Purpose and TonePurpose and Tone

ToneTone is the emotion or mood of the is the emotion or mood of the author’s written voice. It is the author’s written voice. It is the author’s attitude toward the topic.author’s attitude toward the topic.

PurposePurpose is the reason the author is the reason the author writes about a topic.writes about a topic.

Characteristics of Tone Characteristics of Tone WordsWords

Objective (impartial)Objective (impartial)

UnbiasedUnbiased NeutralNeutral FormalFormal

Subjective (personal)Subjective (personal)

BiasedBiased EmotionalEmotional InformalInformal

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

1.1. ““Mom, please,” she said as she Mom, please,” she said as she rolled her eyes, “I would rather do rolled her eyes, “I would rather do it myself.”it myself.”

a. emotional b. neutrala. emotional b. neutral

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

1.1. ““Mom, please,” she said as she Mom, please,” she said as she rolled her eyes, “I would rather do rolled her eyes, “I would rather do it myself.”it myself.”

a. emotionala. emotional b. neutralb. neutral

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

2. “Mother, I would like to introduce you 2. “Mother, I would like to introduce you to my professor, Dr. Henry!”to my professor, Dr. Henry!”

a. formal b. informala. formal b. informal

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

2. “Mother, I would like to introduce you 2. “Mother, I would like to introduce you to my professor, Dr. Henry!”to my professor, Dr. Henry!”

a. formala. formal b. informalb. informal

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

3. “Mom, I’m having a terrible time; 3. “Mom, I’m having a terrible time; could you please, please come over?”could you please, please come over?”

a. details of facts b. details of a. details of facts b. details of experienceexperience

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

3. “Mom, I’m having a terrible time; could 3. “Mom, I’m having a terrible time; could you please, please come over?”you please, please come over?”

a. details of facts a. details of facts b. details of b. details of experienceexperience

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

4. “My mother’s name is Gerta Powell, 4. “My mother’s name is Gerta Powell, and she was born in 1933.”and she was born in 1933.”

a. objective b. subjectivea. objective b. subjective

Choose the tone:Choose the tone:

4. “My mother’s name is Gerta Powell, 4. “My mother’s name is Gerta Powell, and she was born in 1933.”and she was born in 1933.”

a. objectivea. objective b. subjectiveb. subjective

Three Categories of Three Categories of PurposePurpose

To informTo inform the reader about a topic. the reader about a topic.

““A healthy diet includes several daily A healthy diet includes several daily servings from each of the major food servings from each of the major food groups.”groups.”

Three Categories of Three Categories of PurposePurpose

To persuadeTo persuade the reader to agree the reader to agree with his/her view on the topic.with his/her view on the topic. ““Required physical education classes Required physical education classes

should be a part of public school should be a part of public school education from elementary through education from elementary through high school.”high school.”

Three Categories of Three Categories of PurposePurpose

To entertainTo entertain by amusing or engaging by amusing or engaging the reader.the reader. ““If clothes say much about a person, a If clothes say much about a person, a

woman risking life and limb to wear 6-woman risking life and limb to wear 6-inch- high heels to the office must be inch- high heels to the office must be screaming something about herself.”screaming something about herself.”

Inform, Persuade, or Inform, Persuade, or Entertain?Entertain?

__The National Hurricane Center predicts a __The National Hurricane Center predicts a record number of hurricanes in the record number of hurricanes in the upcoming months.upcoming months.

__Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. __Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.

__Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop __Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop bad breath just as millions of others have.bad breath just as millions of others have.

Inform, Persuade, or Inform, Persuade, or Entertain?Entertain?

II The National Hurricane Center predicts a The National Hurricane Center predicts a record number of hurricanes in the record number of hurricanes in the upcoming months.upcoming months.

EE Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. Age is strictly a case of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.

PP Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop Rely on Denta-Fresh toothpaste to stop bad breath just as millions of others have.bad breath just as millions of others have.

Figure Out the Primary Figure Out the Primary PurposePurpose

The primary purpose is the author’s The primary purpose is the author’s main reason for writing the passage.main reason for writing the passage.

Ask, “What is the author’s main Ask, “What is the author’s main idea?” and that will reveal the idea?” and that will reveal the primary purpose.primary purpose.

What is the primary What is the primary purpose?purpose?

