public spaces - public life -in the 21st century · pdf filejan gehl, professor, dr,litt....
TRANSCRIPT
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JAN GEHL, PROFESSOR, DR,LITT. FOUNDING PARTNER: GEHL ARCHITECTS
URBAN QUALITY CONSULTANTS, COPENHAGEN
PUBLIC SPACES - PUBLIC LIFE -in the 21st CENTURY
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INTRODUCING SPECTACULAR MONUMENTS AS CITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY
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INTRODUCING SPECTACULAR MONUMENTS AS CITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY
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Or-IMPROVING PUBLIC SPACES AS CITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY
BARCELONA LYON
COPENHAGEN MELBOURNE
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Public Life - the hard Ware
Publ.2001
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The traditional city......forever
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The invaded city....from 1950s
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The abandoned city..from 1970s
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Dubai 2005
Venice 2005
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The reconquered city...from 1980s
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*Willingnes to put constraintsto the vehicular traffic
*realisation of the importanceof public life
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9 reconquered Cities
• Barcelona• Lyon• Strasbourg• Freiburg• Copenhagen• Portland• Curitiba• Cordoba• Melbourne
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Public Life - the Soft Ware
Publ.2006
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1950 1965 20001900
Mainstreet Copenhagen in 100 yearsFrom nessesary to optional activities
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Will occur regardless of the quality provided
Will occur only if good quality is provided
1900 to 2000: 1900 to 2000: From necessary to optional activities in the Public SpacesFrom necessary to optional activities in the Public Spaces
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1900: Nine times more
residents in this house than
today
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Corbussier1924
CIAM Athens Charter 1933
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Jane Jacobs 1961
Strøget Copenhagen pedestrian st. 1962
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”Copenhagen School”* Life Between Buildings
*Copenhagen Surveys
1971..2006 1968, 1985, 1995, 2005
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”The New York School”
* William H. Whyte
*PPS Project f. Public Spaces
1980 1988 2000
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”The Berkeley School”*Alexander *Appleyard*Cooper Marcus *Allan Jacobs *Bossellmann
1981 19931988
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First Oil Crisis 1973 Traffic Calming 1970s
1998 NEW ATHENS CHARTER OF CITY PLANN
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Will occur regardless of the quality provided
Will occur only if good quality is provided
1900 to 2000: 1900 to 2000: From necessary to optional activities in the Public SpacesFrom necessary to optional activities in the Public Spaces
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A 2007 VISIT FROM CITY OF NEW YORK
Commisioner for Planning: Amanda BurdenCommisioner for Transpot: J. Saddik-Khan
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Copenhagen - 1.3 million inhabitants
• from car spaces to people places• incremental process• from shopping to meeting place• data on pedestrians
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Copenhagen: 1.3 million (region)
From traffic place to people place
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Strøget (main street) pedestrianized 1962
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In 1962 all 18 squares were parking lots
- now they are all people squares
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The development of pedestrian areas in the city from 1962…….7 times more People Space!
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Public Space-Public Life Surweys: Copenhagen 1968, 1985, 1995 (+2005)
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Many more People are walking in the city
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Number of café-chairs 1985-1995-2005
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4 times more people spend time in the city
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Number of Cultural Events increasing
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1995-2005: Many more Sunday visitors
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Evening activities 1995-2005+ 43%
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More people, more time spent, longer days& and much longer season
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1990-2007: Fine Public Spaces areintroduced in the City Neighborhoods
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Copenhagen - City of Bicycles
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-on a citywide network of bicycle lanesBicycling in Copenhagen
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Bicycle signals turns green sixseconds before the car signals
-an efficient, citywidetransportation system
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Increase in Cycling VS. Decrease in Driving
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Mother in law:Age 85
Age 92-open to age groups 5-85+
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MODAL SPLIT: 36% go to work on bicycle23% use car 33% use public transport
100% more bicycling in Copenhagen from 1997 to 2007
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The experience from Copenhagen:More bicycling = Fewer accidents
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Slide 115
Major complaint 2002: Congestion
-on the bicycle lanes!
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-making the traffic environment more calm and friendly
-and making the crossing of streets much safer
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- sidewalks and bicycle lanes are taken across all sidestreets. This makes room for street trees, benches, kiosks -and generally makes the city
more comfortable and people friendly!
