansxvevebul, uCveulo sanaxaobis
STabeWdilebas qmnian. amis Sesabamisad Cndeba mosazreba, rom isini
sacekvao qmedebis monawile pirebi arian. unda iTqvas isic, rom
nabaRrebis sartyeli brinjaos gravirebul sartyelTagan is erTaderTi
nimuSia, romelic garkveul sacekvao informacias iZleva.
sartyelze warmodgenilia niRbosan adamianTa cekvis ori scena.
maTgan pirveli mocemulia moWedilobis marjvena mxares gamosaxul
samkuTxedis wverosTan, zeda sivrceSi. (sur. 26) aq, erTmaneTis zurgsukan
mdgari oTxi niRbiani adamiani, romlebsac marjvena fexi aqvT
gadadgmuli da marcxena xeli erTmaneTis mxrebze, udevT mwyobris tipis
cekvas qmnian. maTi mwyobris gezi maT qveS gamosaxuli irmis (mcenaris,
(xis) formis) araproporciulad didi zomis rqebisken aris mimarTuli.
irmis rqa rom xSirad enacvleba sicocxlis xes, amas folkloruli da
materialuri masalebic adastureben3. amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
niRbosan figuraTa es mwyobri sicocxlis xisken miemarTeba da amis
Sesabamisad, misi Tayvaniscemis mniSvnelobis matarebelia.
cekvis Sesrulebis amgvari forma, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
damaxasiaTebelia TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis figurebisTvis da ,,melia-
telefiasa’’ da misi msgavsi cekvebisTvis. sainteresoa nabaRrebis oTxi
1 ,,saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweiloba’’, t. V Tbilisi 1990w. gv. 306-307 2 S. iremaSvili, ,,nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyeli’’, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis ,,moambe’’, Tbilisi 1981w. t. 102, #1 gv. 213 3 i. surgulaZe, `qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika~. Tb. 1986w. gv. 107 - 109
21
figuris mwyobrsa da or _ TrialeTur da svanur mwyobrs Soris
ganmasxvavebeli detalis dafiqsirebac, rac mwyobrTa xelebis
mdebareobaSi mdgomareobs. Tu nabaRrebiseuli mwyobris figurebs
marcxena xeli erTmaneTis marjvena mxarze udevT, TrialeTuri mwyobris
figurebs marjvena xelSi uWiravT Tasebi, xolo melia-telefiaSi
mocekvveebs xeli erTmaneTis TeZoze udevT. (sur. 27) Cveni azriT
mwyobris dros xelis mdebareobis aRmniSvneli faqtebi, misi Sesrulebis
wesis gardamaval etapebze miuTiTeben, xolo rac Seexeba maT mTlian
formas, aSkaraa, rom mas erTi saerTo safuZveli gaaCnda, erTmaneTis
zurgsukan, mwyobrSi mdgari mocekvaveebis mier Sesrulebuli ,,ritmuli
svlis’’ saxiT, romlis uZveles dadasturebas TrialeTis vercxlis Tasis
reliefuri kompozicia warmoadgens. nabaRrebiseuli mwyobri ki
TrialeTur mwyobrsa da svanur melia-telefias Soris arsebul
qronologiuri jaWvis damakavSirebel rgolad migvaCnia. am mosazrebis
gasamyareblad SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom nabaRrebis sartyelze mocemul,
am cekvis SemsrulebelTa figurebs iseTive usartyelo da mokle samosi
acviaT, rogorc TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze gamosaxul figurebs.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom, nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyelis
genetikur winaprad TrialeTis vercxlis Tass mkvlevarebi swored masze
mocemuli oTxi niRbosnis mwyobridan gamomdinare miiCneven, Torem
mxatvruli stilis TvalsazrisiT mas misgan gansxvavebul nimuSad
Tvlian.
m. xidaSelis TqmiT, ,,sartyelebs moepovebaT erTgvari winamorbedi
TrialeTis Tasis saxiT. #
18 sartyelze (nabaRrebis sartyelze) gadmocemuli sicocxlis
xisken mimavali procesia garkveul msgavsebas iCens TrialeTis Tasis
dekorTan, magram es Zeglebi mxatvrulad uaRresad gansxvavebulia.
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovnebis tipiur
nimuSs warmoadgens, maSin rodesac sartyelebze ufro metadaa
xazgasmuli adgilobrivi xelovnebis niSnebi da tradiciebi, ufro metad
igrZnoba kavkasiuri mxatvruli stilis Taviseburebani.’’ 1
1 m. xidaSeli, ,,centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adreul rkinis xanaSi (brinjaos gravirebuli sartyelebi)’’, Tbilisi 1982w. gv. 46
22
nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyelze gamosaxuli sacekvo qmedebis meore
scena moWedilobis marjvena mxares mocemul samkuTxedTan, qveda
sivrceSia warmodgenili. cekvas asrulebs ori niRbosani adamiani, (sur.