Think of long-term memory as a “data Think of long-term memory as a “data bank” for all of your feelings and ideas. bank” for all of your feelings and ideas. Information you heard hours, days, weeks, Information you heard hours, days, weeks, even years ago is stored in long-term even years ago is stored in long-term memory. Long term memory can handle memory. Long term memory can handle large amounts of information; short-term large amounts of information; short-term memory has less space for storage. memory has less space for storage. Putting information in and getting it out Putting information in and getting it out again is a slow process in long-term again is a slow process in long-term memory. On the other hand, short-term memory. On the other hand, short-term memory is a rapid process.memory is a rapid process.

The main purpose of the The main purpose of the paragraph is:paragraph is:

a.a. To argue against poor memory skills.To argue against poor memory skills.

b.b. To amuse the reader with humorous To amuse the reader with humorous details about long-term memory.details about long-term memory.

c.c. To inform the reader about the To inform the reader about the differences between long-term and differences between long-term and short-term memory.short-term memory.

The main purpose of the The main purpose of the paragraph is:paragraph is:

a.a. To argue against poor memory skills.To argue against poor memory skills.

b.b. To amuse the reader with humorous To amuse the reader with humorous details about long-term memory.details about long-term memory.

c.c. To inform the reader about the To inform the reader about the differences between long-term differences between long-term and short-term memory.and short-term memory.

Implied Main Ideas/InferenceImplied Main Ideas/Inference

When the main idea is not stated.When the main idea is not stated.

In 1917, the famed Dutch dancer Mata Hari In 1917, the famed Dutch dancer Mata Hari was executed as a spy by a French firing squad. was executed as a spy by a French firing squad. Although Mata Hari had agreed to spy for the Although Mata Hari had agreed to spy for the Germans, there is no evidence that she ever Germans, there is no evidence that she ever gave them any information. Information about gave them any information. Information about a new British tank, said to be given to the a new British tank, said to be given to the Germans by Mata Hari, was actually provided Germans by Mata Hari, was actually provided by a British Prisoner of War. The case against by a British Prisoner of War. The case against Mata Hari was based largely on telegrams Mata Hari was based largely on telegrams supplied by the head of France’s espionage supplied by the head of France’s espionage agency, who had tampered with them before agency, who had tampered with them before the trial. the trial.

1. Mata Hari was executed because she was hated by the head of 1. Mata Hari was executed because she was hated by the head of France’s espionage bureau.France’s espionage bureau.

2. Mata Hari may not have been guilty of the crimes that earned her 2. Mata Hari may not have been guilty of the crimes that earned her a death sentence.a death sentence.

3. There is no evidence that Mata Hari agreed to spy for the 3. There is no evidence that Mata Hari agreed to spy for the Germans.Germans.

The month of January got its name from The month of January got its name from Janus, the Roman god of beginnings. Janus, the Roman god of beginnings. Saturday was named after Saturn, the Saturday was named after Saturn, the Roman god of agriculture. The sporting Roman god of agriculture. The sporting goods company Nike took its name from goods company Nike took its name from the Greek goddess of victory. The planet the Greek goddess of victory. The planet Neptune was named after the Roman god Neptune was named after the Roman god of the sea. of the sea.

11. The gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman . The gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman mythology had exotic and colorful names.mythology had exotic and colorful names.

2. The names of the ancient gods and goddesses live on in 2. The names of the ancient gods and goddesses live on in our language.our language.

3. Our calendar is a constant reminder of Greek 3. Our calendar is a constant reminder of Greek mythology’s long-lasting influence.mythology’s long-lasting influence.

Thanks to Henry Ford’s invention of a cheap Thanks to Henry Ford’s invention of a cheap automobile called the Model T, farmers from automobile called the Model T, farmers from rural areas were able to sell their goods to rural areas were able to sell their goods to larger markets some distance away. The Model larger markets some distance away. The Model T was introduced in 1908 and cost $850; by T was introduced in 1908 and cost $850; by 1923 it cost only $290 and people from all 1923 it cost only $290 and people from all walks of life could afford one. The Model T was walks of life could afford one. The Model T was so famous, popular songs and jokes alluded to so famous, popular songs and jokes alluded to it. The car made access to city life much easier, it. The car made access to city life much easier, and the rural population began to diminish as a and the rural population began to diminish as a result. result.

