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PURSUIT OF POWER Chapter 14

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Pursuit of Power. Chapter 14. Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained. What is the difference between an absolutist and a limited ruler?. List the ways in which European rulers sought to make their power absolute. . 1) their control over their nation’s finances, religion, and nobility - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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PURSUIT OF POWERChapter 14

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Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained

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What is the difference between an absolutist and a limited ruler?

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List the ways in which European rulers sought to make their power absolute.

1) their control over their nation’s finances, religion, and nobility

2) the size of the standing army

3) the size of the government bureaucracy

4) the size of their territory

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What justification rulers give for absolutism and why did many Europeans accept this argument?

Divine Right

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Timeline for French Absolutism Henry IV Louis XIII and Richelieu 30 Years' War Louis XIV and Mazarin The Frondes Louis XIV takes over in his own right Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Louis XV

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Timeline for 30 Years' War

Peace of Augsburg The Holy Roman Emperor (who was Catholic)

revoked religious freedom Protestant Bohemian nobles revolted Protestant resistance was crushed The war spread to other parts of the Holy

Roman Empire The Protestant cause was rescued by Gustavus

Adolphus, King of Sweeden France entered the war to help the Protestants Peace of Westphalia

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List Cardinal Richelieu’s aims and explain how he hoped to achieve them:

Louis XIV reigned 70 years Bourbon King Henry IV – strengthen royal

power and reduced privileges of the nobility and increased government control of economy Assassinated

Louis XIII (9) – his mother Marie de Medici rules

1624 – Cardinal Richelieu became Louis’ advisor

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Henry IV

Louis XIII

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Richelieu

Mazarin

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Richelieu’s Aims Get rid of Huguenots

French soldiers housed with Huguenots Children taken away Spies in churches Arrests and fines Some left, some endured, some fought

Weaken nobility Take positions of authority Replaced with intendents Destroyed castles Arrests and executions

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Explain the cause of the 30 year’s war and why France entered the war. Why do some say that the war was more political than religious in nature:

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Started by Richelieu 1618-48 John Huss’ Bohemia Protestant Bohemians revolt against

Catholic Emperor Spreads to all parts of the empire,

Protestantism almost fails Rescued by Gustavus Adolphus, king of

Sweden Lead an army in Germany, killed in battle,

but France entered war for the Protestants?

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Richelieu feared Hapsburg powers, Spain and HRE Joined in 1635, making it a political war

Protestant-French victory

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Gustavus Adolphus

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List the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia:

recognized the independence of the Protestant provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss confederacy

Germany became more politically fragmented

France emerged as the strongest nation on the continent of Europe.

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What were the Frondes? What caused them? Did they Succeed? Richelieu died 1642 Louis XIII died 5 months later Louis XIV (5) – government controlled by

Jules Mazarin Maintained absolutist policies Imposed new taxes Riots, civil wars, etc

Upheavals known as Frondes King had to leave Last attempt to limit king until French Revolution

in 1789

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Louis XIV

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Describe Louis XIV’s rule of France and assess the effectiveness of his policies. Mazarin dies, no one replaces him…king

has power 1661-1715 – The Age of Louis XIV Jean-Baptist Colbert – minister of finance

Brought order to economy and tighter government control

Encouraged commercialism and self-sufficiency

Increased exports and building navy

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Louis wanted recognition from soldiers, not giving it to colonel

Put lieutenants over each regiment Standard uniforms Well-paid, well-trained, and loyal

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert

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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Revoked Edict of Nantes 1685 – Huguenots lost their religious freedoms

Up to ½ million left France

Strengthens other nations

100 years till revolution

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Life at Versailles Louis XIV = Sun King, everyone revolves

around him Loved luxury and attention

Palace of Versailles ½ mile long, hundreds of rooms, symmetrical,

etc Complete pomp!

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Foreign Policy Wanted to expand borders

The Rhine, Alps, Pyrenees France close to bankruptcy

Louis told his heir not to love war Died 1715, ruled longer than any other

European king Outlived son and grandson Great Grandson Louis XV (5) – would

enjoy war and bankrupt nation

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Louis XV

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Absolutism Spreads in Europe 1.) Brandenburg-Prussia

2.) Austria

3.) Russia

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Brandenburg-Prussia Germany in nearly 100 small states Brandenburg-Prussia strongest

Strong electors Military Land Efficient Bureaucracy Cooperation of Junkers

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Fredrick William – “The Great Elector” Created unified state 30,000 men in army High taxes 2x France! Militarism helped created German national state

Fredrick I (1688-1713) – Growing army More concerned with arts Wanted to be like Louis XIV Built palace and beautified Berlin Increased prestige of Prussia Became “King of Prussia”

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Fredrick William

Frederick I

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Fredrick William I (1713-1740) – Established absolutism Strict and violent Obedience from all citizens Focused on army with 83,000 men!

Fredrick II (1740-1786) – Interested in arts, not war “Fredrick the Great” as a military hero Tripled size of German state Built economy with silk and grain Political and social reforms

Can’t torture prisoners, and religious freedom to Catholics and Jews

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Frederick William I

Frederick II

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Prussia’s Rival – Hohenzollern (HO uhn ZAHL urn) of Austria

Prussia wins out, they become one nation in 19th century

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Absolutism in Austria Held title “Holy Roman Empire”

Obstacles that hindered Austria from becoming a state 1.) Roman Catholic Church and the nobility

held great power and opposed any limitation up on their traditional rights.

2.) Didn’t want to upset nobility because they needed protection from greedy neighbors

3.) Too many different nationalities

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Joseph II (1765-1790)- Co ruled with mother Maria Theresa.

She was a careful ruler When she is gone, he goes against nobility

and Roman Catholic Church Charged them more taxes, but less for peasants Dissolved Monasteries, altered organization Religious freedom to non Catholics This would revert back after his death

Central government was stronger for weakening local authority

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Joseph II

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Absolutism in Russia Get out from control of Mongols Ivan IV (1533-84) – Ivan the Terrible

Expanded territory Built St. Basil’s Cathedral Murdered nobility, including son Taxed people, treated like slaves Called himself Czar

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After Ivan’s death, upheavals Romanov government in 1613 till 1917

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Peter I (1682-1725) – Peter the Great Economy weak, government disorganized 1697 – travels to Western Europe to learn ways,

brought 700 W. Europeans Encourage production of Russian goods, papers,

textiles Building navy and new capital in St. Petersburg Made people dress like Westerners 1699, adapted Western Calendar Wanted to expand territories and get warm-water

ports Great Northern War (1700-1721) – beat Sweden

Establishes land and ports Had control of Russian Orthodox Church

Created Holy Synod, like a board, which Peter controlled

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Catherine II (1762-92) – “The Great” Hardworking, but immoral Husband arrested and murdered Nobles could keep positions, but had to serve

state Hard treatment of peasants Tyranny of Czars until 20th century “Enlightened Reformer”

Believed in education Government censorship Church property to the government expanding

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Absolutism in England Defeated

Tudors worked with advisors Sensitive to public opinion Tensions rise with Elizabeth Chooses James I to be successor

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James I (1603-25)

1603 – Didn’t listed to Puritans…but did make new translation

1611 – Authorized Version, King James Version

Everyone had to honor Anglican Church Separatists/Pilgrims come to Americas Scandalous life How much authority? Haughty towards House….this pulls

Houses against James

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Can you answer these questions?

What were the major reasons that England did not become an absolutist state?

How did we get the “King James” version of the Bible?

Why did the Pilgrims come to America?