28) romelTagan marcxena - welSi gamarTulia, marcxena fexze dgas,
(marcxna fexi mxolod muxlamdea gamosaxuli) marjvena fexi menj-
barZayis saxsarSi aqvs moxrili ise rom mucelsa da muxls Soris
maxvili kuTxe iqmneba, xolo muxlidan koWamde xazi sxeulis paralelur
xazs warmoadgns, marjvena xeli meore figuris Tavisken aris mimarTuli,
(marcxena xeli, savaraudod, sxeulis gaswvriv mdebareobs ise, rom ar
Cans) meore figuriskenvea misi Tavic daxrili da, Sesabamisad, xedvis
areSi mas marjvena figura hyavs. rac Seexeba meore figuras, isic welSi
gamarTulia, muxlsa da mucels Soris aqac maxvili kuTxe iqmneba da
muxlidan koWamde xazi aqac sxeulis paralelur xazs warmoadgens.
Tumca, marcxena figurisgan gansxvavebiT, igi buqnismagvar mdgoma-
reobaSia gamosaxuli ise, rom sxeulis simZime fexis TiTebzea
gadatanili.Ffiguras mouCans mxolod marcxena fexi, magram savaraudoa,
rom marjvena fexi mis paralelur xazebs qmnis da, Sesabamisad, igi ar
Cans. figuris marcxena xeli pirveli figuris idayvisken aris mimarTuli,
(marjvena xeli, savaraudoa, sxeulis gaswvriv medbareobs da ar Cans)
Tavi odnav maRla aqvs aweuli da masac mxedvelobis areSi mis win
gamosaxuli mdgomare figura hyavs. amgvarad, marcxena da marjvena
figurebs Soris, xelebisa da Tavebis meSveobiT, garkveuli kavSiria
damyarebuli da, Sesabamisad, saintereso wyviluri cekvis scenas
gamosaxaven. SesaZlebelia, maTi meSveobiT fiqsirebuli sacekvao
moZraobis yvelaze martivi gagrZelebac moinaxos, rac maTi
mdgomareobebis mxolod da mxolod SenacvlebiT moxdeba da pirobiTad
am moZraobas SeiZleba ,,sasworic’’ ki vuwodoT. anu, rodesac marcxena
mocekvave fexze dgas, marjvena Camjdaria (buqns asrulebs) da piriqiT,
rodesac marjvena mocekvave dgas fexze, marcxenaa Camjdari (buqns
asrulebs).
rac Seexeba am moZraobis (`sasworis~) Sinaarss, igi aSkarad erTi
mocekvavidan meore mcekvaveze upiratesobaTa gardamaval monacvleobas
gvaCvenebs da savaraudoa, rom sartyelis moWedilobis es ori figura
23
cekviT SebrZolebis wess gadmogvcemen. am varaudis gasamyareblad ara
marto figurebis araTanabari mdgomareobebi gamodgeba, aramed maTi
xelebis mimarTulebebic – rogorc es sartyelze kargad Cans, marcxena
figuras marjvena figuris Tavisken aqvs xeli mimarTuli da exeba kidec
mas, xolo marjvena figuris xeli marcxena figuris moieriSe xelis
idayvisken aris mimarTuli (aqac xdeba Sexeba) am ieriSis aRsakveTad.
amgvari cekva ,,muryvamobaSi’’ ,,keisarad’’ wodebuli TiTo meTauris
,,Widaobisa’’ da ,,saqmisaiSi’’ – saqmisaisa da yaenis ,,SebrZolebis’’
scenebis erTgvar gamoxmaurebas warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, mis zemoT
gamosaxuli oTxi figuris mwyobris TrialeTur mwyobrsa da melia-
telefiasTan Sexmianebis faqtsac amyarebs.
nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyelis moWedilobis cekvis amgvari scena,
anu misi wyviluri saxe, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil arc erT sxva
arqeologiur Zeglze ar fiqsirdeba da aqeologiur ikonografiaSi
wyvilTa cekvis unikalur magaliTs warmoadgens.
sacekvao moZraobebis mravalferovneba gamovlindeba Zv. w. aR-is IX-
VII s.s. Tixisa da brinjaos iTifaluri qandakebebis saxiT. pirvel rigSi
gvinda SevexoT gurjaanis raionSi, sofel melaanis maxloblad, adgil
meliReleze mdebare samlocveloSi aRmoCenil Tixis ori WurWlis
fragments, romlebic warmoadgenen am WurWlis saxelurebs, maTze
daZerwili anTropomorfuli reliefuri figurebiT. orive WurWlis
figura SiSveli qalisaa (sur. 29-30) (or-ori burcobiT aRniSnulia gul-
mkerdi) da mTeli taniT, pirdapir aris warmodgenili. figurebs welze
Semortymuli aqvs farTo, ornametirebuli sartyeli, Tavze an, ukeT
saxeze afarebuli unda hqondeT gaurkveveli cxovelis niRabi win
wamoweuli niskartiseburi cxviriT1. orive figuras TiTqmis erTnairi
ieri aqvs da mxolod detalebiT gansxvavdeba. swored es detalebia is,
ramac Cveni yuradReba miiqcia.