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However, such fairy tales does not aply to cities in Australasia,
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Melbourne, - 3 mio. Inh.
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“The Age”1980
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-but when it comes to street life and ambienceit has by now a distinct touch of -say- Paris
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PedestrianPedestrian traffictraffic weekdaysweekdays daytimedaytime: +40%: +40%
PedestrianPedestrian traffictraffic eveningevening: +100 %: +100 %
StationaryStationary activitiesactivities +200+200--300%300%
MELBOURNE City Center 1994MELBOURNE City Center 1994--20042004
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Melbourne: Pedestrian traffic in Bourke St & Swanston St. on summer weekday in 1993 & 2004.
Comparrison with major streets in Adelaide (2002), London (2003) and Copenhagen (1995)
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REYKJAVIK, ICELAND REYKJAVIK, ICELAND 20072007
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2005 AMMAN, JORDAN 2005 AMMAN, JORDAN 20072007
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However, is there a use for public space in the present-day electronic world?
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THE CLIENT:
A slow, linear, horizontal,
max 5 km/h walking creature
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Prerequisities for Planning:• Human Body
• Human Movements
• Human Senses
• Human Interaction
• Human Behaviour
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”Welcome”!!!
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EUROLILLE (Rem Koolhaas) France
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Public Life - the Soft Ware
Publ.2006
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PROTECTION
COMFORT
•ENJOYMENT
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Piazza Il Campo, Siena, Italy (14th century)
The Finest Urban Space in the World
- a miracle or straightforward common sense?
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Overview of Quality criterias-The Pedestrian landscape
Campo in Siena
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Overview of Quality criterias-The Pedestrian landscape
Nyhavn, Copenhagen
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Overview of Quality criterias-The Pedestrian landscape
Sct.Hans Square, Copenh.
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Kay Fiskers Plads, Ørestad, Copenhagen 2005 10.000 m2
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Aker Brygge, harbour port district, Oslo, 1985
Brygge Torvet 6.000 m2
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Kaj Fiskers Torv Aker Brygge Torv
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72445144
Pedestrian traffic:
Kaj Fiskers Torv: 40% more people pr day
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Kaj Fiskers Torv Aker Brygge Torv
Running from A to B Promenading & Sitting
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Stationary activities /Sitting, standing and so on:
Aker Brygge Torv: 44 times more “Life” in the space
212 (Average)
5,5
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Hotel on the Dead Sea Coast, Jordan
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Shopping & Leisure Center, Dubai
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Shopping & Leisure Center, Dubai
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”City-Sculpture”Tate Modern, London
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TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT HOW CHILDREN MAKE CITIES
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PLEASE Never forget whowe are working for!
”the Client”
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However, is there a use for public space in the present-day electronic world?
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Internet cafe? (Bogota, Colombia 2003)
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Some 10 reasons why a pedestrian & public life policy is needed in the
21 century
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Transport dimension
Getting from A to B - simple, cheap, low noise
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Work Dimension compassion for those who have to be on the streets
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Sustainability dimension
* sustainable * cheap * healthy * no emissions/pollution * takes up very little space * simple infrastructures * needed for efficient public transportation
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Health dimension
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Urban recreation - where the presence of other people are the special attraction
Recreational dimension
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Urban recreation - where the presence of other people are the special attraction
Recreational dimension
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Social dimensionThe City as meetingplace ! From the biggest city events to just seeing and hearing other people in the public spaces
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People watching- the number one attraction in any city
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People watching - the number 1,2,3...10 attraction in any city
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Information & learningdimension
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Democratic dimension ”Open Society” dimension
Danse his sort her
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1 sq.meter reluctantly set aside (by Courtorder) for Democracy
and the right of free speech. (Atlanta Airport,USA)
Free speech! -in a privatized
world!
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A heartfelt welcome to a local shopping center (Australia)
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Friendly, safe city dimension
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Sheer fun dimension ”a general human dimension”
.....Oh, what a wonderfull World!
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City Center Car Parking further reduced 1995-2005
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PHILADELPHIA, USA(In 1995 Sidewalk cafés were introduced/allowed in Philadelphia)
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