q & a (protozoa)

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PROTOZOA

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Page 1: Q & A (Protozoa)

PROTOZOA

Page 2: Q & A (Protozoa)

1. Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora (Honigber and Balamuth, 1963)

1.1. Flagellates

1.2. Hemoflagellates1.2.1. Hemoflagellates1.2.2. Mucosoflagellates

1.3. Amoebas1.3.1. Intestinal Amoebas

2. Subphylum: Ciliophora (Doflein, 1910)

2.1. Balantidum coli

2.2. Symbiotic ciliates

Page 3: Q & A (Protozoa)

3. Subphylum: Apicomplexa (Levine, 1970)

3.1. Coccidians3.1.1. Eimeria3.2.1. Isospora3.3.1. Cryptosporidium3.4.1. Toxoplasma3.5.1. Neospora3.6.1. Hammondia 3.7.1. Sarcocystis

3.2. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis Organism 3.2.1. Besnotia 3.2.2. Klossiella 3.2.2. Hepatozoon

Page 4: Q & A (Protozoa)

PROTOZOA Phylum: Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum: Mastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora

Order: KinotoplastideaFamily: TryponosomatidaeFamily: Cryptobiidae

Order: TrichomonadidaFamily: TrichomonadidaeFamily:

MonocercomonadidaeFamily: RetortamonadidaeFamily: CochlosomatidaeFamily: Hexamitidae

Subphylum: Sarcodina Family: Endamoebidae Family: Vahlkampfidae Family: Hartmannellidae

Page 5: Q & A (Protozoa)

Phylum: ApicomplexaClass: SporozoeaSubclass: Coccidia

Order: EucoccidiideaFamily: EimeriidaeFamily:

SarcocystidaeFamily:

HaemogregarinidaeSuborder: Haemisporina

Family:Plasmodiidae

Subclass: PiroplasmaOrder: Piroplasmida

Family: BabesiidaeFamily: Thileriidae

Page 6: Q & A (Protozoa)

Phylum: Microspora

Class: Microsporea

Phylum: Myxozoa

Class: Myxosporea

Phylum: Ciliophora

Class: Kinetofragminophorea

Order: Rickettsiales

Page 7: Q & A (Protozoa)

INTRODUCTION OF

PROTOZOA

Page 8: Q & A (Protozoa)

1. General Characteristics

1.1. Unicellular animals

1.2. Do not have a chlorophyll - containing chromatopores

1.3. Mode of nutrition is holozoic

1.4. Have a well-defined nucleus

1.5. Do not have a rigid cell wall1.5.1. Marked variation in size and shape

Page 9: Q & A (Protozoa)

2. Nucleus

2.1. Eukaryotic (protozoa) 2.1.1 Nucleus enclosed in a membrane

2.2. Prokaryotic (bacteria) 2.2.1. Nucleus dispersed in cytoplasm

2.3. Number of nucleus in protozoa is usually one

2.4. Others have more than one

Page 10: Q & A (Protozoa)

2.5. Types of nucleus2.5.1. Vesicular nucleus

2.5.1.1. Has nuclear membrane w/c bounds the nucleoplasm in which, lying more or less central, is an intranuclear body, the endosome (or kayrosome) or nucleolus

2.5.1.1.1.Endosome is devoid of DNA

2.5.1.1.2.Nucleolus has DNA

2.5.1.1.3. Seen in Mastigophora and Sarcodina

Page 11: Q & A (Protozoa)

3. Cytoplasm

3.1. Extranuclear part of the protozoan cell3.2. Has 2 parts: Outer ectoplasm & Inner endoplasm

4. Locomotion

4.1. Movement is by gliding

4.2. Locomotory organelles4.2.1. Pseudopodia

4.2.1.1. Used by amoeba-like organisms4.2.1.2. Temporary; formed when required &

retracted when not needed

Page 12: Q & A (Protozoa)

5. Organelles of nutrition

5.1. Pseudopodia5.1.1. Organelles for amoeba-like organisms

5.2. Cytosome5.2.1. An opening through w/c food particles are

engulfed & passed to food vacuoles5.2.2. In ciliates the cytosome may be lined with cilia

w/c further assist in ingestion of food

5.3. Food vacuole5.3.1. Occurs in cytoplasm & contains particulate

material in various stages of digestion

Page 13: Q & A (Protozoa)

6. Nutrition of Protozoa

6.1. Holophytic 6.1.1. Forms which possess chlorophyll6.1.1.2. None of this form of veterinary importance

6.2. Holozoic6.2.1. Utilizes preformed food 6.2.2. Food ingested by pseudopodia or through a

cytosome & passes to a food vacuole for digestion

6.3. Saprozoic6.3.1. Absorbs nutrients through the body wall, these

being utilized directly by the organisms

Page 14: Q & A (Protozoa)

7. Excretion of waste products

7.1. Occurs directly through the body wall

7.2. By means of contractile vacuoles which periodically discharge waste material through the body wall or, in a few instances, through the anal pore

Page 15: Q & A (Protozoa)

8. Reproduction of Protozoa

8.1. Asexual

8.1.1. Binary fission8.1.1.1. Commonest form of asexual reproduction8.1.1.2. Two daughter cells result from a

“parent” cell8.1.1.3. Division being along the longitudinal

axis8.1.1.3.1. Ciliates divide along

the transverse axis8.1.1.4. Nucleus divides first and cytoplasmic

division follows

Page 16: Q & A (Protozoa)

8.1.2. Schizogany8.1.2.1. nucleus divides several times before the cytoplasm does8.1.2.2. In some forms the nucleus of parent cell divides mitotically into a large number of nuclear bodies, each of which becomes associated with a portion of the cytoplasm & little or nothing of the parent cell remains except the greatly expanded limiting membrane

8.1.2.2.1. Dividing form is known as schizont8.1.2.2.2. Daughter forms are merozoites

8.1.3. Budding8.1.3.1. Two or many daughter forms are produced by the

“parent” cell.8.1.3.2. There is usually an unequal fragmentation of the

nucleus & cytoplasm8.1.3.3. The budded forms are separated off and then grow

to full size

Page 17: Q & A (Protozoa)

8.1.4. Endopolyogeny8.1.4.1. This is an internal budding whereby new progeny is

formed within the parent cell8.1.4.2. Endodyogeny is a simplified form of endopolyogeny,

resulting in 2 daughter cells8.1.4.3. Seeen in forms such as Toxoplasma & Sarcocystis

8.1.5. Sporogony8.1.4.1. follows syngamy

Page 18: Q & A (Protozoa)

8.2. Sexual8.2.1. Conjugation

8.2.1.1. Occurs in ciliate8.2.1.2. Two organisms pair and exchange nuclear material (from the micronucleus)8.2.1.3. Individuals separate & nuclear reorganization takes place

8.2.2. Syngamy8.2.2.1. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote8.2.2.2. Males gamete is a microgamete

8.2.2.2.1. Produce from microgamonts or microgametocyte8.2.2.3. Female gamete is a macrogamete

8.2.2.3.1. Produce from macrogamonts or macrogametocytes

8.2.3. Gametogony8.2.3.1. Process of gamete formation8.2.3.2. Isogamy - gametes are similar in size8.2.3.3. Anisogmy - gametes of different sizes

Page 19: Q & A (Protozoa)

Life Cycle of Trypanosoma

Page 20: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Trypanosoma vivax1

Glossina spp./MT Proboscis Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, camels antelope6 (long forms)

T

Trypanosoma uniforme1

Glossina spp/MT Proboscis Cattle, sheep, goat, antelope (short forms)

T

Trypanosoma congolense2

Glossina spp/MT Proboscis & midgut

All domestic animals & wild game animals: antelope, zebra, warthog, elephant (short forms)

T

Trypanosoma dimorphon2

Glossina spp/MT Proboscis & midgut

Cattle, sheep, horses, pigs (long forms)

T

Trypanosoma simiae2

Glossina spp/MT Proboscis & midgut

Cattle, horses, pig (polymorphic)

T

Trypanosoma suis3

Glossina spp/MT Midgut & salivary glands

Pigs (short forms)

T

Page 21: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Trypanosoma brucei4

Glossina spp/MT Midgut & salivary glands

Domestic animals & antelopes (polymorphic)

T Intra-cellular tissues fluid

Trypanosoma rhodesiensi4

Glossina spp/MT Midgut & salivary glands

Man & antelopes (polymorphic)

T

Trypanosoma gambiense4

Glossina spp/MT Midgut & salivary glands

Man (polymorphic)