erT am figuraTagans orive xeli zeapyrobili aqvs e. w. orantis
pozaSi da mogvagonebs imirisa da aruxlos goris anTropomorfuli
figurebisa da aseve oznis Tixis fialaze mocekvavis gamosaxulebis
1 g. javaxiSvili, `anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1984 w., gv. 47
24
xelis mdgomareobebs. rogorc ukve iTqva, xelebis amgvar mdgomareobas
Semdegi axsna aqvs: erTi, rom misi saSualebiT fiqsirebulia locvis
aqti da meore is, rom igi sacekvao pozis maniSnebelia (xelebis amgvar
mdgomareobas dResac vxvdebiT qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis moZraobebSi)
aSkara sacekvao pozas (romlis dafiqsirebac qarTul xalxur
sasceno qoreografiaSi dResac SeiZleba) gvaCvenebs meliReles meore
figurac, romelsac aRmarTuli aqvs mxolod marjvena xeli, marcxena
xeli ki dabla, TeZosa da mucelze udevs, TiTqos doinjSemoyrilia.
Zlier moZraobaSia gadmocemuli gurjaanis raionSi, kaWreTTan
axlos aRmoCenili anTropomorfuli figura msxvili sartyeliT, sakisre
rkaliT, muzaradiT, saWurveliT (albaT Surduli) da sartyelze
nanadireviT. (sur. 31) kaWreTis es figura Tavisi groteskulobiT
(Tojinas mogvagonebs), zogadi aRWurvilobiT, reliefurad gamoxatuli
falosiT da sxeulis proporciebiT axlos dgas melaanis farian
figurasTan1. (sur. 32)
kaWreTis da melaanis figurebs Soris msgavsebasTan erTad
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic arsebobs. am niSnebidan g. javaxiSvili
gamoyofs: 1) saWurvels, kerZod, erTs fari aqvs, meores _ Surduli;
2)formis modelirebas – kaWreTis figura zogadad aris modelirebuli _
pirisaxis nakvTebi, xelebi TiTqmis sruliad ar aris damuSavebuli,
xolo melaanis figuraze, Tvalebi, cxviri, piri, TiTebi sakmaod kargad
Cans; 3)sxeulis moZraobis xarisxs: Tu melaanis figura fexze myarad
mdgaria gamosaxuli, kaWreTis figura ufro moZravi, dinamikuri da
Zlier moZraobaSia gadmocemuli2.
swored mesame ganmasxvavebeli niSania CvenTvis imis magaliTi, Tu
rogor dgindeba zogadad msgavsi ori adamianis (SesaZlebelia erTi da
igive personaJis) gamosaxulebidan, romeli cekvavs da romeli ubralod
statikur mdgomareobaSia mocemuli. anu adamianis gamosaxulebis
moZraobis xarisxi (ramdenad moZravia Tu ara) gamoavlens masSi cekvis
kvals. magram Cveni azriT, moZraobis xarisxis dadgena arasakmarisi
niSania imisTvis, rom adamianis gamosaxuleba mocekvaved miviCnioT,
1 g. javaxiSvili, `anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1984 w. gv. 52-55 2 iqve, gv. 52-56
25
aucilebelia aseve am moZraobis xasiaTis gamokveTac. magaliTad,
kaWreTisFfiguris marcxena fexi marjvenaze odnav win mdebareobs,
aSkaraa rom figura fexis TiTebidan iwyebs nabijis gadadgmas, fexis
TiTebzeve rCeba marjvena fexi da moZraobis iseTi xasiaTi iqmneba
TiTqos figura raRacas an viRacas unda mieparos. moZraobis miparviT
xasisiaTs met damajereblobas uqmnis metismetad frTxili, idayvebSi
maqsimalurad moxrili xelebi da majebSi moxrili dabla mimarTuli
xelis mtevnebi. xelebis am uCveulod moxrili mdgomareobiT
STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos figura romeliRac cxovels baZavs. ase
rom kaWreTis figuras sakmarisi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs imisTvis, rom igi
mocekvavis gamosaxulebad miviCnioT. am mosazrebis safuZveli, ra Tqma
unda, pirvel rigSi g. javaxiSvilis melaanisa da kaWreTis figurebis
SedarebiTi analizidan gamomdinareobs, romelic kaWreTis figuras
anTropomorfuli figurebis im rigs miakuTvnebs, romlebic Zlier
moZraobaSia gadmocemuli da romlebsac mkvlevarebi (S. amiranaSvili, d.
janeliZe) berikebad Tu mocekvaveebad miiCneven1.
Zlier moZraobaSia warmodgenili SorapanSi aRmoCenili mamakacis
iTifaluri figura (sur. 33). figuris marcxena xelis muStSi da marcxena
fexis muxlSi vertikaluri naxvretia, rac g. javaxiSvilis varaudiT
ritualuri Standartis boloze wamosacmelia2. g. javaxiSvilive iZleva
figuris moZraobis axsnas: ,,marjvena fexi muxlSi odnav aqvs moxrili,
xolo marcxenas TiTqos win dgams – Zlier aqvs moxrili da win gaweuli.
orive mklavi aweulia mxrebis simaRleze da win aqvs gawvdili’’3.
kidurebis amgvari mdgomareobebiT, Cveni azriT, fiqsirebulia sacekvao
moZraobis pirveli nawili, anu figura erTdroulad, mcire buqns akeTebs
marjvena fexze, marcxena fexs xris muxlis saxsarSi da muxliT maRla
aisvris. fexebis am moZraobis Tanadroulad xdeba damuStuli xelebis
win da maRla mxrebis simaRleze asrolac. rac Seexeba moZraobis meore
nawils, savaraudod igi mosamzadebeli mdgomareobaa, rodesac mocekvave
welSi gamarTuli, sxeulis gaswvriv CamoSvebuli, damuStuli xelebiT
1 g. javaxiSvili, `anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi~, Tb. 1984 w. gv. 56 2 iqve, gv. 56 3 iqve, gv. 56
26
muxlebSi gamarTul fexebze dgas da emzadeba moZraobis pirveli
nawilis Sesasruleblad, oRond fexebis moZraobis SecvliT. e. i.
mocekvave xan marjvena fexidan asrulebs moZraobis pirvel nawils, xan
marcxena fexidan. amgvari moZraoba Semtev xasiaTs avlens, rac imis Tqmis
saSualebas iZleva, rom Sorapnis figura sabrZolo cekvis
Semsruleblad iqnas miCneuli.
sainteresoa arRunis xeobis figura, romelic warmoadgens dabal,
uweso formis kvarcxlbekze Seyenebul mamakacs Zlier moZraobaSi1. (sur.
34) figura TiTqos ,,damanWul-dagrexilia’’, sxeulis amgvari mdgoma-
reobiT Tavisebur sacekvao mdgomareobas gadmogvcems da Cveni azriT,
,,berikaobaSi’’ Txis rolis Semsruleblis cekva TamaSs exmianeba, rac
mayureblebs sicils gvris2. arRunis xeobis meoTxe figuris dinamikuri
mdgomareobis ,,manWva-grexvad’’ aRqmas xels uwyobs Setyupebuli fexebi,
romlebic terfebidan muclamde marcxniv aris Sebrunebuli da zeda
tani, romelic muclidan Tavis CaTvliT, qveda tanis sapirispirod,
marjvniv aris Sebrunebuli da odnav marcxniv aris gadaxrili. am
moZraobis kargad warmosaCenad figuris xelebi zeaRmarTuli da ganze
gaweulia, marjvena xelSi TiTqos xelSubi uWiravs, marcxenaSi –
gaurkveveli sagani. arRunis xeobis meoTxe figurasTan msgavsebas
amJRavnebs daRestanSi napovni figurebic. (sur. 35)
aSkara sacekvao qmedebebze miuTiTeben daRestanSive aRmoCenili ori
figura: erTis torsi da mklavebi erTmaneTisagan diferencirebuli ar
aris. figura uformo, gamarTul mdgomareobaSi mocemul marcxena fexze
dgas, marjvena ki arabunebrivad aris asrolili marjvniv (sur. 36) da
mTlianobaSi kidurebi erTob saxasiaTo sacekvao moZraobas afiqsireben,
ise, rom SesaZlebelia fiqsirebuli moZraobis savaraudo gagrZelebis
danaxvac, rodesac mocekvave, isev mucelze xelebdawyobili
mdgomareobiT, asrolili marjvena fexis dadgmisTanave marcxena fexs
aisvris marcxniv.
