q methodology charles c. sule m.a.sc. ph.d. candidate - environmental applied science &...
TRANSCRIPT
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Q Methodology
Charles C. Sule M.A.Sc.Ph.D. Candidate - Environmental Applied Science & Management
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Presentation Overview
Origins and history of Q Method
Differences between ‘Q’ and ‘R’ methods and the q-sort
What Q means by ‘subjectivity’
Participant and sample selection
Data analysis with PQMethod
Factor interpretation Summary Questions
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Origins of Q Methodology
Conceived by William Stephenson (pictured), who had Ph.D.s in both physics and psychology
Assistant to Charles Spearman, pioneer of factor analysis
‘Technique of factor analysis.’ Nature, 1935, 136(3434), p.297
http://qmethod.org/images/WSpix1.jpg
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Q Sort
Typically statements written on cards
‘Forced distribution’ to a standard curve
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Pers
ons
‘R’ Methods
Simple data matrix
Pearson’s ‘r’
r = 0.80 r = -0.80 r = 0.00
Variables
1 2 3 4 m
a ax1 ax2 ax3 ax4 axm
b bx1 bx2 bx3 bx4 bxm
c cx1 cx2 cx3 cx4 cxm
d dx1 dx2 dx3 dx4 dxm
n nx1 nx2 nx3 nx4 nxm
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Operant Subjectivity
According to Watts (2011: 39) an ‘operant’ behaviour possesses two qualities:
1. an operant is produced and emitted naturally, without need for special training or any other form of artificial induction.
2. an operant is defined by the relationship it establishes with, and the impact it makes upon, the immediate environment.
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Operant Subjectivity
Subjectivity is NOT some part of our consciousness
“It is not ‘inside’ us” (Watts, 2011: 39), Q is not a kind of phenomenological account
An expression of operant subjectivity can be recorded in a ‘Q-sort’
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Q Method
Participants are called the ‘p-set’ Who are they? How many?
Statement sample is called the ‘q-set’ Concourse theory – the ‘universe’ of
possible statements Select a representative sample from
the concourse – the q-set
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Q Method
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Factor extraction
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Factor rotation
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Factor scores
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Factor interpretation
Factor Scores -- For Factor 1# Statement Z-SCORES3 Organic is beneficial to biodiversity 1.80447 Org farming returns material to the soil 1.80140 For org to be fair, animals need well-being 1.69533 Fertilizers shall not harm the environment 1.42428 Eating food grown in a particular way 1.172 1 No consistent scientific evidence of better nutrition -1.38119 Animal health on org not necessarily better -1.518 4 No nutritional differences between org and conv -1.62745 There are no safety differences between org and conv -1.79846 An animal has good welfare if not diseased or ill -2.264
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Q-Summary
Measures expressions of subjectivity Suited to exploratory, small n
studies Q-bie, q-munity… Kent State listserv just turned 22!
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References
Stephenson, W. (1935). Correlating persons instead of tests. Journal of Personality, 4(1), 17–24.
Watts, S. (2011). Subjectivity as operant: a conceptual exploration and discussion. Operant Subjectivity, 35(1): 37–47.
Watts, S. & Stenner, P. (2012). Doing Q methodological research: theory, method and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd.