public disclosure authorized - world bank · 2016. 7. 13. · kar)at;bg;mulfnrubv½nþnigsgÁm...

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Typewritten Text

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r)aykarN_elx>>>-KH ÉksaryuT§saRsþvis½yCnbTrbs;km<úCa ³ eq<aHeTAkan;vDÆnPaBenACnbT nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk erobcMedayRkumFnaKarBiPBelaksMrab;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa éf¶TI 15 Ex mifuna qñaM 2005 EpñkGPivDÆn_CnbT nig FnFanFmμCati tMbn;GasuIxagekIt nig ):asuIhVik

rUbiyvtßú nig GRtabþÚR)ak; ÉktþarUbiyvtßú- R)ak;erolkm<úCa

GRtabþÚrR)ak; ¬KitRtwmExmifuna qñaM 2005¦ ³ 4>285 erol

qñaMsareBIBn§ ¬éf¶TI 1 Ex mkra dl; 31 Ex FñÚ¦

GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn; naykRbcaMRbeTs nayykRKb;RKgRbcaMRbeTs nayktamEpñk naykRKb;RKgtamEpñk RbFanRkumkargar

Jemal-ud-Din Kassum

Ian C. Porter

Nisha Agrawal

Mark D. Wilson

Hoonae Kim

Marianne Grosclaude

BakübMRBYj

AAA - esvaviPaK nig pþl;RbwkSa ADB - FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu AEW - buKÁlikpSBVpSayksikmμ AFD - TIPñak;gar)araMgedIm,IGPivDÆn_ AQIP - KMeragelIkkMBs;KuNPaBksikm μ APIP - KMeragelIkkMBs;plitPaBksikm μ ARD - karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nig CnbT AusAID - TIPñak;garGURsþalIGPivDÆn_GnþrCati ASDL - \NTanGPivDÆn_vis½yksikm μ (ADB)

ASEAN - smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGeKñy_ CAEEP - KMeragpSBVpSayksikmμkm<úCa-GURsþalI CAS - yuT§sa®sþCMnYyRbcaMRbeTs CIAP - KMeragGuIrIkm<úCa-GURsþalI CIDA - TIPñak;garkaNadaedIm,IGPivDÆn_GnþrCati CLP - RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI CSES - Gegátesdækic©nigsgÁmkic©km<úCa C/SF - mUlniFiXuM¼sgáat; DANIDA - CMnYydaNIm:aksMrab;GPivDÆn_GnþrCati DAO - kariyal½yksikm μRsuk DFID - RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (UK) DoF - naykdæanClpl EBA - KMerag {GVI²TaMgGs;eRkABIGavuF} rbs;shPaBGWr:ub EC - shKmn_GWr:ub ECHO - kariyal½ymnusSFm’énKN³km μkarshKmn_GWr:ub FAO - GgÁkares,ógnigksikmμénGgÁkarshRbCaCati FDI - vinieyaKkñúgRsukBIbreTs FWUC - shKmn_ksikreRbIR)as;Twk GDP - plitplkñúgRsuksrub

IMF - mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati IFAD - mUlniFiGnþrCatisMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ IFAPER - karvaytMélTMnukcitþ nig cMNaysaFarN³ JICA - TIPñak;garshRbtiþbtþikarGnþrCatiCb:un LIL - \NTansMrab;karsikSanignvanuvtþn_ LMAP - KMeragRKb;RKgnigrdæ)aldIF øI MLMUPC - RksYgerobcMEdndI nrKrUbnIykm μ nig sMNg; MAFF - RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT

MEF - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú MDG - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ MFI - RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú MFO - GgÁkarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú MIME - RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl

MOC - RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ MOE - RksYgbrisßan

MOEY - RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa MOI - RksYgmhaépÞ MOWVA - RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn MOWRAM - RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym

MRC - KN³km μkarTenøemKgÁ MRD - RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT MTEF - Rkbx½NÐcMNayry³eBlmFüm NBC - FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa NGO - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al NPRS - yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk O&M - Rbtibtþikar nig karEfTaM PDAFF - mnÞIrksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaTextþ PRASAC II - km μviFIsþarnigKaMRTvis½yksikmμenAkm<úCa PRDC - KN³km μkarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ PRIP - KMeragehdæarcnasm<½n§extþnigCnbT

PSIA - kar):an;RbmaNplb:HBal;énPaBRkIRknigsgÁm RDB - FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT RGC - raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa RSSN - ÉksaryuT§sa®sþvis½yCnbT SEDP - KMeragGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsgÁmkic© SIDA - TIPñak;gars‘uyEGtedIm,IGPivDÆn_GnþrCati SME - shRKasxñattUcnigmFüm TA - CMnYybec©keTs

UNDP - kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati VAHW - bsueBTüPUmi WHO - GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak

WTO - GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak

matika

GarmÖkfa x esckþIEføgGMNrKuN xii xøwmsarsegçb 1 Epñk I³ karGPivDÆn_RTRTg;GñkRkIRk nigkMeNIn³ cMNucsñÚlénkarPivDÆn_CnbT 1

kMeNInknøgmkmin)annaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCaFMdMueT 1 CIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT enAmankMritedaysarkarxVHnUvkalanuvtþPaB nigPaBgayrgeRKaH 4 karRKb;RKgdIFøInigFnFanFm μCatikMBugmankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMg 9 karGnuvtþn_kargarvis½yksikmμmankarxkcitþ 12 esvaCamUldæan nigehdæarcnasm<½n§mankarxVHxatya:gxøaMg 18

Epñk II ³ karbnSIúkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT - FatusMxan;ényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ ksikm μ nigGPivDÆn_vis½yCnbTeq<aHeTArkGñkRk 24

karEklMGkarRKb;RKgnigbegáInlT§PaB)anTTYl)annUvsm,tþiFmμCatiEdlman plitPaB 26 kMENTMrg;rdæ)aldIFøI nigkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgdIFøI 27 kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI 40 kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgClpl 53 kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgTwk nigelIkarRKb;RKgTwkCMnn; 61

karbegáInR)ak;cMNUlksikmμ 73 karBRgwg nigRKb;RKgtamvis½y 76 karsMrYlesvaKaMRTbec©keTs nigesvaKaMRTTIpSar 83 kMNt;km μviFIsMrab;elIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvt þn_énGnuvis½ysMxan;Epñkksikmμ 90

pSarP¢ab;KMlatelIlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaKaMRT nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ 105 GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§enAtMbn;CnbT 105 karBRgIkesvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT 111

karFanalT§PaB[)anTTYlesvasgÁmenACnbTEdlmanKuNPaB 115

EpñkTI III ³ karpþl;lT§pl nigCMhanbnÞab; 120 BRgwgcMNgTak;TgcMeBaHrebobvar³ KaMRTtamvis½y 123

karRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³ 124 vimCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan 126 karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigkMENTMrg;RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakar 130 karGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikm μ 134

karRbmUlpþúMeTAelItYnaTIEpñksaFarN³sMxan;² 139 tMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl rYmmankarKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy 142 CMhanbnÞab; 146

ÉksareyagsMxan;² 194 ]bsm<½n§ 1³ eKaledAGPivDÆn_shSsvtSkm<úCa 198 ]bsm<½n§TI 2³ RbB½n§daMduH 200 ]bsm<½n§TI 3³ EpnTI 206 tarag

tarag 1³ karrYmcMENktamvis½ycMeBaH GDP nigkargar ¬RbPB³RksYgBaNiC¢km μ¦ 2 tarag 2³ smamaRtPaKrymFüménRbPBepSg²KñaéncMNUl eFobnwgcMNUlRKYsarsrubenACnbT tambBa©PaK 5 tarag 3³ km<úCa - kar)a:n;sμanénsiT§ikan;kab;¼eRbIR)as;dIFøI / 2004 12

tarag 4³ karRKb;dNþb;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§-kareRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag 20

tarag 5³ vinieyaKEdl)anGnum½tk¼ ¬duløarGaemrik - tYelx)a:n;sμan¦ 22 taragTI6 ³ lkçN³sþIBIIbec©kviTüaksikmμ nigktþaelIkTwkcitþvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;bec©kviTüa 83 taragTI 7³ plcMNUlénkareFVIvinieyaKsaFarN³kñúgvis½yksikm μ nigplb:HBal;eTAelIkarkat;

bnßyPaBRkIRkenARbeTscin nig\NÐa 123

taragTI 8³ vis½yEdlkMENTMrg;GnþrEpñkman\T§iBleTAelIesdækic©CnbT-]TahrN_eRCIserIs 135

RbGb;

RbGb;1³ lT§plsegçb nigGnusasn_dkRsg;BI karsikSavaytMélsßanPaBeynD½r enAkm<úCa 8

RbGb; 2³ lT§plénkarviPaKtMbn;esdækic©es,óg rbs;km μviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak 10

RbGb; 3³ sßanPaBénesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁm nigesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT 19 RbGb;TI4 ³ bBaðaRbQménkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBxñatFMenAkm<úCa 63 RbGb;TI 5 ³ bBaðaKnøwHén PEM enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ 76 RbGb;TI6 ³ ]bsKÁsMxan;²cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_BaNiC¢km μ 87 RbGb;TI 7³ EklMGPaBEdlGacBüakrN_)anénkic©snüa 130 RbGb;TI 8³ emeronbTBiesaFn_xøHEdl)anmkBIkarBinitüeLIgvijnaeBlfμ I²énCMnYybreTs 140

GarmÖkfa eRkayeBlegIbecjBIs®gÁamry³eBl 3 TsvtSr_ km<úCa )anqøgkat;dMNak;kalGnþrkalEpñk esdækic© neya)ay nig sgÁm Gs;ry³eBlCagmYyTsvtSr_knøgmkenH . km<úCa )aneFVI[mankarERbRbYly:agelOn elIEpñksßab½n karsþareLIgvijnUvsnþiPaB nig karpøas;bþÚrBIesdækic©EpnkarEbbmCÄkar eTACaesdækic©TIpSar nig BIPaBÉekaeTAkareFVIsmahrNkm μcUlkñúgshKmn_tMbn;nigBiPBelak . smiT§plsMxan;²EdlsMerc)anrhUt mkdl;eBlenH mandUcCa kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRkumRbwkSaXuM¼sgáat;qñaM 2002 nig kare)aHeqñateRCIserIs smaCiksPaGaNtþiTI 3 qñaM 2003 kMeNInesdækic©efr 6° kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_knøgmk nig karcUlCasmaCik GgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ . eTaHbICa sßanPaBneya)aynigm:aRkUesdækic©mansßirPaB ehIy kMENTMrg; rcnasm<½n§sMxan;²RtUv)anGnuvtþehIyk_eday k_esdækic©km<úCaenAEtgayTTYlrgeRKaH ehIykMeNInesdækic© minTan;)ankat;bnßyPaBRkIRk[ )anTUlMTUlayenAeLIy . edaysarplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦ sMrab; mnusSmñak;man 280 duløaGaemrik nig sUcnakrsgÁmEdlbgðaj[eXIjfa mankarrIkcMerIntictYc cab;taMgBI TsvtSr_qñaM 60 mk km<úCaenAEtsßitkñúgcMeNamRbeTsRkIRkbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak . plvi)akéns®gÁam kar)at;bg;mUlFnrUbv½nþnigsgÁm kar)at;bg;FnFanmnusS nig RKab;mInEdlenAesssl; enAEtCa]bsKÁcMeBaH karGPivDÆn_RbeTsCati TaMgkñúgry³eBlxøI nigry³eBlEvg . elIsBIenHeTot esdækic©RTg;RTaytUcnig ebIkcMh rbs;km<úCa k_CYbRbTHnwgbBaðaRbQm dUcCa karbegáItsßab½n nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§ EdlCYy[ esdækic©TTYl)an nUvplRbeyaCn_ nigkat;bnßyhaniP½yEdlekItecjBIkareFVIsmahrNkmμcUlkñúg shKmn_tMbn;nigBiPBelak kñúgbriyakasmYyEdlmankarRbkYtRbECgkan;EtxøaMgkøaenAkñúgtMbn; . karrIkcMerIn BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIsmiT§plEdlsMerc)anenACnbT . edaysar 90 PaKry én RbCaCnRkIRkrs;enACnbT KMlatrvagtMbn;CnbTnigTIRkugkan;EtFM ehIy karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk kñúgGMLúgCag mYyTsvtSr_knøgmkenHmankarrIkcMerIntictYc mankarÉkPaBCaTUeTAfa kMeNInesdækic© nigkarrIkcMerInkñúgkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk RtUvBwgEp¥kesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAelIdMeNaHRsaybBaðacMbg² Edlesdækic©CnbT kMBugEtRbQmmux . yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkqñaM 2003-2005 rbs; raCrdæaPi)al )anTTYlsÁal;BItMrUvkar[BRgwg nig BRgIkkareFVIkMENTMrg; edayepþatFnFand¾tictYceTA elIsrsrRTUgTaMg 4 KW karGPivDÆn_ksikmμnigCnbT karGb;rM suxaPi)al nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§ . eTaHbICa EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsgÁmkic©R)aMqñaMelIkTIBIr nigyuT§sa®sþ- Catikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rbs;raCrdæaPi)al )ankMNt;nUvGaTiPaBTUeTAsMrab;vis½yCnbTk_eday k_enAmankic©kar CaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVI edIm,IerobcM[mankmμviFIc,as;las;sMrab;sþaresdækic©CnbTeLIgvij edaycab;epþImBIkar pSBVpSayskm μPaBCaGaTiPaB[)anc,as;las;nigmanyuT§sa®sþl¥Cagmun karpSarP¢ab;kMENTMrg;nig karvinieyaK

CamYynwgFnFanEdlmanRsab; karbegáInkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelITinñplniglT§pl nig karBRgwg kic©shkar enAkñúgcMeNamPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs; edIm,IsMerc[)anlT§plCaGtibrma .

FnaKarBiPBelak RtUv)anesñIsMu[cUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarenH edaybnþeFVIkargarviPaK CaBiessbBa©Úl sMeNIrbs;xøÜneTAkñúgÉksaryuT§sa®sþvis½yCnbT ¬RSSN¦ enH . dMNak;kalTImYyénkargar enH)annaM[man ÉksarRBagEx mina 2003-mina 2004 . dMNak;kalTIBIr mina 2004-]sPa 2005 )anGnuBaØat eGayrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nig édKUdéTeTotBiPakSaÉksarRBagenH nig)annaMdl;karerobcMÉksarenH EdlCa karrYmcMENkcMeBaHkic©BiPakSakMBugRbRBwtþeTACuMvijGaTiPaBCayuT§saRsþ sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbT nig skm μPaBCak;lak; sMrab;Qandl;sMerclT§plEdl)anÉkPaBKña . KWkarerobcMÉksaryuT§sa®sþvis½yCnbT enH . dMNak;kalTIBIr KW CMruj[ raCrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nigédKUdéTeTot mankarÉkPaBKña CaTUeTA elIGaTiPaBCayuT§sa®sþ nigskmμPaBCak;lak;mYycMnYn edIm,IsMerc [)annUvlT§plEdlGacTTYlyk)an TaMgGs;Kña . ÉksarenH maneKalbMNgpþl;nUvRkbx½NÐd¾TUlMTUlaymYysMrab;karBiPakSaelICMerIsTisedA naeBlGnaKtrbs;km<úCa kñúgkarGPivDÆn_CnbT CamYynwg raCrdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy nig édKUdéTeTot . elIsBIenHeTot ÉksarenH k¾maneKalbMNgpþl;nUvBt’manTak;TgnwgkarerobcMyuT§sa®sþCMnYyRbcaM RbeTsfμ I ¬Country Assistance Strategy¦ rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak EdlkMBugEtdMeNIrkar edayman karcUlrYmshkarBI FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu nig RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (DFID) . ÉksarenH )anpþl;nUv r)aykarN_sþIBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenAkñúgvis½yCnbTnigEpñkCaGaTiPaB edIm,IsMerc[)annUvGRtakMeNInd¾TUlM-TUlaynigmankMritx<s;sMrab;CYy[vis½yCnbT bnþcUlrYmcMENkbegáIncMNUlenACnbT nig TIRkug¼TIRbCMuCn nig kargar .

ÉksarenH man 3 EpñkFM² ³ EpñkTI I bgðajBITidæPaBTUeTATak;Tgnwgesdækic©CnbT . EpñkTI II BinitüemIleLIgvijelIbBaðacMbg² Edlmanplb:HBal;dl;vis½yCnbT nigesñIeLIgnUvktþamYycMnYnényuT§sa®sþ GPivDÆn_ksikm μnigCnbTEdlCYydl;RbCaCnRkIRk nigEpñkTI III BiPakSaelIbBaðarYm Edlmanplb:HBal;elI lT§pl k_dUcCa sMeNIsMu[manskmμPaBbnþBIÉksarenH .

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

r)aykarN_enHerobcMedayRkummYYyEdldwknaMeday Marianne Grosclaude nig Louise Scura nig

Stephen Mink edaymankarrYmviPaKTanBI Wael Zakout Malcolm Childress nig Keith Bell (dIFøI) William B. Magrath nig Peter Jipp (éRBeQI) Douglas Olson (RKb;RKgFnFanTwk) Idah Pswarayi-

Riddihough (RKb;RKgeRKaHfñak;edayFm μCati) Ronald Zweig (Clpl) Steven Schonberger

(RKb;RKgFnFanFm μCati) Andrew Goodland (GaCIvkmμksikmμ »kaskargareRkABIksikmμ) Philippe

Boyer (ksikm μ) Christina Malmberg Calvo (ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT) nig Richard Burcroff . Steven

Schonberger nig cMerIn muTita )ansMrYldMeNIrkarRbwkSaenAkm<úCa edaymanCMnYy BI James Brew Tak;Tg nwgvis½yÉkCn . RkumenH)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIsMNak; Bautista-Laguidao nig Cecilia B. Tan-Yap

enATIRkugv:asIunetan DC nig exov Gmra enAPñMeBj . ÉksarsavtarBak;B½n§cMeBaHr)aykarN_enHRtUv)aneroberogeday Kent Helmers, John Gibson nig Pia

Wallgren (RbPBR)ak;cMNUlénRKYsarenACnbT) Olga Torres (hirBaØvtßúCnbT) Peter Millington

(RKb;RKgFnFanTwk) Joseph Ernstberger nig Liu Xueming (RbPBénkMeNIn) Christian Castellanet

(pSBVpSayksikmμ) Bruno Vindel nig Emmanuel Pousse (vishmCÄkarén esvaksikmμ) .

r)aykarN_enH)anTTYlmtieyabl;BIshesvikBinitüsareLIgvijrbs;xøÜn rYmman ³ Gershon Feder

(naykrbs; DECRG) Dina Umali-Deininger (SASAR) nig Louise Bevan (TIRbwkSa) nig )anTTYlmtiBisþarBIkar Kazi Mahbub Al-Matin, Chorching Goh (EASPR), Magdi Amin (EASFP), Imogene Jensen (EASTR), Luiz Tavares (EASUR), Gillian Brown (EACTF), Glen Morgan (EASES), Rebecca Sekse (EASEG), Chandrasekar Govindarajalu (ENV), Rohit Khanna (ENVGC), Eric

Haythorne (LEGPS), Zhi Liu (EASIN), nig James Brew (IFC) . CamYy KñaenHpgEdr k¾)anTTYlkarENnaM Edlmansar³RbeyaCn_BI Nisha Agrawal (naykRKb;RKgRbcaMRbeTs EACSF)

Homi Kharas (nayktamvis½y EASPR) Mark D. Wilson (nayktamvis½y EASRD) nig Hoonae

Kim (naykRKb;RKgtamvis½y EASRD) .

RkumkargarsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaH É>]> Kat Qn; eTsrdæm®nþI rdæm®nþIénRksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú nig É>]> hg;CYn Naru:n GKÁelxaFikarénRksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú Edl)anKaMRT nigsMrbsMrYl

dMeNIrkarRbwkSaCamYysßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)al nig PaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot nig cMeBaH c½nÞ tugGuIv rdæelxaFikarRksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT É>]> Guwm Qunlwm rdæm®nþIRksYgRKb;RKg EdndI nKÁrrUbnIykm μ nigsMNg; É>]> suk suIpan;Na rdæelxaFikarRksYgBaNiC¢km μ É>]> ev:g saxun rdæelxaFikarRksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym nig É>]> lI Fuc GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT cMeBaH eBlevlaEdlÉk]tþmTaMgGs;Kña)ancMNayeBlevla kñúgkarsMrbsMrYl nig pþl;mtieyabl; cMeBaH RksYgnImYy²rbs;xøÜn . eyIgk¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNpgEdr cMeBaHmtieyabl; nigkarrYmviPaKTan d¾man tMélBIsßab½nnanarbs;rdæaPi)alenAPñMeBj nigenAbNþaextþ k¾dUcCaBIshKmn_m©as;CMnYy rYmmanbNþa RbeTspþl;CMnYyEdl)anpþl;mtieyabl; tamry³Rkumkargarbec©keTsrYmKña rvagrdæaPi)al nig m©as;CMnYy RBmTaMgsUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHtMNagCaeRcInénvis½yÉkCn viTüasßanRsavRCav nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Edl)anrYmviPaKTan TsSn³ nigmtieyabl;rbs;xøÜn cMeBaHesckþIRBagBIdMbUg .

ÉksarenHRtUv)anEksMrYleday Alicia Hertzner ehIyÉksarbkERbCaPasaEx μrmanenAkñúgeKhTMB½r rbs;RkumFnaKarBiPBelak (http://www.worldbank.org/easrd) EdlerobcMedayelak Ta savr:a¬?¦ .

xøwmsarsegçb

r)aykarN_sþIBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñ nig TsSn³vis½ysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT kMeNInesdækic©km<úCa mankMritx<s;mFümkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_knøgmkenHk¾BitEmn b:uEnþkMeNInenH manEtenAkñúg tMbn;TIRkug nigkñúgskmμPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaHmYycMnYntYcb:ueNÑaH ³ mansBaØamYycMnYn EdlbgðajeXIjfa esdækic©km<úCaenATn;exSay ³ cab;taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk mUldæankMeNInesdækic© tUcceg¥ót ehIymYyPaKFMén kMeNInenH)anmkBIvis½yplitkm μ nigeTscrN_ . KMlatcMNUlrvagTIRkug nigCnbT manTMhMFMNas; edaysar kMeNInesdækic©rhUtmkdl;eBlenH maneRcInenAEttMbn;TIRkug cMENkenAtMbn;CnbT kMeNInesdækic©mankar fycuH . vis½yksikmμEdlepþatxøaMgEteTAelIksikmμEdlCalkçN³RKYsar mankMeNInticbMput edaysar plitPaBdIFøI nigkMlaMgBlkm μmankMritTabCagplitPaB nigkMlaMgBlkmμrbs;RbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn; . eTaHCay:agenHkþI vis½yksikm μEdlmanvisalPaB TUlMTUlay rYmTaMg kareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCatiedaypÞal; dUcCa RtI nig plitpléRBeQI KW enAEtCa RbPBsMxan;bMputEtmYyKt; Edlpþl;nUvkargar nig rbrciBa©wmCIvit dl;RbCaCnExμrRbmaN 70 PaKry b:uEnþ tamlT§plénkarGegátnaeBlbc©úb,nñ)anbgðaj[eXIjfa smtßPaB rbs;vis½yksikmμkñúgkarbnþ rYmcMENkedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH KW mankMrit ehIy cMnYnkargarf μ IeRkABIksikmμEdl begáIteLIgeday kMeNInesdækic© dUcCa enAkñúgvis½yplitkm μ nig eTscrN_ mantictYcNas; . karrIkcMerInEpñkesdækic©CnbT nigkMeNIncMNUl RBmTaMgkargarEdlekItecjBIkMeNInenH mansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsgÁmkic©enAkm<úCa ³ edaysarkMeNIn RbCaCnenAEtbnþy:agelOn ehIy karRsUbTajkMlaMgBlkmμcUlkñúgvis½yesdækic©epSgeToteRkABIvis½yksikmμ)antictYc dUecñH kMlaMgBlkm μenA CnbT nwgenAEtbnþekIneLIgy:ageRcInkñúgry³eBlxøI nig mFüm EdlRtUvEsVgrkkargarenAkñúgEpñkplitkm μ enACnbT . RbsinebIcMnYnRbCaCnbnþekIn eLIgkñúg GRtaRbEhl 2/5 PaKrykñúgmYyqñaM ehIy »kaskargar eRkABIvis½yksikm μekIneLIgminTan;kMeNInenHeTenaH mnusSeBjkMlaMgBlkm μCaeRcInEdlecjBIkñúgcMeNam mnusS 250>000nak; cUlbEnßmeTA elIkMlaMgBlkmμEdlmanRsab;Caerogral;qñaM nwgRtUvhUrcUleTAkñúgvis½y ksikm μ . plvi)akCacMbgmYy EdlnwgekItmaneLIg KW karbegáInsMBaFeTAelIFnFanFm μCati dUcCa mUldæandIFøI éRBeQI nig FnFan Clpl edaysarkalanuvtþesdækic© mantictYc ehIy RKYsarenACnbT RtUvRbkbrbr ciBa©wmCIvit . km<úCa sißtkñúgcMeNamRbeTsBIrenAkñúgtMbn; ¬mYyeTot KW saFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitLav¦ Edlvis½y ksikm μ mancMENkFMbMputenAkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦ nigkargar . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday vis½y

1

ksikm μminTan;mankarrIkcMerInenAeLIy . kMeNInvis½yksikmμtamminTan;kMeNIn vis½yksikm μrbs;RbeTs Citxag ehIyKMlatd¾FMénplitPaBksikm μnigkMlaMgBlkm μ )aneFVI[km<úCa sßitenAdac;q¶ayBIRbeTsksikm μ nig RbeTsnaMecjplitplksikmμsMxan;²enAkñúgtMbn; . kñúgxN³ eBlEdlraCrdæaPi)aleRKagnwgeRbIR)as;vinieyaK kñúgvis½yÉkCnnig ksikm μ Cak,alm:asuIn sMrab;CMruj kMeNInesdækic© km<úCaRtUverobcMxøÜncUlCasmaCikGgÁkar BaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak - WTO KWcMeBlEdlkar naMecjplitplksikm μ nig vinieyaKrbs;vis½yÉkCn eTAelI vis½yksi-]sSahkmμFøak;cuH kñúgry³eBlb:un μanqñaMknøgmkenH . rbrciBa©wmCIvitenACnbT RbQmmuxnwghaniP½yx<s; Edl)ankMriteTAelIcMNUlenACnbTnignaM [manksikmμCa lkçN³RKYsard¾eRcInelIslub ehIy BwgEp¥keTAelIFnFanFm μCatirYm CaBiessRKYsarRkIRkbMput . RKYsarRkIRk RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit kñúgbriyakaseBareBjeTAedayhaniP½y nig maneRKaHmhnþrayx<s; dUcCa TwkCMnn; karxUcxatpldMNaM nig karsøab;stV bNþalmkBICMgWratt,at bBaðasuxPaB k¾dUcCakardeNþImykdIFøI BIsMNak;Rkum b¤buKÁlmanGMNac . ksikm μCalkçN³RKYsar enAEtmanCaTUeTA ehIykareRbIR)as;FnFan Fm μCatisMrab;CamuxrbrciBa©wmCIvit enAEtCamuxrbrsMxan; rbs;RKYsarRkIRk . edaysarcMNUlBIksikmμ man kMritTabnigmaneTAtamrdUv RKYsarenACnbTRtUvEsVgrkkargarepSgeToteFVI EdlPaKeRcInmanlkçN³ beNþaHGasnñ nig manR)ak;kMérTab . karEklMGkargarRKb;RKgFnFanFm μCatimansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlCYyKaMRTdl;kMeNIn esdækic© CnbTEdl BwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIktMbn;plitkmμksikm μ TnÞwmnwgenHFana[mankar eRbIR)as; FnFanFmμCatiedaynirnþrPaB . Rkbx½NÐRKb;RKgFnFanFm μCatibc©úb,nñ pþl;nUvplRbeyaCn_tictYcNas; cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic©CnbT nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ehIy manktþamYycMnYnEdlbgðaj[ eXIjBIkarfy cuHénFnFanFmμCati . karBRgwg nigBRgIkskm μPaBksikmμ TMngCabnþdak;sMBaFeTA elImUldæanFnFanFm μCati . eTaHbICaviFankarmYycMnYn RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,IepÞrsiT§ieRbIR)as; BIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμCaRTg;RTayFM eTAkarRtYtBinitüedaypÞal;BI raCrdæaPi)alnigshKmn_k¾eday k¾RbB½n§RKb;RKg EdlmanRbsiT§iPaB minTan;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg nig Gnuvtþ edIm,IFana[RKYsarenACnbTmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgenHenAeLIy . elIsBIenHeTot kareKogKrdIFøI sMrab;GñkKμandIFøI nigGñkmandIFøIbnþicbnþÜceRbIR)as; tMrUv[mandMeNIrkarsμ úKsμaj dUcCakarkat;bnßydI BIGñk mandIFøIeRcIn k¾dUcCakarEkERbdIéRBeQIEdlhinehac TMnablicTwk nigdIrYm . edIm,IRKb;RKgmUldæanFnFan [manRbsiT§iPaB rYmTaMg karEkERbdIFøI[ mannirnþrPaBpg raCrdæaPi)al RtUvEtEklMGmUldæanBt’manFnFan begáIt[manynþkareFVIEpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigbegáItynþkarmYyEdlsgÁmGacTTYlyk)an sMrab;epÞrsiT§i eRbIR)as;[eTARKYsarksikr . elIsBIenHeTot karFana[manlT§PaBeRbIR)as; FnFanFm μCatiKWCamUldæan mYyd¾caM)ac;sMrab;rkSa sßirPaBkMeNInesdækic©CnbT[)anTUlMTUlay nig karkat;bnßyPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH .

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karCMrujkarEkERbvis½yksikmμ BIksikmμCalkçN³RKYsar eTAksikm μTIpSarEdlmanRTg;RTayFM rYmTaMg ÉkeTskm μkñúgtMbn;pg mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarbegáInplitPaBksikmμ nigcMNUldl;ksikr ehIy tamry³enH begáInel,ÓnkMeNInksikmμ nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . km<úCaGacplitRsUv)anRKb;RKan; sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉg eTaHbICatMbn;mYycMnYn enACYbRbTHkarxVHxatk¾eday . eTaHbICakarykcitþTukdak cMeBaH tMrUvkarsnþisuxes,óg enAEtmansar³sMxan;enAkñúgEpñkxøH CaBiesstulüPaBGaharUbtßmÖ k¾RtUvmankarpøas;bþÚr eTArkÉkeTskm μEdlx<s;Cagmun nigkartMrg;TisTIpSar . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday el,Ónénkarpøas;bþÚrenH GaRs½yeTAelIkaryl;dwgrbs;RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbT cMeBaHdMeNIrkaredaHRsaybBaðahaniP½yTak;TgnwgkarBwg Ep¥kelITIpSarcMeBaHtMrUvkarCamUldæan nigcMNUl . dMeNIrkarkat;bnßyPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH rbs;RKYsar enACnbT manktþamYycMnYn dUcCakarbegáInkar FanasiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI karRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayFm μCati[man RbsiT§iPaB ¬dUcCa TwkCMnn; CaedIm¦ kar kat;bnßybnÞúkelIGñkplit dUcCa éføeFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvfñl;eRkApøÚvkar nig éføecjcUlpSar nigkarBRgwg TIpSar tamry³viFankarmYycMnYn dUcCa karkat;bnßyTunvinieyaKelIehdæarcna-sm<½n§ nig karsMrbsMrYl[mankarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgExSsgVak;TIpSar . karbegáInplitPaBksikmμ nig ÉkeTskmμ k¾nwgCYy[GñkplitenACnbT manlT§PaB TTYl)an Bt’man nig bec©kviTüapgEdr . lT§PaBrbs;GñkplitenACnbT kñúgkarTTYl )anBt’man nig bec©kviTüa mansar³sMxan; cMeBaHÉkeTskmμkñúgtMbn;elIkar daMduHdMNaM ksikm μ nig kñúgkarsMerc[)an nUvskþanuBl kñúgkardaMduHksikmμ Edl dwg)antamry³ Tinñpld¾Tabén pldMNaMnigbsustVkñúg rdUvknøgmk . karBRgwgsmtßPaBRsavRCav nig pSBVpSayksikmμ Edl)an cab;epþImGnuvtþ taMgBI 15 qñaMmun enAEtBwgEp¥kelIfvika CMnYydEdl . ebIBicarNa eTAelIsmtßPaB nig bBaðakgVHfvikaenA kñúgvis½ysaFarN³ CakarcaM)ac; rdæaPi)al KYrEtykcitþTukdak;eTAelI tYnaTIsMxan; rbs;vis½y saFarN³ nigbegáInkarcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn . edayRbQmmuxnwgbBaðarYm Tak;Tgnwgkar eFVIRbBlvb,km μ karbegáItnanaPaB nig ÉkeTskmμ kñúgtMbn; yuT§viFImYyEdlTTYl)an BIGñkpþl; esvaCaeRcIn KWkarsMerclT§pl[)anelOnnigmannirnþrPaB CagkarBRgwgsmtßPaB pSBVpSayksikm μ CasaFarN³ . elIsBIenHeTot eRkABIkarpþl;esvapþl;RbwkSa caM)ac;RtUvmankarbegáIn lT§PaB TTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßú nig TunsMPar³RbkbedayKuNPaB dl;ksikrpgEdr . eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerInk¾eday k¾esva nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæan enAEtminTan;manRKb; RKan;enAeLIy ³ lT§PaBeRbIR)as;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ manTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§eTAnwgkMeNInesdækic©CnbT edaypSarP¢ab;Gñkplit CamYynwgTIpSar kat;bnßycMNayelITunsMPar³bMerI[kardaMduHksikmμ begáInkar RbkYtRbECgelIkarnaMecjrbs; km<úCa nig CMruj[vis½yÉkCneFVIkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbT . eTaHbICa mankarvinieyaKeRcInkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_ knøgmkenHk¾eday k¾tMbn;CnbT enACYbRbTHkgVH esvasgÁm esdækic© nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæanenAeLIy

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ehIy EpñkCaeRcIneTot tamminTan;RbeTsCitxag . esvahirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar b¤ Bak;kNþalpøÚvkar minGaceRbIkar )anenAtambNþatMbn;CaeRcIn enACnbT . ehdæarcnasm<½n§Gb;rMnigsuxaPi)al nig esvakmμ k¾sßitenAeRkamkMrit sþg;darkñúgtMbn; edaybegáInPaB gayTTYlrgeRKaHdl;RKYsarenACnbT nig kMriteTAelIlT§PaBrbs;RKYsar TaMgenHkñúgkarTTYl)an kalanuvtþesdækic© . karEklMGesvasgÁmnigehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæank¾dUcCa karEklMGbriyakasGaCIvkmμ[)an kan;EtTUlMTUlay k¾nwgCYybegáIt[manskm μPaBeRkABIksikm μEdlrYmcMENkCMruj[mankMeNInesdækic©CnbTEdr . skmμPaB esdækic©CnbTeRkABIksikm μ EdlPaKeRcInminpøÚvkar)anrYmcMENky:ageRcInkñúg karbegáIncMNUldl;RKYsar enACnbT . karbegáItnanaPaBcMNUl mantYnaTIkñúgkarRKb;RKghaniP½ypg nigbegáItcMNUlsMrab;RKYsarpg . RKYsarenACnbT eFVIkargarCaeRcIn dUcCa ksikmμ sMNg; kardwk CBa¢Ún kargareragcRk esvakmμ nig kargarraCkar EdlCa kargarmanR)ak;kMér b¤ mIRkUGaCIvkm μ rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarEkécñes,ógsMrab;lk; karpþl;esva karCYjdUr plitplksikm μtictYc dUcCa RtInigstV RBmTaMg karplitnigkarCYjdUrplitplnana pgEdr . TsSn³vis½ysMrab;karGPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbT ³ ÉksarenH pþl;Gnusasn_sMrab;kMENTMrg;Ca yuT§sa®sþ dUcCa eKalneya)ay smtßPaBsßab½nenAfñak;CatinigmUldæan nig karbEgVrTisedAvinieyaK saFarN³ EdlRtUv erobcMeLIg edIm,ICMruj[mankarGPivDÆn_vis½yksikm μ nigvis½yepSgeToteRkABI ksikmμenAtMbn;CnbTén RbeTskm<úCa . yuT§sa®sþenH ekItecjBITsSnvis½yTak;TgnwgGVIEdlCa bMNgR)afña nig GVIEdlGaceFVI)an ³ vis½yCnbTenAkm<úCa EdlkñúgenaH manGPi)alkic©mUldæanl¥ nig shKmn_mUldæan )ancUlrYmkñúgkareFVIesckþI sMercelIkarGPivDÆn_ nigkarviPaCFnFansMxan;² . lT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnFanFm μCatisMrab;plitkm μ man lkçN³smRsb nigmantmøaPaB . skmμPaBEdlBak;B½n§nwgkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCati mannirnþrPaB . \NTan manRKb;RKan;sMrab;vinieyaKelIskm μPaBksikmμ nigskm μPaBeRkABIksikm μ ehIyGacFanaeday GclnRTBü dUcCa dIFøI CaedIm . karbegáIt[manskm μPaBRKb;RKan;sMrab;RsUbTajkMlaMgBlkm μ enAkñúgvis½y ]sSahkm μ nig esvakm μ begáIncMNUldl;RKYsarksikr tamry³»kaskargareRkABIksikm μeBjeBl nigknøHeBl . cMnYnmnusSEdleFVIkargarERscMkar nigBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIksikm μCalkçN³RKYsar nig skm μPaB eRkApøÚvkar)anfycuH . plitPaBksikmμ nig cMNUlBIksikmμ mankarekIneLIg . vibtþienAkñúgRKYsar RtUv)an kat;bnßy edayRKYsarmansmtßPaBkat;bnßy nig RKb;RKg haniP½y . karbegáItnanaPaBdMNaM nig plitpl RtUv)aneFVIeLIg edaysarksikr eqøIytbedayesrI eTAnwgkarERbRbYltMélTIpSar nigkarelIkTwkcitþeday minlMeGog . ksikmμenAtamtMbn;nanaenAkñúgRbeTs mankarvivDÆn_eTAtamskþanuBlPaBxus²KñaéntMbn; TaMgenaH . elIsBIenHeTot karGPivDÆn_esdækic© mankarrIkcMerInenATUTaMgRbeTs ehIy KMlatcMNUlrvagtMbn;CnbT nig TIRkugkan;EttUc .

