pursuing the holy grail of predicting and verifying tissue ... · atp adp + pi 2 failure rate and...
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Jashvant (Jash) Unadkat Milo Gibaldi Endowed Professor
Dept. of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy
University of Washington Seattle, WA
Pursuing the holy grail of predicting and verifying tissue drug concentrations: A proteomics and PET
imaging approach
https://sop.washington.edu/people/jashvant-unadkat/
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ATP ADP + Pi
2
Failure Rate and Reasons for Failure in Drug Development
Smietana et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 15, 379–380 (2016) Harrison, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 15, 817–818 (2016) SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
One Possible Reason for Lack of Drug Efficacy & Safety
• Unable to measure or predict tissue conc. of drugs
• Unbound plasma conc. ≠ unbound tissue conc. if transporters are involved, i.e. asymmetry between blood and tissue drug conc. (e.g. liver:blood due to OATPs)
3 SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
4 Eyal, Hsiao & Unadkat Pharmacol. Ther., 2009
Asymmetry In Brain:Blood Drug Conc. Due to Blood-Brain Barrier Efflux Transporters
SSX
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5
P-gp at the Rat BBB Results in Asymmetry in Brain:Blood Conc. of Verapamil (P-gp substrate)
0%
500%
1000%
1500%
0 5 10 15 20Blood CsA concentraion (μM)
Human PET study
Mouse KO study
Perce
nt inc
rease
in bra
in: bl
ood
[3 H]-ra
dioac
tivity
Hsiao et al J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 SSX
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6 Eyal et al., Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Brain
11C-
radio
activ
ity / D
ose (
L-1)
0.01
↑~2-fold
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50
Plas
ma 11
C-rad
ioacti
vity /
Dos
e (L-1
)
0.01
0.1Plasma
Brain
- CsA + CsA
+ CsA -CsA
Asymmetry in Drug Conc. at the Human Brain:Blood Barrier: P-gp Efflux of 11C-Verapamil
11C-verapamil AUCbrain:AUCblood (20 min) - 0.42±0.04 SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
Asymmetry in Tissue:Blood Drug Conc. - Liver
7
CLbile CLsin
CLsef
Bile Blood
[D] [D]
CLmet
e.g. OATPs
e.g. P-gp, BCRP, MRP2
SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
Asymmetry in Liver Tissue:Plasma Conc. when Clsin is the Rate-Determining Step
i.e. CLmet+bile >> CLsef
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L
)
Time (min)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L
)
Time (min)
CLins CLefs
CLmet CLbile
CLins CLefs
CLmet CLbile
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L
)
Time (min)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L
)
Time (min)
CLins CLefs
CLmet CLbile
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L
)
Time (min)
0
1
2
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/L
)
Time (min)
Inhibition of sinusoidal uptake CL
Inhibition of metabolism and biliary efflux CL
No inhibition
Assumptions: > Liver is the only
eliminating organ > 90% inhibition
8
Liver
Blood
Patilea-Vrana & Unadkat. CPT. 2016
↑
↔
↔
↑
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ATP ADP + Pi
Asymmetry in Hepatic:Blood Conc. of 11C-Rosuvastatin in the Rat
Coronal 2 min SUV images of 11C-Rosuvastatin
He et al., Mol Pharm., ‘14
Bile Blood
ROS
Hepatocyte
OATPs BCRP/MRP2
-RIF +RIF
9 SSX
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Hepatic Uptake and Biliary Excretion of 11C-Rosuvastatin in the Rat
He et al., Mol Pharm., ‘14 10 SSX
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Changes in Rat Liver Exposure to Rosuvastatin ± Rifampin
11 He et al., Mol Pharm. 2014
2.3 fold increase in RSV plasma AUC but NO significant increase in RSV liver AUC
Rat Blood Rat Liver
% o
f Dos
e
% o
f Dos
e
Time (min)
Time (min)
OATPs
Bile Blood
ROS
Hepatocyte
BCRP/MRP2
SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
12
Biodistribution of 11C-rosuvastatin in humans
Billington et al., In progress SSX
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How Can we Predict Tissue Drug Conc. in Humans?