T Lymph nodes & CNS

Trypanosoma evansi5

Stomoxys, Liperosa, Tabanus

Mechanical transmission

Cattle, camels, equines, dogs, etc

T

Trypanosoma equinum5

Trypanosoma equiperdum5

Mechanical by coitus

Equines (polymorphism inconstant)

1 Section Salivaria, Subgenus Duttonella; 2Salivaria, Subgenus Nannomonas; 3Salivaria, Subgenus Pscnomonas; 4Salivaria, Subgenus Trypanozoon (cyclically transmitted); 5Salivaria, Subgenus Trypanozoon (mechanically transmitted; 6Reservoir host ; MT= Metacyclic Trypomatigote; T = Trypomastigote

Page 22: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate

Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication

occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Trypanosoma theileri1

Tabanus & Haematopota

Posterior station

Bovine esp Cattle

Trypomastigote & epimastigote

Lymph nodes & inner organs

Trypanosoma melophagium1

Melophagus ovinus/ metacyclic trypomastigote

Posterior station

sheep

Trypanosoma thedori1

Hippoboscid fly Lipoptena caprina/ metacyclic trypomastigote

Posterior station

goats

Trypanosoma lewisi2

Ceratophyllus fasciatus/ metacyclic trypomastigote

Posterior station

rats

Trypanosoma nabiasi2

Spilopsylla cuniculi/ metacyclic trypomastigote

Posterior station

rabbit

Trypanosoma rangeli2

Triatomid bugs/ metacyclic trypomastigote

Posterior station

Man, dog, cat, opossum, monkey, man, dog & cat

Page 23: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate

Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication

occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Trypanosoma cruzi3

Ruduviidae/ metacyclic trypomastigote

Posterior station/ monomorphic

Dogs, cats, pigs, foxes, ferrets, squirrels, & monkeys & man

TrypomastigoteAmasstigote – dividing form

Heart muscles & Visceral organs

Cryptobia borreli

Leeches/metacyclic trypomastigote

Fresh water fishes (rainbow & brown trouts, coho & king salmon)

trypomastigote blood

Cryptobia brachialis

Leeches/metacyclic trypomastigote

Marine fishes trypomastigote Gill filaments

Cryptobia cyprini

Leeches/metacyclic trypomastigote

Carp, golfish trypomastigote blood

1 Section Stercoraria, Subgenus Megatrypanum; 2Stercoraria, Subgenus Herpetosoma; 3Stercoraria, Subgenus Schizotrypanum

Page 24: Q & A (Protozoa)

Life Cycle of Leishmania

Page 25: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate

Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication

occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Leishmania donovani1

Phlebotomus/ promastigote

midgut Human, cause of Kala-azar. Dog & roents serves as reservoir hosts

amastigote

Leishmania infantum1

Phlebotomus chinensis/ promastigote

midgut Man. Dog, fox, jackal, porcupines as reservoir hosts

amastigote

Leishmania chagasi1

Phlebotomus chinensis/ promastigote

midgut Human & dogs.Dogs & crab-eating fox reservoir hosts

amastigoe Liver, spleen bone marrow

Leishmania tropica2

Phlebotomus/ promastigote

midgut Man & dogs. Gerbils & rodents are reservoirs

amastigoe Macrophages, endothelial cells, skin lymph nodes

Page 26: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate

Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication

occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Leishmania aethiopica2

Phlebotomus longipes/ promastigote

midgut Man. Reservoir host is rock hyraxes

amastigoe Skin

Leishmania majori2

Phlebotomus papatasi/ promastigote

midgut Wild mammals & man. Tree rat, pocket mouse & cotton & vesper rats are reservoirs

amastigoe Skin

Leishmania mexicana mexicana3

Lutzomyia olmeca/ promastigote

midgut Dogs, cats, pigs, foxes, ferrets, squirrels, & monkeys & man

amastigoe Ear

Leishmania mexicana amazonensis3

Lutzomyia flaviscutellata/ promastigote

midgut Rodents. Rarely infects man. Rodents reservoirs

amastigoe

Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis4

Lutzomyia paraensis, Lut. wellcomei/ promastigote

midgut Forest rodents are reservoir hosts. Man

amastigoe Skin mucous membrane

Page 27: Q & A (Protozoa)