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ktþasMxan;²ényuT§sa®sþ EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsgÁmkic©R)aMqñaMelIkTI 2 qñaM 2001-2005 yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßy PaBRkIRkqñaM 2003-2005 nig yuT§sa®sþctuekaNfμ Irbs;raCrdæaPi)al )anpþl;nUvTisedATUeTAdl; sßab½nnana EdleFVIkargar xagGPivDÆn_CnbT . sMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT eKRtUvykTisedATUeTATaMg enHeTAerobcMCayuT§sa®sþmYyeTot [manlkçN³BisþareBjelj nig manTMnak;TMngKña . edIm,IrYm cMENkdl;karsMerceKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ nig edIm,IFana[kMeNInesdækic©mannirnþrPaB TnÞwm nwgenH Fana)anfa RKYsarenACnbT CaBiess RKYsarRkIRk bMput TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkarGPivDÆn_ ksikm μ nig karGPivDÆn_CnbT kartMrg;TisedACayuT§sa®sþsMxan;² xageRkamenH RtUv)anesñIeLIg . skm μPaBCaGaTiPaB enAkñúgPaKTI II énÉksarenH k¾mansegçbCUnenAkñúg m:aRTIsCUnP¢ab; bnÞab;BIxøwmsarsegçbenH . karBRgwgRkbx½NÐc,ab; nig RbB½n§RKb;RKgbec©keTs sMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati[man nirnþrPaB RtUvEtsMerc [)an kñúgry³eBld¾xøIxagmuxenH . Rkbx½NÐc,ab;RKb;RKgdIFøI éRBeQI Clpl nigFnFanTwk enAminTan;man RKb;RKan; KYbpSMCamYynwgPaBTn;exSaykñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;nigbTdæan KtiyutþiEdlenACaFrman )ankMriteTAelIkar Fana[RKYsarenACnbTmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;FnFan bEnßmPaBminc,as;las;eTAelIbriyakasGaCIvkm μ nig begáIt[manbriyakasCMruj[GñkRKb;RKgnigGñkeRbI R)as;FnFanFmμCaticg;)ankMér . karbegáIt[manCabnÞan; nUvRbB½n§RKb;RKgEdlBRgwgkarTTYlxusRtUv enAmUldæan TnÞwmnwgenH Fana[mankareKarBcMeBaHnirnþrPaB TUlMTUlay RtUvEteFVIeLIgCabnÞan; edIm,IBRgwgkarRKb;RKgFnFanEdlkMBugRtUv)aneFVIGaCIvkmμnaeBlbc©úb,nñ CatMbn;ebIkcMhkareRbIR)as; edaymankarBartictYc b¤KμankarBaresaHcMeBaHsiT§ieRbIR)as;CaFmμta nigCa lkçN³RKYsar . GaTiPaB rYmman ³ begáInkarFanasiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI CaBiess sMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk nig EdlsßitkñúgsßanPaB lM)aketaky:ak tamry³ karpþl;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI TnÞwmnwgenH k¾begáInnUvlT§PaBeRbIR)as; dIFøIdl;RbCaBlrdæEdlKμandIFøI nigRbCaBlrdæ EdlmandIFøItic RBmTaMg edaHRsaybBaða EdlCabJsKl;énkar)at;bg;dIFøI . GnuvtþRbB½n§RKb;RKgClplTwkéRbnigTwksab EdlbegáInlT§PaBeRbIR)as; dl;shKmn_ EdlBwgEp¥kelIFnFan ClplenH TnÞwmnwgenH rkSa)annUvnirnþrPaBplsþúk .

5

GnuvtþRbB½n§RKb;RKgéRBeQIrYm EdlCMruj[man karcUlrYmBIshKmn_mUldæan kMeNIn esdækic©kan;EtTUlMTUlay nigCIvcMruH RBmTaMg plRbeyaCn_epSgeToténkarGPirkS eday epþateTAelIynþkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; EdlEp¥keTAelI tmøaPaB nig karTTYlxuRtUvenAfñak;mUldæan nig fñak;elI . begáIt nigGnuvtþsakl,g RbB½n§RKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAtamtMbn; edIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak; bNþalmkBI eRKaHTwkCMnn;nigraMgs¶Üt bBa©ÚlkarBRgwgRbB½n§ksikm μ nig Fana[manesva pÁt;pÁg;TwkEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ nig mannirnþrPaB . karEklMGCabnþbnÞab;nUvTIpSarplitplnigTunsMPar³ k¾dUcCa eKalneya)ay nig karviinieyaK edIm,IKaMRT dl;karBRgIknigBRgwgkardaMduHdMNaMRKb;mux CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;CMruj[kMeNInesdækic© CnbTeLIgdl;BI 5 eTA 6 PaKryCaGb,brma kñúgmYyqñaM nig eqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarénkMlaMgBlkm μenA CnbT EdlecHEtekIneLIg CalMdab; . enHKWCaGRtakMeNInesdækic©d¾x<s;mYy ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwg kargarEdl)anGnuvtþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ enAkñúgvis½yenH ehIykarbegáInTinñplRsUv nwgRKan;EtQan eq<aHeTAsMerceKaledAenHb:ueNÑaH . karsMerc [)annUvGRtakMeNInesdækic©x<s; tMrUv[mankar begáInkar daMduHdMNaMcMruH eRkABIRsUv EdlPaKeRcIn mantMrUvkar BITIpSar nigelIsBIenHKWsMrab;naMecj . karRbkYtRbECgrbs;ksikrnigRKwHsßanksi-BaNiC¢kmμ nigkareFVI smahrNkmμ cUlkñúgTIpSar BiPBelak enAmankMrit edaysarktþamYycMnYn dUcCa plitPaBTab ehdæarcnasm<½n§ plitkmμnig TIpSarexSay nigsßab½n ¬dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYyCaedIm¦ EdleFVI[TunsMrab;dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmμ eLIgx<s; nigraraMgdl;karepÞrBt’manBITIpSareTAGñkplitenACnbT GñkdwkCBa¢Ún GñkEkécñ nigTIpSarhirBaØvtßúEdlkMBug cab;kMeNItenACnbTénRbeTskm<úCa . edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH ÉksarenH )anGHGagfa karRKb;RKgvis½y ksikm μ RtUvkarEkTMrg;CacaM)ac; edaycab;epþImpSBVpSay GMBIkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ksikm μmYyc,as;las; Edl epþateTAelIkarpþl;esvaksikmμRbkb edayKuNPaB bMeBjeTAtamtMrUvkar nig karedaHRsaycMNayRbtibtþikar x<s;enAkñúgExSsgVak;TIpSar . karerobcMeKalneya)ay nig karelIkTwkcitþ RtUvEtbnþeFVIeLIg edayBieRKaHeyabl; CamYyksikr nig vis½yÉkCn edIm,IbegáInkareqøIytbeTAnwg Tinñpl dUcCa RsUv Clpl nig éRBeQI nig edIm,IsMrbsMrYl [man karbegáItnanaPaB TaMgelIkardaMduH ksikmμ nig karEkécñedIm,ItMélbEnßm k¾dUcCa karkMNt;GMBIktþaEdl CYyeFVI[RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenACnbT TTYl)antMélbEnßmmYyEpñkFM BIkardaMduHksikmμenACnbT . CMerIsnana nig ]TahrN_mYycMnYnmanenAkm<úCa sMrab;GnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ kMeNInesdækic©CnbTEdlCYydl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk tamry³ karbegáItnanaPaBnaMmuxTIpSar rYmTaMg kareFVIkic©snüasMrab;ksikm μ smaKmTIpSar .l. b:uEnþ

6

TaMgenHtMrUv[mankarpøas;bþÚrCaeRcInelI briyakasvinieyaKenACnbT nig rcnasm<½n§cat;taMg EdlpSarP¢ab;Gñk plitenACnbT CamYynwgGñkEkécñ nig TIpSar . karvinieyaKbEnßmeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§CamUldæan nigesvasgÁmkic© k¾dUcCakarbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anesva hirBaØvtßú mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarCMruj[mankMeNInesdækic©CnbT ³ vinieyaKbEnßmeTAelIkarGb;rMCamUldæan CaBiess edIm,IbegáInGRtaekμgRsIeron cb;kMritsikSa nImYy² enAtMbn; CnbT KWCatMrUvkarcaM)ac; . karvinieyaK EdlelIk kMBs;suxPaBCaTUeTA Ca Biess suxPaB®sþI EdlmanCag 50 PaKry énkMlaMg Blkmμksikm μ nig kat;bnßytMél esvasuxPaB Gackat;bnßyRbPBcMbgénPaBgay TTYlrgeRKaHrbs;RKYsar . karbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anpøÚvfñl; GKÁisnI nig Twks¥ateRbIR)as; nwgCYybegáIn»kasecj cUlTIpSar ehIy pþl;nUv»kassMrab;begáItskm μPaBeRkABIksikmμ . karbegáInlT§PaBTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúeRcInRbePT nwgkat;bnßyPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH rbs;RKYsarenACnbT ehIy CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;KaMRTdl;kareFVInanaPaBesdækic©CnbT. karbegáItnanaPaBRbPBcMnUl nig karpøas;bþÚrsMxan;² enAcenøaH nig enAkñúg tMbn; Rsuk¼x½NÐ nig XuM¼sgáat; )anbgðajy:agc,as;fa KμandMeNaHRsayTUeTAcMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_CnbTeT . pÞúyeTAvij dMeNIrkarenH RtUvman lkçN³Cak;lak; ehIy eqøIytbeTAnwgsßanPaBnigkal³eTs³enAkñúgmUldæan RBmTaMg begáIn[)anCaGtibrma nUvkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;GgÁkarnigRbCaCnkñúgmUldæan . karbegáInkar cUlrYmBINak;GgÁkar nigRbCaCnkñúgmUldæan enAkñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkarnigerobcMtak;EtgeKalneya)ay nwgrYmcMENkdl;karkMNt;GaTiPaBvinieyaK saFarN³[)anl¥RbesIr . elIsBIenHeTot dMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan RtUvkarkarKaMRT BIfñak;Cati tamry³karedaHRsaybBaðaeKal- neya)aynigsßab½n Edlmanplb:HBal;elIvis½yCnbT . karsMerc[)anlT§pll¥ nig dMNak;kalbnþbnÞab; edIm,IsMerc[)anlT§pll¥ yuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_CnbTEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB RtUvEtBicarNaeTAelI TidæPaBbEnßm mYycMnYn Edlman\T§iBll¥dl;tMbn;CnbT nig pSarP¢ab;yuT§sa®sþenHeTAnwgEpñkepSgeToténesdækic©Cati .

7

TidæPaBTaMgenH mandUcCa TMnak;TMngExSTTwgCamYynwgrebobvar³Cati bBaða smtßPaBsßab½nEdlepþateTAelItYnaTI sMxan;rbs;vis½ysaFarN³ nig karedaHRsaytMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl mYycMnYn rYmTaMg karKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYypg . BRgwgTMnak;TMngCamYynwgrebobvar³rYm ³ karrIkcMerInxagEpñkGPivDÆn_ksikm μnigGPivDÆn_CnbT minRKan;Et BwgEp¥kelIdMeNaHRsaybBaðaenAkñúgEpñkTaMgenHbu:eNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg BwgEp¥¥kelI dMeNIkarGnuvtþn_rebobvar³ sMxan;² EdlmanTMnak;TMngtamExSTTwgCamYynwgvis½yepSgeTotpgEdr . yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkqñaM 2003-2005 nig EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsgÁmkic©R)aMqñaMelIk TI 2 qñaM 2001-2005 )anbgðajnUv sar³sMxan;énskm μPaBTaMgenH . karrIkcMerIntamvis½y RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fa RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIkarrIkcMerIn RsbKñaénTidæPaBTaMg 3 rbs;GPi)alkic© EdlEtkMBugman PaBl¥RbesIreLIg dUcCa kMENTMrg;m®nþIraCkar vimCÄkarnigGPi)alkic©mUldæan nig karRbqaMgnwgGMeBI BukrlYy . elIsBIenHeTAeTot manrebobvar³tamExSTTwg Tak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn EdlKaMRT dl;ExSsgVak;tMélEkécñksikm μ nig esdækic©CnbTeRkABIvis½y ksikm μy:agTUlMTUlay . bBaðaenH )anbgðaj[eXIjnUvbriyakasEdlmankarGnueRKaHdl;karGPivDÆn_CnbT nigCaktþasMxan;sMrab;tMrg;Tis edAkarGPivDÆn_CnbT[dMeNIrkareTAkñúgel,ÓnmYyEdlGacnaMmk nUvkarrIkcMerIn EpñksuxumalPaBdl;RbCaCnenACnbT . karedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH PaKeRcIn KWminEmnCaTTYlxusRtUv rbs;sßab½n EdlmanParkic©GPivDÆn_ksikm μnigGPivDÆn_CnbTeT ehIykrNIEdlsßab½nTaMgenHmin)an cUlrYm [)anskm μkñúg karedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH naM[mankMhusqÁgekIteLIg . CadMbUg TisedAd¾TUlMTUlayén kMMENTMrg; caM)ac;RtUvEtmanbJsKl;enAkñúgrebobvar³tamvis½yeTIbmanRbsiT§iPaB ehIykarerobcMrebobvar³tam vis½yenH[suIsgVak;Kña nwgeFVI[sßab½nEdlman Parkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigGPivDÆn_CnbTenH køayCaGñk TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_muneKBIkarpøas;bþÜr . bnÞab;;mk enAkñúgtMbn;xøH sßab½nGPivDÆn_CnbTkMBugEtrk dMeNaHRsaysMrab;rebobvar³ d¾TUlMTUlayenH ¬]TahrN_ ³ karEklMGRbB½n§epÞrhirBaØvtßúGnþrrdæaPi)al k¾dUcCa kareFVIEpnkar nigkarGnuvtþn_KMeragGPivDÆn_mUldæan kñúgRkbx½NÐkMENTMrg;vimCÄkarnaeBlfμ I²enH¦ . sßab½n tamvis½y GacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ tamry³karcUlrYmy:agskmμ b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvBRgwg smtßPaB sßabn½ rbs;xøÜnCamunsin . epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelItYnaTIsMxan;²rbs;vis½ysaFarN³ ³ bBaðaRbQmmYy EdlraCrdæaPi)alRtUv edaHRsay KW karBRgwgsmßPaBsMrab;bMeBj[tYnaTIdwknaMkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© edIm,I CMruj[mankMeNInesdækic© x<s; nigRbkbedaysmFm’ . elIsBIenHeTot raCrdæaPi)al )ane)aHbg; ecalskm μPaB Edlbnþdak;bnÞúkeTAelI vis½ysaFarN³rbs;RbeTsCitxag dUcCa karcUlrYmpÞal;kñúg plitkm μ nig karKabsgát;BIrdæelIsßab½nTIpSar . raCrdæaPi)al enAmankic©CaeRcIneTotRtUveFVI dUcCa karpþl;plitplsaFarN³ karedaHRsaybBaðakS½yFnEpñk TIpSar nigkarpþl;esvasMxan;² Edlvis½yÉkCn TMngCayl;eXIjfaminTTYl)anplcMeNj .

8

tYnaTImYycMnYneTot rYmman karCMruj[mankar ÉkPaBKñaelI karGnuvtþn_ nig karsMrbsMrYl[maneKalneya)ay tamvis½y EdlBak;B½n§nwgeKaledACan;Kña . elIsBIenHeTAeTot raCrdæaPi)al mantYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ eKalkarN_GPi)alkic©l¥ nig Gnuvtþn_viFankarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy . Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;mUlniFiCMnYysMrab; vinieyaKsaFarN³ man bBaðaRbQmmYyeTotTak;TgnwgkarsMrbsMrYlskm μPaBrbs;m©as;CMnYy edIm,IeFVIy:agNa CMnYyTaMgenHRtUvKñaCamYynwgGaTiPaBCati . kgVHsmtßPaBrbs;sßab½nrdæaPi)al CabBaðabEnßmmYyeTot sUm,IEt smtßPaBpþl;esvanana Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHGñkplitenACnbT enAeBlEdlBYkeK Büayam begáItnanaPaB sMrab;skmμPaB nigtMrg;TisedAeTA»kasTIpSar . karbegáItlkçx½NÐTaMgenaHsMrab; eGaymankic©GPivDÆn_ vis½yÉkCn nigelIkkMBs;smtßPaB nigFnFanCabnþénvis½yÉkCn edIm,Ipþl; FatucUl nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§caM)ac; edIm,IBRgwgkarksagesdækic©CnbT caM)ac;RtUvzitenARtg;cMNuc sñÚlénrebobvar³GPivDÆn_CnbT . karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelItMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl rYmTaMg CMnYyKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYy ³ manbBaða RbQmmYyeTot EdlraCrdæaPi)alRtUvedaHRsay KWtMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl ebIBicarNaeTAelIcMnYnd¾eRcInénsßab½nraCrdæaPi)al Edl cUlrYmkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ksikm μnigCnbT cMnYnédKUxageRkAEdl)anpþl; hirBaØb,Tandl;kic©GPivDÆn_ nig smtßPaB sMxan;²EdlmanenAkñúgmuxgarsaFarN³. kic©xitxMRbwgERbg sMrbsMrYlEdlkMBugGnuvtþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nwgTTYl )aneCaKC½yFMeFg RbsinebImankarcUlrYmxøaMgkøaBI fñak;dwknaMraCrdæaPi)al . KMeragmYyEdl)anGnuvtþenAqñaM 2003 edIm,IsMrbsMrYleKalneya)ay nig CMnYyKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYy EdlnaMeTAdl;karbegáItRkumkargarbec©keTs rYmmYycMnYnrvagraCrdæaPi)al nig m©as;CMnYy ¬TWG¦ KWCakarcab;epþImmYyd¾l¥ . elIsBIenHeTot eKKYrEt BicarNaeTAelImeFüa)aybRgYb bRgYmbBa©ÚlKña nig sMrbsMrYlrebobvar³rbs;RkumTaMgenH edayCMruj[man TsSn³vis½ymYyTak;Tgnwg TMhMCMnYyEdlm©as;CMnYysnüapþl;[EpñkGPivDÆn_ksikm μnigCnbT rYmTaMg smasPaBvis½yrYmpSMpg nig CakEnøgmYysMrab;tMrg;TisedACMnYy[RtUvnwgrebobvar³kMENTMrg;sMrab;karGPivDÆn_ ksikm μnigCnbT enA km<úCa . dMNak;kalbnþbnÞab; ³ karpøas;bþÚreq<aHeTArkRkbx½NÐrYmmYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbT ³ ÉksarenH GacCa CMnYysMrab;karBiPakSaeKalneya)ay rvag raCrdæaPi)al nigédKU elIkarkMNt;GaTiPaB kMENTMrg;esdækic© nig karvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbT edayepþateTAelIdMeNIrkareq<aHeTAkMNt;rebobvar³ rYmsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAtMbn;CnbTénRbeTskm<úCa . kic©BieRKaH eyabl;elIÉksarenH)anRbRBwtþeTA CamYyrdæaPi)al nigCamYyPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot rYmmanm©as;CMnYydéTeTot GñktMNagénvis½yÉkCn viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al edIm,IFanaeGaymantulüPaB nigPaBRtwmRtUv . ÉksarenH BuMmanbMNgbBaðajyuT§saRsþeBjeljeLIy eRBaHfa KMlatBt’mansMxan;² nig karcUlrYmtictYcCamYyrdæaPi)al rhUtmkdl;eBlenH bnSl;Tukkic©karCa eRcInsMrab;dMNak;kalCabnþbnÞab; . karBieRKaHeyabl; elIÉksar

9

10

nwgRtUveFVIeLIgCamYynwg raCrdæaPi)al nig PaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot rYmTaMg m©as;CMnYydéTeTot pg edIm,IeFVI y:agNa[mantulüPaB nigPaBRtwmRtUv . ÉksarenH minTan;manyuT§sa®sþTUlMTUlay RKb;RCugeRCay enAeLIy edaysarkgVHBt’mansMxan;² ehIyTMnak;TMngCamYyraCrdæaPi)alrhUtmkdl;eBlenHmantictYc dUecñH kargarsMxan; nwgeFVIenAdMNak;kalbnþbnÞab;eTot . karBieRKaHeyabl; maneKalbMNgepÞógpÞat; bBa¢ak;TisedACa yuT§sa®sþCamYynwgraCrdæaPi)al nigkMNt;GMBIvis½yrYmpSMCaGaTiPaB Bt’manEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;vaytMél bEnßm nig EpñkCak;lak;Edlsßab½nb¤buKÁlmYycMnYn)andwgc,as;las;rYcCaeRsc sMrab; cab;epþImGnuvtþrebobvar³ c,as;las; EdlnaM[TTYl)anlT§plCak; EsþgCamUldæan . FnaKarBiPBelakeRtomxøÜnCaeRsc edIm,I]btßmÖ KaMRTdl;kargarCabnþbnÞab; Edl)anRBmeRBog nigsMrbsMrYl CamYynwgraCrdæaPi)al nig édKUrbs;raCrdæaPi)al .

11

kmμviFI KMerag nig édKU minRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSaTaMgGs;eT . taragm:aRTIsenH KWCa {Éksarrs;} ehIyGaceFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaeTogTat; edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMg

XøaRbeyaKBN’exov KWCaskmμPaB EdlRtUvkarFnFanbEnßm ¬b¤ FnFanmanRsab; EdlminTan;)ankMNt;ykmkeRbIR)as;enAdMNak;kalenH¦ nig karyk

eRcInbMput nig edaypÞal; BIrebobvar³Edl)anesñIeLIg .

μPaBTaMg

GanTMB½rxagedIménÉksarenH .

taragm:aRTIsGnusasn_sþIBIEpnkarskmμPaBCaGaTiPaB ³ Rkbx½NÐeBlevla nig FnFan

rebobbkRsaytaragm:aRTIs ³

taragm:aRTIs minerobrab;BisþareT KWepþatEteTAelI skm μPaBsMxan;²b:ueNÑaH .

vDÆnPaB edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkrebobvar³kMENTMrg; nig karekogKrFnFanbEnßmeTotEdl)anÉkPaB .

citþTukdak;xøaMgkøaBI rdæaPi)al nig édKUrbs;xøÜn . XøaRbeyaKBN’exμA KWCaskmμPaB EdlkMBugEtGnuvtþ eRkamkmμviFInana EdlTTYl)anfvika]btßmÖBI rdæaPi)al GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy EpñkÉkCn b¤ PaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTot .

taragm:aRTIs k¾bgðajGMBIeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ EdlmankarcUlrYmcMENk

skmμPaBTaMgenH manRbePT nig visalPaBxus²Kña ¬dUcCa esckþIsMercelIeKalneya)ay kMENTMrg;sßab½n vinieyaK karsikSaRsavRCav b¤ skm

enHBIrb¤eRcInbBa©ÚlKña¦ GaRs½yeTAelItMrUvkarenAtamEpñk nigsßanPaBrIkcMerInénvis½ynana . ehtudUecñH skm μPaBenAkñúgtaragm:aRTIs mankMritmindUcKñaeT.

cMeBaHBakübMRBYj sUm

kMENTMrg;dIFøI [eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRk nigPaBGt;XøanF¶n;F¶r - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan]

Rkbx½NÐeBlevla ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-

2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkay 2010¦ FnFan édKU

BRgwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøI ³ - eFVIsniTankmμRbB½n§cat;

fñak;dIFøI - eFVIsniTankmμRbB½n§

esdækic© Clpl nig éRBsm,Tan

- BRgwgkareFVIEpnkar eRbIR)as;dIFøI

- erobcMnigGnuvtþkmμviFI sm,TandIsgÁmkic©

• erobcMbegðIyGnuRkwtüsþIBI dIrdæ ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• erobcMbegðIyGnuRkwtüsþIBI sm,Tanesdækic© ¬kMBug dMeNIrkar¦

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsm,Tan esdækic© • erobcMbegðIyGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§i

kan;kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgmUldæan ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§ikan;

kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan • karerobcMkmμviFIEbgEckdIFøI

edayEp¥kelIlT§plénkar vaytMélplb:HBal;PaBRkIRk nigsgÁm nig KMeragsakl,g ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• Gnuvtþkm μviFIdIsm,TandIsgÁmkic©

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ • GnuvtþGnuRkwtþsþIBIsm,Tan

esdækic© • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§ikan;

kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kñúgmUldæan

• Gnuvtþkm μviFIsm,TandI sgÁmkic©

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsm,Tan

esdækic© • GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIsiT§i

kan;kab;dIFøIrbs; RbCaBlrdækñúgmUldæan

• Gnuvtþkm μviFIsm,TandI sgÁmkic©

LMAP ASDL (ADB)

(LASED)

RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ nig sMNg; CLP nig sßab½nCasmaCik rbs;xøÜn CC rdæGMNacextþ ADB, WB, GTZ, FINNIDA, CIDA, NGOs

12

BRgwgrdæ)aldIFøI ³ - BRgwgkaredaHRsay

CMelaHdIFøI . - begáInkarpþl;km μsiT§i

nigkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdl manlkçN³CaRbB½n§

- BinitüEksMrYlmuxgar kariyal½ysurieyadI

- begáItnigGnuvtþ yuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBI BukrlYy

- EksMrYlrcnasm<½n§ epÞrdIFøI Bn§dar nig eFVIkarvaytMél RTBüsm,tþi .

• ksagsmtßPaBdl;KN³kmμkar surieyadI nig BinitütamdanlT§pl kargarrbs;KN³kmμkarenH ¬kMBug dMeNIrkar enATUTaMg 24 extþ-Rkug¦

• pþl;kmμsiT§idIFøIcMnYn 1 lan c,ab; dl;extþ-RkugcMnYn 10 nig raCFanIPñMeBj ¬kMBug dMeNIrkar¦

• BRgwgkariyal½ysurieyadI enAkñúgextþ-RkugcMnYn 10 ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• begáItnigGnuvtþyuT§saRsþRbqaMgGMeBI BukrlYy

• pþl;kmμsiT§idIFøIcMnYn 1 lan c,ab; dl;extþ-RkugcMnYn 10 nig raCFanIPñMeBj ¬kMBug dMeNIrkar¦

• BRgIkkarpþl;b½NÑkm μsiT§ eTAextþ-RkugdéTeTot

• BRgwgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenA extþ-RkugdéTeTot

• GnuvtþyuT§saRsþRbqaMg GMeBI BukrlYy

• BRgIkkarcuHpþl;b½NÑ km μsiT§dIFøI eTA extþ-RkugdéTeTot

• BRgwgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenA extþ-RkugdéTeTot

¬enATUTaMgRbeTs b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøI RbEhl 5 eTA 6 lanc,ab; ¦

LMAP (LMAP 2)

kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ karBRgwgkarGnuvtþn_kic©snüa karBRgwg RbB½n§tulakar karbegáItesvahirBaØvtßúCnbT nig esvaKaMRTehdæarcnasm<½n§nigksikm μ

13

kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgvis½yéRBeQI ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan¦

Rkbx½NÐeBlevla ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm

¬2007-2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦

FnFan édKU

BRgwgkMENTMrg;RKb;RKg sm,TanéRBeQI³ -bBa©b;karerobcMRbB½n§ éRBsm,TaneLIgvij - eFVIsniTanPaBcMeBaHkar eRbIR)as;dIéRB -begáInkarRKb;RKg tMbn;éRBeRkA]Tüannig eRkAtMbn;karBar -BRgwgsmtßPaBedIm,I RtYtBinitükarGnuvtþn_tam l½kçx½NÐsm,TanéRBeQI

• begðIykarerobcMEksMrYl kic©snüaeLIgvij nig lubecalkic©snüaEdlmineKarB taml½kçx½NÐsm,Tan

• ksagbBa©b;¼Gnum½t nig GnuvtþGnuRkwtü sþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ

• begáInel,ÓnkarksagEpnTI kare)aH begÁal Gegát nigsareBIP½NÐdIéRB

• sikSaCMerIssMrab;RKb;RKg tMbn;éRBeRkA]Tüan nigeRkAtMbn;karBar eGaymannirnþrPaB

• Gnuvtþsakl,gkarerobcMRKb;RKgf μ I • BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;rdæ)aléRBeQIenA

fñak;xus²Kña

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ • bnþksagEpnTI kare)aH

begÁal Gegát nig sareBIP½NÐdIéRB

• BRgIkkarGnuvtþn_sakl,g CabeNþI²

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæ)al éRBeQIenAfñak;xus²Kña

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtüsþIBIdIrdæ • bnþksagEpnTI kare)aH

begÁal Gegát nig sareBIP½NÐdIéRB

• BRgIkkarGnuvtþn_sak l,gCabeNþI²

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæ)al éRBeQIenAfñak;xus²Kña

WB LIL WB SAC LMAP

- RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT COMTWG

sþIBIéRBeQI m©as;CMnYy ¬WB

SIDA .l.¦ MLMUPC, CLP, sßab½ntamvis½y GaCJaFrmUldæan GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

14

BinitüemIlsaeLIgvij nUvrcnasm<½n§énvis½y éRBeQI ³ -epþatelIkarerobcM {ExbBa¢arEtmYy} - eFVIsmahrNkmμ GPivDÆCnbTenAbNþa extþ - BRgIkkarraykarN_ GMBI ]Rkidækm μéRBeQI nig erobcMecaTRbkan;

• bnþBiPaskSa nig sikSaCMerIsrkmti eyabl;saFarN³enAmUldæan GMBIkar RKb;RKgéRBeQI nig karEbgEckR)ak; cMNUl

• bnþsikSaCMerIsepSg² cMeBaHkarRKb;RKg éRBeQIsMrab;GPivDÆn_CIvPaBrs;enA nig GPivDÆn_ksirukçkmμ

• sikSaCMerIsnanaenAkñúgsßab½ndéTeTot GaCJaFrmUldæan nig sgÁmsuIvil cMeBaHkarRtYtBinitü karkab;eQIeday xusc,ab; nig ]Rkidækm μéRBeQIdéTeTot

• Gnuvtþsakl,g nig BRgIkKMnitpþÜcepþImEdl kMBugTTYleCaKC½y

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæ)al éRBeQI edIm,IGnuvtþmuxgar esvaf μ I

• BRgwgsmtßPaBenA mUldæansMrab;RKb;RKg éRBeQI

• tamdanplb:HBal;én kMENTMrg;

• bnþksagsmtßPaB rdæ)aléRBeQI GaCJaFr mUldæan nig shKmn_

• tamdanplb:HBal;én kMENTMrg;

WB LIL KMnitpþÜcepþImén shKmn_éRBeQI mYycMnYn

RksYgksikm μ sßab½nrdæaPi)aldéT eTotBak;B½n§ nwg karGnuvtþn_c,ab; m©as;CMnYy ¬ DFID GTZ DANIDA SIDA WB ..l.¦ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al GaCJaFrmUldæan nig shKmn_

sMrYlkarerobcM ]sSahkm μEkécñeQI sareLigvij

• eFVICMerOneragcRkGareQI nig Gegát smtßPaB

• sikSaCMerIs¼ktþaelIkTwkcitþ edIm,IeGay mansmtßPaBvis½yÉkCnEdlmanTMhM smRsb

• sikSaskþanuBlsMrab;naMecjplitpl eQIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;

• tamdanbMErbMrYlrcan sm<½n§enAkñúg]sSahkmμ EkrécñeQI EksMrYleKal neya)ay nig ktþaelIk TwkcitþtamkarcaM)ac;

• tamdanbMErbMrYlrcan sm<½n§enAkñúg]sSahkmμ EkrécñeQI EksMrYleKal neya)ay nig ktþaelIk TwkcitþtamkarcaM)ac;

RksYgBaNiC¢km μ RksYgksikm μ

kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ karBRgwgRbB½n§tulakar nig Rkbx½NÐ RKb;RKgdIFøI .

