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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 1
Embedded Systems -Introduction
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 2
System DefinitionSystem Definition� A way of working, organizing or
performing one or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 3
System DefinitionSystem Definition� Also an arrangement in which all
units assemble and work together according to a program or plan.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 4
Examples of Systems Examples of Systems
� Time display system – A watch� Automatic cloth washing system – A
washing machine
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 5
1. “An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger system.” –
Present Book
Embedded System Definitions:Embedded System Definitions:
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 6
Embedded System Definitions:Embedded System Definitions:
2. “An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software embedded in a computer hardware.” – Present Book
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 7
3. “It is a dedicated computer based system for an application(s) or product. It may be an independent system or a part of large system. Its software usually embeds into a ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash.” – Present Book
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 8
“It is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general purpose computer.” –Wayne Wolf, Ref: 61Wayne Wolf, Ref: 61
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 9
“Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that contain a microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we do not think of them as computers– the computer is hidden or embedded in the system.” – Todd D. Morton, Todd D. Morton, Ref: 38Ref: 38
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 10
Let’s consider a ComputerLet’s consider a ComputerA computer is a system that has the following
or more components. � A microprocessor � A large memory comprising the following
two kinds:� (a) Primary memory (semiconductor
memories - RAM, ROM and fast accessible caches)
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 11
ComputerComputer(b) Secondary memory [(magnetic memory located in hard disks, diskettes and cartridge tapes, optical memory in CD-ROM or memory stick (in mobile computer)] using which different user programs can load into the primary memory and can be run.
� I/O units such as touch screen, modem, fax cum modem etc.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 12
ComputerComputer� Input units such as keyboard, mouse, digitizer,
scanner, etc. � Output units like LCD screen, video monitor,
printer, etc. � Networking units like Ethernet card, front-end
processor-based server, bus drivers, etc. � Operating system (OS). � General purpose user interfaces and application-
software, mostly in secondary memory
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 13
Now consider Now consider Embedded systemEmbedded system
1. Embeds hardware to give computer like functionalities
2. Embeds main application software generally into flash or ROM and the application software performs concurrently the number of tasks.
––Three main embeddedThree main embedded componentscomponents
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 14
Embedded system componentsEmbedded system components
3. Embeds a real time operating system ( RTOS), which supervises the application software tasks running on the hardware and organizes the accesses to system resources according to priorities and timing constraints of tasks in the system.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 15
Embedded system RTOSEmbedded system RTOS� Enables execution of concurrent processes
or threads or tasks � Provides a mechanism to let the processor
run each process as per scheduling and to do context-switch between the various processes (threads or tasks)
� RTOS sets the rules during execution of application processes to enable finishing of a process within the assigned time interval and with assigned priority.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 16
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 17
Exemplary Application AreasExemplary Application Areas
–– Also refer to Section 1.5Also refer to Section 1.5
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 18
Sophisticated Embedded System Sophisticated Embedded System CharacteristicsCharacteristics
(1) Dedicated functions(2) Dedicated complex algorithms (3) Dedicated (GUIs) and other user
interfaces for the application
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 19
(4) Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the system works, reacts to the events and interrupts, schedules the system functioning in real time and executes by following a plan to control the latencies and to meet the deadlines. [Latency — Waiting interval between the instance at which a need to run the codes arises for task (or interrupt service routine) following an event and instance of start executing the codes]
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 20
(5) Multi-rate operations — Different operations may take place at distinct rates. For example, the audio, video, network data or stream and events have the different rates and time constraints to finish associated processes.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 21
Constraints of an Embedded System Constraints of an Embedded System DesignDesign
� Available system-memory � Available processor speed � Limited power dissipation when running
the system continuously in cycles of the system start, wait for event, wake-up and run, sleep and stop.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 22
System design constraintsSystem design constraints
� Performance, � power, � size, � non-recurring design cost, and � manufacturing costs.
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2008 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education 23
SummarySummary
We learnt(i) Definitions of embedded system,(ii) Embedded hardware, application
software and RTOS(iii) Exemplary application-areas
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Summary…Summary…
We learnt(iii) Sophisticated Embedded System
Characteristics(iv) System Constraints(v) Design Constraints
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End of Lesson 1End of Lesson 1