ParasitesIntermediate

Host (IH)/ Stage In IH

Cyclical Development occurs in IH

Final Host

Stage in w/c multiplication

occurs in Final Host

Locali-zation

Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis4

Lutzomyia anduzei/ promastigote

midgut Dog & man amastigoe Skin

Leishmania braziliensis panamensis4

Lutzomyia trapidoi/ promastigote

midgut Sloths, porcupines & rodents are reservoirs

amastigoe Skin

Leishmania peruviana4

Lutzomyia verrucarm & Lut, peruensis/ promastigote

midgut Dog is reservoir host

amastigoe Skin

1Cause of Visceral leishmaniasis; 2Old World Cutaneous leishmaniasis; 3American Cutaneous leishmaniasis or ‘Leishmania mexican complex; 4’Leishmania braziliensis complex’

Page 28: Q & A (Protozoa)

Morphology & Life Cycle of Protozoa

Page 29: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Multiplication Localization Host

Tritrichomonas foetus

Pear-shaped, w/ 3 anterior flagella, 1 post. flagellum, undulating membrane extends posteriorly

Longitudinal binary fission

Bull – preputial cavity; cow – vagina

Cattle. May occur in zebu, pig, horse & deer

Tritrichomonas suis

Pyriform shaped w/ 3 ant. Flagella, undulating membrane runs entire length of body

Binary fission Stomach, nasal passages, cecum & small intestine

pig

Tritrichomonas equi

Pyriform-shaped w/ 3 anterior flagella & undulating membrane

Binary fission Cecum & colon horse

Tritrichomonas eberthi

Crescent-shaped w/ 3 anterior flagella & undulating membrane

Binary fission ceca Chicken, turkey & duck

Tritrichomonas enteritis

Do do Cecum & Colon

Ox & zebu

Page 30: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Multiplication Localization Host

Tritrichomonas muris

Do do Cecum & colon Rats, mouse, hamster, wild rodents

Tritrichomonas minuta

Do do Cecum & colon Rat, house mouse & golden hamsters

Tritrichomonas caviae

Do do Cecum & colon Guinea pig

Trichomonas gallinae

Pyriform-shaped w/ 4 anterior flagella & undulating membrane, no post. Flagellum

do Upper digestive tract

Pigeon, turkey, dove, chicken, hawk, eagle

Trichomonas phasioni

Do do intestine pheasant

Trichomonas vaginalis

Do do Vagina, prostate & urethra

man

Trichomonas tenax

Do do Mouth Man & monkey

Trichomitus rotunda

d0 do Colon & cecum pigs

Page 31: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Multiplication Localization Host

Trichomitus wenyoni

Do do Colon & cecum Rats, mice, hamster & rhesus monkeys

Tetratrichomonas buttreyi

Do do Colon & cecum pig

Tetratrichomonas gallinarum

Pear-shaped w/ 4 ant flagella & 1 posterior flagellum

do Lower digestive tract & liver

Turkey, guinea fowl, quail & fowl

Tetratrichomonas ovis

Pyriform-shaped w/ 4 ant. Flagella, undulating membrane & 1 trailing flagellum

do cecum sheep

Tetratrichomonas pavlovi

do do cecum Calves

Tetratrichomonas microti

do do cecum Rat, mouse, vole hamster, rodents

Pentatrichomonas hominis

Ova to pear-shaped w/ 5 free ant flagella, undulating membrane

do intestine Man & primates

Page 32: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Infection /Multiplication

Localization/Pathogenicity

Host

Monocercomonas ruminantium

Pyriform-shaped w/ 3 anterior flagella, a post flagella , no undulating membrane

binaryfission Rumen cattle

MonocercomonasPistillum & M. minuta

Do binaryfission Cecum (non-pathogenic)

Guinea pig

Histomonas meleagridis

Pleomorphic, has 3 flagella

Stages: invasive stage – cecal &

liver lesions vegetative

stage – center of lesion resistance

stage Infection: ingestion of

embryonated eggs of

cecal worm

Ingestion ofEmbryonatedeggs of ceca wormBinary fission

Ceca (primary) & liverCause of blackhead in turkeys

Turkey, chicken, peafowl, pheasant, guinea-fowl

Page 33: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Infection /Multiplication

Localization /Pathogenicity

Host

Parahistomonas wenrichi

Similar to histomonas, but has 4 flagella

Ingestion ofEmbryonatedeggs of ceca wormBinary fission

Ceca (non-pathogenic)

Gallinaceous birds, chiefly pheasant

Chilomitus caviae

Elongate body, 4 anterior flagella

Binary fission Cecum (non-pathogenic)