1. The invention of the Model T had a profound effect on American 1. The invention of the Model T had a profound effect on American life.life.

2. Henry Ford was determined to make a car that even working 2. Henry Ford was determined to make a car that even working people could afford.people could afford.

3. Henry Ford was a genius when it came to money making.3. Henry Ford was a genius when it came to money making.

Context CluesContext Clues

Jorge has been the Jorge has been the proprietorproprietor of the store of the store for thirty years. His father was the owner for thirty years. His father was the owner before that.before that.

The tiny dog looked The tiny dog looked innocuousinnocuous, but in fact , but in fact he was very dangerous.he was very dangerous.

Taylor was never hungry, but after going Taylor was never hungry, but after going without food for three days, he was so without food for three days, he was so ravenousravenous that he ate like a dog. that he ate like a dog.

Water may seem Water may seem ubiquitousubiquitous, until a , until a drought comes alongdrought comes along

Review of Patterns of OrganizationReview of Patterns of Organization

In the next decade, hundreds of thousands of In the next decade, hundreds of thousands of convicted felons who were locked up as a result of convicted felons who were locked up as a result of tough anticrime policies in the 1980’s and 1990’s tough anticrime policies in the 1980’s and 1990’s will be released from prisons. Most community will be released from prisons. Most community reentry programs are already underfunded and reentry programs are already underfunded and understaffed. As a result, it will be hard to understaffed. As a result, it will be hard to arrange social services for all who need them. Yet arrange social services for all who need them. Yet if these services are not received, former inmates if these services are not received, former inmates will likely drain community welfare programs and will likely drain community welfare programs and food banks. Unfortunately, a lack of necessary food banks. Unfortunately, a lack of necessary reentry services will often lead to a return to reentry services will often lead to a return to crime.crime.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates and A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsevents

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastcontrast

E. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

The process of human digestion begins at The process of human digestion begins at the very moment that food enters the the very moment that food enters the mouth. At this point, both teeth and saliva mouth. At this point, both teeth and saliva begin preparing the food for safe entry into begin preparing the food for safe entry into the intestine. Once the food is swallowed, it the intestine. Once the food is swallowed, it moves down through the esophagus by moves down through the esophagus by means of muscle contractions. When it means of muscle contractions. When it reaches the stomach, it is mixed with reaches the stomach, it is mixed with enzymes and acid that ready the food for enzymes and acid that ready the food for entry into the small intestine.entry into the small intestine.

A. Definition B. Time order – dates A. Definition B. Time order – dates and eventsand events

C. Time order – process D. Comparison and C. Time order – process D. Comparison and contrastcontrast

E. Cause and effect F. ClassificationE. Cause and effect F. Classification

Most Americans are accustomed to thinking of Most Americans are accustomed to thinking of lie detectors as foolproof. They assume that lie lie detectors as foolproof. They assume that lie detectors can separate the guilty from the detectors can separate the guilty from the innocent without error. But, in fact, nothing innocent without error. But, in fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Lie detectors could be further from the truth. Lie detectors can and do make mistakes. For one thing, can and do make mistakes. For one thing, those who administer the test are not those who administer the test are not necessarily qualified experts. In addition, many necessarily qualified experts. In addition, many subjects react to a lie detector test by subjects react to a lie detector test by becoming anxious. As a result, their bodies becoming anxious. As a result, their bodies behave as if they are lying even though they behave as if they are lying even though they are telling the truth. are telling the truth.

Example ThreeExample Three

For centuries earthquakes were considered For centuries earthquakes were considered warnings from the gods. It is only recently warnings from the gods. It is only recently that a theory called plate tectonics seems that a theory called plate tectonics seems to adequately explain the cause of to adequately explain the cause of earthquakes. According to this theory, the earthquakes. According to this theory, the earth’s surface consists of about a dozen earth’s surface consists of about a dozen giant rock plates, which are constantly in giant rock plates, which are constantly in motion. Sometimes they collide and lock motion. Sometimes they collide and lock together. The locking of the plates cause together. The locking of the plates cause the rock to fracture, causing an the rock to fracture, causing an earthquake.earthquake.