15

kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgvis½yClpl

[eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan]

Rkbx½NÐeBlevla ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM

2010¦ FnFan édKU

BRgwgRkbx½NÐsßab½n ³ sMrab;karRKb;RKgClpl - BRgwgsßab½n nig sMrb sMrYlsßab½n - bnþBRgwgRkbx½NÐc,ab; tamry³kic©BieRKaH eyabl; nig karsikSanana - tamdanplb:HBal; énkMENTMrg; - BRgwgsmtßPaBGnuvtþ - BRgwgsmtßPaB vaytMélbrimaNsþúk

• begáItKN³kmμaFikarGnþrRksYg edIm,I CYysMrbsMrYlkareRbIR)as;FnFan varICati BRgwgRkumkargarbec©keTrvag rdæaPi)alnigm©as;CMnYy

• ksagbBa©b;/ Gnum½tc,ab;Clpl nig EksMrYleTogTat;tamkarcaM)ac;

• ksagbBa©b;GnuRkwtüsþIBIshKmn_ ensaT nigbTb,BaØtþisMxan;²déTeTot

• bNþúHbNþalbuKÁliknaykdæanClpl ¬rab;TaMgbuKÁlikenA fñak;extþ nigfñak; Rsuk¦GMBIkmμviFIRKb;RKgf μ I

• ksagsmtßPaBvaytMélCnlpl Twksab nig TwkéRb edIm,ICUndMNwg cMeBaHkarrobcM eKalneya)ay

• bNþúHbNþalbuKÁliknayk dæanClpl ¬rab;TaMgbuKÁlikenA fñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk¦ GMBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgf μ I

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtü sþIBIshKmn_ éRBeQI nig bTb,BaØtiþþdéT eTot

• begáItRbB½n§tamdaneTotTat; cMeBaHbrimaNsþúkClpl edIm,ICUndMNwgcMeBaHesckIþ sMerceKalneya)ay nig vinieyaK

• bNþúHbNþalbuKÁliknayk dæanClpl ¬rab;TaMgbuKÁlikenA fñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk¦ GMBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgf μ I

• GnuvtþGnuRkwtü sþIBIshKmn_ éRBeQI nig bTb,BaØtiþþdéT eTot

• tamdanbrimaNsþúk Clpl

APIP (2004)

- RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT

- m©as;CMnYy ¬TWG sþIBI Clpl¦

- GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig sßab½nBak;B½n§déT

-RksYgksikmμ MRC

m©as;CMnYy GgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)al shKmn_ mUldæan

16

BRgwgyuT§saRsþRKb;RKg FnFanClpl -eFVIsniTanPaBRbB½n§ sm,Tan -BinitüemIlkarGnuvtþn_ sakl,génshKmn_ ensaT -EsVgrkCMerIsRKb;RKg epSgeTot

• vaytMélplb:HBal;énkMENTMrg;vis½y ClplnaeBlbc©úb,nñ ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• BinitüemIlemeronBIKMeragsakl,g • erobcM[mankm μviFIshKmn_

ensaTmYyRbkbedaynirnþrPaB • sikSaGMBIlT§PaBEklMG nig/b¤ sikSa

GMBICMerIsdéTCMnYs[RbB½n§sm,Tan bc©úb,nñ

• GnuvtþkmμviFIRKb;RKgshKmn_ ensaT[mannirnþrPaB

• Gnuvtþsakl,gnUvRbB½n§ RKb;RKgtamCMerIsdéT bnÞab;mkBRgIkRbB½n§enaH elImUldæanénkarBinitüemIl saeLIgvij

• GnuvtþkmμviFIRKb;RKg shKmn_ensaT [mannirnþrPaB

PSIA - Clpl ¬DFID¦

- RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT DFID DANIDA GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alshKmn_ m©as;CMnYy déTeTot GaCJaFr mUldæan RksYgksikm μ vis½yÉkCn GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy

17

kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan¦ Rkbx½NÐeBlevla ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-

2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦

FnFan édKU

BRgwgRkbx½NÐsßab½n nig eKalneya)ay ³ - BRgwgkarsMrbsMrYltam vis½y - bnþGPviDÆRkbx½NÐc,ab; sMrab;RKb;RKgTwk

• BRgwgkarsMrbsMrYlrbs;m©as;CMnYy ¬TWG¦

• begáItKN³kmμaFikarGnþrRksYg edIm,I elIkkMBs;karsMrbsMrYlbBaðaTwk nig tamdanshRbtibtþikarrbs;sßab½n nana

• begáItEpnkarskmμPaB edIm,IENnaM sßab½nBak;B½n§ edaymankartamdan CaeTogTat;rbs;GnþrRksYg

• Binitümuxgarsßab½nTwksMxan;² sarCaf μ I eLIgvij ¬MOWRAM MIME MRD¦

• Gnum½tc,ab;sþIBITwk • e)aHpSayc,ab; bNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik

Gnuvtþc,ab; • ksagbBa©b; nig Gnum½tGnuRkwtüsMxan;²

• karsMrbsMrYl nig eKalneya)ayRKb;RKg Twk nig vinieyaK RBmTaMg tamdanvDÆnPaB nig pl b:HBal;CaeTogTat;

• GnuvtþGnusasn_ sþIBI karBinitümuxgarsareLIg vijenAfñak;kNþal nig fñak;mUldæan

• Gnuvtþc,ab; nig GnuRkwtü sþIBITwk ehIyEksMrYl CaeTogTat;

• e)aHpSay bNþúHbNþal buKÁlikenARKb;fñak; Gnuvtþ GnuRkwtü nig tamdan

• karsMrbsMrYl nig eKalneya)ayRKb;RKg Twk nig vinieyaK RBmTaMg tamdanvDÆnPaB nig pl b:HBal;CaeTogTat;

• Gnuvtþc,ab; nig GnuRkwtü sþIBITwk ehIyEksMrYl CaeTogTat;

• GnuvtþedaytandanCa eTogTat;nUvvDÆnPaB nig plb:HBal;BIsMNak;PaKI Bak;B½n§TaMgGs;

WB APIP EFRP ADB AFD JICA

m©as;CMnYy sßab½n RKb;RKgFnFanTwk sMxan;²

MOWRAM MIME MRD

karKaMRTrbs;m©as; CMnYym©as;CMnYy ¬ADB )araMg Cb:un WB ¦

18

-BRgwgPaBsuIsgVak;KñaCa mYyvishmCÄkar nig vimCÄkar -elIkkMBs;karcUlrYmenA kñúg MRC

tamry³karBieRKaHeyabl; • e)aHpSayGnuRkwtü nig bNþúHbNþal

buKÁlik • BinitüemIlPaBsuIsgVak;Kña rvagkar

erobcMeKalneya)ay karksag Epnkar nig ksarsMerccitþ sþIBIkar vinieyaKenAkñúgsßab½nTwksMxan;² nig Rkbx½NÐGPi)alkic©enAmUldæan

• BRgwgkarcUlrYmGMBIKMnitpþÜcepþIm rbs;KNkmμkarTenøemKgÁ enAkñúg RbeTsBak;B½n§ ¬rab;TaMgyuT§saRsþ FnFanTwk TenøemKgÁ¦

plb:HBal; • GnuvtþedaytandanCa

eTogTat;nUvvDÆnPaB nig plb:HBal;BIsMNak;PaKI Bak;B½n§TaMgGs;

• BRgwgkarsMrbsMrYl nig PaBsuIsgVak;KñaCamYy Rkbx½NÐGPi)alkic© enAmUldæan

• elIkkMBs;karsMrbsMrYl

km μviFIkm<úCaCamYy km μviFIKN³kmμkar TenøemKgÁRbcaMtMbn;

• bnþkarsMrbsMrYl kmμviFI

km<úCaCamYykmμviFI KN³kmμkar TenøemKgÁRbcaMtMbn;

elIkkMBs;karksagEpn karvinieyaKCayuT§saRsþ -eFVIsniTankmμcMeBaHkar pþl;GaTiPaBvinieyaK -cab;epþImeFVIkarenAkMrit Gag nig BRgwg smahrNkmμ CamYyEpn

• bBa¢ak;c,as;las; nUvlkçN³vinicä½y eRCIserIs cMeBaHvinieyaKCaGaTiPaB

• Gnuvtþsakl,gnUvEpnkarGag TenøemKgÁenAtMbn;GaTiPaBmYy ¬KMeragRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAtMbn; Bay½Bü¦

• BRgIkeTAkan;Gag/GnuGagdéTeTot bnÞab;BI)anBinitü emeronBIbTBiesaFn_nana sarCaf μ I

• dak;bBa©Úl nig Gnuvtþ skmμPaBrbs; WRM enA kMritmUldæan kñúgbribTén

• BRgIkeTAkan;Gag/GnuGagdéTeTot bnÞab;BI)anBinitü emeronBIbTBiesaFn_nana sarCaf μ I

FnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIu ¬RbB½n§ FarasaRsþenAtMbn; Bay½Bü¦

- RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym

-FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu -PaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot

19

karGPivDÆn_esdækic©TUeTA³ -ksagEpnkarGag nig GnuGag sMrab;Gag¼GnuGag GaTiPaB

• BRgwgsmtßPaB edIm,IvaytMél GtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHBlrdæRkIRk nig erobcM eKalneya)ay nig vinieyaKepþatkar ykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHBlrdæRkIRk

KMnitpþÜcepþImGPivDÆn_ CnbTTUeTA

bRBa©abkareRtomlkçN³ nig karbeBa©óseRKaH mhnþray

• BinitünigsMerc NDMP • bNþúHbNþal NCDM enAkñúgkar

vaytMél vaykarN_ GMBIkarxUcxat • BinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_CamYykar

RKb;RKgeRKaHfñak;enAmUldæan • eFVIsmahrNkmμkarlkçN³eRtom nig

karbeBa©óskmμPaBnanakñúgvis½y dUcCakaeRbIR)as;dIFøI nig karerobcM ehdæarcnasm<½n§

• EbgEckFnFansmRsb edIm,I Gnuvtþ NDPM

• Gnuvtþ NDPM • GnuvtþyuT§saRsþRKb;RKg

haniP½y

• EbgEckFnFansmRsb edIm,I Gnuvtþ NDPM

• Gnuvtþ NDPM • GnuvtþyuT§saRsþRKb;RKg

haniP½y

KN³kmμaFikarCati Kb;RKgeRKaH mhnþray m©as;CMnYy

ekogKrFnFansMrab; pÁt;pÁg;Twk nig Gnam½y enACnbT ³

• elIkTwkcitþ[mankarcUlrYmBIvis½y ÉkCn tamry³ Rkbx½NÐc,ab;nig niy½tkmμ ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• begáInkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;dac;Rsyal EdlKμankarpÁt;pÁg;Twk)anRKb;RKan;

• CMrujkarvinieyaKÉkCn • begáInkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;

dac;RsyalEdlK μan karpÁt;pÁg;Twk)anRKb;RKan;

• CMrujkarvinieyaKÉkCn • begáInkarvinieyaKenAtMbn;

dac;RsyalEdlKμan karpÁt;pÁg;Twk)anRKb;RKan;

- FnaKarBiPBelak

-RksYg ]sSahkm μ Er: nigfamBl

-RksYgGPivDÆn_ CnbT -GaCJaFrmUldæan - vis½yÉkCn

20

kMENTMrg;karelIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvtþn_kargarkñúgvis½yksikmμ ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan - eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 7 ³ FanacIrPaBbrisßan¦ Rkbx½NÐeBlevla ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦ FnFan édKU BRgwgkarRKb;RKgvis½y ksikmμ nig RbsiT§iPaB énkareRbIR)as;FnFan ³ - ksagkmμviFIGPivDÆn_

ksikm μ - erobcMFnFanRsbtam

GaTiPaBkmμviFI - BinitüemIltYnaTIrbs;

sßab½nsaFarN³

• edaymankarKaMRTBICMnYybec©keTs begáItkmμviFIGPivDÆn_TUTaMgvis½y ksikmμ edIm,IENnaMkarerobcM eKalneya)ay nig GPivDÆn_

• erobcMFnFan[RsbeTAnwg GaTiPaBkm μviFI ¬Rkbx½NÐ cMNayry³eBlmFüm¦

• BinitüemIlmuxgarrbs; RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT

• GnuvtþkarerobcMcat;taMgmuxgarf μ I rbs;RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT ¬TaMgenAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati¦

• begðIykareFVIÉkCnPavUb- nIykmμshRKasrdæenAkñúg

• GnuvtþkmμviFIksikm μ nig eFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaeTogTat;

• erobcMFnFan[RsbeTAnwg GaTiPaBkm μviFI ¬Rkbx½NÐ cMNayry³eBlmFüm¦

• erobcMkarcat;taMgmuxgarfμ I rbs;RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT ¬TaMgenAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati¦

• BRgIkeTAkan;RKb;extþ TaMgGs;

• GnuvtþkmμviFIksikm μ nig eFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaeTogTat;

• BRgIkeTAkan;RKb;extþTaMgGs;

ASDL (ADB) (APIP WB) ADESS, RPRP (IFAD) CAAEP II (AusAID)


- m©as;CMnYy - PaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTot - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú

ADB, IFAD, WB

FAO GTZ, AFB, AusAID,

JICA, SIDA .l.

21

vis½yksikmμ • sikSaGMBICMerIssMrab;kareFVI

shvimCÄkaresvaksikmμ ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• Gnuvtþsakl,g ¬esvaksikmμ EbbshvimCÄkar¦

BRgwgkarKaMRTesvasMxan;² rab;TaMgkarcUlrYmrbs; vis½yÉkCnpgEdr - RbB½n§RsavRCav nig

pSBVpSayksikm μcMruH - CMruj[manGgÁkar

rbs;plitkr - suvtßiPaBes,óg nig

sþg;dares,óg - RbB½n§tamdan

eGBIedmIsa®sþ - esvaKaMRTksi-

BaNiC¢km μ - RbB½n§pþl;Bt’manCamun

• ksagsmtßPaBpSBVpSay ksikm μenAkñúgextþcMnYn 13 ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• BinitüemIlkarpSBVpSayksikmμ karRKb;RKgstVl¥itcéRg ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• EpnkaremsMrab;karRsavRCav ksikm μ

• karsikSaRsavRCavBIesvaksikmμ • sikSaGtþsBaØaN¼tMrUvkar¼kar vaytMél RPO • erobcM[mansþg;dares,óg

bTb,BaØtiþ begáItsßab½n nig pSBVpSay ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• ksagsmtßPaB Bt’man saFarN³ nigkarGnuvtþn_

• BRgwgRbB½n§pSBVpSay ksikmμ nig BRgIk[)an RKb;extþTaMgGs;

• BRgwgkarpþl;esvaksikmμ sñÚl edayeFVIsniTankmμ karcUlrYmrbs;vis½y saFarN³ nig vis½yÉkCn

• Gnuvtþsakl,gKMeragKaMRT RPO

• BRgwgnigBRgIksmtßPaB nig karGnuvtþn_enAfñak;mUldæan

• BRgwgnigBRgIkRbB½n§tam danstVnigrukçCati

• begáItRbB½n§Bt’manksi-BaNiC¢kmμ

• BRgwgRbB½n§pþl;Bt’man

• BRgwgRbB½n§pSBVpSay ksikm μ nig BRgIk[)an RKb;extþTaMgGs;

• BRgwgkarpþl;esvaksikmμ sñÚl edayeFVIsniTankmμ karcUlrYmrbs;vis½y saFarN³ nig vis½yÉkCn

• Gnuvtþsakl,gKMeragKaMRT RPO

• BRgwgnigBRgIksmtßPaB nig karGnuvtþn_enAfñak;mUldæan

CAAEP II ADESS APIP WB (AAA) ASLD bsustV EU


- RksYgBaNiC¢km μ - RksYgFnFanTwk nig

]tuniym - CARDI

- NDMC - AusAID

-IFAD - FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI - FAO WB WFP - EU - m©as;CMnYydéTeTot

22

• begáItRbB½n§tamdaneGBIedmI- sa®sþstV ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• begáItRbB½n§ctþaLIs½k¼ tamdanrukçCati ¬Rkbx½NÐc,ab; sßab½n karksagsmtßPaB¦

• begáItRbB½n§Bt’manksi-BaNiC¢kmμ • BRgwgRbB½n§pþl;Bt’manCa

munEdlmanRsab; ¬sUmGan yuT§sa®sþbeBa©óseRKaH mhnþrayFm μCati¦

CamunEdlmanRsab; ¬sUmGan yuT§sa®sþ kat;bnßyeRKaHmhnþray FmμCati¦

- edaHRsay]bsKÁ[)an Cak;lak;Tak;Tgnwg plitpl tamry³kmμviFI smahrNkmμ nig PaBCa édKUénvis½ysaFarN³ nig ÉkCn - bBa¢ak;[)anc,as;BI

yuT§sa®sþvis½ydMNaM RsUv

- BRgwgesvaKaMRT bsustV - sMrbsMrYl[mankar

tMrg;Tisvis½yekAs‘U

• erobcM[manyuT§sa®sþ vis½yRsUv edaymankarKaMRTTIRbwkSa bec©keTs

• BRgwg nig BRgIk RbB½n§ VAHW

¬APIP kMBug dMeNIrkar enAkñúgextþ 4 -KMeragbsustVrbs; EU enAkñúgextþ 5 naeBlxagmux¦

• karsikSaelIExSsgVak;tMélbsustV • karbBa©b;kareFVIÉkCnPavUb-

nIykmμshRKasekAs‘U ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

• karrkTIpSar¼karsikSaGMBIkarpþl;

• GnuvtþskmμPaBCak;lak; ¬RbePT nig kMrit eTAtam esckþIsMercelIyuT§sa®sþ nigeKalneya)aysþIBI dMNaMRsUv¦

• BRgwg nig BRgIkRbB½n§ VAHW [)anRKb;extþ-RkugTaMgGs;

• edaHRsaybBaðacMbg² mYycMnYn EdlRtUv)an kMNt;enAkñúglT§plén karsikSaelIExSsgVak;

• BRgwg nig BRgIkRbB½n§ VAHW [)anRKb;extþ-RkugTaMgGs;

APIP -KMeragbsustV rbs; EU ASDP AFD


- PaKIBak;B½n§ - FnaKarBiPBelak - EU

- GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al - RksYgesdækic© nig

hirBaØvtßú - FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI - ADB/AFD

23

- karKaMRT[mankareFVI BaNiC¢km μClpl

- karGPivDÆn_dMNaM sMrab;lk;¼mUldæanrwgmaM sMrab;plitpl

viBaØabnb½RtekAs‘U ¬kMBugdMeNIrkar¦ • km μviFIKaMRTkarplitekAs‘URKYsar • eFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμTIpSarekAs‘U /

GnuBaØat[begáIt shRKasEkécñ ÉkCn

• BinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_Tak; TgRbB½n§ciBa©wmRtIkñúgERs

• edaHRsay]bsKÁmYycMnYn Tak;TgnwgTIpSarnigkarnaMecjRtI

• sikSaGMBI]bsKÁb¤skþanuBl sMrab;eFVIBiBiFkm μ nigrkCMerIsEdl GacmansMrab;KaMRTdl;kic©GPivDÆn_

tMélbsustV dak;bBa©ÚlviFIsaRsþRbB½n§daMduH rYmTaMgRbB½n§ciBa©wmRtIkñúgERs eTAkñúgkmμviFIpSBVpSaypgEdr • BRgIkkmμviFIKaMRTdl;

GñkplitekAs‘UkñúglkçN³ RKYsar

• edaHRsay]bsKÁmYycMnYn cMeBaHkarrkTIpSar nig kar naMecjRtI

- RksYgBaNiC¢km μ - RksYgksikm μ

rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT

- m©as;CMnYy

kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ kMENTMrg;muxgarsaFarN³ rdæ)alnig karRKb;RKgdIFøI karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk karGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn .

24

karGPivDÆn_mIRkUhirBaØvtßú nig hirBaØvtßúCnbT ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan¦

Rkbx½NÐeBlevla ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦ ry³eBlEvg

¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦ FnFan édKU

eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB eKalneya)ayhirBaØvtßú CnbT ³

• elIkkMBs;karyl;dwg GMBI RbPBR)ak;cMNUlRKYsarenA CnbT nig yuT§saRsþsMrb tamsßankar ³ sikSatMrUvkar esva nig karpÁt;pÁg;bc©úb,nñ yuT§saRsþsMrbtamsßankar nig yuT§saRsþlMhUrsac;R)ak;

• BinitüseLIgvij nig eFVIbc©úb,nñ PaBeKalneya)ayCnbT nig mIRkUhirhBaØvtßú tamry³ kar sikSaRsavRCav nig kic©BiPakSa CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs;

• tamdankarGnuvtþeKal neya)ay nig kareFVIbc©úb,nñPaB rYmmantam ry³kic©BiPakSaCaeTogTat; CamYy MFI/MFO

• tamdankarGnuvtþeKal neya)ay nig kareFVIbc©úb,nñPaB rYmmantam ry³kic©BiPakSaCaeTogTat; CamYy MFI/MFO

MEF NBC RDB MFI/MFO sßab½n tamvis½y m©as;CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al vis½yÉkCn

25

sMrYldl;karbegáItesva hirBaØvtßú[)aneRcIn ³

• EksMrYlbnÞúkBn§darrbs; MFI eGaymanlkçN³samBaØ

• sikSaKMrUepSg²sMrab;begáIt mUlniFiFanaR)ak;beBaØIr b¤ RKwHsßanpþl;karFana

• GnuvtþGnusasn_sþIBIkarsikSa mUlniFiFana b¤ sßab½nFana

- RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú - FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa -FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT -RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú -RbtibtþikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú - m©as;CMnYy

kat;bnßycMNayRbtibtþi karmIRkUhirBaØvtßú

sikSarkCMerIssMrab;begáIt kariyal½yB½tman\NTan kat;bnßyhaniP½ybþÚrR)ak; sMrab;RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú nigRbtibtþikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú CMrujEpnkarrbs;FnaKarCati énkm<úCakñúgkarepÞrR)ak;rvag bNþaextþnigedIm,IBRgIk sPapat;Tat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt enAtambNþaextþ CMrujkarbegáItsmaKmn_én RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú EksMrYlkatBVkic©TTYlxusRtUv rbs;PaKTunik BRgwgkic©RbwgERbg cMeBaHkar ksagsmtßPaBrbs;

begáItkariyal½yB½t’man \NTan? bnþRbwgERbgksagsmtßPaB rbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa nig RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßúnig RbtibtþikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú

MEF m©as;CMnYy MFI MEF NBC MFI MFO NBC MEF NBC m©as;CMnYy MFI MFO

26

FnaKarCatiénkm<úCanig RKwHsßan mIRkUhirBaØvtßúnigRbtibtþikrmIRkU hirBaØvtßú

begáInlkçN³viC¢aCIv³cMeBaH Gñkpþl;\NTanxñattUc

• BRgwgsmtßPaBRtYtBinitürbs; FnaKarCati

• begáInlT§PaByl;dwgrbs; saFarN³Cn rdæaPi)al m©as;CMnYy GMBIkic©Rbtibtþil¥ enAkñúgmIRkUhirBaØvtßú

FnaKarCati m©as;CMnYy MEF smaKmn_ MFI

sßab½ntamvis½y

kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ elIehdæarcnasm<½n§ karEklMGbriyakas vinieyaK[l¥RbesIreLIg karGnuvtþn_kic©snüa nig karBRgwgvis½yc,ab; nig RbB½n§tulakar .

27

karbegáItesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI 1 ³ lubbM)at;PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶r nig PaBGt;Xøan¦ Rkbx½NÐeBlevla

ry³eBlxøI ¬2004-2006¦ ry³eBlmFüm ¬2007-2010¦ ry³eBlEvg ¬eRkayqñaM 2010¦

FnFan édKU

BRgwgkarENnaM CayuT§sa®sþ ³

• BinitüemIleKalneya)ay nigyuT§sa®sþEdlkMBugGnuvtþ karerobcMEpñksßab½n sMrab;RKb;RKg nig karpþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;esva ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT kMNt;rkPaBxusKña nigPaB minsuIsgVak;Kña RBmTaMg begáItEpnkarcg¥úlbgðaj sMrab;edaHRsaybBaða TaMgenaH

• BRgwgPaBsuIsgVak;Kñaénkar ksagEpnkar GPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§ CamYykarksagEpnkarGnuvtþ enAmUldæan nig

• karkMNt;eKaledAnig vinieyaKGaTiPaB[kan;Et RbesIr

• BRgwgsmtßPaBdl; GaCJaFrmUldæan edIm,I kMNt;GaTiPaB eFVIEpnkar nig RKb;RKgehdæarcna-sm<½n§nigkarpþl;esva enA kñúgmUldæan

• CMruj[vis½yÉkCn[rYm cMENkkñúgkarpþl;esva ¬tamry³lT§PaBTTYl)an \NTan karFanara:b;rg karbgálkçN³gayRsYl dl;karsMulixitGnuBaØat¦

• karkMNt;eKaledAnig GaTiPaBvinieyaK[)an kan;EtRbesIr

- RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT - RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl

- RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tþúniym - RksYgsaFarNkar nig dwkCBa¢Ún

- RksYgmhaépÞ - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú - GaCJaFrmUldæan - m©as;CMnYy - vis½yÉkCn

28

enAkñúgtMbn; • BRgwgsmtßPaBdl;GaCJaFr

mUldæan edIm,IkMNt;GaTiPaB eFVIEpnkar nig RKb;RKg ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarpþl; esvaenAmUldæan

• CMruj[vis½yÉkCn[rYm cMENkkñúgkarpþl;esva ¬tamry³lT§PaBTTYl)an \NTan karFanara:b;rg karbgálkçN³gayRsYl dl;karsMulixitGnuBaØat¦

• elIkkMBs;karsþarcMNay enAkñúgesvaehdæarcna- sm<½n§CnbT

• elIkkMBs;karsþarcMNay enAkñúgesvaehdæarcna- sm<½n§CnbT

Fana[eKalneya)ay dwkCBa¢Ún KaMRTeKaledA kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ³

• erobcM Gnum½t nig Gnuvtþ eKalneya)ayCatisþIBI kardwkCBa¢Ún EdledaHRsay tMrUvkarpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgenA CnbT

• erobcMeKalneya)ayCati

• GnuvtþeKalneya)ayCati sþIBIkardwkCBa¢Ún

• GnuvtþeKalneya)ayCati sþIBIkardwkCBa¢Ún

- ADB - IDA - PRIP nig PRIP- II - KfW (LBAT)

- RksYgsaFarNkarnig dwkCBa¢Ún

- RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú

29

[RsbCamYynwgyuT§sa®sþ pøÚvfñl;enACnbT

• Gac)a:n;sμanCamun)an • begáItmUldæanFnFanrbs;

GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞr sareBIBn§

karpÁt;pÁg;famBlnig ePøIgGKÁisnIenAtMbn;CnbT ³

• erobcM[manEpnkaremsþIBI karpÁt;pÁg;ePøIgGKÁisnIenA CnbT edIm,IdwknaMkar vinieyaKkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI eTACnbTtamEbbvimCÄkar

• begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess sMrab;esvapÁt;pÁg;ÉkCn enACnbT

• begáIt[manTsSnaTansþIBI tmøaPaB nigkarbMeBjxat Ep¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþn_

• GnuvtþEpnkarem • begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl

hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess sMrab;esvapÁt;pÁg;ÉkCn enACnbT


• GnuvtþEpnkarem - RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl

- vis½yÉkCn - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú

-elIkkMBs;lT§PaBeTAkan; CnbTtamry³karEfTaM pøÚvfñl;EdlmanRsab;nig begáInlT§PaBpøas;TIenA

• erobcMkareFVIbBa¢ÍsareBIPNÐ nig EpnTIpøÚvfñl;CnbT

• Fana[manTMnak;TMngeBj eljrvagbNþajpøÚvfñl;

• erobcMkareFVIbBa¢ÍsareBIPNÐ nig EpnTIpøÚvfñl;CnbT

• Fana[manTMnak;TMngeBj eljrvagbNþajpøÚvfñl;

• - RksYgsaFarNkarnig dwkCBa¢Ún

- RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT

30

CnbT

sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;enA mUldæan

• eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsb Ep¥kelIkMlaMgBlkm μ sMrab;karEfTaMpøÚvfñl;

• BinitüemIlGtßiPaB lT§PaB nigsuvtßiPaBénesvadwk CBa¢ÚnenACnbT kMNt;rkPaB xusKña nig begáItGnusasn_ sMrab;lubbM)at;PaBxusKña TaMgenaH

• CMruj[vis½yÉkCn cUlrYm pþl;esvaEpñkpøÚvfñl; nig dwkCBa¢Ún

sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;enA mUldæan • eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsb

Ep¥kelIkMlaMgBlkm μ sMrab;karEfTaMpøÚvfñl;

• GnuvtþGnusasn_énkarBinitüesva enACnbT

• CMruj[vis½yÉkCncUlrYm pþl;esvaEpñkpøÚvfñl; nig dwkCBa¢Ún

-pþl;hirBaØb,TanRKb;RKan; sMrab;EfTaMpøÚvnigsMrab; CYsCulEklMGpøÚvenA mUldæan

• eFVIkMENTMrg; FMRRedIm,IFana [mankarpþl;mUlniFisMrab; EfTaMpøÚvfñl;)anRKb;RKan; Gac)a:n;sμanCamun)an

• begáItmUldæanFnFanrbs; GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞr sareBIBn§

• begáItmUldæanFnFanrbs; GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞr sareBIBn§

IFAPER tamBinitü emIl

MEF

31

karpÁt;pÁg;famBl¼GKÁIsnI enAtMbn;CnbTkan;Et RbesIr

• erobcM[manEpnkaremsþIBI karpÁt;pÁg;ePøIgGKÁisnIenA CnbT edIm,IdwknaMkar vinieyaKkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI eTACnbTtamEbbvimCÄkar

• begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess sMrab;Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;ÉkCn enACnbT

• begáIt[manTsSnaTansþIBI tmøaPaB nigkarbMeBjxat Ep¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþ

• begáInlT§PaB)anTTYl hirBaØb,Tan CaBiess sMrab;Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;ÉkCn enACnbT


- RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl

- vis½yÉkCn - RksYgesdækic© nig hirBaØvtßú

kMENTMrg;sMxan;² nig karvinieyaKRsbeBlCamYyKña ³ vimCÄkar karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn karRKb; RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ .

32

karGb;rMenACnbT ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI2³ sMerc[)anCaTUeTAkarGb;rMmUldæan-eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI3³ elIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½rnigpþl;siT§iGMNacdl;®sþI¦



bgárlkçN³eGayman lT§PaBTTYl karGb;rM enACnbTRbkbeday smFm’ ³

• begáInkarvinieyaKenAkñúgtMbn; RkIRk nig tMbn;EdlKμanesva Gb;rMRKb;RKan;

• erobcMeKalneya)ayedIm,I begáInkarcuHeQ μaHcUleron edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak; CaBiesseTAelIbBaðaEynD½r

• begáInkarvinieyaK enAkñúg tMbn;RkIRk nig tMbn;Edl KμanesvaGb;rMRKb;RKan;

• Gnuvtþ nigBinitüeKalneya)ay

• begáInkarvinieyaK enAkñúg tMbn;RkIRk nig tMbn;Edl KμanesvaGb;rMRKb;RKan;

kMBugGnuvtþ KMnitpþÜcepþIm mYycMnYn

- RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nig kILa

- RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn

- m©as;CMnYy - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al - GñkeRbIR)as; - GaCJaFrmUldæan

elIkkMBs;KuNPaBGb;rM enACnbT ³

• bnþeFVIvimCÄkarkareFVIEpnkar nig karRKb;RKgkarGb;rM

• begáInkarGPivDÆn_viC¢aCIv³ RKUbeRgon ¬R)ak;ebovtSr_ pÞHsEm,g TisedAGaCIB¦

• elIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkar

• BinitütamdanKuNPaBénesva Gb;rMenACnbT

• BinitütamdanKuNPaBesvaGb;rM enACnbT



- m©as;CMnYy - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al - GñkeRbIR)as; - GaCJaFrmUldæan

33

bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgón • begáItRbB½n§Fananigtamdan

KuNPaB • BinitüemIlkmμviFIsikSaeLIgvij

edIm,IbBa©ÚlRbFanbT Tak;TgnwgshKmn_CnbT

EksMrYlkmμviFIGkçrkmμ ³ • bEnßmxøwmsarsMxan;²enAkñúg km μviFIGkçrkmμ edayeFVIy:ag Na[kmμviFIenH manTMnak; TMngkan;EteRcIneTAnwg shKmn_enACnbT


- sßab½nEdleFVIkargar xagvis½yCnbT

- GñkeRbIR)as; - m©as;CMnYy - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

kMNt;eKaledA[kan;Et RbesIrcMeBaHRkumBlrdæ gayrgeRKaH ³

• erobcMkmμviFIvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM EdledaHRsaybBaðab¤ tMrUvkar Cak;lak;rbs;RkumBlrdæ gayrgeRKaH ³ ekμgRsI RKYsarRkIRk CnCatiPaKtic

• bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgonEdl ecHniyayPasaenAmUldæan

• erobcMkm μviFIvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM EdledaHRsaybBaðab¤ tMrUvkar Cak;lak;rbs;RkumBlrdæ gayrgeRKaH ³ ek μgRsI RKYsarRkIRk CnCati PaKtic

• bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgonEdl ecHniyayPasamUldæan

• erobcMkm μviFIvinieyaKelIkarGb;rM EdledaHRsaybBaðab¤ tMrUvkar Cak;lak;rbs;RkumBlrdæ gayrgeRKaH³ ekμgRsI RKYsarRkIRk CnCati PaKtic

• bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgonEdl ecHniyayPasamUldæan



- GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al - m©as;CMnYy - RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn

34

karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT ¬eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI4 ³ kat;bnßyGRtamrNPaBkumar . eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_TI5 ³ elIkkMBs;suxPaBmata. eKaledAGPivDÆn_

shsSvtSr_TI 6 ³ RbyuT§nwgemeraKeGds_¼CMgWeGds_ RKuncaj; nig CMgWdéTeTot¦



begáInlT§PaBTTYl)an nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaB esvaEfTaMsuxPaB ³

• EklMGkareFVIEpnkar nig kar cMNaysaFarN³ eTAelI mUldæansMPar³bMerI[kar EfTaMsuxPaB CaBiess tamry³ karviPaKkan;Et RbesIrGMBItMrUvkartamtMbn;

• bnþGPivDÆn_meFüa)ayEfTaM suxPaBbzm bnþksagmnÞIr eBTübEg¥kTIBIr

• EklMGkareFVIEpnkar nig kar cMNaysaFarN³ eTAelI mUldæansMPar³bMerI[kar EfTaMsuxPaB CaBiess tamry³ karviPaKkan;Et RbesIrGMBItMrUvkartamtMbn;




- RksYgsuxaPi)al - GaCJaFrmUldæan - GñkeRbIR)as; - vis½yÉkCn - GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al - m©as;CMnYy

35

36

begáInlT§PaBr:ab;rg eRbIR)as; esvaEfTaMsuxPaB dl; RbCaBlrdæRkIRk ³

• BRgwgsmtßPaBRKb;RKgenA mUldæan

• CMruj[manmUlniFiEdlman nirnþrPaBenAmUldæan

• BinitüemIleKalneya)ay kMNt;éføeLIgvij edayepþat eTAelIkarbegáItynþkarkMNt; eKaledA[manRbsiT§iPaB cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk

• epþatkarykcitþTuksarCaf μI elIsuxPaBsaFarN³ nig karbgáar

• BRgwgsmtßPaBRKb;RKgenA mUldæan .