daRestnis meore figuras fexebi SeerTebuli aqvs, rkaliseburi
mklavebidan marjvena mxridan TeZomde dablaa daSvebuli, marcxena ki
1 g. javaxiSvili, `anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi~, Tb. 1984 w. gv. 57 2 g. wereTeli, ,,berikaoba’’, Jurnali ,,kvali’’, 1893w. #5, gv. 8
27
zeaRmarTulia da uerTdeba Tavs (sur. 37). mklavebis amgvari
mdgomareobiT es figura erTis mxriv, zust msgavsebas amJRavnebs
indoeTSi, nilgiriis Zvel dasaxlebaSi aRmoCenil qandakebasTan1 (sur. 38)
da meores mxriv, exmianeba qarTul cekvebSi gamoyenebul xelis
mdgomareobebs. magaliTad moZraoba ,,Cakvris’’ Sesrulebisas qalis
xelebis pozicias.
sakmaod dinamikuri gamomsaxveloba aqvs daRestnidan momdinare
kidev erT figuras (sur. 39), romelic farTod gaSlil da muxlebSi
moxril fexebze, Camjdar mdgomareobaSia mocemuli. Tumca, Camjdari
mdgomareobis mixdeviT ar unda vifiqroT, rom figura zis da ar
moZraobs. amgvar azrs ewinaaRmdegeba ara marto is, rom fexebis
daboloebebi erT xazze ar aris mocemuli da marjvena marcxenaze
SedarebiT win dgas, aramed zeda tanis odnav gadaxriloba marcxniv,
aseve marcxniv gadaxrili Tavi da tanze daSorebuli da dabla
daSvebuli xelebi. figuras idayvSi moxrili marjvena xeli aqvs, rac
kidev ufro met dinamikas aZlevs sxeuls. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom igi
muxlebSi Camjdari moZraobs da, amgvarad, exmianeba ,,farulas’’
saxelwodebiT cnobil, cekva ,,xorumisaTvis’’ damaxasiaTebel moZraobas.
yvela figuris (maTi aRmoCenis adgilebis miuxedavad),
gansakuTrebiT fexebisa da xelebis mdgomareobebi, savsebiT naTels xdis
imas, rom isini romeliRac saweso moqmedebis dros garkveul pozaSi
damdgar adamianebs gamoxataven. figurebis dinamikuri pozebis semantika
warmarTuli DdResaswaulebis: saqmisais, berikaobis, yeenobis, foTliT
cekvis, fadikos, daTvobias da harikelas Sesrulebis wesebis SeswavliT
irkveva. Tumca, ar arsebobs cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom raime konkretuli
saxelwodebis cekva sruldeboda (garda saqmisaisa) aRniSnul warmarTul
dResaswaulebSi. safiqrebelia, rom aq Sesrulebuli cekvebi yovelTvis
improvizirebuli iyo da yuradReba ZiriTadad erotiul da saarSiyo
scenebs eqceoda. brinjaos iTifaluri qandakebebis sacekvao
mdgomareobebic imaze metyveleben, rom isini erT romelime konkretul
cekvas ki ar asruleben, aramed gansxvavebul saxeebs qmnian, Tumca,
1 Э. А. Королева, «Ранние формы танса», Кишинев, 1977г. Стр. 142, рис. 59
28
Tundac TavianTi iTifalobiT, erTi saweso qmedebis personaJebs
ganasaxiereben.
`saqmisaÁ~, `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~ ,,fadiko’’, ,,daTvobia’’ da ,,foTliT
cekva’’ Tavisi Sesrulebis tradiciebiT erTmaneTTan axlos dganan:
o gazafxulis damdegs sruldeboda (umetesad yvelieris
kviraSi) saqmisai, berikaoba, yeenoba, fadiko, daTvobia;
o satrfialo scenis warmodgena xdeba (saqmoba) saqmisaiSi,
berikaobaSi, yeenobaSi, fadikoSi, daTvobiaSi, FfoTliT
cekvaSi;
o qalis dauflebisaTvis brZolas gadmogvcems saqmisai,
yeenoba, fadiko da daTvobia. Tumca amgvari scenis miaxloebul
variantad SeiZleba miviCnioT: 1) ,,berikaobaSi’’ scena, rodesac
Txis niRbiani berika mefe dedoflis sacekvao duetSi erTveba
da TiTqos ,,Secdenis’’ mizniT xan vaJs, xan qals raRacas
CasCurCulebs da F2) ,,foTliT cekvaSi’’ scena, rodesac qal-
vaJi TavdaviwyebiT uvlian, ,,foTlis’’ vaJs ki Semoatarebdnen
sacekvao wres, gaarRvevdnen wres da SigniT Seagdebdnen, ris
Semdegac igi iwyebda cekvas da vaJs qals waarTmevda...’’
da Tu maT Soris rame gansxvaveba SeiniSneba, Cveni azriT, es gamowveulia
iqidan, rom aRniSnuli sanaxaobebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
sruldeboda da droTa ganmavlobaSi maT gansxvavebuli saxeebi da
saxelwodebebi miiRes. Tavidan ki maT erTi safuZveli gaaCndaT, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo gazafxulis dResaswaulTan, aRorZinebis, ganaxlebisa
da ganayofierebis RvTaebis kultTan. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu S.
amiranaSvili Tvlis, rom brinjaos iTifiluri qandakebebi `saqmisaÁs~
ritualSi monawile pirebi arian. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom isini
`berikaobis~, `yeenobis~, ,,fadikos’’, ,,daTvobias’’ ,,foTliT cekvis’’
sanaxaobis personaJebs exmianebian garda amisa uSualo kavSirs
amJRavneben iTifaloba damaxasiaTebel ,,foTliT cekvasTan’’ da
,,harikelas’’ wesTan.