Example FourExample Four

During World War I and II, Congress required During World War I and II, Congress required Americans to observe daylight saving time to Americans to observe daylight saving time to save energy for the production of war supplies. save energy for the production of war supplies. After studies indicated that DST reduced the After studies indicated that DST reduced the need for artificial light and decreased need for artificial light and decreased electricity usage, DST became permanent in electricity usage, DST became permanent in most states. DST is also said to prevent traffic most states. DST is also said to prevent traffic accidents by allowing more people to return accidents by allowing more people to return home from work in daylight. There is also home from work in daylight. There is also evidence that DST reduces crime. Clearly, evidence that DST reduces crime. Clearly, there are some good reasons for observing there are some good reasons for observing daylight savings time.daylight savings time.

Example FiveExample Five

More than fifty different kinds of sea More than fifty different kinds of sea snakes live in the waters of the Pacific snakes live in the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Unlike sea turtles, and Indian Oceans. Unlike sea turtles, which must crawl from the water to give which must crawl from the water to give birth on land, sea snakes give birth in the birth on land, sea snakes give birth in the water. The only time a sea snake surfaces water. The only time a sea snake surfaces is when it needs to fill its single lung with is when it needs to fill its single lung with air. Once the lung is filled, the sea snake air. Once the lung is filled, the sea snake can stay underwater for hours. Sea can stay underwater for hours. Sea snakes are quite dangerous, producing a snakes are quite dangerous, producing a deadly poison that can kill on contact.deadly poison that can kill on contact.

Example SixExample Six

Avalanches are among the world’s most Avalanches are among the world’s most dangerous natural disasters. Fortunately, they dangerous natural disasters. Fortunately, they usually occur in remote mountain areas. usually occur in remote mountain areas. Occasionally, however, an avalanche can strike Occasionally, however, an avalanche can strike without warning, taking hikers and skiers by without warning, taking hikers and skiers by surprise. This is what happened more than a surprise. This is what happened more than a century ago when a small group of mountain century ago when a small group of mountain climbers tried to scale the huge alpine peak climbers tried to scale the huge alpine peak Mont Blanc. They were unexpectedly overtaken Mont Blanc. They were unexpectedly overtaken by an avalanche that left only a few survivors. by an avalanche that left only a few survivors. Three members of the party were buried in Three members of the party were buried in snow. When, after almost half a century, their snow. When, after almost half a century, their bodies were found, they were perfectly bodies were found, they were perfectly preserved and were recognizable to a surviving preserved and were recognizable to a surviving member of the party.member of the party.

The widespread use of antibiotics began in the The widespread use of antibiotics began in the 1940’s. Since that time, some diseases – for 1940’s. Since that time, some diseases – for example, tuberculosis, have developed strains example, tuberculosis, have developed strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Once a new strain appears, it can rapidly Once a new strain appears, it can rapidly spread. Scientists also fear that the overuse of spread. Scientists also fear that the overuse of antibiotics has helped to destroy other kinds of antibiotics has helped to destroy other kinds of bacteria that would normally control the new bacteria that would normally control the new and stronger strains. Thus people are and stronger strains. Thus people are becoming more vulnerable to bacteria that becoming more vulnerable to bacteria that cannot be effectively treated with existing cannot be effectively treated with existing antibiotics.antibiotics.

The white-tailed deer was one of the first The white-tailed deer was one of the first animals to be protected by federal legislation. animals to be protected by federal legislation. But as it turns out, the deer were not in much But as it turns out, the deer were not in much need for protection. They are highly need for protection. They are highly adaptable creatures, and their population has adaptable creatures, and their population has not diminished despite the loss of wooded not diminished despite the loss of wooded areas. They have adapted quite nicely to life areas. They have adapted quite nicely to life on the edge of suburbia. In fact, they are on the edge of suburbia. In fact, they are happy to supplement their diets with fruits happy to supplement their diets with fruits and vegetables from gardens. In addition, and vegetables from gardens. In addition, many homeowners put out blocks of deer food many homeowners put out blocks of deer food that help the animals make it through harsh that help the animals make it through harsh winters.winters.

Congratulations!Congratulations!

We have now completed our last We have now completed our last seminar seminar

for KU 120!for KU 120!

Thank you for your hard work and Thank you for your hard work and dedication. It has been my dedication. It has been my

pleasure and privilege to serve as pleasure and privilege to serve as your professor.your professor.

Good luck to all! Good luck to all!