• CMruj[manmUlniFiEdlman nirnþrPaBenAmUldæan .

• EksMrYleKalneya)ay kMNt;éføeLIgvij .


CMruj[mankarcUlrYmBI vis½yÉkCn ³

• BinitüemIlbTBiesaFn_ Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;esvaÉkCn kñúgkarEfTaMsuxPaB

• BinitüemIlRkbx½NÐ eKalneya)aysMrab;kar pþl;karEfTaMsuxPaBÉkCn

• epþateTAelIvinieyaK saFarN³enAtMbn;dac; RsyalbEnßmeTot

- RksYgsuxaPi)al - vis½yÉkCn - m©as;CMnYy

37

bBaðarYm

TidæPaBsMxan;²sMrab;vis½yCnbT karRKb;RKgvis½y saFarN³

• kMENTMrg;muxgarsaFarN³ rYmTaMg karpþl;R)ak;ebovtSr_smrmü edIm,ITb;sáat;buKÁlikEdlmansmtßPaBkuM[rt;ecalCYr nig elIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkarpþl;esvasaFarN³

• kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ rYmTaMg karerobcMFnFansaFarN³EdlmansuIsgVak;KaCamYynwgskm μPaBCaGaTiPaBenACnbT Edl)anÉkPaBKña ¬Rkbx½NÐcMNayry³eBlmFüm¦ tmøaPaB nig lT§PaBBüakrN_elIkarEbgEckFnFan

GMeBIBukrlYy • kMENTMrg;RbB½n§tulakar nig karGnuvtþn_c,ab;nigbTdæanKtiyutþi EdlenACaFrman • karkat;bnßycMNayRbtibtþikarenAtamExSsgVak;TIpSar • karEklMGlT§PaBBüakrN_énkic©snüa[)ankan;Etl¥RbesIreLIg

vimCÄkar nig shvimCÄkar

• karrIkcMerInenAkñúgdMeNIrkarEkTMrg;vimCÄkar nig shvimCÄkar • karcUlrYménsßab½nvis½yCnbTkan;EteRcInenAkñúgkic©BiPakSaelIeKalneya)ayvishmCÄkar • karbnþGnuvtþKMeragsakl,gvishmCÄkarenAkñúgsßab½nvis½yCnbT ¬RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT - RksYgFnFanTwk nig ]tuniym -

RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ nig sMNg;¦ karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn • karGnuvtþn_kMENTMrg;briyakasvinieyaK rYmTaMg karedaHRsaybBaðabriyakasvinieyaKenACnbTpgEdr

• karbegáItyuT§saRsþvis½yÉkCn EdlykcitþTukdak;eTAelIshRKasxñattUcnigmFümenACnbT nig tMrUvkarEpñkksi-BaNiC¢kmμ

esckþIRBagcugeRkay éf¶ TI 15 Ex kumÖ³ - sMrab;BiPakSa

1

Epñk I³ karGPivDÆn_RTRTg;GñkRkIRk nigkMeNIn³ cMNucsñÚlénkarPivDÆn_CnbT ________________________________________________________________________

kMeNInknøgmkmin)annaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCaFMdMueT

1> mUldæanRKwHma:RkUesdækic©EdlmanlkçN³GMeNayplGnuBaØat[manGRtakMeNInx<s;enAkñúg ry³eBleRkayCMelaHépÞkñúg. kMeNInesdækic©manPaBrwgmaM CamFümes μ Inwg 6° enAkñúgkMLúgqñaM 1994-2001 elIkElgenAkñúgqñaM 1998 bnÞab;BIRBwtiþkarN_vibtþineya)aynaBak;kNþalqñaM 1997. karegIbeLIgvijénesdækic©manel,ÓnelOnenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1999-2001 edayman kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬GDP¦RbcaMqñaMCamFüm 7PaKry. cMNUlsareBIBn§mankar ekIneLIg GRtaGtiprNaRtUv)ankat;bnßy ¬eRkam 4°¦ ehIyGRtabþÚrR)ak;manesßrPaB. PaB eCOnelOnénrcnasm<½n§sMxan;²RtUv)ansMerc)an edaymankarGnuvtþn_nUvkmμviFIpþl;GaCJab½NÑsar Caf μ IcMeBaHFnaKarBaNiC¢ karbnþBRgwgrdæ)alBn§darnigKy nigkarerobcMesckþIRBagnUvc,ab; BaNiC¢km μsMxan;² EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbMeBjlkçxNÐénkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦.

2> b:uEnþesdækic©RbeTskm<úCaenAEtmanPaBgayrgeRKaH edaymankMeNInmanmUldæantUcceg¥ót niglMeGogeTArktMbn;TIRbCMuCn nigmanbrisßaneFVIGaCIvkmμminsUvGMeNaypl. karTTYl)annUv kMeNInKYr[kt;sMKal;naTsvtSknøgmk PaKeRcInqøúHbBa©aMgBIkaregIbeLIgvijBIGtItkal ehIyBwg Ep¥keTAelImUldæanEdltMrg;TiseTATIRbCMuCnEdlmanlkçN³tUcceg¥ót. kMeNInénEpñkkm μnþsal manesßrPaBenAkñúgkMritCamFümes μ Inwg 14/7° kñúgmYyqñaMenAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1993-2001 b:uEnþ PaKeRcInEp¥kelI]sSahkm μkat;edr. esckþIrMBwgnaeBlGnaKtKWmanPaBminR)akdRbCaedaysar karputkMNt;énkic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐeTVPaKIrvagshrdæGaemrik nigkm<úVVCa enAcug qñaM2004 nig karcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelakrbs;RbeTscin. kMeNInenAkñúgvis½yesvakmμEdlrYm cMENk 36° dl; GDP mankMritenAeLIy ehIyBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIEpñkeTscrN_ ¬sUmGan taragTI1¦. TMnukcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaKTunenAmankMrit ehIybriyakasGaCIvkm μCaTUeTAshRKin


2

KitfamanPaBminl¥ edaysarmanGMeBIBukrlYyCabBaðacMbg1. ksikm μ2 EdlCavis½ysMxan; CageKKitTaMgsmamaRtén GDP ¬37° enAqñaM2001¦ nigsmamaRténkMlaMgBlkmμ ¬74°/ GegátkMlaMgBlkmμ/ 2002¦ mankarekIneLIgRbEhl 3/5° RbcaMqñaM kñúgGRtaBit kñúg GMLúgqñaM 1993-2001 b:uEnþ)anCYbRbTHnUvkarERbRbYleLIgcuHya:gxøaMgBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM ehIyrYmcMENk tictYckñúgkarbegáItkargar.

tarag 1³ karrYmcMENktamvis½ycMeBaH GDP nigkargar ¬RbPB³RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ¦vis½y smamaRtén

GDP / 2001 ¬°¦

GRtakMeNIn 1993-2001

smamaRtén kargar

2001

(%)

GRtakMeNIn kargar/ 1998-2000

snÞsSn_PaBRkIRk tamRbPBcMNUl sMxan;² ¬1999 CSES¦ °

ksikm μ 37

3.5%

73.7

1.55

78.9

]sSahkm μ 27

14.7%

8.4

43.29

3.8

esvakm μ 36

1.9%

17.9

1.08

11

3> kargarpøÚvkareRkABIeFVIERsmankMrittictYc CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT. kMeNInkargarenAkñúgEpñk km μnþsalmankMritxøaMg b:uEnþcab;epþImBImUldæand¾tUc. km μkrRbEhl 220>000 ¬RsþImansmamaRt x<s;¦- 8° énkMlaMgBlkm μ - \LÚvkMBugbMerIkargarenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr. karbegáItkargarenA kñúgvis½yesvakmμk¾mankMrittictYcEdrenAkñúgTsvtSknøgmk. eBlGvtþmanénkalanuvtþPaBepSg² eTot PaKeRcInénGñkEdlcUlkñúgTIpSarBlkm μenAEtsßitenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ehIyRtUv)anrab;faCa EpñkmYyénkMlaMgBlkm μksikmμ edaymankMritx<s;énkargarmineBjelj EdlRtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMg tamry³R)ak;ebovtSr_CnbTTab3. kMritTabénCMnajraraMgbEnßmeTotdl;ksikrCnbTv½yek μgnUv lT§PaBTTYl)ankalanuvtþPaBesdækicænana.

1 km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak - karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;/ FnaKar BiPBelak/ 2004 2 ksikmμ b¤vis½yksikm μKWsMedAeTAelIskm μPaBdaMdMNaMRKb;RbePT bsustV éRBeQI nigClpl. 3 3500-4000 erolkñúgmYyéf¶sMrab;ebovtSr_ksikmμ nig 3800-4200 erolsMrab;ebovtSr_minEmnksikmμ ¬Helmers

et al., 2003¦.


3

4> GRtakMeNInRbCaCnx<s; ¬2/5° kñúgmYyqñaM¦ mansMBaFya:gxøaMgeTAelIesdækic©kñúgkarbegáIt kargar ehIyvis½yksikm μkMBugEtRsUbykPaKeRcInénGñkcMNUlfμIkñúgTIpSarkargar. tYelxmYy kñúgcMeNamtYelxCaeRcInEdlKYr[kt;sMKal; KwsmamaRtx<s; ¬55°¦ énRbCaCnGayueRkam 20qñaM. kMeNInd¾eRcInénRbCaCnek μg rYmTaMgcMnYnd¾eRcIn ¬150 000¦ énGtIteyaFin KwkMBugcUl eTAkñúgTIpSarkargar edaymankalanuvtþPaBtictYckñúgkarrk)annUvkargarEdlTTYl)anplkMér. RbCaCnRbEhlBI 220>000 eTA 250>000 nak;cUleTAkñúgTIpSarkargarkñúgmYyqñaM² PaKeRcInén BYkeKTaMgenaHrs;enAtMbn;CnbT TnÞwmnwgenaHEdrmancMnYntictYceTEdlcUlnivtþn_. bBaðaRbQmd¾FM mYykñúgcMeNambBaðaRbQmd¾FMnana Kwkarpþl;nUvkargarRbkbedayplitPaBcMeBaHkMlaMgBlkmμ EdlecHEtekIneLIgya:gqab;rh½senH. kMeNInd¾qab;rh½senACnbT nwgedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;kñúgkar begáItkargar begáIncMMNUlCnbT nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa. Tinñpl nigcMNUlksikm μKYrEt ekIneLIgRbkbedaynirnþrPaB ya:gehacNas;k¾manel,Ónes μ InwgkMeNInkMlaMgBlkmμ Edlkñúg GRtaBitKwya:gehacNas;ekIneLIgBI 5° eTA 6° kñúgmYyqñaM edIm,IbnþRsYbykGñkcMNUlf μITaMg enaHenAkñúgTIpSarBlkmμ. GRtakMeNInx<s;KYrEtTTYl)anedIm,IbegáInpgEdrnUvebovtSr_Bit. b:uEnþ bnÞúkéndMeNaHRsaybBaðakargar minEmnzitenAEteTAelIvis½yksikmμEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaHeT. kar bnþepþateTAelIkarbegáItbrisßanGMeNayplsMrab;kMeNInd¾qab;rh½sénvis½y]sSahkm μ nigesvakm μk¾tMrUv[manpgEdr.

5> kMeNInPaKeRcInpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;tMbn;TIRbCMuCn nigmin)annaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkd¾ TUlMTUlayenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTEdlmanRbCaCnPaKeRcInrs;enA. yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rbs;km<úCa ¬NPRS¦ )a:n;s μanfa snÞsSn_énPaBRkIRk)anfycuHBI 39° énRbCaCnTaMgGs; enAqñaM 1993-94 mk 36° enAqñaM 19974. NPRS k¾)anrkeXIjpgEdr CamFüm GñkRkrs;enACit bnÞat;PaBRkIRk ehIyehtudUecñHKwmanskþanuBlCaeRcInsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRktamry³kMeNIn edaymansmFm’. pÞúymkvij ninñakarGacbRBa©asmkvij ehIyPaBRkIRkkan;EtF¶n;F¶rCagmun CamYynwgkMeNInyWt b¤CamYykarEbgEcknUvplRbeyaCn_kan;EtmankMrit. karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigPaBeCOnelOneq<aHeTAsMerc)aneKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_ - TaMgenATIRbCuMCn nigTICnbT -

4 b:uEnþ CamYynwgcMnYnRbCaCn)a:n;sμan 10lannak;enAqñaM 1993-94 nig 11/4lnanak;enAqñaM1997 ebIKitCatYelxdac; xat cMnYnGñkRkIRkmankarekIneLIgenAkñúgTsvtSr_knøgmk BI 3/9lannak; eTA4/1lannak; ¬b¤ekIn5°CatYelxdac;xat¦


4

bgðajfa kMeNInesdækic©knøgmkPaKeRcInpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;tMbn;TIRbCMuCn EdlmanRbCaCn 15° rs;enA edaymanEpøpáaBIkMeNInesdækic©RCabcuHmkeRkamdl;esdækic©CnbTtictYcb:ueNÑaH ehIyBMumankarcg¥úlbgðajBIPaBeCOnelOnkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbTeLIy. plitpl kñúgRsuksrubsMrab;mnusSmñak;enAtMbn;CnbTRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfaman 119 duløarGaemrik ebIeRbob eFobeTAnwg 280duløarsMrab;RbeTsTaMgmUl. edayman 90° énRbCaCnrs;enACnbT nig 79° énGñkRkEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIEpñkksikmμd¾TUlMTUlaysMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkKat; PaBeCOnelOn kñúgkarsMerc)annUveKaledAkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;rdæaPi)al niwgminGacsMerc)aneLIy RbsinebI minedaHRsay edayhμt;ct; nigedaypÞal;nUvbBaðasMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlRtUv)anCYbRbTHedayesdæ-kic©CnbT.

CIvPaBrs;enA enAtMbn;CnbT enAmankMritedaysarkarxVHnUvkalanuvtþPaB nigPaBgayrgeRKaH5

6> karBwgEp¥keTAelIksikm μCIvRBwtþimankMritx<s;. km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsksikm μenAeLIyeT eday man 70° énRbCaCn nigPaKryénGñkRkIRkeRcIn ¬79°¦ Rbkbmuxrbrksikmμ ehIykareRbIR)as; CIvRBwtþiRsUbyk 60-65° énTinñplksikmμ ¬FAO/ 2003¦. CamYynwgbnÞat;PaBRkIRkEdlRtUv )ankMNt;edayEp¥kelIbrimaNhUbcukKitCakaLÚrI Gsnþisuxes,ógenAEtCaTidæPaBmYyd¾sMxan;én PaBRkIRkenACnbT. enAeBlEdlcMNIGahar nigGgárCaTUeTAmankarekIneLIgenAkñúgb:unμanqñaMknøg eTAfμ I²enH nigGtierkGgár)anekItmaneLIg RKYsarenAtMbn;CnbTCaeRcInBMumanlT§PaBRKb;RKan;b¤ KYr[Tukcitþ)ankñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógGahar. rhUtdl; 2PaK3 én 1/6lanRKYsar Edlrs;enACnbT CYbRbTHnUvkarxVHes,ógGahartamrdUvkñúgmYyqñaM² ehIy 50° énkumarGayu eRkam 5qñaM manTMgn;minRKb; ¬NPRS¦. GgárEtmYymuxmanBI 25° eTA 30° énkarcMNaysrub rbs;RKYsarRkIRk. enHbgðajR)ab;fa karbegáInnUvplitPaBksikmμsMedAcMeBaHksikrCIvRBwtþi Gac manplb:HBal;d¾xøaMgkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬CaBiesskarhUbcukKitCakaLÚrI¦ nigsMrYldl;kar pøas;bþÚrBIksikm μCIvRBwtþieTACaskmμPaBksikmμEdltMrg;TiseTArklkçN³BaNiC¢km μ. PaBxus²Kña

5 lT§plenAkñúgEpñkenHRtUv)andkRsg;ecjBI : RbPBcMNUlenAtMbn;CnbT : sikSaeday Helmers, Gibson, nig Wallgren

(2003), luHNaEtbBa¢ak;R)ab;xusBIenH.


5

xøaMgéntMbn;PUmisaRsþ bgðajR)ab;fa bBaðakarxVHxat bBaðakardwkCBa¢Ún nigbBaðakalanuvtþPaB rkcMNUlepSgeTotk¾ekItmaneLIgEdr.

7> kareFVIGaCIvkmμelIFnFanFm μCati ¬FnFanrYm¦ KWCayuT§saRsþrYmmYyedIm,IbMeBjKñaCamYynwg cMNUlBIkareFVIERsBIdIFøIEdlkan;kab;bnþicbnþÜc. enAeBlEdlesdækic©rbs;RbeTsCatiminTan;RtUv )aneFVIBiBiFkm μenAeLIy RTBüsm,tþiCadIFøI nigFnFanFmμCatienAEtedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;enAkñúgCIvPaB rs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RKYsarenACnbT. dUecñHkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvCIvPaBrs;enA nigkarkat;bnßy nUvPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;RbCaCnCnbT KWBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAnwgKMrUénPaBCam©as;kmμsiT§i nig lT§PaBTTYl)andIFøI nigFnFanFmμCati. eTaHbICamanPaBxusKñatamtMbn;k¾eday CaTUeTAkarkan; kab;dIFøImanTMhMtUc KitCamFüm 1/5 hiktakñúgmYyRKYsar edaymanRKYsarRbEhlBak;kNþal mandIeFVIERsticCag 0/75 hikta ¬CSES/ 1999¦. TMhMénkarkan;kab;dICamFümmankarrYjfy cuHCamYynwgkMeNInRbCaCn EdlbNþal[mankareFVIcMNakRsukBICnbTmkTIRkug nigmktMbn;Edl manRbCaCntic CalkçN³GciéRnþy_ b¤tamrdUv ehIyBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIkargareRkABIeFVIERsenA eBlEdlkargarenaHman. RKYsarRkIRkCageKbMput KWCaRKYsarEdlmanlT§PaBtictYc b¤KñanesaH kñúgkarTTYl)annUvdIFøIsMrab;eFVIksikmμ ¬ticCag 2hiktaenAkñúgTItaMgEdlminGMeNaypl¦ ehIy CalT§pl KWBYkKat;BwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIFnFanRTBüsm,tþirYm edIm,IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarCa lkçN³CIvRBwtþirbs;BYkKat;. RKYsarEdlRkIRkCageKCaTUeTAk¾BMumankarCYy]btßmÖBIsac;jatirbs; xøÜneT CaRKYsarek μgEdlmankUneRcInBI 5-12nak; manRTBüsm,tþitictYc ¬K μan b¤stVBahan³ sMrab;eFVIERsmYy sMPar³]bkrN_sMrab;eFVIERstictYc¦ CYbRbTHnUvkgVHes,ógGaharrvag 3eTA8Ex kñúgmYYyqñaM CMBak;bMNuleKeRcIn ehIyCaTUeTAKWBMumanlT§PaBsgbMNuleKvij b¤x©IeKbEnßmeTot)an ¬ADB/ 2001¦.

tarag 2³ smamaRtPaKrymFüménRbPBepSg²KñaéncMNUl eFobnwgcMNUlRKYsarsrubenACnbT tambBa©PaK

RbPBcMNUlRKYsarenACnbT tambBa©PaKénkarcMNay/ PaKry

RbPBcMNUl RkCageK bMput

bBa©PaKTI 2

bBa©PaKTI 3

bBa©PaKTI 4

manCageK bMput srub

ksikm μ 50% 54% 54% 55% 37% 50%


6

EdlkñúgenaH RsUv 26% 29% 28% 31% 17% 26%

bsustV 19% 19% 18% 16% 11% 17%

FnFanrYm 21% 16% 15% 12% 6% 14%

ebovtSr_ 9% 9% 11% 10% 23% 13%

minEmneFVIERs 8% 12% 10% 14% 25% 14%

karepÞrR)ak;mk[ karepJIR)ak;mk[ epSg² 12% 9% 10% 9% 9% 9%

cMNUlRKYsar KitCamFüm¬1000erol¼1qñaM¦ 2,553 3,057 3,351 3,875 5,616 3,689 RbPB: CSES 1999 (B’NRbepHKWCatYelxFMCagtYelxmFüm¦

8> kargareRkABIeFVIERsminerobryKWCaRbPBd¾sMxan;éncMNUlsMrab;RKYsarenACnbT. RKYsarCnbT edaHRsay)annwgkarxVHxat énkalanuvtþPaBkñúgkarrkkMérEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©nigeBjem:ag edayeFVIBiBiFkmμénRbPBcMNUl6. karsikSaEdlBüayamKNnaCabrimaNnUvsar³sMxan;énRbPB TaMgenaH)anrkeXIjfa 29° eTA 50° éncMNUl ¬sac;R)ak; nigCarbs;¦ KWmkBIksikmμ 14° eTA 22° mkBIskmμPaBClplnigéRBeQI nig 36° eTA 57° mkBIGaCIvikmμ nigebovtSénBlkmμ. PaKeRcInénebovtSr_ nigcMNUlGaCIvkmμ KWmkBIebovtSr_énBlkmμkñúgEpñkksikm μtamrdUv nigFmμta nigminEmnksikm μ nigkñúgskmμPaBmIRkUGaCIvkmμtamrdUv. lT§PaBTTYl)ankargareRkABIeFVIERs EdlmanlkçN³esßrPaB nigTTYl)ankMér CaFmμtaGacGnuvtþ)anEtcMeBaHGñkEdlmanFnFaneRcIn

6 karRsavRCavGMBIRbPBcMNUlenAkm<úCaKW niyayya:gl¥bMput minTan;eBjelj edaymankarsikSaTUTaMgRbeTstictYc nigBMusUvlMGit eTAelIbBaðaya:geRcInEdlmansar³sMxan;ya:gxøaMgkñúgkarkMNt;nUveKalneya)aynwgKMeragnanaedIm,I RTRTg; karGPivDÆn_ CnbT. karsikSaEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlaybMputenaHKWkareFVIGegátesdækic©sgÁmkic©qñaM 1999 eTaH bICamanKuNvibtiþxøH EdlBak;B½n§bTBiesaFn_kargarrbs;mRnþIeFVIsMPasn_ nigTMhMsMNakKMrUtUc ¬eTaHbICaGegátTUTaMg RbeTsk¾eday¦. mankar xVHcenøaHCaBiessBak;B½n§nwgkarRsavRCavcMeBaHRbCaCnenAtMbn;x<g;rabnigmat;smuRT ehIyCa TUeTAcMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;RsUv nigdMNaMepSg²eTot cMNUlminEmn)anmkBIkareFVIERs nigFnFanrYmcMeBaHcMNUlrbs;RKYsar RkIRkenACnbT. b:uEnþCaTUeTA manPaBsIusgVak;KñaénlT§pld¾TUlMTUlayenAkñúgkareFVIGegátCaeRcInGMBIcMNUlenACnbT EdlbgðajR)ab;falT§plRsavRCavGaceCOTukcitþ)an eTaHbICamanvisalPaB nigPaBRKbdNþb;tUck_eday (Helmers et

al., 2003).


7

bMputb:ueNÑaH. smaCikRKYsarCnbT EdlCYbRbTHnwgcMNUlksikmμTabnigERbRbYltamrdUv kMBugEt rkkargareFVICaRbcaM b¤eFVIskmμPaBepSg²EdlGacbegáItnUvcMNUl EdlPaKeRcInmanlkçN³beNþaH Gasnñ nigTTYl)anpltictYc.

9> dUecñH karRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñaCaTUeTAénskmμPaBEdlpþl;plEdlrYmcMENkdl;cMNUlRKYsarCnbT KWmanPaBxus²KñaenARKb;RKYsar nigtMbn;. tMbn;ksi-eGkULÚhSIú niglT§PaBcUldl; nigEk,rTIpSar KWmanTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkCamYYyRbPBcMNUlénRKYsarCnbT. PaBenAEk,r niglT§PaBTTYl )annUvFnFanéRBeQInigClpl kMNt;nUvkarrYmcMENkdl;CIvPaBrs;enAenACnbT. karRsavRCav )an rkeXIjnUvTMnak;TMngya:gxøaMgnigviC¢manrvagPaBenAEk,rpøÚv nigsar³sMxan;énskm μPaB esdækic©eRkABIeFVIERscMkar. kalanuvtþPaBsMrab;kargar eRkABIeFVIERscMkar KWl¥RbesIrenAPaK xagt,Úg nigGaeKñy_ EdlenATIenaHbNþajpøÚvfñl;)anTTYlkarGPivDÆn_. TaMgsMrab;cUldl;TIpSar edIm,Ilk;TMnij nigesvakmμplitkñúgRsuk nigsMrab;lT§PaBTTYl)ankargarEdlmanebovtSr_ manpøÚvfñl; nigkñúgkMrit tictYcmYyGacdwkCBa¢ÚnTwk KWk¾CaktþamYysMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;nUvkMritcMNUl pgEdr. RsþI EdlCaGñkcUlrYmcMENkPaKeRcInkñúgkMlaMgBlkm μksikmμ ¬54°¦ cUlrYmtictYc kñúgskmμPaBrkcMNUl eRkABIeFVIERscMkar eTaHbICamanPaKeRcInRbkbrbrGaCIvkm μtUctackþI. CnCatiPaKtic EdlRbmUlpþúMKñars;enAkñúgtMbn;dac;q¶ayBIeK nigmandg;sIuetTabéntMbn;PaK|san BwgEp¥ky:ageRcIneTAelIksikmμ nigFnFanFm μCatisMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK.

10> karekIteLIgnUvPaBclacl nigvibtþiKWCaFmμtamanenARKb;kEnøg edayman 90° énRKYsarCa mFümCYbRbTH nUvvibtþiEdlbNþal[)at;bg;nUvcMNUlenAkñúgry³eBlmYyqñaM. kar)at;cMNUlKWman TMhMFM - Cit 30°éncMNUlRKYsarCnbTsrub)an)at;bg;erogral;qñaMedaysarPaBclacl nig vibtþi RKYsar ¬ Helmers et al, 2003¦. karxUcxatdMNaM ¬PaKeRcInbNþalmkBITwkCMnn; nig¼b¤ stV l¥itbMpøaj¦ karQWénsmaCikRKYsar nigGRtasøab;x<s;énbsustV KWCamUlehtud¾cMbgénkar)at;bg; d¾xøaMgenH. CalT§plénvibtþi\tQb;Qr karCMBak;bMNulénRKYsarCnbTmankMritx<s;7 EdlrYm cMENk[mankarlk;dIFøIedIm,IedaHRsayTukçlM)ak nigkarekIneLIgnUvPaBK μandIFøI. karsikSaBIPaB

7 karRsavRCavk¾)anbgðajpgEdrfalkçxNÐ\NTanmanlkçN³GaRkk;sMrab;GñkRk EdleFVI[BYkKat;BwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTA elIGñkrksIucgkarR)ak;eRkARbB½n§EdlykGRtakarR)ak;x<s;.


8

K μandIFøIbgðajfa 13-17° énRKYsarCnbTenAkm<úCaminmandIFøIeT eTaHbICatYelxenHERbRbYl ya:gxøaMgrvagextþ Rsuk nigXMu. RsþICaemRKYsarTTYlrgxøaMgnUvkarBMumandIFøI.

11> dUecñH lT§plTaMgenaHbgðajR)ab;fa yuT§saRsþedIm,IEklMGCIvPaBrs;enAtMbn;CnbTRtUvTam Tar[mankBa©b;énskmμPaBEdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCaynigsμúKsμaj edayTTYlsÁal;nUvkarBwg Ep¥krbs;RKYsarCnbTeTAelIBhuskmμPaB nigesckþIRtUvkaredIm,IeqøIytbEdlRtUv)antMrwm[Rsb eTAnwgBhuPaBénsßanPaBenAmUldæan nigRKYsarCnbT. esckþIsgÄwmeTAGnaKtsMrab;kareRbIR)as; RbkbedaynirnþPaBnUvdIFøI nigFnFanFm μCati k¾dUcCakareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvCIvPaBrs;enACnbT nwgRtUv)anEkERbedayktþasMxan;bI³ ¬1¦ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aynigbTb,BaØtiþEdlCH\T§iBldl; lT§PaBTTYl)an nigkarRKb;RKgnUvFnFansMxan;²dUcCa dIFøI éRBeQI Clpl nigTwk ¬2¦ ¬2¦ yuT§saRsþrlUnmYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigCnbT nig ¬3¦ kalanuvtþPaBsMrab;kargareRkABI eFVIERsCaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT. enAeBlEdlepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelImeFüa)ayedIm,IbegáIn kalanuvtþPaBesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT b¤mYycMeBaHksikm μ b¤mYymincMeBaHksikmμ CeRmIsKYrEtRtUv )annaMmux edayesckþIRtUvkaredIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaH énRKYsarCnbTcMeBaHvibtþicMNUl rYmman tamry³sMNaj;suvtßiPaB. edaymankarcUlrYmya:geRcInenAkñúgesdækic©CnbT nigPaB gayrgeRKaH nigkgVHlT§PaBTTYl)ankalanuvtþPaB eKalneya)ay nigkm μviFIsMrab;karGPivDÆn_ tMbn;CnbTKYrFanafa tMrUvkarcaM)ac;Cak;lak;rbs;RsþIRtUv)anedaHRsay ¬sUmGanRbGb; 1¦.

RbGb;1³ lT§plsegçb nigGnusasn_dkRsg;BI karsikSavaytMélsßanPaBeynD½r enAkm<úCa

bBaðaKnøwH³ RsþICYbRbTHnUv]bsKÁCaeRcInedaysarmanlT§PaBBMuesμ IKñakñúgkarTTYl)annUvFnFanFm μCati nig esva. RsþImantYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgplitkm μksikm μ nigmantYnaTIsMxan;CaskþanuBlkñúgkarkat;bnßyGsnþi- suxes,óg. RsþIKWCaRkumPaKtickñúgcMeNamGñkTTYlplénCIvPaBrs;enARbkbksikm μnigCnbTEdlTak;Tg nwgesvakm μ nigRTBüskmμ. GRtaGnkçrPaBx<s;nigxøwmsar nigTItaMgénkarBRgIkesva KWCa]bsKÁcMbg2ya:g kñúgkarEklMGlT§PaBrbs;RsþIkñúgkarTTYl)anesvapSBVpSayksikm μ. eTaHbICamanc,ab;dIFøIEdleqøIytb bBaðaeynD½r RsþIk¾enAEtmanPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarmineGIeBInUvsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIrbs;BYkKat;. kardwkCBa¢Ún nigpøÚvCnbT k¾dUcCakarpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigkarpþl;esvahirBaØvtßú KWCaGaTiPaBsMrab;RsþI. RsþImantMNagticenAkñúg kareFVIesckþIsMerccitþelIEpñkksikm μ nigenAkñúgesvasIuvil. b:uEnþ km μviFIEdlRTRTg;edayGñkpþl;CMnYy nig


9

rbs;rdæaPi)almankareqøIytbkan;EtxøaMgcMeBaHkarRBYy)armÖTaMgenaH. EpñkGPivDÆvis½yksikm μnigGPivDÆn_ CnbTenAkñúg NPRS rYmman cMNucedAnigsUcnakr Cak;lak;GMBIeynD½r. Gnusasn_³ ¬1¦CMrujvimCÄkarkMeNIn nigBRgIkkic©xitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IbegáItkalanuvtþPaBkargar enAtMbn;Cn bT edIm,IkMritnUvplb:HBal;sgÁmCaGviC¢manénkareFVIcMNakRsukmkkan;tMbn;TIRbCMuCnrbs;RsþIek μg² ¬2¦KaM RTkarGPivDÆn_shRKasFuntUc EdlGaceFVI)ankñúgry³eBlxøIedIm,Ipþl;kargardl;RsþI ¬3¦ begáItyuT§saRsþ sMrab;elIkkMBs;GkçrPaB nigkMritCMnajrbs;RsþI ¬4¦ edaHRsayesckþIRtUvkarbgáarsgÁmkic©cMeBaHkmμkr cMNakRsukCaRsþI ¬5¦ GPivDÆkaréqñRbDitfμ IedIm,Ipþl;Bt’manksikmμ nigesvapSBVpSayksikmμdl;RsþI ¬6¦FanaEklMG nigrkSa[)annUvlT§PaBTTYl)andIFøI nigFnFanFm μCatisMrab;RsþI ¬7¦bnþvinieyaKelIehdæa-rcnasm<½n§CnbTEdl)anerobcMenAmUldæan edIm,I[esckþIRtUvkarrbs;bursnigRsþIRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;nigedaH Rsay ¬8¦eFVI[esvasuxPaBGacmanlT§PaBTij)anedayRsþIRkIRk nig ¬9¦ begáInkarcUlrYmrbs;RsþIenAkMrit fñak;PUmi. karRKb;RKgdIFøInigFnFanFmμCatikMBugmankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMg

12> RbCasaRsþniglkçN³sm,tþiFnFanFmμCatibegáItnUvkarRbQmCak;lak;cMeBaHtMbn;epSg²Kña. km<úCa)anTTYlGMeNayplBIFmμCatiya:geRcIn KWdI k¾dUcCaFnFanFmμCatid¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; Ca Biess éRBeQI nigClpl nigRbePTepSg²KñaCaeRcInénCMrkFmμCatinigRbB½n§eGkULÚhSIú rYmman éRBtMbn;x<g;rab nigTMnab tMbn;dIesImTwksab nigtMbn;EdlmanpøÚvTwkhUrkat;CaeRcIn. b:uEnþ 70° énRbCaCn KWrs;enARbmUlpþMúelI 30° énépÞdIenAtamrebogTMnabBIRBMEdnéfenAPaKBay½Bü rhUt dl;RBMEdnevotNamenAPaKGaeKñy_. épÞdIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;dMNaMRsUv nigeFVIensaT enAtMbn;TMnablicTwk nigtMbn;manpøÚvTwkhUrkat; edaymansm<aFRbCaCnkan;EtkMBugKMramkMEhg dl;RbB½n§eGkULÚhSIúbwgTenøsab ¬éRBlicTwk nigbwgensaT¦. pÞúyeTAvij éRBRkas; nigdg;sIuet RbCaCnTabbgðajGMBItMbn;PaKxageCIg |san nignIrtI énRbeTs ¬sUmGanEpnTI ]bsm<½n§TI1¦. tMbn;cenøaH rvagTMnabnigx<g;rab kMBugCYbRbTHkarekIneLIgéncMNUlRsuk nigkarTRnÞanykrbs; ksikrnUvtMbn;éRBduH. yuT§saRsþnigeKalneya)aysMrab;karRKb;RKgFnFanéRBeQIcaM)ac;RtUvEt TTYlsÁal;nUvPaBxusKñaTaMgenH nigpþl;kareqøIytbEdlRtUv)antMrwm[Rsbtam sßanPaBtMbn;nig mUldæan - PaBxusKñaéndg;sIuetRbCaCn nigPaBxusKñaénksi-RbB½n§eGkULÚhSIú.