29
Tavi VI samadlos qvevris moxatuloba da mocekvaveTa gamosaxulebebi
ritualuri atributikis gareSe
saferxulo cekvebis ikonografiulad TiTqmis erTmaneTis msgavsi
magaliTebia mocemuli Zv. w. aR-is IV-I s.s. samadlos isarnasa (sur. 40)
da qvevrze. (sur. 41, 42, 43)
i. gagoSiZe `isarnis~ da qvevris ferxuls vazTan, RvinosTan da
nayofierebis kultTan akavSirebs. aqve mohyavs e. TayaiSvilis cnobac,
romlis mixedviTac tao-klarjeTSi, parxals qvemoT qarTul soflebSi
rTvelis dResaswaulze tangaxdili Wabukebi ferxuls cekvaven da
yurZnis mtevnebs ikideben tanze1. amiT TiTqos imis xazgasma surs, rom
isarnasa da qvevrze gamosaxul ferxulebs SesaZloa raRac kavSiri
hqondes tangaxdili Wabukebis am ferxulTan.
ver vityviT, rom es mosazreba axlos ar aris sinamdvilesTan,
radgan isarna uSualod warmoadgens WurWels, romelSic sawnaxelidan
gamosuli tkbili inaxeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, dakavSirebulia
rTvelTan. xolo rac Seexeba qvevrs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es WurWeli
uSualo sameurneo xasiaTs ar atarebs, simbolurad aris dakavSirebuli
nayofierebis kultTan. mas ritualuri funqcia akisria _ warmarTuli
periodis adamiani amgvar WurWels umzadebs nayofierebis RvTaebas da
amiT SesTxovs mas uxv mosavals, mosavlis siuxveSi ki, ra Tqma unda,
ganisazRvreba yurZnis mosavalic. garda amisa, isarnasa da qvevrze
gamoxatuli ferxulebi erTmaneTs hgavs: (sur. 44)
meferxuleebi moZraoben zurgiT centrisken.
rogorc isarnis, aseve qvevris ferxulis Sesrulebisas
xelebi ,,xelixelCakidebul’’ mdgomareobaSia. am ferxulebis
moZraobebs unda axasiaTebdes Sextomebi, rac ufro metad
SeimCneva isarnis meferxuleTa cekvaSi.
erTnairi unda iyos meferxuleTa samosic, samkuTxedad
amoWrili gulis piriT.
ferxulebis Sesrulebis manerac erTnairia da erTnairi
mxatvrul-sadResaswaulo ganwyobas qmnis. rogorc aRiniSna,
1 i. gagoSiZe, `samadlos naqalaqarze~, `freska~, almanaxi 7, Tbilisi, 1975 w. gv.35.
30
SesaZlebelia, es dResaswaulic rTvelTan iyos
dakavSirebuli.
isarnisa da qvevris ferxulebs Soris msgavsebasTan erTad
gansxvavebac SeiniSneba, rac gamoixateba:
meferxuleTa moZraobis mimarTulebaSi (Tu isarnis
meferxuleebi saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
moZraoben, qvevris meferxuleebi piriqiT saaTis isris
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraoben);
SemsrulebelTa raodenobaSi (Tu isarnis ferxuls oTxi
mocekvave asrulebs, qvevris ferxulSi aTi mocekvavea
Cabmuli);
amasTanave isarnis ferxuli ar aris mocemuli raime sxva
kompoziciasTan erTad, qvevris ferxuli ki aSkarad
miTologiuri kompoziciis nawils warmoadgens, radgan im
frizze, romelzec es ferxulia gamoxatuli, mocemulia xuTi
gedismagvari frinvelis procesiac, romelic am ferxulis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraobs. ferxulisa da
frinvelebis procesia, erTmaneTisgan gamoyofilia ori
erTmaneTTan cxviriT dakavSirebuli samkuTxedis niSnebiT,
rac zemoT mTavris RvTaebis kultTan dakavSirebul
simbolod miviCnieT. magram am SemTxvevaSi es niSani
amobrunebulia da Sesabamisad mas sxva mniSvneloba unda
hqondes. SesaZlebelia maT mxolod da mxolod ferxulisa da
frinvelebis procesiis erTmaneTisgan gamomyofi daniSnuleba
aqvT. rac Seexeba frinvelebs, vfiqrobT, isini Sesawirs
warmoadgenen nayofierebis RvTaebis mimarT, rasac mamrobiTi
saxe unda gaaCndes. amas mowmobs zeda frizis moxatuloba
brZolisa da iremze nadirobis scenebiT, romelSic
SeiaraRebuli mamakaci, mxedrebi da qveiTebi monawileoben.