Guinea pig

Hexamastix robustus & H. caviae

Pyriform, has 6 flagella one of which is trailing

Binary fission Cecum (non-pathogenic)

Guinea pig

Enteromonas hominis

Pyriform or spherical, has 3 flagella & one trailing flagellum

Binary fission cecum Man, primates, hamster, rat & rabbits

Enteromonas suis

Do do do pig

Ebteromonas caviae

Do do do Guinea pig

Page 34: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Infection /Multiplication

Localization /Pathogenicity

Host

Costia necatrix & C. pyriformis

Ovoid to pyriform, has 4 flagella (2 short & 2

long)

do skin Fresh-water Fish

Cochlosoma anatis

Oval body which is broad anteriorly & narrow posteriorly, has 6 flagella

do Posterior large intestine & ceca (catarrhal enteritis)

Domestic & wild ducks

Hexamita meleagridis

Pear-shaped, 2 nuclei, has 6 anteior & 2 posterior flagella

Longitudinal binary fission & invasive form, which penetrated epithelialcells, schizogony

Duodenum & small intestine (catarrhal enteritis)

Turkey, quail, partridge, pheasant, chicken

Page 35: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Infection /Multiplication

Localization /Pathogenicity

Host

Hexamita columbae

do do Small intestine (catarrhal enteritis)

pigeon

Hexamita muris do do Posterior intestine & ceca (enteritis)

Rats, mouse & hamsters

Hexamita pitheci do do Large intestine Rhesus monkey

Hexamita salmonis

do do intestine Goldfish, salmonids

Hexamita intestinalis

pyriform do Intestine (acute catarrhal enteritis

Fresh water fishes

Giardia lamblia Pear-shaped which has been cut in half longitudinally

do Duodenum & other parts of small intestine

Monkeys, pigs, budgerigars. Man (colon).

Page 36: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Infection /Multiplication

Localization /Pathogenicity

Host

Giardia canis do do Duodenum & jejunum

dog

Giardia cati do do Small intestine (non-pathogenic)

cat

Giardia chincillae do Small intestine & duodenum (severe blood-stained diarrhea)

chinchilla

Giardia bovis do do Small intestine ox

Giardia muris do do do mouse

Entamoeba histolytica

w/ quadrinucleate cyst moved by pseudopodia

do (cystic form

occurs in vertebrate hosts)

Intestine (amoebic dysentery of man)

Man, monkey, dog, cat, rat & pig. Experimentally rat, mouse, guinea-pig & rabbit

Page 37: Q & A (Protozoa)

Parasite Morphology Infection /Multiplication

Localization /Pathogenicity

Host

Entamoeba coli do do Cecum & colon (non-pathogenic)

Man & monkey

Entamoeba gingivalis

do do Mouth & gingival tissue around teeth (harmless)

Man & primates

Entamoeba canibuccalis

do do mouth Dogs & cats

Entamoeba equibuccalis

do do mouth horses

Entamoeba suigingivalis

do do mouth pig

Entamoeba invadens

do do Intestine & liver (amoebiasis)

Reptiles, lizards & snakes

Acanthomoeba spp.

do do Lungs (fatal gangrenous pneumonia)

bull

Page 38: Q & A (Protozoa)

Q & A (PROTOZOA)

Page 39: Q & A (Protozoa)

1. The following are the morphological characteristics of protozoa except:

a. Unicellular animalsb. have a chlorophyll-containing

chromatoporesc. mode of nutrition is holozoicd. have a well-defined nucleuse do not have a rigid cell wall

Ans: (b ) protozoas do not have chlorophyll

Page 40: Q & A (Protozoa)

2. The following are characterizes of the nucleus of protozoa except?

a. nucleus is eukaryoticb. nucleus is prokaryoticc. number of nucleus is usually 1 or more than oned. may be vesicular or compacte. none of the above

Ans: (b ) prokaryotic nucleus, which is dispersed in cytoplasm, is that of bacteria; ukaryotic nucleus, which is enclosed in a membrane, is that of protozoa; some protozoa usually have 1 others have more than 1; vesicular nucleus , exemplified by Mastigophora, and Sarcodina; and compact nucleus, exemplified by ciliates as macronucleus, are nuclei of protozoa