10

13> karsikSaelIkmunEdl)aneFVIeLIgedaykm μviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak )anvaytMélnUvsar³ sMxan;énksi-RbB½n§eGkULÚhSIúxus²Kña dUcEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgRbGb;TI2xageRkam. viFIeRbob eFobKñad¾elOn énkareFVIcMNat;fñak;enHedaymaneRbIEpnTIeRbIR)as;dI nigEpnTIénPaBRkIRk ¬sUmGanEpnTI kñúg]bsm<½nTI 1¦ bgðajfasnÞsSn_énPaBRkIRkmankMritx<s;enAtMbn;TMnabEdl manePøógFøak;nigEdlhinehacéRBeQI EdlenATIenaHmanRbCaCnPaKeRcInrs;enApþúMKña. b:uEnþ EpnTI énPaBeCOnelOnrbs; UNDP eq<aHeTAsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_km<úCa ¬sUmGan ]bsm<½n§ 1¦ bgðajBIsßanPaBepSgeTAvij edaymankarEbgEckya:gc,as;rvagbNþaextþPaKxag eCIg EdlGacmankaryWtya:vkñúgkarsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_PaKeRcIn nigtMbn; d¾éTeToténRbeTsEdlPaBeCOnelOneRcInkMBugRtUv)aneFVIeLIg GacsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_ shsSvtSr_xøHb¤TaMgGs;. eTaHbICaKuNPaBénTinñn½yEdlykmkeRbIedIm,IeFVIEpnTIGacRtUv)an RbQmnwgkarvaytMélk¾eday k¾EpnTITaMgenaHKaMRTnUvKMniténGaTiPaB nigGtßRbeyaCn_eFob xus²KñatamtMbn;pgEdr.

RbGb; 2³ lT§plénkarviPaKtMbn;esdækic©es,óg rbs;km μviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak tMbn;TMnabmanePøógFøak;³ 45 Rsuk RbCaCn 2/9 lannak; RbCaCnPaKeRcInBwgEp¥keTAelIEtkardaMRsUvmYymuxenArdUvvsSaedayBMumanRbB½n§FarasaRsþ EdlCaRbPB cMNUlniges,ógGahard¾sMxan; karkan;kab;dIFøITMhMtUcedayÉkraCü cMNUlRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmedayskmμ PaBtamrdUvepSg². épÞdImanlkçN³rabesμ I nigeRbIR)as;ya:gxøaMgkñúgkardaMduH. tMbn;EdlmanpøÚvTwkhUrkat;³ 28 Rsuk RbCaCn 1/7 lannak; RbCaCnPaKeRcInBwgEp¥kelIkardaMdMNaMsMrab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmμ daMRsUveLIgTwk b¤RsUvR)aMg ehIyensaTRtI sMrab; snþisuxes,ógnigcMNUl. taMgTIlMenACab;nwgTenøsMxan;² b¤k¾enAkñúgXMuCab;nwgbwgTenøsab. tMbn;TIRbCMuCn¼TIpSar³ 17 Rsuk RbCaCn)a:n;sμan 1/3 lannak; BwgEp¥keTAelIkargarEdl)ancMNUlCaR)ak; nigeFVIGaCIvkmμtUcenAmCÄmNÐlTIRbCMuCnrbs;rdæaPi)al. tMbn;éRBrbs;¼BlkmμCab;kic©snüa³ 24 Rsuk RbCaCn 1/2 lannak;rs;enAtMbn;TaMgenaH RbCaCnBwgEp¥kPaKeRcIneTAelIFnFanéRBeQIEdlecHEtricrileTA nigBlkm μEdlTTYl)anebovtSr_sMrab; cMNUl. kardaMRsUvEdlmankMrittictYc minRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarRbcaMqñaM)aneLIy. RKYsarEdlBMumandI


11

FøICaFm μtaEtgEteXIjenAtMbn;TaMgenaH. BYkeKTaMgenaHgayTTYlrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarfycuHénFnFanéRBeQI edaykareFVIGaCIvkm μ nigenAdac;q¶ayBITIpSar nigpøÚvsMxan;². éRBeQI³ 37 Rsuk RbCaCn 450>000 nak; BwgEp¥kPaKeRcIneTAelIplitpléRBeQI sMrab;es,ógGahar nigcMNUl. BYkeKmanPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaHkñúg karcUleTAdl;tMbn;EdlmanéRBeQI. mandg;sIuetRbCaCnTab ticCag 8nak;kñúgmYyKILÚEm:Rtkaer:. tMbn;cMruH³ éRBeQI¼ERs ¬4 Rsuk RbCaCn 229>000 nak;¦/ éRBeQI¼pøÚvTWkhUrkat; ¬3 Rsuk RbCaCn 122>000 nak;¦/ éRBeQI¼éRBrbs; ¬9 Rsuk RbCaCn 230>900 nak;¦/ ERs¼éRBrbs;¼éRBeQI ¬3 Rsuk RbCaCncMnYn 104>500 nak;¦/ minc,as;¼eRcInRbePT ¬7 Rsuk RbCaCn 565>000 nak;¦

14> karpøas;bþÚrfμ I²éneKalneya)ayRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati)anTukecalnUvtMbn;d¾FMeFgénRbeTs ¬30° eTA 40°éntMbn;TaMgmUl¦edayBMumanviFankarRKb;RKgc,as;las;. bnÞab;BIkarlubecal nUvéRBsm,TanEdlmin)aneFVIGaCIvkm μ RbEhl 1/6 lanhikta b¤tMbn;éRBeQI)anERbkøayeTACa :éRBbMrugTuk : EdlviFankarRKb;RKgenAEtRtUv)ankMNt;. karlubecalnUvéRBsm,TanEdlmin)aneFVI GaCIvkmμ RbmaN 186 lanhikta k¾kMBugRtUv)anBicarNapgEdr. épÞdITMhM 1/73 lanhikta bEnßmeTot hak;bIdUcCadIEdlmanéRBrbs; mankMeNInminRKb;RKan; dIBMumaneQIFM² nigtMbn;mineRbI R)as;dUcKñaEdlminTan;RbkasfaCakm μsiT§Cak;lak;NamYy mankarRKb;RKg b¤eRbIR)as;enAeLIy. karlubbM)at;bEnßmeToténsm,Tanesdækic©xagelI TMhMEdl)anGnuBaØatitamc,ab;PUmi)alfμ I nwg bnþbegáInnUvdIbMrugEdlmansMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ. b:uEnþ kareRbIR)as;Cak;EsþgéntMbn;TaMgenH nig skþanuBlsMrab;karGPivDÆn_tamRbB½n§ksikmμ b¤RbB½n§ksi-]sSahkmμ enAminTan;)anvaytMél enA eLIyeT ¬sUmGan EpñkTI II¦. enAkñúgvis½yClpl TMhMBak;kNþalkalBImunEdl sßitenAeRkam TMrg; EbbbTsm,Tan ¬RbEhl 500/000 hikta¦ RtUv)anlubecalenAqñaM 2001 b:uEnþ karRKb; RKgrYm EdlBak;B½n§nwgshKmn_mUldæanRtUvEtGPivDÆn_bEnßmeTot. enAkñúgry³eBlxøI karRKb;RKg RbkbedaycirPaB nigtmøaPaBRtUvEterobcMeLIg edIm,IeCosvagkareRbIR)as;mincMTis nigkareFVI GaCIvkmμhYskMriténFnFanTaMgenH.


12

tarag 3³ km<úCa - kar)a:n;sμanénsiT§ikan;kab;¼eRbIR)as;dIFøI / 2004

RbePT épÞdI ¬lanhikta¦ smamaRt ° éRBminEmnsm,Tan 4.7 26.1

tMbn;¼éRBeQI karBar 3.3 18.3

tMbn;daMduH 2.7 15.0

éRBsm,Tan 3.1 17.2

dIéRBrbs; dIBMumaneQIFM² .l. 1.7 9.4

TIRkugtUc ehdæarcnasm<½n§.l. 1.1 6.1

sm,TanLÚt_ensaT 0.5 2.8

sm,Tanksikm μ 0.8 4.4

tMbn;dIEdlmanRKab;mIn 0.1 0.6

srub 18.0 100.00

RbPB³siT§ikan;kab;dIenAkm<úCa - Tinñn½yEksMrYlfμ I/ CDRI,2001, IFSR 2004, MAFF 2004

karGnuvtþn_kargarvis½yksikmμmankarxkcitþ

15> enAeBlEdlkarrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yksikmμcMeBaHesdækic©mankMritx<s;Ep¥kelIsþg;dartMbn; PaBTn;exSayénkarGnuvtþn_kargarksikm μ nigskþanuBlkMeNInKWmanPaBminc,as;las;. karrYm cMENkd¾FMénvis½yksikmμcMeBaH GDP ¬37° enAqñaM 2001¦8 ehIysar³sMxan;rbs;vaEdlCa RbPBcMNUl nigCIvPaBrs;enA KWCalT§plénlkçN³GBiBiFkmμénesdækic© CaCaglT§plénkMeNIn d¾xøaMgenAkñúgvis½yksikm μ. kMeNInvis½yksikmμenAkm<úCaKWmankMritTabCageKbMputenAkñúgtMbn;enA kñúgTsvtSqñaM90 ¬sYmemIl rYbPaB 1¦ eTaHbICakarGnuvtþn_manlkçN³RbesIrenAb:unμanqñaMf μ I²enHk¾ eday. PaBvwkvrEpñkneya)ay vibtþihirBaØvtßúkñúgtMbn;kñúgqñaM 1998 nigTwkCMnn;d¾F¶n;F¶rkñúgqñaM2000 TaMgGs;enH )anrYmcMENkeFVI[kMeNInFøak;cuH. lkçN³sMKal;mYyeToténkMeNInBIkarGnuvtþn_ vis½yksikmμKWmankarERbRbYlya:gxøaMgBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaH

8 tYelxenHx<s;enAkñúgtMbn; ehIyeRbobeFobCamYy Lav 51°én GDP evotNam 23° cin 16° \NÐÚeNsIu 17° hVIlIBIn 15° éfLg;d_ 8/5° nigma:eLsIu 8/1° kñúgqñaM2001.


13

lkçxNÐGakasFatu nigbgðajR)ab;BIkareFVIvinieyaKminRKb;RKan;enAkñúgvis½yenH nigkareFVIGaCIvkmμ hYsehtuénFnFanFmμCati.

Figure 1: Average agricultural sector growth rates (real, 1995 prices; Source:FAO)

2.3

4.9

1.8

4.14.5

2.2

5.35.9

1.8 2 2 2.2 2.4

3.94.3 4.6 4.7

01234567

Philipp

ines

Indon

esia

Cambo

dia

Mongo

lia

Thaila

nd

China

PNG

Vietna

m

Lao P

DR

%

1985-19901991-2000

rUbPaB 1³GRtakMeNInBitCamFüménvis½yksikm μ ¬tMéleKal qñaM1995/ RbPB³ FAO

16> kMeNInénEpñkksikmμRtUv)annaMmuxeday plitkm μdMMNaM nigClpl. enAkñúgvis½yksikm μ plitkmμdMNaM CaBiessplitkmμdMNaMRsUv mankMeNInelOnCagkMeNInRbCaCn enAkñúgkMrit 4/8° kñúgmYyqñaM rvagqñaM 1993 nigqñaM 2001 ¬éføefr qñaM 2000¦. karvaytMélkMeNInkñúgEpñkClpl KWmankarlM)ak BiIeRBaHkarxVHxatnUvTinñn½yEdlKYr[Tukcitþ)an b:uEnþRbPBnanaÉkPaBeFVIkar)a:n; sμanfa karrYmcMENkénEpñkClplcMeBaHkMeNInvis½yksikmμTaMgmUl KWdUcKñaeTAnwgkarrYmcMENk énEpñkdMNaMRsUv. tMélTinñplClplRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfaekIneLIg 6°kñúgmYYyqñaMkñúgGMLúg 1993-20019. eTaHbICamansarsMxan;enAkñúgRbB½n§10énkareFVIERscMkarenAkm<úCak¾eday k¾tMélénTinñ- plbsustV)anekIneLIgTabCagy:agxøaMgkñúgkMrit 2/4° kñúgmYyqñaM edaymankarERbRbYlxøaMgenA kñúgqñaM edaysarPaBgayrgeRKaHeTAnwgCMgW nigTwkCMnn;. enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1993-2001 pldMNaM rYmcMENkCamFüm 19° énkMeNIn GDP srub ÉClpl 12° bsustV 4° nigéRBeQIfycuH 6°

9 Tinñn½ycugeRkaybMputenH KYrEtRtUv)anBicarNaedaymankarRbugRby½tñ edaysarEtmankarbBa©ÚlTinñn½yensaTRtI xñattUcEtenAcugTsvtSqñaM 90. 10 bsustVrYmcMENk 17°éncMNUlRKYsarCnbT KitCamFüm(Helmers et al., 2003) .


14

bnÞab;BIkarp¥ak karkab;eQICalk<N³BaNiC¢kmμenAkñúgtMbn;sm,Tan nigkarlubecalnUvéRB sm,TanmYycMnYn11.

17> plitPaBksikmμenAkm<úCamankMritTab TaMgkMlaMgBlkm μ TaMgdIFøI edaymantMélTinñplsrub )a:n;s μankñúgkMrit 200duløarGaemrikkñúgkm μkrmñak; nig 280duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyhikta. eTaHbICa mankMeNInplitPaBk¾eday - edaykar)a:n;sμanBI 1/3 etankñúgmYyhiktaenAedImTsvtSqñaM90 eTA 2etankñúgmYyhiktacab;taMgBIqñaM2000 - TinñplRsUvenAEtmankMritTab ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg karGnuvtþn_enARbeTsCitxag12 enHbgðajR)ab;faenAmankalanuvtþPaBeRcInsMrab;begáInplitPaB EfmeTot. bBaðarcnasm<½n§d¾sMxan;mYyKW CICatidImankMritTab kñúgTMhM 50°énépÞdIdaMRsUv (Nesbitt,

1997), EdlPaKeRcInénksikrRbmUlpþúMenATIenaH. bBaðad¾éTeTotKWkareRbIR)as;CItictYc haniP½y EdlBak;B½n§nwgTwkCMnn; nigkartMrg;TiseTArklkçN³CivRBwtþiénRbB½n§eFVIksikm μEdlmanenARKb;TI kEnøg EdlrYmcMENkdl;kMritTabénkarvinieyaKelIFatucUlénvis½yksikm μ. CagenHeTAeTot KYr kt;sMKal;fa plitPaBTabénkarplitRsUvKWk¾CakarqøúHbBa¢aMgBIsar³sMxan;énRbB½n§ksikmμEdlBwg Ep¥keTAelITwkePøógenAtMbn;TMnab EdlkMBugEtGnuvtþedayksikrRbmaN 80°³ eK)a:n;sμanfa manEt 17°b:ueNÑaHénépÞdIeFVIERsTTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_BIrcnasm<½n§RtYtBinitüTwk. plitPaBén dMNaMsMxan;²epSgeTot ¬eBat dMLÚgeQI .l.¦ hak;bIdUcCaTabCageKTaMgGs;ebIeFobeTAnwg RbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn; ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 2³ TinñplmFümsMrab;dMNaMsMxan;²enAkm<úCa¦.

11 tYelxenHeRbobeFobCamYynwg karrYmcMENk 15° rbs;vis½yesvakm μ cMeBaHkMeNIn GDP nig 56°rbs;vis½y ]sSahkmμ enAkñúgGMLúgeBldUcKña. 12 kñúgqñaM2002 )an 2/6etankñúgmYyhiktaenARbeTséf 3/3etan enAhIVlIBIn 3/5 etanenALav 4/4 etan enA\NÐÚensIu 4/6 etan enAevotNam nig 6/3 etanenARbeTscin (FAO).


15

Figure 2: Average yields in 2001 in ton/ha (source: FAO)

0

5

10

15

20

CambodiaVietnamThailandLao PDRChinaIndonesiaMalaysia

Cambodia 2.07 2.76 10.5 0.85

Vietnam 4.29 2.96 12 1.24

Thailand 2.62 3.73 17.5 1.42

Lao PDR 3.13 2.55 4 0.9

China 6.15 4.7 16 1.62

Indonesia 4.39 2.84 12.9 1.22

Malaysia 3.14 3.05 10

Rice Maize Cassava Soybeans

rUbPaB 2³TinñplmFümkñúgqñaM 2001 Ca etan¼hikta ¬RbPB³ FAO

18> ksikm μkm<úCaKWminmanlkçN³BiBiFkmμ edayman 90°énépÞdIsrubsMrab;daMRsUv13 ¬2/3 lanhikta¦. RsUvedIrtYnaTId¾sMxan;sMrab;snþisuxes,ógEdlCaGaharcaM)ac;dMbUgbg¥s; k¾dUc CarYmcMENkeTAnwgGtierktictYclμmsMrab;karnaMecj. kardaMdMNaMepSgeTotKWRtUveFVIeLIgenAkñúg kMritRKYsar nigmankarekIneLIgelOn b:uEnþBImUldæandMbUgEdlmankMritTab EdlRKbdNþb; 8°én tMbn;daMdMNaM. enAsl; 2° KWsMrab;daMdMNaM]sSahkmμ rYmman ekAs‘U nigfñaMCk;. ekAs‘UenAEtCamux TMnijnaMecjrbs;km<úCa EdlQrenAcMNat;fñak;elxmYykñúgcMeNamkarnaMecjplitplksikmμ. bsustVKWCaRbPBrYmmYyéncMNUlEdlbMeBj[KñaEfmeTotsMrab;RKYsarCnbT. sar³sMxan;énRsUv kñúgcMeNamdMNaMnanaeFobeTAnwgRbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúgtMbn; KWminEmnCakarqøúHbBa©aMgénkarxVH skþanuBlkñúgkareFVIBiBiFkm μdMMNaMeLIy b:uEnþKWCalT§plmkBIkartMrg;TiseTArklkçN³CIvRBwtþén ksikm μ. skþanuBlsMrab;kareFVIBiBiFkm μénRbB½n§ksikmμEdlkMBugmanGtßiPaB KWmansar³sMxan; luHRtaEtbBaðasMxan;² dUcCa kgVHnUvehdæarcnasm<n½§ TMnukcitþTIpSar nigBt’manbec©keTs lT§PaBTTYl )anesvahirBaØvtßú lT§PaBTTYl)annUvktþaplitkmμ GsnþisuxénsiT§ikan;kab; CaedIm 13 tYelxenHeRbobeFobCamYyLav 80° evotNam 62° éfLg;d_ 57° \NÐÚensIu 38° hVIlIBIn 32° nigma:eLsIu 12° (IRRI, 2001).


16

RtUv)anedaHRsay ehIyksikrmanTwkcitþRKb;RKan;sMrab;karvinieyaKfμ IkñúgTMrg;plitkmμ RbBl-vb,kmμ nigeFVIBiBiFkmμdMNaMepSg²eToteRkABIRsUv.

19> kareFVIÉkeTskmμtamtMbn;kMBugdMeNIrkar eTaHbICamankMrittictYck¾eday. karekItmanenA RKb;TIkEnøgénksikm μCIvRBwtþi mann½yfakareFVIERscMkarCaTUeTAminmanlkçN³ÉkeTskmμ eday mankarelIkElgcMeBaHtMbn;xøHEdlmanplitPaBx<s;nigGacUldl;TIpSar)anRbesIrCag. b:uEnþtMbn; plitkmμCalkçN³RbéBNIenAEtmanenAeLIy ¬]TahrN_ kardaMekAs‘UenAtMbn;dIRkhm 50°én plitkmμRsUv)anmkBIextþcMnYnR)aM¦ ehIyÉkeTskm μtamtMbn;kMBugEtelcmuxCabnþbnÞab;. eday sarEtrdæaPi)albMPøWkan;Etc,as;nUvyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ksikmμrbs;xøÜn enaHkarKitKUrBicarNarKYrEt eFVIeLIgedIm,IelIkkMBs;ÉkeTskm μedayEp¥kelIGtßRbeyaCn_eFobéntMbn;nigmUldæannana. enHnwg TamTarnUvkarGPivDÆn_smtßPaBedIm,IviPaKBIskþanuBlksikmμenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,Ipþl;Bt’manGMBI CMerIseKalneya)ay nigkarvinieyaKenAfñak;mUldæan nigCati. 20> eTaHbICamanPaBeCOnelOnkñúgkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykm μeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢km μ karnaMecj ksiplpøÚvkarenAmankMritTab ehIykareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeRkApøÚvkarKWmankarekIneLIg. CalkçN³ tMbn; km<úCaQrkñúgtarageRkameKbMputcMeBaHlT§PaBeFVIBaNiC¢kmμksikm μ14 nig smtßPaBnaMcUl es,ógGahar15. bc©úb,nñ karnaMecjplitplksikm μtMNag[Et 6°énTMnijnaMecjTaMgGs; Edl TMnijPaKeRcIn)anmkBIEpñkplitpleragcRkkat;edr ¬77°¦. kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμplitplksikm μ rukçkmμ nigClpl)anFøak;cuHenAb:un μanqñaMf μ I²enH-BI 252 landuløaGaemrikenAqñaM 1999 mkRtwm 89 landuløarGaemrikenAqñaM 2001 ¬mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati 2003¦ CacMbgedaysarkar Føak;cuHkarnaMecjénplitpléRBeQIbnÞab;BImankarhamXat;karkab;eQI. karekIneLIgnUvkar naMecjeRkApøÚvkarénplitplRsUv ¬)a:n;sμan 450>000 etanenAqñaM 2001¦ RtIRss; nig Bahan³rs;eTARbeTsevotNam nigRbeTséfKWCasBaØaénbraC½y nigGRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgTIpSar nigkarsMrYlBaNiC¢km μ.

14 lT§PaBeFVIBaNiC¢km μksikmμ ¬GRtaénkarnaMcUlplitplksikmμsrubbUknwgkarnaMecj eTAnwg GDP ksikmμ¦ KWCa rgVas;énkarebIkcMhénvis½yBaNiC¢kmμ. 15 smtßPaBnaMcUles,ogGahar ¬GRtaéntMélkarnaMcUles,og eTAnwgkarnaMecjminEmnes,ogsrub¦ vas;nUvsmtßPaB rbs;RbeTsmYyEdlmanrUbIybN½ÐbreTsedIm,InaMcUles,ogGahar.


17

21> r)aMgd¾cMbgcMeBaHkareFIVBaNiC¢km μksikmμ hak;bIdUcCaGRbsiT§iPaBd¾sMxan;enAkñúgkarrkTIpSar nigRckBaNiC¢km μ. cab;taMgBIcugTsvtSr_qñaM 80 RbeTskm<úCa)anGnuvtþbnþicmþg²nUvesrIPavUb-nIykmμesdækic© rYmman GRtakarR)ak;GENþt karlubbM)at;nUvkardak;kMhitCabrimaNkñúgkareFVI BaNiC¢km μ kat;bnßyGRtaBn§naMcUl bMEbksiT§ipþac;muxrbs;rdækñúgTIpSarFatucUjnigFatuecjsMxan;² mYYycMnYn. eTaHbICa GRtaBn§naMcUlenAEtman EdlmankMritx<s;cMeBaHTMnijxøH karcUlfμ I²enHCaelIk dMbUgCasmaCikGas‘an ¬1999¦ nigrwtEtfμ I²enHeTot CasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak ¬2003¦ )andak;RbeTskm<úCaeTAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkareFVIvicarNkmμbEnßmeToténeKalneya)ay BaNiC¢km μ nigkarkat;bnßyCabeNþIr²énGRtaBn§naMcUl. bBaðasßab½n nigGPi)alkic© EdlbNþal [manlMhUrkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeRkApøÚvkard¾eRcIn ehIysßab½nTIpSar nigbBaðahirBaØb,Tan nigehdæarc-nasm<½n§EdlCH\T§iBldl;karrkTIpSar nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km μénTMnijsMxan;²RtUv)ankt;RtabBa©Úl ya:gl¥enAkñúgÉksar ¬Rkbx½NÐsmahrNkm μ nigkargarf μIGMBIkarviPaKExSsgVak;tMél¦.

22> dUecñH km<úCaenABuMTan;manlT§PaBc,amykkalnuvtþPaB BIsaklPavUbnIykmμ énTIpSar nig esrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢km μ dUcCakalanuvtþPaBEdl)anmkBIkarcUlCasmaCik WTO fμ I² b¤ km μviFI qab;TTYlplrvagcin nig Gas‘an16 EdleFVIeGay)at;bg;skþanuBlR)ak;cMNUl cMeBaHshkmn_ CnbT nigesdækic©CatiTUeTA . km<úCaKWCa nwgenAEtCaesdækic©tUcmYy ehIykMeNIneTAGnaKtén vis½yksikmμnwgBwgEp¥keTAelIsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarcYldl;TIpSar tMbn;nigGnþrCati EdlcaM)ac; CaEpñkmYyedIm,ITUTat;kMeNInénkarnaMcUles,óg. karnaMcUlrbs; RbeTskm<úCanUvGgár eRbgbEnø EpøeQInigbEnø bkSInigRCUk mankarekIneLIgenAkñúgTsvtS cugeRkayenH. plb:HBal;kñúg ry³eBl xøIénesrIPavUbnIykmμ cMeBaHcMNUlCnbT nigPaBRkIRk enACnbT enAminTan;RtUv)anvaytMél c,as;las;enAeLIyeT. CaeKalkarN_ karfycuHnUvGRta Bn§naMcUl GacRtUv)aneKrMBwgfanwgbegáIt nUvsm<aFRbkYtRbECgbEnßmeTot eTAelIvis½yksikmμ nigEpñkkargarCnbTeRkABIERscMkar edaybegáInnUvkarhUrcUlénTMnijbreTs nigplitplksikm μ. b:uEnþtamkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg

16 enAExvicäika qñaM 2002 cin nig smaCikGas‘an ¬smaKmn_énRbCaCatienAGasuIGaeKñy_¦ rYmmankm<úCapgEdr )ancuH htßelxaelIkm μviFITTYlpledImrdUv ¬EHP¦ énkic©RBmeRBogRkbx½NÐ sþIBIshRbtibtþiakaresdækic©eBjeljenAPñMeBj RbeTskm<úCa . eKaledA KWCMrujBaNiC¢km μTMnijksikm μ nig es,ógGarharCamYyRbeTscin tamry³km μviFIkat;bnßy Bn§naMcUl {edImrdUv} .


18

r)aMgBn§Kyman RbsiT§PaBEtkMrittictYceT edayKiteTAdl;bBaða BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab; nigkarekIneLIgénBaNiC¢km μeRkApøÚvkar. faetIEpñkCnbTGacegIbQr RbQmnwgkarRbkYtRbECgCasklenAkñúgry³eBlmFüm nigEvg)anKWCabBaðalM)ak;minGac BüakrN_)an eTaHbICarebobvar³kMENTMrg;Edl)anesñIeLIg xageRkamenHGacsMralnUvvi)akF¶n;F¶r )anxøH. esvaCamUldæan nigehdæarcnasm<½n§mankarxVHxatya:gxøaMg

23> karGPivDÆn_esdækic©CnbTTamTarnUvkarpÁt;pÁg;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigesvasgÁmCamUldæan. lT§PaBTTYl)anehdæarcnasm<½n§KWmancMNgTak;Tgya:gCitsñiT§CamYynwgkMeNInesdækic©CnbT. pøÚvsMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnKWsMxan;Nas;sMrab;skmμPaBesdækic©CaeRcInenAtMbn;CnbT pSarP¢ab;GñkpliteTA nwgTIpSar nigbnßycMNayBaNiC¢km μ dUecñHkat;bnßycMNayFatucUlsMrab;ksikmμ nigbegáInéfø plitplksikm μEdlQ μ ÜjTijdl;kEnøg17. lT§PaBTTYl)annUvehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún manpl b:HBal;c,as;eTAelIkarGPivDÆn_énkalanuvtþPaBbegáItcMNUleRkABIrbreFVIERscMkar (Helmers et al.,

2003) ehIyvtþmanénTIpSarenAtamPUmiCaGciéRnþy_manTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkCamYykMritcMNUl x<s;rbs;RKYsar (Auffret, 2003). kareFIVBaNiC¢km μsamBaØénTMnijnigesvakm μKWRtUv)anbnÞúcbg¥ak; edayehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnTn;exSay nigGsmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIKmnaKmn_enAelIpøÚvd+_q¶ay. GvtþmanénfamBl nigbNþajTUrKmnaKmn_xaXaMgdl;kareFVIvinieyaKÉkCnenAtMbn;CnbT. TIbMput karGPivDÆn_nUvcMeNHdwgnigCMnajFnFanmnusSKWRtUv)anraraMgedaylT§PaBtictYckñúgkar TTY)annUvmUldæansMPar³Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al nigKuNPaBGnam½ynigkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkTn;exSay.

24> tMbn;CnbTminTTYl)anesvaRKb;RKan;xagEpñksgÁmkic© esdækic© nigehdæarcnasm<½n§. ehdæa rcnasm<½n§CnbTRtUv)anbMpøicbMpøajya:gdMNM nig¼b¤mineGIeBIkñúgkMLúgqñaMéncM)aMgraMgCl ehIyeTaH bICaTTYl)ankarEklMGxøH²kñúgb:unμanqñaMf μ I²enHk¾eday KWenAmanpøÚvEvgq¶ayNas;sMrab;eFVIdMeNIr eTAmuxeTotedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvlT§PaBTTYl)anrbs;Gñkrs;enACnbTnUvehdæarcnasm<½n§. krNIenHBitR)akdcMeBaHtMbn;EdlmaRbCaCnticenAkñúgPaKxagBay½Bü nig|sanEdlenATIenaH

17 b:uEnþ enHRbEhlCaminRKb;RKan; ehIyplcMeNjGacRtUv)anRbmUlykedayGñkCMnYjenAeBlEdlPaBpþab;muxekIt man ]TahrN_ karpþl;\NTan.


19

eK)aneXIjnUvlMhUrcUlénRbCaCn. km<úCasßitenABIeRkayRbeTsepSg²enAkñúgtMbn;sMrab;sUcnakr mYycMnYn ¬RbGb;TI 3 nigtaragTI 4¦. CagenHeTAeTot sßab½nEdlbMerI[tMbn;CnbTRtUv)an RbQmmuxeday bBaðaénsmtßPaB karRKb;RKghirBaØvtßúsaFarN³ nigkarEbgEckFnFan nigGMeBI BukrlYy. vimCÆkar nigkarepÞrkic©snüaGnuvtþkargareTAEpñkÉkCn manskþanuBlkñúgkarBRgwg karEckcayesvaCnbT b:uEnþbBaðaRbQmd¾xøaMgcMeBaHGPi)alkic© nigsmtßPaBenAEtmandEdl.

RbGb; 3³ sßanPaBénesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁm nigesdækic©enAtMbn;CnbT karpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigGnam½y³ RKYsarticCag 25°manlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥atsMrab;briePaK EdlkñúgenaH man 4°kñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkbMputénbBa©PaK ehIyRKYsarCnbTticCag 16° TTYl)anmUldæan sMPar³Gnam½y sßitenAeRkamcMNucedAqñaM 2005 én 40° nig 20° erogKña. BMumanRbB½n§lUTwkenAxag eRkATIRkugsMxan;²mYYycMnYn ehIykm<úCasßitkñúgcMeNamGRtax<s;bMputénCMgWEdlbNþalmkBITwkRkxVk; enAelIBiPBelak. kardwkCBa¢Ún³ RbEhl 6°énbBa©PaKRkbMputrs;enA RbmaN 5K>m> q¶ayBIpøÚvEdlenACItCageKbMput. PUmiRbmaNticCag 30° GaceTAdl;tamcracryanynþenArdUvvsSa. bNþajpøÚvmanlkçN³Gn;exSay edayman 52°énpøÚv RtUv)anraykarN_famanlkçN³Gn;fy ehIy 8°manlkçN³GaRkk; enAkñúgqñaM 2003. esvafamBl nigTUrKmnaKmn_ manEtenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnFMnigRbCaCnrs;enAeRcIn. km<úCamanGRtaeRbI R)as;GKÁisnITabbMputenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsGasIubUBa’ kñúgkMrit 5° enAtMbn;CnbT. cMeBaHTUrKmnaKmn_ ExSP¢ab;bNþajTUrs½BÞGcl½tsMrab;TUTaMgRbeTsmanEt 0/27 kñúg 100RKYsar cMENkÉbNþajTUrs½BÞ cl½tman 1/27 kñúg100RKYsar enAqñaM 2000. visalPaBExSP¢ab;Gcl½t KWrwtEtTabenAtMbn;CnbT EdlkarBRgIkvisalPaBnwgTamTarnUvkarvinieyaKd¾FM cMENkÉesvaTUrs½BÞcl½t)anBRgIkeTAtMbn;CnbT xøH² edaymanGRtax<s;. suxaPi)al³ PaKeRcInénGñkRkIRkrs;enAq¶ayBImNÐlsuxPaB-GRtasøab;rbs;Tark nigmatamankMrit x<s;. mUldæansMPar³EfTaMsuxPaBPaKeRcInpþúMenAEtmNÐlTIRbCMuCnFM² TukecaltMbn;CnbTesÞIrEtTaMg Gs;edaymin)anpþl;esvaRKb;RKan;. Gb;rM³ manEt 46°énPUmiTaMgGs;mansalabzmsikSa.