Aam niSanTagan, CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, qvevris ferxulisgan
gansxvavebiT, isarnis ferxulis ritualuri atributikis gareSe
gamosaxvaa, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Zv. w. aR-is IV-I s.s. cekva ritualis
ganuyofeli nawilia, magram is SeiZleba warmogvidges damoukidebeli
31
saxiTac da misi daniSnuleba esTetikuri siamovnebis miRebac SeiZleba
iyos.
cekvis damoukidebeli saxiT ganviTarebaze aSkarad metyvelebs kidev
erTi arqeologiuri Zegli Zv. w. aR-is IV-III s.s. daTariRebuli
kavTisxevis brinjaos sabeWdavi (sur. 45). igi aRmoCenilia 1975-76 ww.
kavTisxevis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas kavTisxevis ,,daWrilebis’’
samarovnis #25 qvevrsamarxSi, arqeolog nodar nakaiZis mier1.
beWedze gamosaxul adamians ar aqvs saxis nakvTebi, Tumca
SesamCnevad aris amokveTili Tavi da yeli. STambeWdavia misi xelebis
mdgomareoba: orive xeli arxiseburi xazebiT aris amokveTili da
idayvebamde mxrebis simaRlezea gaSlili. marcxena xeli marTi kuTxiT
idayvSia moxrili da maRla aris aRmarTuli, xolo aseve marTi kuTxiT
idayvSi moxrili marjvena xeli dablaa daSvebuli. msxvili wertilebiT
aris amokveTili xelis TiTebi. figuris tani trapeciis formisaa, xolo
qveda kidurebi, xelebis msgavsad, arxiseburi xazebiT aris amokveTili.
AaSkaraa, rom kavTisxevis sabeWdavze mocemul adamianis
gamosaxulebas dinamiuroba axasiaTebs. amas mowmobs gamosaxulebis win
gadadgmuli marjvena fexi, romelic odnav aris moxrili muxlis
saxsarSi da mis ukan mdebare marcxena fexi, romlis terfi marjvena
fexis terfze SesamCnevad maRlaa amokveTili.
Cveni azriT, figura sacekvao moZraobis Sesrulebisas gardamaval
poziciaSia dafiqsirebuli, rodesac sxeulis simZime mTlianad marjvena
fexze unda gadavides. Tumca, sxeulis wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ukan darCenili marcxena fexic.
beWedze gamosaxuli adamiani rom cekvavs, amasve amtkicebs misi
xelebis uCveulo mdgomareobac, romelic dRevandel qarTul sacekvao
moZraobebis elementbTan mimarTebaSi garkveul asociaciebsac iwvevs.
magaliTad, igi Zalian emsgavseba cekva qarTulis Sesrulebisas vaJis
,,xelcvlas’’ da aseve ,,moxevuri’’ sacekvao moZraobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel xelis mdgomareobebs.
1 ,,kavTisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi’’, ,,mecniereba’’, Tbilisi 1980w. gv. 39 tab. XXXIX
32
daskvna
amgvarad, ganxiluli arqeologiuri Zeglebi mravalferovania ara
mxolod rogorc nivTebi, romelTa Soris vxvdebiT Tass, sartyels,
qvevrs, isarnas, sabeWdavs, reliefur da gamoZerwil Tixisa da brinjaos
qandakebebs, aramed sacekvao ikonografiiTac aq mocemulia calkeuli
sacekvao poza-mdgomareobebi, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia cekvis naxazze
da aris wyvilSi Sesrulebuli cekvac.
Gsacekvao informaciis mqone arqeologiuri Zeglebis genezisi iwyeba
neoliT-eneoliTis xanidan da mivdivarT Zv. w. aR-is I saukunemde. Zv. w.
