pupillary physiology stuart r. steinhauer, ph.d. biometrics research program
DESCRIPTION
Pupillary Physiology Stuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D. Biometrics Research Program University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System. ( http://www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/biometrics). Society for Psychophysiological Research Workshop, Boston, September 14, 2011. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Pupillary PhysiologyStuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D.Biometrics Research Program
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System
(http://www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/biometrics)
Society for Psychophysiological Research Workshop, Boston, September 14, 2011
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little is achieved by one alone,
Thanks to all of the following:
Greg J. Siegle, Ph.D.Ruth Condray, Ph.D.
Samay Jain, M.D.Beatrice Chakraborty, Psy.D.
Adam L. Clarke, B.S.Erin E. Kelly, B.S.
J. Richard Jennings, Shirley Y. Hill, Lisa A. Morrow
Gad Hakerem, Joseph Zubin, Samuel Sutton
Work has been supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs and National Institute of Mental Health
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Pupil of the Eye.net
• Pupil of the Eye ... United in Spirit ... In Service to All
• • “Bahá'u'lláh once compared the coloured people
to the black pupil of the eye surrounded by the white. In this black pupil you see the reflection of that which is before it, and through it the light of the Spirit shines forth. In the sight of God colour makes no difference at all, He looks at the hearts of men. That which God desires from men is the heart...”
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http://www.ndrs.scot.nhs.uk/Train/Handbook/drh-21.htm
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http://www.army-technology.com/features/feature1644/feature1644-4.html
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www.center4sight.com/anisocoria
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Measuring sustained cognitive load via pupil dilation
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Horizontal Diameter Measured to .025 mm, 60/sec
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Average Pupillary Light Reaction
5.5
6
6.5
7-2
00
20
0
60
0
10
00
14
00
18
00
22
00
26
00
30
00
34
00
Time (ms)
Pu
pil
Dia
mte
r (m
m)
Start
End
Light
Amplitude of Light Reaction
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Alexandritis, 1985
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n.III Oculomotor Nucleus
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Edinger Westphal Nucleus (4 on right figure)
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Alexandritis, 1985
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Hypothalamic Nuclei
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Posterior Hypothalamic
Nuclei(sympathetic)
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Lowenstein, 1955
Dilation
Constriction
12 Oculomotor nucleus
7 Hypothalamus
Inhibition of
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White & Depue, J.Pers.Soc.Psychol., 1999, quoting Ranson & Clark, 1959
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White & Depue, J.Pers.Soc.Psychol., 1999, quoting Ranson & Clark, 1959
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Autonomic Contributions to Pupillary Dilation
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Time Course of Immediate Processing:
Prestimulus; 300-500 msec (motor) 600-1000 msec
1100-1500 msec
Task sensitivity:
Increasing Ambient Light:
Sustained Processing (memory, effort) Motor Initiation Anticipatory Responses Increased response with smaller initial diameter
Immediate Processing of Stimulus Significance Orienting Responses No substantial differences (within limits)
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Experimental Dissociation of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Components
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Recording in Dark:
Recording in Light:
Minimize Dilation Increase Dilation
Normal Dilation Normal Dilation
Block sphincter:
Block dilator:
No Dilation Normal Dilation
Normal Dilation No Dilation
Tasks: Digit Span Serial Subtraction Motor Responses (Voluntary, Cued)
“Oddball” Counting & Choice Reaction Guessing Missing Stimulus Paradigm
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Begin Data Collection
Verbalize
End Data Collection
Instructions:
Subtract 7
or Add 1
Serial “Subtraction” Task
Reticular Activating System inhibits Edinger-Westphal center of Oculomotor Nucleus
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) inhibits E-W &
Activates Posterior Hypothalamus
5 sec 60 sec
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Pupil Diameter Increases With Task Demand
Steinhauer et al., Int. J. Psychophysiology, 2004
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What can interfere with the light reflex? (other than brightness, visual field, hue)
• Fear (Szabadi, Bitsios, 1996)
• Apprehension (Loewenfeld, 1958; 1993)
• Motor response (Loewenfeld, 1993; Gavriysky, 1991)
• Cognition (Steinhauer, 2000)
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Light Reaction Amplitude by Cue Delay
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
No Cue -1000 -750 -500 -250 0 250 500
Cue to Light onset (msec)
Lig
ht
Rea
ctio
n (
mm
)
Control =8
Motor Response cued by tone inhibits Light Reaction even after onset of light stimulus
Light Duration = 1000 msec, Tone Duration = 40 msec
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Effect of Task Demand on Light Reaction
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Light Reaction, Superimposed at Baseline
Placebo
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
-200 200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 3400
Time (msec)
Ch
ang
e in
D
iam
eter
(m
m)
Placebo, Subtract 7
Placebo, Add 1
Placebo, No Task
Light Stimulus
(n = 29 healthy subjects)
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Prestimulus Pupil Diameter
Serial -7Serial +1Light Only
Pre
-stim
ulus
Dia
met
er (
mm
)7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
GROUP
Control
Schizophrenic
Alcoholic
Group: F1,35 = 5.6, p=0.008
Condition: F 1.4,50.1 = 47.1 , p < 0.001
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Constriction: Group by Condition
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Control = 12 Alcohol = 15 Schizophrenic = 11
Ch
ang
e in
Dia
met
er (
mm
)
Light Only
Add 1
Subtract 7
Condition: F 1.6,56.6 = 5.99, p = 0.007
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Loewenfeld, 1993
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Loewenfeld, 1993
Dapiprazole
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Blockade of Sphincter or Dilator on Diameter in relation to Task Demand
Steinhauer et al., Int. J. Psychophysiology, 2004
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Average Pupillary Light Reaction
5.5
6
6.5
7-2
00
20
0
60
0
10
00
14
00
18
00
22
00
26
00
30
00
34
00
Time (ms)
Pu
pil
Dia
mte
r (m
m)
Start
End
Light
Amplitude of Light Reaction
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Placebo Dapiprazole Tropicamide
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
-20020
060
010
0014
0018
0022
0026
0030
0034
00 -20020
060
010
0014
0018
0022
0026
0030
0034
00-2
00 20060
010
0014
0018
0022
0026
0030
0034
00
Time (msec)
Dia
met
er (
mm
) Subtract 7
Add 1
No Task
No Task and Add 1 superimposed
(Block Dilator) (Block Sphincter)
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Steinhauer & Zubin, 1982
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Steinhauer & Hakerem, 1992
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Cued Response: Placebo
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
-992 -592 -192 208 608 100814081808 22082608
Time (msec)
Ch
an
ge
in P
up
il D
iam
ete
r (m
m)
Cued-Dark
Cued-Light
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Self Initiated Response: Placebo
-0.07
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
-992 -592 -192 208 608 1008 1408 1808 2208 2608
Time (msec)
Ch
an
ge
in P
up
il D
iam
ete
r (m
m)
Placebo-Dark
Placebo-Light
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(n = 11 healthy subjects)
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(n = 11 healthy subjects)
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Harrison et al., SCAN, 2006
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Irene E. Loewenfeld, Ph.D.
Dept. of Neurology, Columbia University
Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University
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Funded by the National Library of Medicine Grant #G08 LM07919-02 A collaboration of the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, and the North American
Neuro-Ophthalmology Society (NANOS)
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H. Stanley Thompson, M.D. Randy Kardon, M.D.
Neuro-opthalmology Service, University of Iowa
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Gad Hakerem & Irene Loewenfeld, 2005 Pupil Colloquium, NY
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Eckhard Hess
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Daniel Kahneman, Ph.D. Jackson Beatty, Ph.D.
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Iridology?