20

tarag 4³ karRKb;dNþb;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§-kareRbobeFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag sUcnakr km<úCa evotNam éf Lav cin PaKryénpøÚvEdl)anQUsqay/ 1999 k¼ 16% 25% 97% 44% 22%

bNþajExSTUrs½BÞsMxan;² kñúg 100 nak; 2001 k¼

0.24 3.75 9.39 0.93 13.8

PaKryénRbCaCnEdlmanlT§TTYl)an GKÁIsnI 2000 x¼

16% 76% 82% > 22%

RbPBTwkEdl)anEklMG¬°RbCaCnCnbT Edlman lT§PaBTTYl)an/ 2000¦ k¼

26% 72% 81% 29% 66%

mUldæansMPar³Gnam½yEdl)anEklMG ¬°RbCaCn CnbT EdlmanlT§PaBTTYl)an2000¦ k¼

10% 38% 96% 19% 24%

RbPB: k/ World Bank SIMA database; x/ ADB “Electric Utilities Data Book”, IEA “World Energy Outlook 2002”

25> RbB½n§FnaKarEdlmanlkçN³Tn;exSay minTan;bMerIGñkRkCnbT nigvis½yksikmμenAeLIy eT. lT§PaBTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúKWCaktþamYyd¾sMxan;edIm,ICYydl;RKYsar[GacedaHRsay)an nwgkarERbRbYléncMNUlPaBgayTTYlrgeRKaH nigGac[eqøIytb)aneTAnwgkalanuvtþPaBesdækic© EdlmanRsab;. EpñkhirBaØvtßúTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIRkbx½NÐl¥énc,ab;nigbTb,BaØtiþ. bnÞab;BIkar Rbkas[eRbInUvc,ab;sþIBIsßab½nFnaKarnighirBaØvtßú qñaM1999 dMeNIrkarénkarEkERbrcnasm<½n§ FnaKarEdl)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM 2002 )anbgðajBIeCaKC½ykñúgkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkarTukcitþ BIsaFarN³kñúgvis½yFnaKar. b:uEnþ skm μPaB[x©Irbs;FnaKar bnþenAnwgmYykEnøg18 ehIykMeNIn kñúgkarpþl;\NTandl;EpñkÉkCnesÞIrEtKμankñúgGMLúgeBlBIrqñaMknøgmkenH19 eTaHbICamantMrUvkar

18 ehtuplsMxan;Edl)anrkeXIjKW³ ¬1¦km©IPaKeRcInmanry³eBlxøI edaymankarR)ak;x<s; CasMxan;pþl;kareFIVhirBaØ-b,Tandl;karnaMecj¼naMcUl nigsMrab;CaTunbgVilcMeBaHEpñkBaNiC¢km μnigesvakmμ ¬eTscrN_¦/ ¬2¦FnaKarPaKeRcIn manm©as;CaCnbreTs ehIyepþateTAelIkarpþl;esvadl;GtifiCnenARsukExμrEdlmkBIRbeTsdUcxøÜnEdr ¬3¦FnaKar RbmUlpþúM EtenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCn edaymanEtFnaKarmYycMnYntUcmansaxaenAeRkATIRkugsMxan;² Tuk[RbCaCnCnbT PaKeRcInBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar (ADB, 2002). 19 \NTansMrab;EpñkÉkCn KW 7°én GDP mankMritTabCagya:gxøaMgénRbeTsGasIuepSgeTot enAkñúgdMNak;kal GPivDÆn_dUcKña (IMF, 2003).


21

xøaMgBI shRKasFuntUcnigmFümk¾eday. kar)a:n;sμanfμI²énlT§PaBTTYl)anmIRkU\NTan bgðajfa manEt 15°énRbCaCnCnbTrbs;RbeTskm<úCa manlT§PaBTTYl)an\NTan BIsßab½nerobry nigBak;kNþalerobry ¬FnaKa b¤sßab½ncuHbBa¢ImIRkUhirBaØvtßú¦ - bnSl;Tuk 85°énRbCaCnCnbT BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIRbPBeRkApøÚvkar dUcCa miRtP½kþ sac;BaJati GñkcgkarR)ak;b¤Q μ ÜjkNþal. RbPBepSg²)a:n;sμanGMBIesckþIRtUvkar\NTanedayRKYsarCnbT rvagBI 40landuløarGaemrik nig 125landuløarGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM20. karsikSabgðajfa vis½yerobrymankarsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkar[x©I enAtMbn;CnbT BIeRBaHmankarcMNayx<s; mankalanuvtþPaBtictYc nigGsmtßPaBkñúgkarvaytMél haniP½y\NTanRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB. pÞúymkvij ksikr nigshRKasFuntUcnigmFümCnbT KWBMumanlT§PaBcUldl;FnaKar Edl enAeRkATIRkugsMxan;²)aneLIy ehIydUecñH R)afñagakeTArkTIpSar \NTanminerobry (Torres,

2004). lT§PaBTTYl)anesvasnSM KWrwtEtmankMritEfmeTot.

26> briyakasGaCIvkmμCnbT edayyl;dwgfaGMeBIBukrlYyKWCa]bsKÁd¾cMbg. lT§plén karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK21 bgðajfa TsSn³rbs;shRKinenAkñúgnigeRkARbeTskm<úCa KWfa GMeBIBukrlYyKWmanenARKb;TIkEnøg ehIyfaRbeTsenAEtmanPaBgayTTYlrgGesßrPaB. PaBTn; exSayénviFanc,ab; bnÞúkkariyaFibetyü nigGMeBIBukrlYy RtUv)anyl;dwgfaCa]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaH kareFVIGaCIvkm μenARbeTskm<úCa. GtßiPaBénktþaktþaplitkmμ - hirBaØvtßú CMnaj nigehdæarcna-sm<½n§ - RtUv)anrkeXIjfaCa]bsKÁTIBIr RbEhlmkBIlT§plénkMeNInEdlmanmUldæantUc nig critlkçN³ énmIRkUshRKas nigshRKasFuntUcnigmFüm. b:uEnþ ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg Rkumh‘un enATIRbCMuCn Rkumh‘unenACnbTmankarRBYy)armÖnwgGesßrPaBma:RkUesdækic©EdlGac ekItman karcMNay hirBaØb,Tan kardwkCBa¢Ún nigGKIÁsnI. 27> karvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbThak;bIdUcCamankarfycuH. :karvaytMélénsßanPaBksi-]sSahkm μ enAkm<úCa : EdleFVIeLIgedayKerag PRASAC II rbs;KNkm μkarGWrub bBa¢ak;GMBI

20 ADB )an)a:n;sμanBItMrUvkarhirBaØvtßúsrubRbEhl 120-130duløarGaemrikkñúgmYYyqñaM EdlkñúgenaH mYyPaKbIsMrab; mIRkU\NTan kñúgTMrg;Cakm©IBI 50 eTA 300duløarGaemrik. 21 km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak -karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;sMrab;km<úCa/ FnaKarBiPBelak 2004.


22

ninñakarfycuHénkarvinieyaKEdl)ancuHbBa¢IeTAelIvis½yksi-]sSahkm μ. karGnum½tkarvinieyaK CarYm)anfycuHya:gxøaMg ehIyrwtEtCagenHeTotKWcMeBaHkarGnum½tGMBI]sSahkm μEdlBak;B½n§nwg vis½yksikmμ. smamaRtén]sSahkm μEdlBak;B½n§nwgvis½yksikm μ)anfycuHBI 22° mkenARtwm 3° taMgBIqñaM 1998. ninñakarfycuHdUcKñaenHEdr KWRtUv)aneKsegáteXIjnUvcMnYneRcInénshRKas fμ IFuntUcnigmFümEdl)ancuHbBa¢I. elIsBIenHeTot karvinieyaKkñúgvis½yksikm μmanlkçN³eRcInCa RbBlkmμedImTun nigRTRTg;nUvTMrg;ksikmμEdlmanlkçN³vibulkmμCaCagRbBlvb,kmμ edayman karcUlrYmtictYceTAnwgkarbegþItkargarenACnbT (Van Acker, 1999). ninñakarTaMgenHnaM[mankar RBYy)armÖ edayKitdl;karrMBwgTukfa vis½yksikm μ nigEpñkÉkCnnwgCMrujkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© (SEDP II, NPRS) .

tarag 5³ vinieyaKEdl)anGnum½tk¼ ¬duløarGaemrik - tYelx)a:n;s μan¦

1998 1999 2000 2001

ksi-]sSahkm μ 2,023 29,558 5,929 -

karEkécñmðÚbGahar 7,972 11,913 - 2,016

karEkécñEs,k ¬sMlab;Es,k¦ - - 1,116 -

fñaMCk; 7,195 - - 3,652

karEkécñeQI 164,464 14,148 - 1,236

srub 181,653 55,619 7,044 6,904

vinieyaKEdl)anGnum½tsrub 832,531 482,240 226,014 197,710

PaKryénksi-]sSahkmμ 22% 12% 3% 3% k¼tYelxBak;B½n§nwgvinieyaKEdl)anGnum½t karvinieyaKCak;EsþgGacmankMritTabCagenHxøaMg. RbPB³ PRASAC II (2003)

28> ksi-]sSahkmμmankarGPivDÆn_kMritTab ehIyCaTUeTA GnuvtþminTan;)anl¥. CatYelx PaKeRcInénEpñkÉkCnrYmmanRkumh‘unksi-]sSahkm μxñattUc. eTaHbICavaGacmanlkçN³ Gtß-RbeyaCn_eFobEdlbNþalmkBIcMNayBlkmμTab nigsMbUredaydITMenrk¾eday k¾tMélbEnßmenA kñúgEpñkksi-]sSahkmμk¾enAmankMritTabebIeFobeTAnwgRbeTsepSg²eTotenAkñúgtMbn; b¤k¾vis½y epSg²eTotdUcCa ]sSahkm μkat;edr22. kgVHxatnUvGtierkEdlKYr[Tukcitþ )anbg¥ak;kar

22 km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak -karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg;sMrab;km<úCa/ FnaKarBiPBelak 2004.


23

GPivDÆn_ksi-]sSahkm μ. elIsBIenHeTAeTot karenHbgðajfa karelIkkMBs;bec©kviC¢aenA dMNak;kalbnÞab;BIkarRcUtkat; nigkarEkécñ bc©úb,nñenHenAmankMritenAeLIy edaykarxVHxatnUv esva\NTansMrab;vis½yenH (FAO, 2003). b:uEnþ karRsavRCavKWRtUvkarbEnßmeTot edIm,IviPaKGMBI ]bsKÁcMbg²EdlCYbRbTHedayRkumh‘unksi-GaCIvkm μ nigerobcMnUvkareqøIytbd¾smRsb.


24

Epñk II ³ karbnSIúkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT - FatusMxan;ényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ ksikmμ nigGPivDÆn_vis½yCnbTeq<aHeTArkGñkRk

29> EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©elIkTIUBIr ¬SEDP II, 2001-2005¦ yuT§saRsþCatikat; bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬NPRS, 2003-2005¦ nig MDGs rbs;km<úCa ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ 1¦ pþl;nUv Rkbx½NÐTUeTAmYy sMrab;naMpøÚvTIPñak;garnanaEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkic©GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbT. kalBI eBlfμ I²knøgeTAenH :yuT§saRsþctuekaN : fμ Irbs;rdæaPi)al)anelIksMeNITisedAeKalneya)ay esdækic©mYycMnYn edIm,IsMerceKaledAkMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. TaMgGs;enH caM)ac; RtUvERbkøayeTACayuT§saRsþeBjeljsMrab;GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbTedayTIPñak;garnanaénvis½y CnbT. PaBsμ úKsμajnigPaBTak;TgeTABImYyeTAmYyénbBaðaCnbTEdl)anB’NnaenAkñúgEpñkTI I

énÉksarenH tMrUv[manyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_CnbTsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa [mankareRbIR)as;Rbkb edaytulüPaBnUveKalneya)ay vinieyaK nigviFankarsßab½nsmRsb EdlBMuEmnRKan;Etman \T§iBlmkelIksikm μEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾man\T§iBlTUeTAelIskmμPaBCnbTpgEdr. viFankar TaMgenHrYmmanviFankarTaMgLayNaEdlmanlkçN³Cak;lak;cMeBaHvis½yCnbT dUcCakarRKb;RKg dIFøI nigRKb;RKgFnFanFm μCati ksikm μ nigsßab½nnanaenACnbT. CagenHeTAeTot eKalneya)ay Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHesdækic©TaMgmUl dUcCaeKalneya)aysMrab;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ eKal neya)aysMrab;vis½yhirBaØvtßú nigeKalneya)aysMrab;kMENTMrg;vis½ysaFarN³TUeTA k¾man \T§iBly:ageRcInmkelIkarGPivDÆn_CnbTpgEdr. 30> eKaledArYmrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbTnwgsMerc)antamry³ karCMrujkMeNInksikmμ[kan;Etrh½snigmannirnþrPaB rYmmankarRKb;RKgvis½yéRBeQI bsustV nigClpl nigCMrujkMeNIneRkABIskm μPaBksikm μenACnbT. karCMrujkMeNInksikm μ nig karelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUlEpñkksikmμ caM)ac;RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarbgálkçN³[ksikrmYycMnYnFM gakBIksikm μCIvRBwtþimkksikmμEdleq<aHeTArkTIpSar. kñúgry³eBlxøI RbkarenHmann½yfaCakar edaHRsayGMBIPaBxusKña nigkaredaHRsaybBaðaGRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénkarRKb;RKgdIFøI nigFnFanFmμCati edIm,IFana[mansuvtßiPaBGMBIkm μsiT§dIFøI lT§PaBGac)anTTYlFnFanFmμCati nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanTaMgenaHRbkbedaynirnþrPaB EdlCamUldæanRKwHd¾sMxan;énksikmμ nigCa


25

RbPBmYyénR)ak;cMNUlbMeBjbEnßmsMrab;RKYsarCnbTPaKeRcIn. RbkarenHk¾tMrUv[mankartP¢ab; kan;EtRbesIrrvagksikrcMeBaHTIpSarkñúgRsuk nigTIpSarGnþrCatipgEdr ehIybegáItl½kçx½NÐsMrab;eFVI BiBiFPaBcMeBaHdMNaM bsustV nigClplEdlpþl;tMélx<s; edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarkñúgRsuk nig tMrUvkarGnþrCati. kargarenHtMrUv[mankavinieyaKenAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigsßab½nBak;B½n§nwgTIpSar sMxan;² edIm,IelIkkMBs;PaBRbkYtRbECgénplitplksikmμrbs;km<úCa. eKeXIjmanPsþútag kan;EteRcIn Edlbgðajfa]bsKÁEpñkGPi)alkic©F¶n;F¶r eFVI[b:HBal;dl;PaBRbkYtRbECgén plitplCnbTrbs;km<úCa. ehtuenH vDÆnPaBGMBIkMENTMrg;eKalneya)ay nigkMENTMrg;sßab½n kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenHnwgnaMmknUvkarvinieyaKbEnßmeTot. karCMruj[mankareqøIytb BIksikr kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;EpñkksikmμEdlmannirnþrPaB [eqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSar k¾TamTar [maneKalneya)aynigkarvinieyaK EdlFana[manlT§PaB)anTTYlktþaplitkm μdéTeTot pgEdr dUcCaesvabec©kviTüa esvahirBaØvtßú nigesvasuxPaBstVVEdlRtUv)anelIkkMBs;. karelIk kMBs;KuNPaBesvaCnbT ¬Gb;rM nigsuxaPi)al¦ edIm,IBRgwgmUlFnmnusSenAtMbn;CnbT k¾man sar³sMxan;pgEdr kñúgkareqøIytbcMeBaHbBaðaRbQmmuxfμ I²rbs;TIpSar nigCYysMrYlRbCaBlrdæ enACnbT[gakBIvis½yksikm μ mkkan;vis½y]sSahkmμ nigesvakm μ eTaHbICaenAtMbn;CnbT b¤enAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnkþI.

31> EpñkenHBiPakSaGMBIvis½ysMxan;²edIm,Icat;viFankarcaM)ac;sMrab;pþl;degðImcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ enACnbT. viFankarTaMgenaHrYmman³

• begáInlT§PaBTTYl)ankarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCatiEdlmanplitPaB- kargarenHmansar³-sMxan;xøaMgNas;sMrab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk. bBaðasMxan;KWkareFVI[man tulüPaB elIGaTiPaBnanacMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkareRbIR)as;dIFøI RtI Clpl nigTwk begáIt [man lT§PaBTTYl)anRbkbedaysmFm’cMeBaHkmμsiT§EdlmanesßrPaB nigEdlGacepÞr)an eday rYmbBa©ÚlshKmn_mUldæan nwgkat;bnßykarekItmanvibtþinana tamry³karelIkkMBs; karRKb;RKg TwkkñúgcMeNamkargardéTeTot .

• begáInR)ak;cMNUlksikmμ-gakecjBIkareFVIÉkvb,kmμcMeBaHdMNaMRsUvsMrab;sV½ypÁt;pÁg; nigpþl; nUvkarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHkareFVIBiBiFkmμksikmμ. viFankarkñúgkarbegáInktþaplitPaBcMeBaHdIFøI nigBlkmμ Gacman\T§iBly:ageRcInmkelIPaBRkIRk ¬karbriePaKKitCakaLÚrI¦nwg CYysMrYl


26

>

>

Gnþrkaleq<aHeTArkRbB½n§EdlepþatelIkareFVIBaNiC¢km μ. karelIkkMBs;esvaRTRTg;ksikm μnig dMeNIrkarTIpSar nwgCMruj[manplitPaBbEnßmeTot. caM)ac;RtUvmankarKaMRTcMeBaHkareFVI BiBiFkmμksikm μ nigesdækic©CnbT tamry³karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNnigkaredaHRsay]bsKÁ cMbg²cMeBaHkareFVIBiBiFkm μénRbB½n§daMduH nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©CnbTeRkABIksikm μ.

• lubbM)at;]bsKÁkñúgkarTTYl)anehdæarcnasm<½n§nigesvaRTRTg;enACnbT-EklMGkarEbgEck vinieyaKsaFarN³tamvis½y [mantulüPaBtamPUmisaRsþ. edaysarmanRbPBR)ak;cMNUl epSg²nigmanPaBxusKña²rvagtMbn;nigkñúgtMbn; rvagRsuknigXMu Cak;c,as;Nas;Edlfa K μan dMeNaHRsayTUeTANamYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbTeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij dMeNIrkarenHcaM)ac; RtUvmanlkçN³Cak;lak;eTAtammUldæan eqøIytbnwgl½kçx½NÐ eqøIytbnwgbriyakasmUldæan nigelIkkMBs;[)anCaGtibrmanUvkarcUlrYmrbs;GgÁkar nigRbCaBlrdænanaenAmUldæan CasMxan;KWtamry³kareFVIvishmCÄkar nigvimCÄkar.

karEklMGkarRKb;RKgnigbegáInlT§PaB)anTTYl)annUvsm,tþiFmμCatiEdlman plitPaB

32 edayehtufaesdækic©rbs;RbeTsenAminTan;eFVIBiBiFkmμehIyksikm μ nigkarRbmUlpl edaypÞal;énFnFanFm μCatimanlkçN³CamUldæan dIFøI nigsm,tþiFmμCatimantYnaTIsMxan;enAkñúg karGPivDÆn_esdækic©nigsgÁmkic©rbs;km<úCa. CaTUeTAxN³EdlkarGPiDÆn_CnbT nigkarGPivDÆn_ esdækic©tMrUv[esdækic©km<úCaeFVIBiBiFkmμBIskmμPaBplitkm μ EdlmanlkçN³bzm kñúgry³eBl xøI nigry³eBlmFüm karelIkkMBs;CIvPaBrs;enA nigkarkat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;RbCa-BlrdæenACnbTBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIninñakarvivtþn_énPaBCakmμsiT§ niglT§PaB)anTTYldI nigsm,tþi Fm μCatidéTeTot.

33 karRbemIlemIleTAGnaKtGMBIkareRbIR)as;dInigFnFanFmμCatiEdlmannirnþrPaB nigkar elIkkMBs;CIvPaBenACnbT nwgBwgEp¥kelIeKalneya)aynigbTb,BaØtþinanaEdlmanplb:HBal; dl;lT§PaB)anTTYlnigkarRKb;RKgFnFansMxan;² ¬dI éRBeQI Clpl nigTwk¦ karkMNt; TisedACayuT§saRsþsMrab;GPivDÆksikm μnig»kaseFVIkargareRkABIksikm μ. kñúgcMeNamFnFan Fm μCatisMxan;² TaMg 4 KW dI éRBeQI RtI nigTwk eKcaM)ac;RtUvmanRbB½n§RKb;RKgFnFannImYy²


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EdlmanlkçN³KnøwH RKbdNþb;elIkarvaytMélFnFan karEbgEck nig lT§PaB)anTTYl kartamdan nigkarGnuvtþn_. cMeBaHFnFanFmμCatiTaMgGs; CaTUeTA RtUvmankarvaytMélEdlkan;Et GaceCOTukcitþ)anGMBIsßanPaBFnFanTaMgenaH eFVICamUldæanRKwHrwgmaMsMrab;eFVIesckþIsMerccitþEpñk eKalneya)aynigesckþIsMerccitþEpñkRKb;RKg. enARKb;krNITaMgGs; cMNuccab;epþImsmRsb cMeBaHkarvaytMélEbbenHKWkarviPaKGMBIsmtßPaBFnFanenaHkñúgkarRTRTg;RbePT nigTMhMénkar eRbIR)as;xus²Kña k¾dUcCakarvaytMélGMBIsmtßPaBsßab½nenAkñúg Gnuvis½yFnFanFmμCati edIm,I RKb;RKgkareRbIR)as;TaMgenaH.

kMENTMrg;rdæ)aldIFøI nigkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgdIFøI

34 viFannanaGMBIsiT§icMeBaHdIFøImankarERbRbYlkalBIeBlfμ I²enH. Ex μrRkhmEdlRKb;RKg RbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM 1975 dl;qñaM 1979 )aneFVIsmUhkm μdIFøITaMgGs; nig)anbMpøajTinñn½ydIFøI edayrab;TaMgEpnTIsurieyadInigkmμsiTi§dIFøIpgEdr.rbbenH)aneFVI[RbCaBlrdæpøas;;TIy:agxøaMg enAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþmnusSCati edaybgçM[RbCaBlrdærab;lannak; [cakecjBITIRkugnigTIRbCMuCn nanaeTAkan;CnbT nigbgçM[cakecjBIkEnøgmYyénRbeTskm<úCaeTAkan;kEnøgmYyepSgeTot. RbCaBlrdærab;Ban;nak;k¾)anqøgkat;RBMEdnpgEdr.siT§ikñúgkarkan;kab;dI EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgvij enAqñaM 1989 GnuBaØat[ksikrkan;kab;siT§idIERsrhUtdl;5hikta bnÞab;BIkardaMduHCabnþbnÞab; kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM ehIypþl;[RKYsarnUvb½NÑkmμsiT§ielIdIsñak;enA EdlmanTMhMrhUtdl; 2000 Em:Rtkaer:. siT§iEpñksm,TanRtUv)anpþl;cMeBaHdIdaMduHEdlmanTMhMelIs5hikta. dIEdlTukecal TMenrelIsBIbIqñaMRtUvkøayCakm μsiT§rbs;rdæ . bnÞab;BImankarGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)al eK)anerobcM km μviFImYysMrab;dak;BaküsMuviBaØabnb½Rtkm μsiT§idIFøI edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIsiT§ikan;kab;siT§I nigsiT§ieRbI R)as;. eK)andak;BaküsMuCag 4 lanc,ab; b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH manEtviBaØabnb½Rtkm μsiTi§ dIFøImYycMnYntUcEtb:ueNÑaH EdleK)anpþl; edaysarsmtßßPaBmankMritrbs;rdæaPi)al.

35 RksYgRKb;RKgEdndInKrUbnIykm μnigsMNg; ¬MLMUPC¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1998 manmuxgarcMbgkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøIrYmmankardwknaMbegáItRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay Rkbx½NÐRKb;RKg nwgkarsRmbsRmYlnUvkarksagEpnkarRbIR)as;dI kareFVIGegátelIkarvas;EvgdIFøI nigsurieyadI ehIy k¾TTYlxusRtUvpgEdrkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlkarcuHbBa¢I nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøIRBmTaMgkarvaytMél


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Gcln vtßúpgEdr. karGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI karRKb;RKgelIkarTijlk;dIFøI nigkar ksag EpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøIKWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;mnÞIr MLMUPC extþ-Rkug. RksYgksikm μ rukça Rbmaj; nigensaT ¬MAFF¦manParkic©RKb;RKgdIéRBnwgdIesIm RBmTaMgRKb;RKgsm,Tanksikmμ sm,TanéRBeQI nigsm,TanClplpgEdr.

36 karvaytMélmYyrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakenAqñaM 1998 )ankMNt;bBaðacMbgcMnYnR)aMBIr enAkñúgvis½ydIFøI ³ ¬i¦manRkbx½NÐc,ab; nigRkbx½NÐRKb;RKgrdæ)aldIFøI nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI minRKb;RKan; ¬ii¦kgVHsmtßPaBEpñksßab½nnigxVHFnFanmnusSkñúgkarGnuvtþn_km μviFIkMENTMrg; ¬iii¦ kgVHsuvtßiPaB EpñkkmμsiT§IcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæPaKeRcIn EdleFVI[mankarrMelaPykdIFøIBIsMNak; GñkmanGMNac nigmanvivaTdIFøIy:ageRcIn ¬iv¦manRkbx½NÐRKb;RKgminRKb;RKan; nigkarTTYl xusRtUvEpñksßab½n minc,as;las; cMeBaHcMNat;fñak;nigcMNat;fñak;sareLIgvijéndIFøI rYmTaMg niymn½yminc,as;las; GMBIRBMEdndIéRB tMbn;TTYlkarkarBar dIrdædéTeTot nigdIksikmμpgEdr-RBMEdnénRbePTdITaMgGs;enH RtUv)aneKkMNt;elImUldæanEdlK μanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ¬v¦karekIneLIg nUvPaBK μandI EdleK)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn12eTA13PaKry23énRbCaBlrdæenACnbT ¬vi¦K μankar erobcMRKb;RKgedayc,ab;TMlab;nigKμanPaBR)akdRbCa GMBIlT§PaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkkñúgkar TTYl)ansm,tþiFmμCatielIdIrbs;rdæ ¬vii¦ xVHbTb,BaØtþinigxVHtmøaPaBenAkñúgkarpþl;sm,Tan esdækic©.

37> bc©úb,nñ bBaðaTaMgenHenAEtCabBaðakgVl;cMbgenAeLIy . eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayRbeTs km<úCa)aneFVI[manvDÆnPaBya:geRcInkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðamYycMnYnénbBaðaTaMgGs;enH CaBiess KW karbegáItRkbx½NÐc,ab; nigRkbx½NÐRKb;RKg muxgarnigkarTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHrdæ)al dIFøInigkar

23CSES-qñaM1997bgajfa13PaKryénRKYsarenACnbTK μandIksikmμ CSES qñaM 1999 bgajfaRKYsarenACnbTEdlKμandIksikm μ mancMnYn 15>8PaKry tamry³eRbIR)as;viFaneFVIsMNakGegát LADIT rbs; Oxfam enAqñaM2000bgajfa GñkKμandiFImancMnYn 12PaKry. Bt’manbBa¢ak;f μI²EdleK)aneFVIsMrab;karvaytMélGMBIplb:HBal;énskþanuBl sm,TandIsgÁmkic©¬ PSIA 2004 ¦)an rkeXIjfaGRtaKμandIFI mancMnYn12PaKrykñúgcMeNamRkumRKYsarenACnbT .


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RKb;RKgdIFøI24 . CaBiesseKsegáteXIjvDÆnPaBtamry³ : ¬i¦karbegáItRksYg RKb;RKgEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ nigsMNg;enAqñaM 1998 edIm,IdwknaMkic©RbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)al cMeBaHrebobvar³ kMENTMrg;dIFøI ¬ii¦ karbegáItRkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøIenAqñaM 2000 Edlman smaCikPaB mkBIRksYgcMnYn 13 kñúgkardwknaMerobcMkarbegáIteKalneya)aydIFøI ¬iii¦ Gnum½teKal-neya)ay Catis þIBIdIFøIedayRkumRbwkSardæm®n þIenAEx ]sPa qñaM 2001 ¬iv¦ karGnum½tc,ab; PUmi)alfμIenAEx sIha qñaM 2001 nig ¬v¦ Gnum½tGnuRkwtüCaeRcInenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al rYmman karp þl;b½NÑ kmμsiTi§dIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigmanlkçN³dac;edaydMu karcuHbBa©IdIFøI KN³kmμkarsurieyadIsMrab;edaHRsayvivaTdIFøIeRkARbB½n§tulakar nigsm,TansgÁmkic©sMrab; EbgEckdI . enAmanGnuRkwtüCaeRcIneTotEdleKkMBugerobcM ehIyrMBwgfanwgGnum½tenAcugqñaM 2004/2005 rYmmankarRKb;RKgsm,Tanesdækic© karRKb;RKgdIrdæ nigkarTTYlsÁal; nigkar cuHbBa©Is I þsiTi§dIFøI rbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic. 38> karBRgwgsuvtßiPaBkmμsiT§idIFøI nigkarBRgIkkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§i . suvt ßiPaBEpñkkmμsiT§i manEcgenAkñúgbBaØt þiénc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 EdlEcgGMBIkarbegáItsiT§iEpñkkmμsiT§i nigbegáIt mUldæan sMrab;RbB½n§cuHbBa©IdIFøITMenIb. bBaØt þienHEcgfasiT§is þIBIkm μsiT§iGacTTYlmkedaypÞal;BIkar kan;kab; muneBlc,ab;PUmi)alRtUv)anGnum½t GaRs½yehtuenHp þl;[Gñkkan;kab;PaKeRcIn TTYl)annUvkarkarBartampøÚvc,ab; . TnÞwmnwgenHpgEdrk¾mankarksagsmtßPaBbEnßmsMrab; rdæaPi)aldIFøIedaymanCMnYyBIRbeTsp þl;CMnYy nigmanvDÆnPaBmYycMnYnGMBIkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøI RBmTaMg)anBRgIkkarerobcMEpnTIPUmisa®s þ nigkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§iEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enA TUTaMgRbeTskñúgry³eBl10qñaMeRkay b:uEn þkarrIkcMerInRtUv)aneKrMBwgTukfamanel,ÓnyWtkñúgkar

24 enAqñaM 2001rdæaPi)al)anp þÜcep þ ImKMeragRKb;RKgdIFøI nig rdæa)aldIFøI EdlKaMRTedayFanaKarBiPBelak ADB

nig rdæaPi)alhVaMgLg; nig rdæaPi)alGaløWm:g;kñúgeKaledAbBa©b;nUvRkbx½NÐbTbBaØat þi begáItsßab½ncuHbB©aIdIFøIEdlmannirn þr – PaB nig ecjb½NÑkm μsiT§RbEhlmYylansnøwkenAqñaM 2007 .


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p þl;b½NÑkm μsiT§idIFøIcMnYnmYylansnøwkenAkñúgext þcMnYn 10 nigenAraCFanIPñMeBjenAqñaM 2007 Ca eKaledAbc©úb,nñ. karelIkkMBs;Cak;EsþgGMBIsiT§iEpñkkm μsiT§ibEnßmeTot TamTareBlevlakñúgkar begáItRkbx½NÐc,ab; nigbTb,BaØt þi rcnasm<½n§sßab½n nigyn þkaredaHRsayvivaT . eTaHCa ya:gNak¾eday edIm,I[TTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_eBjeljBIkMENTMrg;TaMgenaH eKGacGnuvtþ Gn þraKmn_RsbKñaedIm,IsRmYlkic©GPivDÆn_TIpSardIFøI nigelIkkMBs;lT§PaB)anTTYl\NTan Edl kareFVIEbbenHmansar³sMxan;Nas; . RbkarenHrYmmankarelIkkMBs;briyakaseKalneya)ay cMeBaHTIpSarlk; nigTIpSarCYl dUcCaGnuBaØat[mankarcuHbBa©IGMBIkarCYlenAkariyal½ysurieyadI karGnuvtþn_rcnasm<½n§Bn§elIkmμsiT§i edIm,IbnÞúcbg¥ak;karTukdIecalsMrab;lk;temøIgéføø karGnum½t c,ab;s þIBIRbt ibtþikarEdlmankarFana nigBRgwgvis½yhirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT . enAeBlEdleK minGacTTYl)an\NTanCaTUeTA nigenAeBlKμanbN þajsuvtßiPaBsgÁmEdlmanRbsiT§PaBenA tMbn;CnbT GacmanhaniP½yEdlfakarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§idIFøIeFVI[manbNþMúdIFøIkan;EteRcIn eLIg² . vtþmanénTIIpSardIFøIGnuBaØat[RbCaBlrdælk;dIkñúgkrNIEdleKRtUvkarR)ak;bnÞan; krNIenHk¾Gac eFVI[manbNþMúdIFøI eRBaHfaGñkmanlT§PaB)anTTYl\NTanpþl;tMéldIkan;Et x<s; . 39> c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 EcgGMBIlT§kmμdI . enAeBlGnuvt þn_cMNucenH m©as;dIEdl)an cuHbB©aI RtUvmansiT§enAkñúgkar)anTTYlsMNg{edayRtwmRtUvnigyut þiFm’} . k¾b:uEn þeKBMueXIjman GnuRkwtü b¤bTb,BaØt þiCak;lak;NaTak;TgnwglT§km μdIFøI b¤kartaMgTIlMenAsarCafμ IeLIy . kñúgkar Gnuvtþn_ Cak;Es þg rdæeRcIn)anTTYldIedaymincaM)ac;pþl;sMNg b¤)anTTYldItamry³karcrcaenA mUldæan EdlKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ .

40> BRgwgkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI . edaysarPaBkMesayEpñksmtßPaBrbs;tulakarkñúgkar edaHRsaybNþwgdIFøI KN³km μkarCatiedaHRsayvivaTdIFøI nigKN³kmμkarnanarbs;ext þRtUv)an begáIteLIgenAcugqñaM 1999 edIm,IedaHRsayvivaTdIFøIenAeRkARbB½n§tulakar . c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM


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2001 EsVgrkkaredaHRsaycMNucxVHxatEdlenAesssl;enAkñúgRbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTtamry³ karGnuBaØati[begáItKN³kmμkarsurieyadIEdlCaRbB½n§edaHRsayvivaTeRkARbB½n§tulakar edIm,IedaH RsayvivaTGMBIdIEdlKμankm μsiT§i nigp þl;karkarBarcMeBaHRKYsarnanaEdlBak;B½n§CamYynwgkrNI rMelaPykdIFøIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ enAfñak;Rsuk fñak;ext þ nigfñak;Cati . enAqñaM 2002 KN³kmμkar surieyadIRtUv)anbegáItedayGnuRkwtü ehIyenAqñaM 2004 kariyal½yKN³km μkarsurieyadI)anebIk TVar nigmankarbN þúHbN þalbuKÁlikCaeRcIn . eTaHbICamankarrIkcMerInGMBIyn þkaredaHRsayvivaTk þ I eKminGackat;bnßyTMnas;dIFøI[)aneRcInedayK μanBt’manc,as;las;s þIBIkareRbIR)as;dI eday K μanBt’manc,as;las;s þIBIeKalneya)ay nigedayK μanBt’manc,as;las;s þIBIbTb,BaØt þ i sþIBIkar cat;fñak;dIFøI edaykgVHsmtßPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkaredaHRsayvivaTenaHHeLIy ehIysMxan;bMputKWkar e)aHbegÁalRBMdIEdlTaMgGs;KñaTTYlsÁal; .

41> kareFVIsniTankm μGMBIkarcat;;fñak;dIFøIedIm,IeFVI[kareRbIR)as;FnFandIFøIkan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB . dIenARbeTskm<úCaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCadIrdæ b¤dIÉkCn EdldIÉkCnmanRtwmEt 20° b:ueNÑaH . b:uEn þkarEbgEckdICapøÚvkarrvagÉkCn nigsaFarN³manTMnak;TMngtictYcb:ueNÑaH cMeBaHkareRbIR)as; dIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ b¤ manTMnak;TMngtictYcb:ueNÑaH RsbCamYydIsMrab;kareRbIR)as;Cak;lak;epSg² . CalT§pleFVI[mantMbn;FM²CaeRcInEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ TukdIecalTMenr b:uEnþ dITaMgenaHmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;ÉkCnehIymYycMENkFMéndIsaFarN³rbs; rdæEdlsßitenAkñúgkarkarBar b¤EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæRtUv)aneKrandI taMgTIlMenA nigkMBugRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;skmμPaBksikmμ . GaRs½yehtuenH caM)ac;RtUveFVIsniTankm μ CabnÞan;GMBIbrimaN nigRbePTdIEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ . CagenHeTAeTot eKBMu)andwgc,as;las;GMBItMbn;Cak;Es þg TItaMg nigRBMEdndIrbs;rdæeLIy ehIyk¾Kμankic©RBmeRBog bc©úb,nñNamYysþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvEpñksßab½nkñúgkarkMNt; Gegát nige)aHbegÁalkMNt;brievN dIrbs;rdæeLIy . dIrdæEckecjCaBIrRbePT : {dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ} nig {dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ} . dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæKWRKan;EtCadIsMrab;GPirkS nigRKb;RKg


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dUecñHrdæminGacp þl;[eRbIR)as; kñúg lkçN³CaÉkCneLIy . pÞúyeTAvij dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ²GaceFVIkarEbgEck[ÉkCneRbIR)as; nigeRcInEtp þl;kñúgrUbPaBCasm,Tan CaCagkarEbgEckedayp Þal;tamry³karlk; b¤karp þl;[ Rtg;² .

GnuRkwtükñúgeBlxagmuxs þIBI karRKb;RKgdIrdænwgp þl;Rkbx½NÐRKb;RKgcMeBaHkarcat;fñak; sarCafμ I nigkarTTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKgdIrdæ nigbegáItCaRkbx½NÐc,ab;edIm,I[mankarTTYl xusRtUvEpñksßab½n sMrab;Gnuvt þParkic©TaMgGs;enH . eKrMBwgfardæaPi)alerobcMnigGnum½tGnuRkwtü enHenABak;kN þalqñaM 2005 . GnuRkwtüenaHnwgGnuBaØat[mankarbBa¢ak;GMBIRbePTepSg²én dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nigdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ rYYmmandIéRB nigtMbn;Edl)anTTYlkarkarBar . kargar sMxan;KWGnuRkwtüenaHnwgGnuBaØat[ mankareFVIsniTankmμelIbrimaNenAkñúgRkbx½NÐsaFarN³ rbs;rdæ nigkareFVIcMNat;fñak;sarCafμIéndI EdlminRtUvkar [mankarRKb;RKgEdlmanRbsiT§PaB edayp þl;dIsMrab;kareRbIR)as;déTeTot . 42> karp þl;sniTankm μcMeBaHsm,Tanesdækic© . c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 GnuBaØat[man sm,TandIksikmμ EdlenAkm<úCaeKsÁal;CaTUeTAfaCasm,Tanesdækic© EdlRtUvp þl;sMrab;eFVIksikmμ edIMm,Iykplitpllk;[TIpSarGn þrCati nigTIpSarkñúgRsuk . cab;taMgBIkarcab;ep þImkm μviFIenHmk brimaNdIsrubcMnYn 827, 286 hikta RtUv)aneKp þl;CadIsm,Tanksikmμ . eTaHCaya:genHk þI KitRtwmExsIha qñaM 2002 RksYgksikm μrukaçRbmaj;nigensaT)andkykmkvijnUvdIsm,Tan srubcMnYn 103,680 hikta edayrkSaTuknUvdIsm,TancMnYn 26 kEnøg EdlmanépÞdIsrubcMnYn 723,606 hikta CadIsm,Tan kñúgxN³EdlkMrwtkMNt;tampøÚvc,ab; cMeBaHdIsm,Tanksikm μ manTMhM 10,000 hiktakþI CagBak;kN þalépÞdIsm,TanEdlmanTMhM 463,606 hikta manTMhMelIsBIkMrwtkMNt;edayc,ab;. GaRs½yehtuenH tMrUv[mankareFVIsniTankmμCabnÞan; brimaN nigRbePTdIsm,Tanesdækic© .

43 kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþgsm,Tanesdækic©mYyEpñkFMRtUv)anpþl;CadIéRB ehIyeTaHbICa karBüÜrsm,TanelIkarkab;eQI)ancUlCaFrmancab;taMgBIqñaM2002elIdIéRBdéTeTotkþI l½kçx½NÐ


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sm,Tan esdækic©GnuBaØat[kab;edImeQIenAkñúgtMbn;sm,Tan. CagenHeTAeTotenAelIdIsm,Tan mYycMnYn karkab;edImeQIFm μCatienAkñúgtMbn;sm,TanKWCaskmμPaBEtmYyKt; EdleKGnuvtþn_ enAkñúgsm,Tan eFVI[mankarRBYy)armÖfasm,Tanesdækic©RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;sMrab;eCosvag karhamXat;cMeBaHkarkab;eQInigkarkarBarf μ I² nigkarkarBarfμ I²sMrab;BinitüemIlsareLIgvij nigsMrab;EbgEckéRBsm,Tan25. mantMrUvkarCabnÞan;[dMeNIrkarenHmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nig man tmøaPaB elIrebobvaytMélnigpþl;sm,Tanesdækic© edayGnuvtþn_nUvRbB½n§BinitüemIlsareLIgvij m:t;ct;nwgebIkcMhEdlmanlkçN³dUcKñanwgRbB½n§EdleKkMBugeRbIR)as;cMeBaHsm,TanéRBeQI.

44 TnÞwmnigenHpgEdreTaHbICasniTanPaBmYYy kñúgcMeNamsniTanPaBnanacMeBaHsm,Tan dIksikm μKWbegáItR)ak;cMNUlcMeBaHrdækþI kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg sm,Tanesdækic©BMu)anpþl;R)ak; cMNUleRcIndl;rdæaPi)aleLIy.manmUlehtuCaeRcIncMeBaHbBaðaenH. TI 1 eTaHbICaBn§sYysar RtUvykBIkarkab;eQIEdlTak;TgnwgkarrandIkþI manTwkR)ak;tictYcEtb:ueNÑaHEdl)anRbmUleRBaHfa mUlniFiedImeQIQrenAkñúgtMbn;sm,TanBMumankarerobcMCaÉksar ehIybrimaNedImeQIEdleK kab;k¾minRtUv)aneKtamdanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBeLIy. TI 2 edayehtufaBn§sYysarcMeBaH sm,Tanesdækic©RtUv)aneKKNnaelImUldæanénplitkmμ ehIydIsm,TanPaKeRcInEdleKmin)an eRbIR)as;sMrab;ksikmμ RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn 641>500 hikta eFVI[eKGacRbmUl R)ak;cMNUl)antictYcb:ueNÑaH. GaRs½yehtuenH caM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIlmUldæanénkarKNnaR)ak; cMNUlsarCafμ I nigBRgwgRbB½n§RbmUlcMNUlnwgKNenyükmμ.

45> bBaðasMxan;mYykñúgcMeNambBaðasMxan;nanaKWKMrUsMrab;kat;bnßysm,Tan. kargarenHkMBug RbRBwtþeTA KWCaEpñkmYyénkarerobcMGnuRkwtüsm,Tanesdækic© edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIviFIkat;bnßy sm,Tan EdlTTYlkarKaMRTBI ADB.

46 karedaHRsaybBaðaK μandIFøI tamry³karEbgEckdI . eTaHbICamankarEbgEckdIenAqñaM 1989 kþI cMnYnRKYsarenACnbTEdleKminTTYlsÁal;lT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;dIFøI )anekIneLIgkñúg ry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAf μ I²enH. tamn½yesdækic© enAkm<úCaPaBK μandIFøImanlkçN³KYr[ kt;sMKal; edaysareKmin)aneFVIBiBiFkmμesdækic©. enACnbTedaymanCMerIstictYcGMBI»kas

25 kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb³ XøaedImTMngCa)at;kiriyas½BÞ Require


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kargareRkABIksikmμ lT§PaBenAkñúgkarmandIsMrab;plitkmμksikm μCIvRBwtþ niglT§PaBkñúgkar)an TTYlFnFan déTeTotsMrab;RbmUlpledaypÞal;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH KWbNþajsuvtßiPaBsgÁm EtmYyKt; cMeBaHRKYsarenACnbTkñúgry³eBlxøI. mUlehtumYyEpñkénkarekIteLIgnUvehtukarN_ énPaBKμandIFøIKWbNþalmkBIkarbgçMcitþlk;dI bJkarlk;dIedaysarkarrgsMBaFnana nigedaysar kardkhUtkm μsiT§i BIEpñkeyaFanwgBIGñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngEpñkneya)ay26. smamaRtKYr[kt; sMKal;énRKYsar EdlBMuEdlmandIFøI qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarekIneLIgénsMBaFRbCasaRsþmkelIdIFøI enAtMbn;Edl mandgsIuetRbCaBlrdæx<s;. PaBK μandIFøIekItmaneRcInbMputkñúgcMeNamRKYsarEdl manRsþICa emRKYsarEtmñak; ¬21>2°¦. PaBKμandIFøIenH )anCMruj[cMnYnRKYsarCaeRcIncakecj BIPUmisßan rbs;xøÜn27.

47 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaK μandIFøI c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 manbBaØatþiEcgGMBI {sm,Tan sgÁmkic©} KWfapþl;GMeNaydIÉkCnrbs;rdæcMeBaHRKYsarnanakñúgeKalbMNgsgÁmkic© EdleKGac eRbIR)as;sMrab;daMduH bJsñak;enA ¬CMBUkTI2 maRta17 CMBUkTI5 maRta48-62 ¦ . GnuRkwtü EdllMGitGMBI kareFVIsm,TansgÁmkic©)anTTYkarÉkPaBBIRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI kñúgEx mina qñaM 2003. man sniTanPaBEpñksgÁmy:ageRcIn kñúgkarepÞrsiT§GaRs½yplnig/b¤karepÞrkm μsiT§idI mineRbIR)as; TaMgenHeTA[RKYsarK μandI ehIyeK)an)a:n;sμanfaCameFüa)aymYymansar³sMxan; kñúgkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. kmμviFIenHnwgGnuBaØat[ERbkøaydIEdleKmineRbIR)as;CaeRcIn[eTACa dIplitkm μ EdlnwgeFVI[RbCaBlrdæRkIR)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_edaypÞal;. b:uEnþdUcEdlkarEbgEck dIenAkm<úCa munenH)anbgðajy:agdUecñaHfa karEbgEckdIEtmYymuxKWRKan;EtCadMeNaHRsayRbesIr bMputEdl manlkçN³beNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH. RbeTskm<úCamanmanRbCaCnek μgy:ageRcInEdl rg;caMcUleTAkñúgkMlaMgBlkmμ EdlnwgekIneLIgy:agrh½sehIyEdldMeNaHRsayEbbenHminGac ra:b;rg)an. GaRs½yehtuenH edIm,I[km μviFIsm,TanmansniTanPaBsgÁmkic©©rwgmaM nwg[man lkçN³RbesIrCagbNþajsuvtßiPaBsgÁmbeNþaHGasnñ km μviFIenHcaM)ac;RtUvCYyGñkTTYlpl [cak putBI GaCIvkmμksikm μCIvRBwtþ nigERbkøaydIrdæEdlenATMenr [eTACadIEdlmanplitPaBx<s; begáIn

26 kñúgcMeNamdIEdleK)andkhUt PaKInanaEdlTTYlxusRtUvmanCaGaT× ³ eyaFa ¬36 ° ¦ GaCJaFrextþ ¬36°¦kmμsiTÞikredIm¬13°¦ GaCJaFrmUldæan¬12°¦ sac;BaJati¬2°¦ nigGñkdéTeTot ¬LADIT, 2002¦ 27 PaBKμandIFI nigmeFüa)ayGPivDÆn_Bt’man ¬ LADIT ¦ qñaM2000


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plitkmμnigplitPaBCatinigpþl;CaclkrsMrab;[mankMeNInenACnbTTUeTA nigedIm,IbegáIt»kas kargar.

48 eKminrMBwgfadIÉkCnrbs;rdæTaMgGs;nwgRtUvEbgEckeTA[Gñkkan;kab;dItUc²eLIy b:uEnþCa karrYmbnSMénsm,Tanesdækic© nigsm,TandIsgÁmkic©EdlRKb;RKg)anl¥KWCaRbkarsmRsb. muxgarsmRsbrbs;sm,Tanesdækic© kMBugRtUv)aneKBinitüm:t;ct; KWCaEpñkmYyénÉksarsavtar Bak;B½n§sMrab;erobcMeKalneya)ay kMBugsßitenAkñúgdMNak;kalénkarerobcMGnuRkwtüsm,Tan esdækic©. kargarfμ I²EdleK)aneFVIedIm,IvaytMélPaBRkIRk nigvaytMélplb:HBal;sgÁmén sMeNIkmμviFIsm,TandIsgÁmkic© )anbgðajfakalBIeBlfμI² dIksikmμl¥mYycMnYntUc RtUv)aneKTuk ecalTMenr nigGacykmkEbgEck)an28 . RbPBdiEdlGacykmkEbgEckenAkñúgsm,Tan sgÁmkic© rYmman ³ sm,TanéRBEdleK)anlubecal nwgtMbn;déTeToténdIéRBEdlK μankar RKb;RKg EdlminTamTar[mankarRKb;RKgéRB b¤mintMrUv[mankarkarBarEpñkbrisßan ehIyman lkçN³smRsbsMrab;plikm μ sm,Tanesdækic©EdleKlubecal cMENkdItUc²rbs;rdæenAkñúgXuM nana tMbn;saFarN³déTeTotrbs;rdæ Edlfμ I²enHsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;TIPñak;gar rdæaPi)al rYmman kgT½B nigdIEdl)anmktamry³karGnuvtþn_maRtaTI 18 énc,ab;PUmi)al . edayehtufadIEdlRtUveFVIkarEbgEck caM)ac;RtUveFVIcMNat;fñak;CamuneTACadIksikmμ b¤dIenAtMbn; TIRbCMuCn CadMbUgrdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvGnum½tGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ EdlbgálkçN³[man kareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIsarCaf μI nwgEcgGMBIkarpþl;dI EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;sßab½nrdæ epSg². TnÞwmnwgenHedayehtufa épÞdICaeRcInEdlmalkçN³smRsbsMrab;karEbgEckkñúgeBl bc©úb,nñenH kMBugsßitenAkñúgsm,Tanesdækic© GMBITMhMtamc,ab; nig/b¤ sm,Tanesdækic©Edlmin dMeNIrkar CakarsMxan;Nas;EdlrdæaPi)alRtUvGnum½tGnuRkwtüsþIBIsm,Tanesdækic© edImI,sMrYlkar lubecalsm,TanTaMgenH nigbgálkçN³kñúgkarEbgEckdIFøI Edl)anmkBIkarlubecalsm,Tan. GaRs½yehtuenHGnuRkwtüBIrEdlbMrugecj sþIBIsm,Tanesdækic© nigsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ mansar³-sMxan;edIm,IFana[karGnuvtþn_km μvIFIsm,TandIsgÁmkic©TTYleCaKC½y. PaBdMeNIrkar)anén km μviFIsm,TandIsgÁmkic©GaRs½yelIqnÞ³neya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarGnum½tnigGnuvtþn_GnuRkwtü TaMgenHk¾dUcCaGnuvtþn_c,ab;PUmi)al[manRbsiT§PaBpgEdr.

28 esckþIRBagsþIBIkarvaytMélskþanuBlplb:HBal;énsm,TandIsgÁmkic© ¬ PSIA qñaM 2004 ¦ FnaKarBiPBelak


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49 enAkñúgvisalPaBTUeTA sm,TansgÁmkic©RtUv)aneRKagelImUldæanénkarEbgEckdIrdæEdl TMenr dUecñHkmμviFIenHminRbQmmuxnwgbBaðalT§kmμdIFøIEdlRtUvcMNayeRcInenaHeLIy. eTaHCa y:agenHkþI edIm,I[karEbgEckdItamry³sm,TansgÁmkic©pþl;CIvPaB EdlmannirnþrPaBdl;Gñk TTYlpl nigbegáInplitplksikm μ caM)ac;RtUvmankarvinieyaKy:ageRcInelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ Edlpþl; plitPaB ¬karRKb;RKgTwk pUvfñl;¦ karepÞrbec©kviTüa karelIkkMBs;karcUleTAkan;TIpSar nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁm. karviPaKCMhandMbUgGMBIskþanuBlplb:HBal;mkelIPaBRkIRkénénkar EbgEckdIFøI GHGagcMeBaHkarsegátBIbNþaRbeTsdéT Edlfaplb:HBal;TaMgGs;elIPaBRkIRk én karEbgEckdImYymuxmankMrittictYceT ¬Auffret qñaM 2003¦. eTaHCay:agenHkþI karvinieyaK bMeBjbEnßmcMeBaHehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;² nigesvaKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsCYybegáIn\T§iBlmkelI PaBRkIRk. edIm,IvaytMélGMBIPaBeFVI)an nigvaytMélGMBInirnþrPaBsMrab;ry³eBlEvgénkm μviFImYy karvaytMélGMBIkarcMNay nigplEdl)anTTYlénkBa©b;KaMRTxusKña² mansar³sMxan;Nas;. CagenHeTAeTot ktþaEdlmansar³RbeyaCn_mYyeTotsMrab;Fana[km μviFIEbgEckdIsgÁmkic©man eCaKC½y KWkardak;bBa¢ÚlnUvviFankarCak;lak;edIm,IedaHRsayhaniP½yGPi)alkic©bc©úb,nñ nig ]bsKÁEpñksmtßPaB. karvaytMélplb:HBal;mklIPaBRkIRknwgmkelIsgÁménkmμviFIEbgEckdIFøI EdlkMBugdMeNIrkarCakarsikSamanédKUcMruH Kb,Ipþl;nUvkaryl;dwgbEnßmeTotGMBIPaBeFVI)an nig KMrUnanaénkmμviFIEbbenH. kargarkMBugGnuvtþcMeBaHkarerobcM karsikSarcnasm<½n§dIFøIenAqñaM 2005-2006 ¬FnaKarBiPBelak¦ nwgpþl;;Bt’manbEnßm cMeBaHkarerobcMsMeNIkmμviFIEbgEckdIsgÁmkic©.

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;rdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI

50 skmμPaBCaGaTiPaBxageRkamenHCaGnusasn_sMrab;pþl;sniTanPaBGMBIlT§PaB nigkar EbgEckdI elIkkMBs;suvtßiPaBkmμsiT§dIFøI nigCMrujkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT:

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GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøItamry³kic©RbwgERbgsRmbsRmYlGn þrRksYg


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karRKb;RKgdIFøIrYmmankareFVIcMNat;fñak; nigcMNat;fñak;dIsareLIgvijrvagdIRbePTepSg²Kña kar ksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dI karEbgEckCatMbn; nigkarRtYtBinitüelIkarRKb;RKgelIkareRbIR)as;dI . FatusMxan;²énkarRKb;RKgdIFøIEdlRtUvkarsMerc)annUveKaledACabnÞan;TaMgenHrYmman:

• begáInel,ÓnkarGnuvtþn_bBa©b;GnuRkwtüsMrab;Gnuvt þc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 . GnuRkwtü TaMgenH rYmman: ¬k¦ RtUvGnum½tenABak;kN þalqñaM 2005: ¬i¦ GnuRkwtüs þIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ nig ¬ii¦ karRKb;RKgsm,Tanesdækic© nig ¬x¦ RtUvGnum½tcugqñaM 2005: GnuRkwtüs þIBI karTTYl sÁal; nigkarcuHbBa©IsiT§idIFøIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic .

• eFVIsniTanPaBRbB½n§cMNat;fñak;dIFøI . GnuRkwtüs þIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrbs;rdæEdlecjkñúgeBl xagmuxsßitenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 nigp þl;nUvRkbx½NÐRKb;RKgsMrab;kareFVIcMNat;fñak; nwgeFVIcMNat;fñak;sareLIgvijéndIrdæ rvagdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nigdak;ecjnUv nitiviFIcMeBaHkarepÞrsiT§ nigkarbeBa©jdIrbs;rdæ . enHRKan;EtCaCMh‘anTImYy nigCakarGnuvtþn_ GnuRkwtüenHEtb:ueNÑaHEdltMrUv[mankarep þatkarykcitþTukdak; nigRtUvkarCMnYy]btßm KaMRTya:geRcIn .

• BRgwgkarksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dI . RbkarenHrYmmankarsRmbsRmYlkarksagEpnkars þIBI kareRbIR)as;dICamYynwgEpnkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanFm μCati vimCÄkarén karRKb;RKgdInigsmtßkic©ksagEpnkar kic©GPivDÆn_EpnkareRbIR)as;dIsMrab;tMbn;GaTiPaB . karksagEpnkareRbIR)as;dIKb,IsßitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMu/sgáat; Edl mankarKaMRTBI MLMUPC nigkarKaMRTBIPñak;gardéTeTot .

• karGnuvtþn_sakl,gnUvsm,TansgÁmkic© nigvaytMé;lPaBEdlGaceFVI)an edIm,IdMeNIrkar Gnuvt þkm μviFIsm,TansgÁmkic©eBjelj rYmmankarEbgEckdI nigesvaKaMRTBak;B½n§déTeTot . karGnuvtþn_KMeragsakl,gcab;ep þImenAkñúgRsukbYnxus²KñaenAcugqñaM 2003 .


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km μviFIEbgEckdI nwgeFVIkarEbgEckdIÉkCnrbs;rdæEdlenATMenr[RKYsarEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa mantMrUvkarCa GaTiPaBcMeBaHsm,TandIsgÁmkic© . edIm,IsMerc)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_énsm,TandIsgÁmkic© eK caM)ac;RtUvp þl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic©nigsgÁmkic© karbN þúHbN þal nigkic©GPivDÆn_shRKas dl;GñkTTYlplBIkarEbgEckdI29 . kargarenHtMrUv[manviFIsa®s þEdlmankarsRmbsRmYl nigmanFnFaneRcInBIrdæaPi)al nigBIGñkp þl;CMnYy. karEbgEckdIenAkñúgkm μviFIsm,Tan sgÁmkic© tMrUv[Gnuvt þmaRtaTI 18 énc,ab;PUmi)al nigGnuvt þGnuRkwtüs þIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ nigsm,Tanesdækic©pgEdr .

• kareFVIsniTankm μénRbB½n§sm,Tanesdækic© Clpl nigéRBeQI . CaviFIsa®s þmYyEdlman karsRmbsRmYl nitiviFIvaytMél nigp þl;karÉkPaBCas þg;dar nigbegáInkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl RBmTaMgelIkkMBs;kic©Rbtibt þielIkargarRKb;RKg EdlKb,IGnuvt þenAkñúgRbePTsm,Tan epSg² .

GaTiPaBTI 2 BRgwgrdæ)aldIFøIedIm,IbegáInsuvtßiPaBkm μsiT§dIFøI nigKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_TIpSardIFøI [manRbsiT§PaB

eKaledAeKalneya)ayrYmKWkarbBa¢ak;[)anc,as; nigkt;Rtakm μsiT§ nigsiT§idéTeTotGMBIkmμsiT§i TaMgGs;¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦Rsbtamc,ab;PUmi)al . • BRgIktMbn;EdlsßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénkarp þl;b½NÑkm μsiT§ nigkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI[manlkçN³Ca

RbB½n§ . cMNucenHKb,IrYmmankarecjb½NÑkm μsiT§cMnYn 1 lansnøwkeRKagpþl;[rhUtdl;qñaM 2007 k¾dUcCakarTTYlsÁal;siT§eRbIR)as;dIXMuEdlmanlkçN³CaBiesscMeBaHtMbn;x<g;rab .

• BRgwg nigerobcMmuxgarénkariyal½ycuHbBa©IdIFøI edIm,IbgálkçN³[mankarcuHbBa©IkarTij lk;dIFøI[mantmøaPaB nigmanRbsiT§PaB .

29 kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb³ GñkbkERbbktamkaryl;eXIjrbs;xøÜn eRBaHKitfasMeNAedImsresrxusk,Ün evyüakrN_


39

• begáIt nigGnuvtþyuT§sa®s þRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy edayep þatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarerobcMp þl; b½NÑkm μsiT§dIkñúglkçN³dac;edaydMuedIm,Ip þl;b½NÑkm μsiT§tamtMrUvkar niglubbM)at;karbg;R)ak; eRkApøÚvkar begáIt Gnuvt þ nigtamdans þg;daresvaGb,brma nigBRgwgkartamdanépÞkñúgGMBI GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarRbRBwt þxusqÁgepSg² .

• BRgwgkaredaHRsayvivaTdIFøI . KaMRTkarGnuvtþn_ nigtamdanlT§plGnuvt þn_énKN³kmμkar surieyadInana .

• BinitüemIlsareLIgvij nigEksRmYlkarepÞrrcnasm<½n§dInigBn§dIFøI elIkarp þl;kmμsiT§dIkñúg lkçN³dac;edaydMu élya:gNa[mankarcUlrYmeBjeljkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI .

• k¾mantMrUv[manpgEdrnUvskm μPaBbMeBjbEnßmenAkñúgEpñkbIdéTeTot élya:gNa[ GtßRbeyaCn_énkarp þl;b½NÑkmμsiT§dIFøIGacGnuvt þ)an . RbkarTaMgenHrYmman:

¬i¦KaMRTcMeBaH karerobcMbTb,BaØtiþsþIBIRbtibt þikarEdlmankaFana ¬ii¦BRgwgvis½yhirBaØvtßúedIm,IbgálkçN³ [eRbIR)as;b½NÑkm μsiT§dIFøIeFVICavtßúbBa©aM nig ¬iii¦kMENTMrg;tulakaredIm,IbgálkçN³[man dMeNaHRsayvivaTdIFøIenAkñúgRbB½n§tulakarEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³smRsb .


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kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI 51 eK)an)a:n;sμanfaéRBrbs;km<úCamanTMhMRbEhl 11/1 lanhikta30 RtUvCa 61° énépÞdI srub¬sUmGanEpnTIenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI2¦.sYn]TüannigtMbn;EdlTTYlkarkarBarmanTMhMM 3>3 lanhikta RtUvCamYyPaKR)aMénépÞdIsrub épÞdIenHPaKeRcInCaéRB b:uEnþKuNPaBenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg nigkMriténkarkarBarFnFanenAmankMritTab. kalBIqñaM 1999 BITMhMépÞdIéRBsm,TancMnYn 6/8 lanhikta rdæaPi)al)ankat;bnßymkRtwmRbmaNCa 3/1 lanhikta. GegátqñaM2002rbs; GTZ )anrkeXIjfaenATUTaMgRbeTs manenAsl;éRBeQItictYc nigmanRbePTeQIKuNPaBminl¥ RKb;dNþb;elIépÞdIRbEhl 80>000hikta EdleKTTYlsÁal;faCaéRBshKmn_ . dIéRBenAsl; RbmaNCa 5 lanhikta sßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐsaFarN³ CadIéRBEdlK μankarRKb;RKg bJKμankar karBarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBeLIy.

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32esvabrisßanCaBiesskarRKb;RKgpUvTwknigkarGPirkSdInigTwkCaEpñkmYyénPaBsμ úKs μajénGtßRbeyaCn_epSg² Edl manRbPBmkBIéRB.eTaHbICamansMeNIrenAkñúgsarBt’manedlmanRbCaRbiynigsMeNIrmkBIRbPBdéTEdlfakarkab; éRBeQIKW CakarbMpajRbPBFnFanTwkenAkm<úCakþI CaBiessTensabkarviPaKrbs;KN³kmμakarTenemKgÁkarkkdI mineFVIeGay épÞbwgxUcxateLIy ehIyépÞbwgk¾minkayCarak;Edr. 33 enAkñúgqñaM 2003KN³kmμakarcMruHrbs;rdæaPi)al TIPñak;garpþl;CMnYynigGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al)anbegáIt RkumGñk CMnajkarÉjraCmYyedIm,IBinitüemIlbTBiesaFGMBIvis½yéRBeQIenAkm<úCanigCaBiessBinitüemIlmuxgarEdlmanlkçN³pÞúyKña GMBImuxgarrbs;FnaKarBIPBelakkñúgkarKaMRTkareFVIkMENTMrg;sm,TanéRBeQI nig kñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;éRBeQI. {karBinitüemIleLIgvijénvis½yéRBeQIkñúglkçN³ÉkraC } manbMNgpþl;nUvyfaTsSn_GMBIbBaaRbQmcMeBaHvis½yenH nwg PaBRKb;RKan;éntulüPaB nig TMhMkmμviFIkMENTMrgRb‘URkamEdl)anGnuvtþn_edayrdæaPi)al .karBinitüemIleLIgvij enHEdl)anbBa©b; enAqñaM2004 RtUv)aneKrMBwgfapþl;CacMnuccab;epþImmYysMrab;karBipakSaeKalneya)ay enAvis½y éRBeQIbEnßmeTot.


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K μannItiviFI bJKμankarbegÁItEpnkarNamYysMrab;RKb;RKgkarbMElgdIéRBeTArkkareRbIR)as;déTeTot EdlFanabMerIplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ RtUv)aneKGnuvtþn_RbkbedaytmøaPaB nigtamry³EbbbT RKb;RKgdIFøIl¥RbesIrenaHeLIy. 54 RksYgksikm μrukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT manParkic©RKb;RKgdIéRB RBmTaMgRKb;RKgsm,Tan ksikm μ nigRKb;RKgéRBeQI . c,ab;éRBeQIqñaM 2002 EcgGMBIrdæ)aléRBeQIenAkñúg ¬RksYg ksikm μ¦ rYmmanrcnasm<½n§pÞal; tamExSbeNþayEckCafñak;kNþal GKÁarFikardæanRbcaMtMbn; GgÁPaB Epñk nig BYk . KMrUenHmanmUldæanelIKMrUénbTBiesaFn_eRkayGaNaniKm ehIymanbMNg GnuBaØateGay mankarRKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBénEdndIéRBrbs;Cati edaymankar eRCotERCkkñúgkMrit Gb,brmaBIsMNak;GaCJaFrmUldæan . ExSbnÞat;rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgEtmYyenH RtUv)anbegáItenAkñúg esckþIRbkasrbs;RksYgksikm μ sMrab;GnuvtþlMGitenAqñaM 2003 . rdæ)al éRBeQIk¾CaTIPñak;gar cMbgmYyEdlmanPar³kic©rkeGayeXIj nigtamdankarkab;eQIeday xusc,ab;.enHKWCakarBRgIkkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanrbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlGnuelamtam kic©RbtibtþiGnþrCati . 55 bBaðaGPi)alkic©EdlTak;Tgnwgkarkab;eQIedayxusc,ab;enAkm<úCa)anbegáInkarTak;Taj karykcitþTukdak;CagkarykcitþTukdak;elIlkçN³déTeToténvis½yenH . xN³Edlvis½y éRBeQIRbQmmuxnwgbBaðaGPi)alkic©CaeRcIn dUcCalaPkarEpñkmuxgarsaFarN³ KNenyüPaB niglT§plGnuvtþn_ KWCaktþadUcKñaEdlvis½ydéTeTotRbQmmuxdUecñaHEdr bBaðadéTeTotman lkçN³BiesscMeBaHvis½yéRBeQI ]TahrN_bBaðasþIBIkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; karyl;dwgGMBIGnþrvis½y nigbBaða Cak;lak;GMBIkartamdanEdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCü. karkab;eQIxusc,ab;EdlekItman enARKb;kEnøgedaymanl,ickly:agc,as;BImRnþICan;x<s;rbs;rdæaPi)al enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_ 1990 eFVI[vis½yéRBeQIrbs;km<úCasßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgCacMbgrbs;shKmn_GnþrCati ehIy dak;bBaðaéRBeQICacMNucsñÚlénkarBiPakSaGMBIGPi)alkic©nigkic©GPivDÆn_ . tYelx)a:n;s μanGMBI GRtakab;eQIedayxusc,ab;enATsvtSr_ 1990 bgákarP½yxøacGMBIlT§PaBénkar)at;bg;skþa-nuBlPaBBaNiC¢km μénmUldæanFnFankñúgry³eBlEtb:unμanqñaMbu:eNÑaH. viFankarekáAenAcugTsvtSr_


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1990 nig edImTsvtSr_enHTMngCa)anTTYleCaKC½ymYyEpñk b:uEnþTMhMénbBaðaEdlenAesssl; BMumankarvas;sÞg;eLIy. 56 vtþmanénGñktamdanÉkraCü Camuxgarf μ ImYyEdlbMeBj edayGñkem:AkarÉkCn ¬SGS ¦ CYyeFVI[rdæ)aléRBeQImanvin½yenAkñúgmuxgarmYyEdleBareBjeTAedayeRKaHfñak;Epñks μartI . CaeKalkarN_karkab;eQIxusc,ab;k¾cMNuHelIbBaØtþic,ab;déTeTotrbs;km<úCapgEdr ¬]TahrN_ bBaØtþisþIBIkarlYckmμsiT§GñkdéT¦ EdlsßitenAkñúgsmtßkic©ÉkraCürbs;sßab½ndéTeTot dUcCa RksYg mhaépÞCaedIm. GaCJaFreyaFanignKr)al)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbRgáab kardkhUtbrikçar bMerI[karkab;eQI nig skmμPaBdéTeTot b:uEnþkarsRmbsRmYlrvagRksYgGMBIkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; éRBeQIRbRBwtþeTAedayK μanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ehIymanGRbsiT§PaBy:agxøaMg.