aR-is IV-III s.s. ki kavTisxevis figura, TiTqos, raRac CarCoebSi aqcevs
qaruli cekvis ganviTarebis gzas, rodesac SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom
ukve am saqmiT dakavebuli adaianebi erTgvar profesiul xasiaTs
atareben da imdroindeli qarTveli tomebisTvis cekva yoveldRiuri
cxorebis mniSvnelovani nawilia. es rom asea, amis dasturad SeiZleba
moviyvanoT qsenofontes cnobac, romlis mixedviTac: ,,mosinikebi
(uZvelesi qarTveli tomi) cekvis unars zenaars miawerdnen, amitom
arcerT SemTxvevas ar uSvebdnen xelidan, rom TavianTi sacekvao
xelovneba ar eCvenebinaT. isini, Turme, brZolis dawyebis winac
cekvavdnen, xolo mtris damarcxebisa da gaqcevis Semdeg, moklulebs
Tavebs aWridnen, fexebiT aTamaSebdnen da maT simReras cekvasa da
mxiarulebas sazRvari ar hqonda’’. 1
1 l. gvaramaZe, ,,qarTuli sacekvao folklori’’, Tbilisi 1997w. gv. 77
33
i l u s t r a c i e b i sur. 1 bizon – arwivis skulptura (miaxloebiTi asaki – 34 500 weli)
sur. 2 bizon – arwivis skulpturis paleoqoreografiuli rekonstruqcia
sur. 3 imiris goris mrokav - mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR. VI _ IV aTaswleulebi)
34
sur. 4 aruxlos goris mrokav – mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR. VI _ IV aTaswleulebi)
sur. 5 imiris goris mrokav – mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR. VI _ IV aTaswleulebi)
35
sur. 6 imiris goris mrokav – mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR. VI _ IV aTaswleulebi)
sur. 7 valkamonikas kldis figurebi
36
sur. 8 ,,yuncula’’ - oznis Tixis fialis I niSani (Zv. w. aR. IV _ III aTaswleulebi)
sur. 9 ,,mrokavi urCxuli’’ _ rexis qvis gamosaxuleba (Zv. w. aR. IV _ III s.s.)
sur. 10 oznis Tixis fiala (Zv. w. aR. IV _ III aTaswleulebi)
37
sur. 11 oznis Tixis fialis niSnebi (b. kuftinis mixedviT)
sur. 12 oznis fialis xis gamosaxuleba
sur. 13 ,,yuncula’’ xelebapyrobili mrokavi
sur. 14 oznis fialis sarkiseburi me-2-e da me-5-e niSnebi
38
sur. 15 oznis fialis niSani (b. kuftinis da d. janeliZis mixedviT me-4-e niSani)
sur. 16 mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikis xatovani niSnebi, xevsurul ornamentSi damowmebuli ,,rqani’’ da oznis fialis II da V niSanTa detalebi
39
sur. 17 oznis fialis niSanTa rigiToba Cveneuli interpretaciiT I niSani
II niSani
40
III niSani
IV niSani
41
V niSani
sur. 18 sveticxovlis samxreT kedelze gamosaxuli freskis detali
42
sur. 19 suxiSvilebis qarTuli nacionaluri baleti cekva ,,samaia’’
sur. 20 rexis qvis, oznis Tixis fialis da imir-aruxlos goris gamosaxulebebi
sur. 21 rexis qvis da oznis Tixis fialis gamosaxulebebi
43
sur. 22 TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi (Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleulis I naxevari)
sur. 23 uruqis alebastris WurWeli (Zv. w. aR. 3200 – 3000w.w.)
44
sur. 24 karatepes samxreT kedlis reliefuri kompozicia
sur. 25 saTovle nabaRrebis brinjaos sartyeli (Zv. w. aR. IX – VII s.s.)
sur. 26 saTovle nabaRebis sartyelis kompoziciis zeda scena
sur. 27 TrialeTis Tassa da saTovle nabaRrebis sartyelze gamosaxuli
mwyobri
45
sur. 28 saTovle nabaRrebis sartyelze gamosaxuli ori niRbosnis cekva
sur. 29 melaanSi aRmoCenil Tixis WurWelze gamosaxuli SiSveli qalis figura I (Zv. w. aR. IX-VIIs.s.)
sur. 30 melaanis SiSveli qalis figura II
46
sur. 31 kaWreTis brinjaos iTifaluri qandakeba
sur. 32 melaanis fariani figura
sur. 33 Sorapnis iTifaluri qandakeba
47
sur. 34 arRunis xeobis figura
sur. 35 daRestnis figurebi
sur. 36 daRestnis figura
48
sur. 37 daRestnis figura
sur. 38 anTropomorfuli qandakeba nilgiriidan (indoeTi)
sur. 39 daRestnis figura
49
sur. 40 samadlos isarna (Zv. w. aR. IV – I s.s.)
sur. 41 samadlos qvevri (Zv. w. aR. IV _ I s.s)
sur. 42 samadlos qvevris moxatuloba
50
sur. 43 samadlos qvevris moxatuloba
sur. 44 samadlos qvevrisa da isarnis ferxulebi
sur. 45 kavTisxevSi aRmoCenil beWedze gamosaxuli mocekvave (Zv. w. aR. IV-III)