Page 41: Q & A (Protozoa)

a. pseudopodiab. flagellac. cliliad. undulipodiae. all of the above

3. Which of the following is a locomotory organelle or protozoa?

Ans: (e ) Pseudopodia are amoeba-like, which are formed when required and retracted when not required; flagella are whip-like structures, which may be attached to the body of protozoa by an undulating membrane; cilia are fine, short, flagella-like structures; and undulipodia are term for both flagella & cilia

Page 42: Q & A (Protozoa)

4. The following are the types of protozoa according to forms of nutrition except:

a. holophyticb. holozoicc. zaprozoicd. cytosome

Ans: (d ) cytosome is a nutrition organelle of protozoa. The other choices are the forms of nutrition: holophytic is a form which possesses chlorophyll ; holozoic is form which utilizes preformed food but has to digest it in food vacuole before the food can be utilized; zaprozoic is a form which utilizes preformed food that is already utilizable

Page 43: Q & A (Protozoa)

Ans: (d ) cytosome is an opening through which food particles are engulfed. It is lined with cilia. Other choices: pseudopodia are amoeba-like movement; cilia are fine structures used for engulfing of food; and food vacuole is for enzymatic disgestion.

5. Which of the following nutrition organelles of protozoa that is an opening through which food particles are ingested?

a. pseudopodiab. ciliac. food vacuoled. cytosomee. all of the above

Page 44: Q & A (Protozoa)

6. Which of the following asexual reproductions of protozoa that is characterized by multiple divisions of the nucleus?

a. binary fissionb. schizogonyc. buddingd. Endopolyogenye. Sporogony

Ans: (b ) Schizogany is asexual reproduction of protozoa in which the nucleus divides several times before the cytoplasm does, resulting in formation of multiple daughter cells. The dividing form is known as schizont and the daughter form is called merozoites. Other choices: binary fission is one in which parent cell divides along its longitudinal axis, resulting in formation of only 2 daughter cells; budding is one in there is unequal fragmentation of nucleus an cytoplasm, resulting in formation of buds. Usually 2 or more buds are produced and separated off and then grow to full size; endopologeny is an internal budding whereby new progeny is formed within the parent cell. Endodyogeny is a simplified form of endopolyogeny, resulting in 2 daughter cells; and sporogony is characterized by formation of spores (sporozoites)

Page 45: Q & A (Protozoa)

7. Which of the following is a sexual reproduction of protozoa in which there is gamete formation?

a. conjugationb. syngamyc. gametogonyd. endopolyogenye. Sporogony

Ans: (c ) gametogony is a sexual reproduction in which there formation of male and female gametes. Other choices: conjugation & syngamy are sexual reproduction, in the former two organisms pair & exchange nuclear materials and in the latter the male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. The other two (endopolyogeny & sporogony are asexual reproduction

Page 46: Q & A (Protozoa)

8. The following are associated with gametes formation except:

a. microgametesb. macrogametec. isogamyd. anisogamye. syngamy

Ans: (e ) syngamy is a sexual process of reproduction. The other choices: microgametes are small & are male game; macrogametes are big and are female gametes; and isogamy & anisogamy are gametes of similar and different sizes, respectively.

Page 47: Q & A (Protozoa)

9. The following are stages of development of Family Trypanosomatidae except:

a. Trypomastigoteb. Epimastigotec. Promastigoted. Amastigotee. Leptomonas

Ans:(e ) Leptomonas is a genera of the family, the members of which are found in invertebrates. The other choices are stages of development of family Trypanosomatidae: Trypomastigote (trypanosome) is blade-like w/ kinetoplast posterior to the nucleus & usually near the posterior extremity, undulating membrane well developed & a free flagellum present; Epimastigote stage (crithridial) is blade-like, kinetoplast lies anterior to the nucleus, undulating membrane short & a free flagellum present; Promastigote (leptomonad) is blade-like w/ kinetoplast at the anterior tip of body, no undulating membrane & a membrane & flagellum absent.