• PET imaging (MRI and other imaging modalities do not have the required sensitivity): – Requires sophisticated equipment and
radiochemistry – Costly (about $20-40K/experiment/subject)
• Therefore we need alternative methods that will allow us to predict tissue conc. of drugs in humans 13
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APPLICATION OF PROTEOMICS DATA TO PREDICT PK AND TISSUE CONC. OF DRUGS
14
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ATP ADP + PiATP ADP + Pi
Hypothesis: Predict transporter-mediated in-vivo CL and tissue concentration of drugs in humans from in-vitro studies
15
Predict in-vivo CL and tissue conc. using transporter scaling factor
1. transporter-mediated drug CL
2. transporter abundance using quantitative proteomics
3. Obtain transporter scaling factor
Transporter-expressing cells
Verify predictions using PET imaging
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ATP ADP + Pi
Hepatic Uptake and Biliary Excretion of 11C-Rosuvastatin in the Rat
Boston 16
Coronal 2 min SUV images of 11C-Rosuvastatin
He et al., Mol Pharm., ‘14
Bile Blood
ROS
Hepatocyte
OATPs BCRP/MRP2
-RIF +RIF
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ATP ADP + Pi
0
20
40
60
80
Clea
ranc
e (m
L/m
in/k
g bo
dy w
eigh
t)
Previous PET imagingstudy
SCRH not corrected forOatp expression
p<0.05
CLs,uptake CLs,efflux CLbile
Successful prediction of the hepatobiliary clearance of rosuvastatin using cell lines, sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes and quantitative proteomics
CLs,uptake; sinusoidal uptake CLs,efflux; sinusoidal efflux CLbile; canalicular efflux
0
2
4
6
8
10
Oat
p ex
pres
sion
(fmol
/µg
mem
bran
e pr
otei
n)
SD rat liverSCRH
p<0.05
p<0.05 p<0.05
Ishida et al., DMD, 2018 17
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CLs,
upta
ke(m
L/m
in/k
g bo
dy w
eigh
t)
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ATP ADP + Pi
Rat Hepatic Rosuvastatin Conc. well Predicted
18 Ishida et al., DMD 2018
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 3 6 9 12 15
Hepa
tic c
once
ntra
tion
(kBq
/mL)
Time (min)
Observed valuepredicted value95% CI of observed data
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Can Rosuvastatin Hepatobiliary CL and Hepatic Conc. be Predicted in Humans?
19
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ATP ADP + PiATP ADP + Pi
Total transporter abundance in suspended (SH), plated (PH), sandwich-cultured (SCH) hepatocytes and liver tissue
20
Kumar et al., Unpublished data
Data removed as not published
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ATP ADP + PiATP ADP + Pi
Plasma membrane transporter abundance in suspended (SH), plated (PH), sandwich-cultured (SCH) hepatocytes cf liver tissue
Kumar et al., Unpublished data
21
Data removed as not published
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ATP ADP + PiATP ADP + Pi
22
Transporter-expressing cells better predict in-vivo (IV ) human rosuvastatin hepatic uptake clearance than hepatocytes
RSV uptake CL scaled on the basis of hepatocellularity *(Classical method)
*88 mg protein/g human liver
*Assuming sinusoidal uptake is the rate determining step in
RSV plasma CL
Patilea-Vrana G and Unadkat JD, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2016
Martin et al., Clin Ther. 2003 Oct;25(10):2553-63. Karlgren et al., J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63.
Data removed as not published
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ATP ADP + Pi
Metformin renal clearance is reasonably well-predicted using OCT2 expressing
cells
Kumar et al., DMD 2018 23
Observed metformin renal secretory clearance in humans: 432 (range 215-643) mL/min
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Total abundance PM abundance PM abundanceand PM potential
Met
form
in re
nal s
ecre
tory
cl
eara
nce
(mL/
min
)
215
643
432
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ATP ADP + Pi
• Predicting tissue concentration and therefore efficacy and toxicity of a drug is the next frontier in ADME research
• The hepatic ECL model clarifies when transporters will or will not affect the systemic and tissue PK of a drug
• Tissue conc. measurement is possible using PET. However, this method cannot be routinely applied
• IVIVE using transfected cells and quantitative transporter proteomics is a promising technique to predict tissue drug conc.
• These predictions should be validated using PET imaging probes that interrogate multiple drug transporters
24
Summary
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ATP ADP + Pi
Bhagwat Prasad Anand Deo 25
YuYang Jiake He
Major Contributors
Sarah Billington Li Wang Gabriela Patilea-Vrana
Kazuya Ishida Vineet Kumar SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
26
Genentech, Merck, Biogen, Gilead, BMS, Takeda, Pfizer
SSX
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ATP ADP + PiOther Collaborators
Dept. of Radiology: Jeanne Link, David Mankoff, Todd Richards, Janet Eary, Satoshi Minoshima, Ken Maravilla, Mark Muzi, Steve Shoner, David Lewis, Jean Lee and the PET suite team Dept. of Medicine: Ann Collier and her team; Scott Lee and his team Dept. of Anesthesiology: Karen Domino, Matthew Pennington Dept. of Pharmaceutics: Bhagwat Prasad, Edward Kelly, Carol Collins, Joanne Wang Kidney Research Institute: Jonathan Himmelfarb Univ. of Greifswald: Stefan Oswald and team Children’s Mercy Hospitals: Steven Leeder and team Acknowledgement: NIH P01DA032507, MH63641, P50 HD44404, RR 00166, HD47892, AG031485, RC1NS068904, Solvo Biotech., UWRAPT funded by Genentech, Merck, Biogen, Gilead, BMS, Takeda, Pfizer
27 SSX
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ATP ADP + Pi
SSX 28