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Charles I (1625-49) Like Father, like son Persecuted Protestants Dismissed Parliament anytime they

disagreed with him Petition of Right (1628)

King could not force taxes without Parliament consent

Could not arbitrarily arrest people 1629-1640 – tried to raise funds without

Parliament Creates alienation

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Scotland uprising when forced to use Anglican Prayer Book

Needs help from Parliament….under their conditions

1.) Parliament will meet every 3 years, even without permission

2.) Parliament could not be dissolved without it’s consent

3.) no taxes were legal except those passed by Parliament

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Can you answer these questions?

How did the Petition of Right come into being and what did it call for?

How did Charles I respond to the Petition of Right?

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Civil War Parliament Protestants against Anglican

Church Parliament puts military under its control Charles acts 1642, Charles marches into Parliament…. Parliament vs King Roundheads Nobility and Anglicans followed king,

Cavaliers

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Oliver Cromwell led “New Model Army” Charles defeated at Battle of Naseby,

surrenders 11 months later Some wanted no king, some just wanted

to limit power….had they gone too far? Charles escapes, recaptured Cromwell taking over, dissolves

Parliament from 500 to 100 men These 100 called “the Rump Parliament”

executed Charles I on Jan 30, 1649

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Oliver Cromwell

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Oliver Cromwell Experimental government Ruled 11 years without Parliament Protectorate named Lord Protector

Ruled under constitution called Instrument of Government

Citizens wanted Stuarts back Under Cromwell’s son, Richard,

parliament reconvenes Bring back Charles II – known as the

Restoration

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Write the Habeas Corpus Act

Charles II tries to remain financial independentWorked with France, declared himself Roman Catholic

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James II – Roman catholic, but two protestant daughters…..till a son.

The Glorious Revolution – 1688 Invite William the Orange, Mary’s husband to

co reign with Mary James, his wife, and child flee to France

The Bill of Rights – 1689 No Catholic rulers

Act of Settlement – 1701 Parliament could grant thrown to anyone

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James II

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William and Mary

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Cabinet Government – Anne – Mary’s sister – last Stuart George of Hanover – a German – couldn’t

speak English Thus creates a cabinet George I did not care about government, thus

left it in the hands of Robert Warhole, the first prime minister

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Anne Stuart

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George I of Hanover

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Balance of Power Nations try to take over Wars during this time Who was your friend or foe?

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War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)

1700 – Spanish king dies but appoints Louis XIV’s grandson….people scared of Spanish/French alliance

Others formed Grand Alliance against Spain/France

Grand Alliance beats France at Blenheim -1704

England gains Gibraltar from Spain – 1705 Queen Anne’s War= France vs England in

America – 1713 Ends with Treaty of Utrecht

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Treaty of Utrecht 1.) Philip was allowed to retain the thrown of

Spain as long as the crowns of France and Spain were not united.

2.) Spain had to surrender her possessions in the Netherlands and in the Mediterranean area to Austria

3.) Britain won various Canadian territories from France: Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory. In addition, Britain kept the strategic Mediterranean port of Gibraltar.

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War of Austrian Succession(1740-1748)

Spread to 3 continents! 1713 – Emperor of Austria, Charles VI wrote

Pragmatic Sanction This would allow his daughter Maria Theresa to

reign in peace….but not happening Frederick II of Prussia attacks to take Silecia France wants Austrian land, Britain comes

to aid Spreads to NA – British beat French Spreads to India – French beat British

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Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

1754 – French and Indian War (France vs Britain) in New World

Frederick II taking land from Austria France came to Austria’s aid to keep Prussia

from taking over This change is called the Diplomatic Revolution…

set’s stage for 7 years’ war William Pitt the Elder of England – financially

helping Prussia to occupy France England defeating France Everyone joins together against Prussia

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1763 – Treaty of Paris Signed by France, Britain, and Spain 1.) France lost all territory on the mainland of

NA. Britain acquired all of Canada and French territory east of the Mississippi

2.) France lost most of her commercial holding in India. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for the British East India Company to eventually take over all of India.

3.) Spain lost Florida to Great Britain but received New Orleans and Louisiana from France in return.

4.) England became leading European power and major world power.