Page 48: Q & A (Protozoa)

10. The following species of Trypanosoma belong to anterior station except:

a. Trypanosoma theilerib. Trypanosoma lewisic. Trypanosoma theodorid. Trypanosoma cruzie. Trypanosoma vivax

Ans: (e ) Trypanosoma vivax belongs to Salivaria (anterior station form), subgenus Duttonella. The rest belong to Stercoraria (posterior station forms)

Page 49: Q & A (Protozoa)

11. The following trypanosomes are transmitted mechanically except:

a. Trypanosoma evansib. Trypanosoma equinumc. Trypanosoma equiperdumd. Trypanosoma brucei

Ans: (d ) Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted cyclically, which means that the parasite undergoes cyclical development in an arthropod intermediate host. The other choices are transmitted mechanically, meaning the trypanosome does not undergo development inside an arthropod host. T. evansi is transmitted by biting lice such as Tabanus, Stomoxys & Lyperosia. T. equinum is transmitted mechanically by biting insects. T. equiperdum is transmitted mechanically by

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Ans: (a ) trypomastigote is the form of T. evansi found in a fly

12. What developmental stage of Trypanosoma evansi is transmitted by Stomoxys or Tabanus to

animal host?

a. Trypomastigoteb. Epimastigotec. Promastigoted. Amastigotee. Leptomonas

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a. 8-9 minutesb. 9-10 minutesc. 10-15 minutesd. 15-18 minutese. 18-20 minutes

13. Trypanosoma evansi does not survive in the proboscis of a fly for how long?

Ans: (c ) trypanosomes do not survive for more than 10-15 minutes in the proboscis of an insect

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14. Concerning the multiplication of trypanosomes, in which part of the body of does division

commence?

a. nucleusb. cytoplasmc. kinetoplastd. flagellae. undulating membrane

Ans: (c ) No sexual process has been observed in the life cycle of trypanosomes & multiplication is by binary or multiple fission. Division commences at the kinetoplast followed by nucleus & then the cytoplasm.

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15. Concerning polymorphic forms of trypanosomes, what form is capable of division in cyclically transmitted?

a. long formb. intermediate formc. stumpy formd. short forme. slender form

Ans: (e ) In cyclically transmitted strain of trypanosome only the slender form is capable of division

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16. Concerning cyclical transmission of trypanosome, which of the following forms is capable of infecting Glossina spp.?

a. long formb. intermediate formc. stumpy formd. short forme. slender form

Ans: (c ) stumpy form of trypanosome cyclically transmitted is capable of infectingGlossina spp.

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17. Trypanosoma uniforme is pathogenic to the following vertebrate hosts except:

a. cattleb. sheepc. anteloped. goats

Ans: (d ) T. uniforme infects cattle, sheep, goats & antelopes but is non-pathogenic for goats

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18. The following game animals act as reservoir hosts for Trypanosoma congolense except:

a. antelopeb. zebrac. warthogd. elephante. cattle

Ans: (e ) the trypanosome is the principal cause of the disease ‘nagana’ in cattle.

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19. Which of the following animals is Trypanosoma simiae highly pathogenic & is transmitted mechanically by Stomoxys & Tabanus?

a. warthogb. cattlec. horsed. pige. camels

Ans: (d ) The trypanosome is highly pathogenic in both camels & pigs. Although it is transmitted cyclically by Glossina spp., in pig the protozoa is transmitted mechanically by Tabanus & Stomoxys. In Warthog, which serves as a natural host of the parasite, cattle, & horse the organism is transmitted cyclically by Glossina & it non-pathogenic

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20. Which of the following animals serves as reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma evansi for equines?

a. cat & dogb. camel & elephantc. Rabbits & ratsd. buffalo & cattlee. pig & guinea pigs

Ans: (d ) cattle & buffalo are considered to be the main reservoirs of the infection for equines

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21 Which of the following may serve as a reservoir host of Trypanosoma equinum for the equine

infection?

a. dogsb. cattlec. Sheepd. goatse. capybara (Hydrochoerus capybara)

Ans: (e ) Capybara serves as a reservoir host of T. equinum for horses. Dogs, cattle, sheep & goats in that order, can be affected by the organism.

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22. Which of the following animalsis resistant to Trypanosoma equiperdum infection?

a. cattleb. horsesc. donkeysd. dogse. rats

Ans: (a ) cattle is resistant to T. equiperdum. Horese & donkeys are highly infected; dog may be infected with some strains; & rats are susceptible

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23. Which of the following is the principal reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi in South

American?a. dogs & catsb. pigs & foxesc. armadillo & opossumd. squirrels & ferrete. foxes & monkeys

Ans: (c ) Armadillo & opossum are the principal reservoirs of T. cruzi in South America. Other hosts are may be infected & serve as reservoir hosts in other countries

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24. The following are the mode of transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus in cow except:

a. coitusb. artificial inseminationc. gynecological examination

d. direct contact

Ans: (d ) Choices “a”, ‘b” and “c” are the mode of transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus

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