57 kMENTMrg;sm,TanéRBeQIcaM)ac;RtUvrMBwgKitGMBIPaBxusKñanigbBaðaepSg² rvagkarerobcM nig karGnuvtþn_. enABak;kNþalTsvtSr_ 1990 edaymankarerobcMmin)anRKb;RKan; RbeTskm<úCa)an RbkasGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþsm,TanéRBeQI elImUldæanénkaryl;dwgmin)anRtwmRtUv K μanvin½y Edlsm,TaneLIgdl;kMritx<s;GtibrmaRKbdNþb;elIépÞéRB 6/8 lanhikta EdlrYmmanFnFan edImeQIEdlmantMélBaNiC¢km μ nigrYmmanpgEdrnUvdIdéTeTotEdlBMumanlkçN³smRsbsMrab; eFVIGaCIvkmμBaNiC¢km μ. edaymankarpþl;kar]btßmÖKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy RbB½n§enH)ankat;bnßy CabeNþIr² ehIybc©úb,nñenHmansm,TancMnYnRbEhl12 RKbdNþb;elIépÞdIticCag 3/14 lan hikta. TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH rdæaPi)al)ancab;epþImdak;[manRbB½n§RKb;RCugeRCaymYysMrab;erobcM karksagEpnkarnigRbtibtþikarsm,Tan. dUcEdl)aneRKag bBaØtþiTaMgenHedaHRsaynUv visalPaBeBjeljénkic©RbtibtþiTMenIbGMBIkardaMduHéRBeQI rYmmanviFIsaRsþdaMduH nigRKb;RKg éRBeQI sareBIP½NÐ nigkarvaytMélFnFan karerobcMbøg;visVkmμ nigkarkarBarsgÁmnigbrisßan. kalBIeBlfμ IenH Rbtibtþikarsm,TanRsbc,ab;RtUv)anp¥ak kñúgxN³EdlEpnkar nigdMeNIkar pþl;kar ÉkPaBkMBugRtUv)anGnuvtþn_sakl,g. tamBitRbB½n§fμITaMgenH)anrYmviPaKTankñúgkareFVI[ RbB½n§sm,TancuHfy CalT§pll¥RsbtamkarcMNay nigpþl;KuNPaBcMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlRbtibtþikarcab;dMeNIrkar ehIyPaBcMruHEbbénkarRtYtBinitübBaðaekIneLIg buKÁlik enAmUldæanmYycMnYnFMcUlrYmenAkñúgkarRtYtBinitüsm,Tan ehIylT§plCadMukMPYnénRbB½n§sm,Tan ekIneLIg. enARtg;enH CakarRtwmRtUvkñúgkarrMBwgfamanbBaða nigkgVHxatbEnßmrvagKMeragnigkar


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Gnuvtþn_ . eKcaM)ac;RtUvrMBwgTukCamunnUvbBaðaTaMgGs;enH ehIyedaHRsayvatamry³CMnYy bec©keTsEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar ély:agNa[mantmøaPaBkan;EteRcIn nig RbwgERbge)aHpSay sþg;dar dMeNIrkarpþl;karÉkPaB nig l½kçx½NÐpþl;karGnuBaØati.

58 karRKb;RKgsm,tþiéRBeQITueTA caM)ac;RtUv[manlkçN³TMenIbbEnßmeTot ehIyRtUvEjk BIKñarvagdIéRBEdlmanGtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatinigtMbn;déTeTot . CaTUeTA karRKb;RKgdIéRB CaM)ac;RtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_eKalneya)ayCatiEdlmanRbsiT§PaBsþIBIdIFøI nig brimaNsm,tþiéRBeQIEdlcaM)ac;RtUveFVIsniTanPaB edayBicarNaGMBIsmtßPaBFnFanEdlman nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKgsßab½n. karRKb;KgFnFanéRBenAkm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvmanlkçN³kan;EtTMenIb caM)ac;RtUvRtYtBinitü nigerobcMCaÉksar. edayminTak;TgCamYyTisedAnigplitplénkar RKb;RKg ¬edImeQI C½rcug stVéRB brisßan.l.¦ bJminTak;TgnwgEbbEpnénkarRKb;RKg¬sm,Tan shKmn_ sßab½nsaFarN³¦rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sþg;darsMrab;GFib,ay BieRKaH edaHRsay BüakrN_ vaytMél nigerobcMCaÉksar¦ ehIynaykRKb;RKgnImYy²RtUvGnuvtþn_. karbMElgdIéRB EdlenAesssl;[eTACakareRbIR)as;smRsbdéTeTot KWCaGtßRbeyaCn_saFarN³. PaKeRcIn énsm,tþiéRBeQIsaFarN³pUvkar minRtUv)anGegát nwgmin)ancuHbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeLIy b:uEnþtamkar BitmanéRBeQIEtmYyEpñktUcb:ueNÑaHEdltMNagGtßRbeyaCn_CatiBitR)akd nigmanlT§PaBkñúg karRKb;RKgelIsBIeKaledARKb;RKgenAmUldæan. CagenHeTAeTotdIéRBPaKeRcInBMumanenAkñúg EpnkarsmRsbNamYyeLIykñúgxN³Edlrdæ)aléRBeQI)andak;viFankaredIm,Iély:agNa[sm,tþism,TanEdlenAesssl;)anTTYlkarRKb;RKgsmRsb eKswgEtmancenøaHRbehagGMBI eKalneya)aynigkarRKb;RKgtMbn;éRBdéTeTot CaBiesstMbn;éRBEdlsßitenAeRkAEdnkarBar . rdæ)aléRBeQI EdlRtUv)anerobcMCarcnasm<½n§kalBIeBlf μ I²enH minTMngCamanlT§PaBRKb;RKg Rbkbeday RbsiT§PaBcMeBaHépÞdIFMTUlayenHeLIy ehtuenHFnFannigsmtßPaBtictYc Edl rdæ)aléRBeQIman Kb,IepþateTAelIdIéRBtUc²tamGnuEpñkEdlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;RbeyaCn_Cati CaBiessKWtMbn;sm,Tan nigtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmanéRBeQImantMélx<s;. 59 tMbn;éRBEdlBMumanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;karbMElgeTACakareRbIR)as;déT karerobcMEpñk rdæ)alelIvis½yéRBeQI caM)ac;RtUvGPivDÆn_bEnßmeTotedIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarcUlrYmBImUldæan


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[)ankan;EtTUlaykñúgkargarRKb;RKgéRBeQI . mantMrUvkareGaybegáItynþkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI tamCMerIsdéTedaypþl;eGayshKmn_ nUvlT§PaBRKb;RKgéRBeQIkan;EtFM rab;TaMgeQIEdlman tMélx<s;pgEdr . kñúgkrNIenHrdæ)aléRBeQImanGaNtiþRsbc,ab; eBjeljGaceFVI shRbtibtþikarCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan elIkargarerobcMcat;EcgRKb;RKgRbkb edayKMnitécñRbDit Edlpþl;»kasdl;GaCJaFrmUldæanpþÜcepþImKMnit nigTTYlsÁal;plRbeyaCn_ énEbbbTRKb;RKg edaynirnþrPaB . CMerIsmYyRtUv)anpþl; tamry³GnuRkwtüshKmn_éRBeQI EdlRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI )anÉkPaBkalBIExFñÚqñaM2003 begáItCanitiviFIpþl;[shKmn_mUldæanmansiT§kñúgkarRtYtBinitü RKb;RKgnigmanParkic©RtYtBinitü tamry³kardak;bTb,BaØtþisþIelIéRBeQIEdl BYkeKBwgGaRs½ynig manlT§PaBkñúgkarbgðajnUvkarRtYtBinitünigsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn . karGPivDÆn_ bEnßmeToténkar RKb;RKgéRBeQIenAmUldæan nigkarsMerccitþ tMrUv[mankareFVIRbtiPUkmμénsmtßkic© nigkarkMNt;n½y énRbB½n§RtYtBinitünigfwøgEføgrvagGaCJaFrmUldæannigGaCJaFrCati. kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñc,ab;km<úCa sþIBIéRBeQIBMumanmUldæanc,as;las;sMrab;begáItcMNgTak;TgEbbenHeLIy . b:uEnþ enAkñúgRkbx½NÐ éneKalkarN_nigbuBVsiT§iEdl)anbegáITenAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIrdæ)alnigkarRKb;RKg XMusgáat;34mankarGnuBaØati[eFVIdUecñH.

60 karerobcMshKmn_éRBeQItamry³shKmn_mUldæan )anTTYlkarBRgwgEpñksiT§IGMNac kñúgkarRKb;RKgdIéRB EdlCasm,tþisaFarN³ TTYl)annUvkarelIkTwkcitþtamry³siT§irkSaTuknUv éRBeQIEdlCaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlmYyEpñkFM )anGnuvtþenARbeTskm<úCa. tYelx)a:n;sμanGMBIcMNg Tak;Tg énkarRKb;RKgshKmn_cMeBaHFnFanéRBeQIrbs;km<úCamanPaB xusKña²y:agxøaMg. f μ I²enH épÞdIticCag 100>000 hikta ¬RbmaNCa 80>000 hikta enAcugqñaM 2002¦ sßitenAkñúgkar RKb;RKgCapUvkarrbs;shKmn_;. kñúgxN³EdlvisalPaBsMrab;BRgIkmanTMhMFM ehIyTMhMén shKmn_éRBeQIKb,IBRgIkEp¥kelInitiviFIEdlmanlkçN³samBaØtamEdlGaceFVI)an nigKMerag TTYlkarKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYynigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al tamBiteTA tambBaØtþiénGnuRkwtüqñaM 2003

34 CMBUkénc,ab;enH¬CaBiessmaRta42-47¦EcgfaRbtiPUkmμénmuxgar bJ k¾eFVIRbtiPUkmμénsmtßkic©cMeBaHmuxgar Cak; lak;BIsMNak;GaCJaFrrbs;rdæeTAkan;RkumRbwkSaXMu.rIÉmaRta45 EcgfaRkumRbwkSaXuMBMumansmtßkic©kñúgkarsMerccitþcMeBaH bBaa éRBeQIedayxYnÉgeLIy maRta42nig43GnuBaØatþieGaymankarpþl;eGay bJk¾eFVIRbtiPUkmμeTAeGay RkumRbwkSa XuMBIsMNak;rdæ)aléRBeQI.TnÞwmnigenHEdrmaRta47EcgfaRksYgmhaépÞGacecjGnuRkwtü RbsinebIkarbBa¢ak;GMBI muxgarsñÚl bJ muxgarEdl)aneFVIRbtiPUkmμcMeBaHRkumRbwkSaXMumankarcaM)ac;.


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sþIBIshKmn_éRBeQI manEtFnFanmYyEpñktUcénFnFanéRBeQIsrubb:ueNÑaH EdlGacdak;[ shKmn_RKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgGnaKtd¾xIøxagmux. eBlevlacaM)ac;sMrab;begáIt smaKmshKmn_éRBeQI[)anRtwmRtUv cMNayénkarpþl;esvanigCMnYybec©keTs nigPaBbnÞan;én karKMramKMEhgEdltMbn;TaMgenHRbQmmux tMrUv[cat;viFankarbnÞan; edIm,Ipþl;nUvkarkarBarnig rRKb;RKg. karGnuvtþn_sakl,grbs;shKmn_éRBeQIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ ¬Cag400shKmn_¦ karGnum½tGnuRkwtüsþIBIéRBeQI nigkarrMBwgGMBIkarlubecalnUvsm,TanéRBeQICit2lanhikta begáIt[mandMNak;mYysMrab;skþanuBlPaBénkarBRgIképÞéRB EdlRKb;RKgedayshKmn_enA km<úCa. mkTl;nwgbc©úb,nñenH shKmn_éRBeQIRtUv)anbegáItenAkñuúgtMbn;EdlmanéRBricril nig begáITenAkñúgtMbn;Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaBlrdæx<s; CMuvijtMbn;TenøsabnwgeTAtamtMbn;TenøemKgÁ EpñkxageRkam. skþanuBlkñúgkardak;bBa¢ÚltMbn;EdlmanbrimaNedImeQIeRcInbEnßmeTot KWtMbn; EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic EdleTIbEtcab;epþImBinitüRsavRCavenAextþrtn³KIrI . RbkarenHbgðajfa rdæ)aléRBeQIKb,IeRtomlkçN³kñúgkarksagsmtßPaBnigrcnasm<½n§sMrab;pþl;esva pþl;karsikSa Epñkbec©keTs nigpþl;karKaMRTxagEpñksMPar³ tamry³rcnasm<½n§EdltMrg;TiseTArkmUldæan rYmmanéRBeQIenAkMritXMu nigGgÁPaBksikm μRBmTaMgsmaKnshKmn_éRBeQI.

61 kñúgcMeNamlT§PaBdéTeTotEdlGacBIcarNaKWkarbegáItPaBCaédKUrrvagsaFarN³ nig ÉkCnenAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;ext þsMrab;kic©snüaRKb;RKg . kic©karTaMgenHsMedATak;Taj vinieyaKÉkCn[eFVIskmμPaBelIdIsaFarN³sßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitüénGaCJaFr nigshKmn_ mUldæansßiteRkamkarENnaMrbs;CatiedIm,I[mankarRKb;RKgRbkbedaynirn þrPaB . karcat;Ecg EpñkhirBaØvtßútMrUv[mankarelIkkMBs;karRKb;RKgEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv nigkarRtYtBinitü KuNPaBBIsMNak;GaCJaFrmUldæan .

62> caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgkarerobcM[mankarcUlrYmBIshKmn_mUldæankñúgkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI . eTaHbI CatMbn;éRBEdlRtUvRKb;RKgCasMxan;edayrdæ)aléRBeQITak;TgeTAnwgkic©karrbs;Catik þ I ¬R)ak;cMNUl karRBYy)armÖEpñkbrisßan.l.¦ eKeXIjmansar³sMxan;GMBIplvi)akenAmUldæan GMBIkarRKb;RKg . plb:HBal;EbbenHGacrYmmankar)at;bg;lT§PaB)anTTYlFnFan edaysarkar kab;eQI karkarBar manpøÚvfñl; b¤kic©GPivDÆn_GmedaykarRKb;RKgéRBeQI . karkarBar


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suxumalPaBenAmUldæan nigély:agNa[TMnas;CamYyRbCaBlrdæenAmUldæanminsRmbsRmYl tamry³kar kat;bnßyRbsiT§PaBénkarRKb;RKg nigtMrUv[mankic©RbwgERbgnignitiviFIRtwmRtUv edIm,IBicarNaGMBIkgVl;enAmUldæan eTaHbICamanviFIsaRs þRtYtBinitütambnÞat;dwknaMEtmYyk þ I . kalBIeBlfμ I²enH yn þkarsMrab;BieRKaHkñúgkMritenAmUldæanRbRBwt þeTAedayK μankareRKagTuk[)an c,as;las; ehIy tamkarBieRKaHmancritbuKÁlya:gxøaMg begáItCa»kassMrab;karEsVgrkplcMeNj nigGMeBIBukrlYy edayminKit b¤minykcit þTukdak;GMBIplRbeyaCn_énRkumBlrdægayrgeRKaH nig eFVIesck þIsMerccit þ Edlmancritneya)ay . edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH rdæaPi)alcaM)ac; RtUvbegáIn nigBRgIk dMeNIrkarrbs;xøÜnkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñelIkic©GPivDÆn_nigkMENTMrg;rdæ)aléRBeQI . karerobcMc,as; las;edIm,I[mankarBieRKaHenAmUldæan s þIBIRbtibtþikarRKb;RKgéRBeQICaRbcaM caM)ac;RtUvRbkas [)andwgCamunkñúgry³eBlmYysmRsb muneBlcab;ep þImRbtibt þikar nigKb,I erobcMelImUldæanén bTBiesaFn_knøgmk . karGPivDÆn_RbB½n§tamdanEdlmankarcUlrYm GacCYy [mantmøaPaB nig RbsiT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFan . viFIsaRs þsikSaeronsURtc,as;las;Gac Gnum½tedayKMerag sakl,genAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnEdleRCIserIsEdltMbn;TaMgenaHmanéRB nig lkçN³sgÁmxus²Kña . kareFVIEbbenHGaceFVI[mansþg;darnigkarerobcMsmRsbEdl GacGnuvtþ )an. 63> karRbmUlBn§sYysarK μanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ehIyk¾K μankartamdanRKb;RKan; . bnÞab;BIman karBüÜrsm,TanelIkarkab;eQI R)ak;cMNUléRBeQIsrub)ancuHfyCamFümBI 8 eTA 12 lan duløar enAkñúgTsvtSr_ 1990 mkRtwmRbmaNCa 2 landuløar enAqñaM 2002 . elImUldæanén kar)a:n;sμand¾RbesIrbMputGMBIbrimaNéRBeQIEdlGnuBaØat[kab;RbcaMqñaM ¬AAC¦ elImUldæanRbB½n§ sm,Tan¬bc©úb,nñmanTMhM 3,1 lanhikta¦kñúgkMrwtRbEhl 250,000 Em:RtKUb karbn þkab;éRB teTAeTotGacrMBwgfa)anR)ak;cMNUlcMnYnRbmaNCa 15 landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM


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35 . RbsinRtUv edaHRsaybBaðaGPi)albc©úb,nñ nig bBaðRabmUlR)ak;cMNUl bEnßmelIR)ak;cMNUleRKagTuk Edl R)afña[mankarRKb;RKgRbkbedaynirn þrPaBénsm,TanéRBeQIBn§ sYysark¾RtUvykBIkar kab;eQIEdlBak;Bn§nwgkarrandI nigykBIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμxñattUcén plitpl nigGnupl éRBeQIpgEdr¬rYmman C½rcug srsr nigGus¦ . R)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmk BIRbPBTaMgenH TMngCa mancMnYntic ehIyRtUv)an)at;bg;edaysarkarRtYtBinitümin)anl¥kñúgkarRbmUl nigkarRKb;RKg cMNUl .

64 caM)ac;RtUvBinitüsareLIgvijnUveKalneya)ay]sSahkm μ rYmmankarvaytMélsmtßPaB Ekécñbc©úb,nñ . yuT§saRs þGPivDÆn_vis½yéRBeQIenABak;kN þalTsvtSr_ 1990 maneKaledA kñúgkarbegáIt]sSahkmμEkécñeQIxñatFM . smtßPaBEdlGacekItman GacmansmtßPaBelIsBI sk þanuBlénmUldæanFnFan eTaHCaRbkarenHcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarvaytMélk þI . Ep¥kelIkar)a:n;s μan smehtusmplGMBIsmtßPaBpliténmUldæanFnFan RbeTskm<úCaminGacRTRTg;]sSahkm μeQI xñatFMEdl rdæaPi)al)aneRKagTukenAkñúgTsvtSr_ 1990 eLIy . f μ I²enH smtßPaBEkécñEdl eK)antemøIgedayRsbc,ab; PaKeRcInenATukecalTMenr R)ak;QñÜl nigBn§darBIkarEkécñeQI mankMrwttictYc . bEnßmelIsmtßPaBéneragcRkenAnwgkEnøg maneragcRkGareQItUc²CaeRcIn ehIyCYnkalCaeragcRkGareQIxusc,ab; nigeragcRkGareQIcl½t EdleFVI[mansm<aFmkelI mUldæanFnFan b:uEn þbrimaN nigsmasPaBénsmtßPaBenHeKmin)andwgfamanTMhMb:uNÑaeLIy . karkat;bnßyépÞdIsm,TanéRBeQI caM)ac;RtUvtMrwmtamry³karbBa©úHTMhM

35 tYelxenHmanlkçN³pÞuúyKñaCamYynwgkar)a:n;s μankalBIeBlmunrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak/FAO/UNDP Edlman brimaNes μ Irnwg 100landuløakñúgmYyqñaM . tYelxpøas;b þÚrenHmYyEpñkFMbN þalmkBIkarcuHfytMbn;sm,Tan RbmaNCa 60PaKry nigkarFøak;cuHénéføRbfab;RtaEdleK)an)a:n;sμanfakñúgkMrwtx<s;RbmaNCa 80duløakñúg 1Em:RtKUbenAqñaM 1996 . eRkABIenHenAkñúgry³eBlGn þrKmn_ 8qñaMkarkab;eQIedayxusc,ab;)ankat;bnßysk þanuBlTinñplEdlman nirn þrPaBehIytMrUveGaymanry³eBlEvgkñúgkars þarsßanPaBmuneBlGnuBaØateGaykrwténkarRbmUlplGacvilRtlb; eTArksk þanuBlPaBrbs;xøÜnvij .


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nig/b¤erobcMsareLIgvijnUv temøIgsmtßPaBeragcRk ¬nigkarRtYtBinitü[)anRbesIrelIsmtßPaBeragcRkcl½t¦ BIeRBaHfa tMrUvkarelIskMritenHeFVI[mansm<aFdl;karkab;eQIedayxusc,ab; nigeFVI[GaCIvkm μmankMrwteRcIn hYsehtu .

65> xN³EdlkarGPivDÆn_]sSahkmμEkécñeQImaneKalbMNgkñúgkarpliteQIGar nigk þar bnÞH RbeTskm<úCaKYrCaRbeTsmYyplitnUvsgðarwmEdleFVIGMBIeQIRbNIt . RbkarenHGaceqøIytb nwgtMrUvkarkñúgkarGPivDÆn_yuT§saRs þRKb;RKgTUeTAEp¥kelIGaRtaRbmUlplyWt enAkñúgtMbn;éRBlas; søwk ehIyGacGPivDÆn_tamry³PaBCaédKUCamYyplitkrGn þrCati . CaCMhandMbUg caM)ac;RtUvman karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIsmtßPaBénTMnijRbNit edIm,IRTRTg;karRbmUlplBaNiC¢km μ . 66> edIm,ICYynaMmknUvkarkat;bnßyTMhM nigkarerobcMTisedAcaM)ac;enAkñúgGnuvis½y]sSahkmμ eQI rdæaPi)alKb,Idak;GaTiPaBTI 1 cMeBaHkarykBn§eQI nigRbB½n§R)ak;cMNUléRBeQI edIm,Ip þl; dMNwgTIpSarsmRsbdl;]sSahkm μenH . dUcEdl)ankMNt;n½ykñúgeBlf μ I²enH karksag EpnkarFnFanéRBeQI ya:gehacNas;Tak;TgnwgRbB½n§sm,Tan rYmmankar)a:n;sμanGMBIbrimaN eQIEdlGnuBaØat[kab;edIm,IFana[mannirn þrPaB . CMhrrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarccareLIgvijGMBI kic©snüasm,Tan CaBiessKWbBaØtþis þIBIBn§sYysarkMNt;ykBIGaCIvkmμeQI caM)ac;RtUvqøúHbBa©aMg kar)a:n;sμansmRsbGMBIqnÞ³kñúgkarTUTat;rbs;]sSahkmμEdl)anksagmUldæansMPar³ k¾dUcCa éføø bMrugTukrbs;rdæaPi)al ¬kñúgcMeNamkt þadéTeTot éføøenaHKb,IBicarNaGMBItMélsgÁm nigtMél brisßanénéRBeQIsm,Tanbc©úb,nñ¦ . rbbéføøeQIsmRsbmineFVI[eQImantMélefak tamEbb sib,nim μ it edIm,I[eragcRkGareQIbn þRbtibtþikarenaHeLIy b:uEn þCaéføønwgCMrujkarelIkTwkcit þ sMrabbiTeragcRkGareQImin[eFVIGaCIvkm μenH . karbegáIt[manRbB½n§l¥RbesIrGMBIkarkab;eQI RbcaMqñaM swgEtGacp þl;Bt’mans þIBIéføøEdlminGackat;tMél)an EdlGacdak;bBa©Úly:agRsYl eTAkñúgkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§smTansareLIgvij . eTaHCaya:gNak¾edaykargarenHGacbgðajnUv


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TidæPaBEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³RbQmcMeBaHkartamdan nigkarRtYtBinitü]Rkidækm μéRBeQI nigKMrU Cak;lak;caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarsikSa[)anm:t;ct; . eKsegáteXIjmanhaniP½yx<s;mYycMnYn Edlman TMnak;TMngCamYyRbB½n§kab;eQI rYmmankarlM)akkñúgkarrkeGayeXIj nig karecaTRbkan;GMBI ]Rkidækm μéRBeQI EdleFVIeGayshKmn_nanaRbQmmux nwg kar)at;bg;siT§iCaRbéBNI eFVIeGay b:HBal;GviC¢mancMeBaHkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆn_vinieyaKvis½yÉkCn enAkñúgvis½yéRBeQI ehIy eFVIeGaykarRbmUlcMNUleQIkab;kan;EtCYbkarlM)ak kñúgsßanPaBEdlGacmanbrimaNeQIkab; edjéføRbcaMqñaMCaeRcIn .

67> GaRtaEdlkarEktMrUvenHnwgRbRBwt þeTA GacnwgbegáInel,Ón tamry³bn§Úrbnßy katBVkic© BüÜrkic©snüacMeBaHkarvinieyaKEkécñbEnßm¬CaCagkarsnüadéTrbs; Rkumh‘un¦nigtamry³ karFana faman]bsKÁtictYckarerobcMsarCaf μ I nigkarepÞrsmtßPaBeragcRkGareQIkñúgcMeNamsm,Tan EdlenAesssl; . karGnuvtþn_katBVkic©p þl;GBaØab½NÑ bBaØtþic,ab;GMBITItaMgeragcRkGareQI nig karRtYtBinitüdéTeTotKb,Ibn þeFVICaCMhanbnÞab;kñúgkarlb;bM)at;nUvsmtßPaBelIsBIPaBcaM)ac; . sßitelImUldæanénsmtßPaBEdlenAesssl;bnÞab;BImanviFankarTaMgenH caM)ac;RtUvmankm μviFI ry³eBlEvg sMrab;tamdan nigRtYtBinitükic©GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμéRBeQI GMBIsmtßPaBFnFan.

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgéRBeQI

68 skmμPaBCaGaTiPaBxageRkamenHCaGnusasn_sMrab;eFVIsniTankmμelIkarEbgEckdIéRB kar RtYtBinitükarbMElgdIéRBEdlmin)aneRKagTuk kar)at;bg;éRBeQI nigkarBartMéleGkULÚsIu tMélesdækic© nigtMéldaMduHéRBeQI nigbegáInkarrYmviPaKTanEdlmannirnþrPaBelICIvPaBrs;enA nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT. Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBTaMgenHKb,ITTYlkarBinitüsareLIgvijenAkñúg bribTénkic©BiPakSaxagmuxGMBIlT§plén karBinitüeLIgvijnUvvis½yéRBeQIkñúglkçN³ÉkraCü.

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GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgsm,TanéRBeQI

• karerobcMrcnasm<½n§énRbB½n§sm,TanéRBeQIeBjeljsarCafμ I karBinitüsareLIgvijrbs; rdæaPi)alcMeBaHEpnkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI sm,TanCayuT§saRsþ begáIteGaymanGnusasn_mYy


51

cMnYn EdlbegáIt)anCasMeNIr kñúgkarbBaÄb;sm,TanbEnßmcMnYn 6 . kñúgxN³EdlmanPaB pÞúyKña GMBIsm,TancMnYn 6 EdlenAesssl; rdæaPi)alminRtUvGUsbnøaybEnßmeTot kñúgkar bBaÄb;sm,TanEdlminGacdMeNIrkar)an . sm,TanEdlzitenAeRkamkarBicarNa Kb,IesñIsuM eGaymankarpþl;eBlevlakñúgkarGnuvtþn_ sMrab;eqøIytbCamYykatBVkic©EpñkbTb,BaØtiþþ. vDÆnPaBEdlsMerc)anenAkñúgkareFVIsniTanPaB cMeBaHRbB½n§sm,Tan éRBeQGacpþl;emeron mantMél edIm,I)anTTYlkarcat;Ecgkan;EtRbesIr elIRbePTsm,Tan déTeTot .

• kareFVIsniTanPavUbnIykmμeRbIR)as;dIéRB . bnÞab;BIkarGnum½tGnuRkwtü sþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ cUreFVIkarvaytMéldIéRB rab;TaMgtMbn;TTYlkarkarBar edIm,IkMNt;EpñksMxan;²éndIéRB EdlcaM )ac;RtUvrkSaTukCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ edIm,IFanaeGaymankarkarBarRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB énCIvcMruH nig RbB½n§eGkULÚsuIsMxan;² RBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI k¾dUcCakarkMNt;faetI tMbn;enAesssl;manlkçN³smRsbsMrab;CYlsarCafμ I cMeBaHkarbMElg sMrab;ksikmμ nig kareRbIR)as;déTeTot .

o CMrujel,ÓnkarksagEpnTIdIFøI kare)aHbegÁal Gegát nig kareFVIsareBIP½NÐdIéRB o sikSaCMerIsnanacMeBaHkarRKb;RKgtMbn;éRBeRkA]Tüan nig tMbn;TTYlkarkarBar

eGaymannirnþrPaB rab;TaMglT§PaBTMnak;TMngCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæan nig karBinitüemIlsareLIgvij GMBIkarsakl,gshKmn_éRBeQIEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar edIm,IvaytMélemeronEdl)andkBiesaFn_rhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñ nig skþanuBl sMrab;BRgIkbEnßm .

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrdæaléRBeQIenAfñak;epSg²Kña rab;TaMgsmtßPaBsMra;bRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþn_

tamsm,TanéRBeQI . • begáInR)ak;cMNUlnigBRgwgkarRKb;RKg. BinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvbTBiesaFn_GMBIkarRbmUl

Bn§sYysar éføRbfab;RtanigéføeRbIR)as; erobcMnwgGnuvtþn_kmμviFImYy edIm,IelIkkMBs;kar RKb;RKgR)ak;cMNUlnigelIkkMBs;karRtYtBinitükarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl.

GaTiPaBTI 2 BinitüemIleLIgvijrcnasm<½n§vis½yéRBeQI


52

• epþatkarerobcM {bnÞat;bBa¢arEtmYy} cMeBaHtMbn;éRBEdlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHCati sm,Tan EdlenAesssl; éRBEdlmanRklaépÞFM GaceFVIBaNiC¢kmμ)an EdlmantMrUvkartictYcenA shKmn_ nig CatMbn;RtUvTTYlkarkarBar nigRKb;RKg sMrab;eKaledACatisþIBIéRBeQI . Kb,I Gnuvtþsakl,g cMeBaHbTb,BaØtiþCak;lak; Edl)anerobcMCaÉksar ehIy)anpSBVpSay TUlMTUlay edIm,ITTYlmtiEklMGBIsaFarN³CnenAmUldæan cMeBaHkarsMerccitþRKb;RKg nig karEckrMElkR)ak;cMNUl .

• begáItdMeNaHRsaytamEbbdéT kñúgkareFVIsmahrNkmμBt’manrdæ)aléRBeQIeGayman karKaMRTGPivDÆn_CnbTenAfñak;extþ . enATIkEnøEdlFnFanéRBeQImanlkçN³dac;edayduM dac;²BIKña b¤CYnkalmanTMnak;TMnCitsñiT§CamYyCIvPaBrs;enA nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT esva éRBeQIminRtUvcat;taMgelImUldæanEdndIeLIy . pÞúyeTAvij zitenAkñúgb,BaØtþiénc,ab; éRBeQI rdæ)aléRBeQIGacRtUv)anerobcMsaCaf μ I elImYldæanepþateTArkesva edIm,IepþatelI karTTYlxusRtUvenAmUldæankñúgkarRTRTg;cMeBaHkardaMedImeQI karRKb;RKgdIéRBsMrab;CIvPaB rs;enAmUldæan nig sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_ksirukçkmμ .

• BRgIkmUldæanraykarN_bT]RkidæéRBeQI nigecaTRbkan;edIm,InaMmknUvTsSnvis½yTUlMTUlay kat;bnßyTMnas;plRbeyaCn_ nig begáInkarTTYlxusRtUv nigtMlaPaB xN³EdlkarGnuvtþn_ c,ab;KWCaEpñkmYyénmuxgarRKb;RKgéRBeQIrbs;rdæ)aléRBeQI sßab½nsaFarN³mYycMnYnFM GaCJaFrmUldæan nig sgÁmsuIvilGacRtYtBinitüemIlkarkab;eQIEdlxusc,ab; nigkarrMelaP ykdIFøI nig ]RkidækmμéRBeQIdéTeTot .

GaTiPaBTI 3 sMrYlkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§én]sSahkmμEkécñeQI

• sMrYlkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§én]sSahkmμEkécñeQIsarCafμI. sMrYlkarerobcMTMhMsmRsbén smtßPaBxñatFMEdleK)antemøIgenAkñúg]Sahkm μEkécñeQI eFVIGnþrkm μmkeTACaeragcRkEkécñ eQIEdlmankMlaMgplitTabplitplitpleQImanKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;TIpSarnaMecj nigrkSaTuk smtßPaBGb,rmakñúgkarEkécñeQIsMNg; sMrab;TIpSarkñúgRsuk.

• eFVICMerOneragcRkGareQInigGegátsmtßPaBrbs;eragcRk. edIm,I[dwgc,as;GMBIsmtßPaBrbs; eragcRkGareQIsrub rab;TaMgsmasPaBnigbrimaNEkécñEdlmanenAkñúgeragcRkGareQI enAnwgkEnøgnigeragcRkGareQIcl½tpgEdr.


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kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgClpl

69 FnFanClplrbs;km<úCamanRbPBmkBITenø dIesIm nigCMrktameqñrsmuRT pþl;CaGahar R)ak;cMNUl nigRTRTg;CIvPaBrs;enAdl;RbCaBlrdærab;lannak; . vis½yenHk¾CaRbPBskþanuBl sMxan;mYyénBn§sYysarsMrab;rdæaPi)alpgEdr36EdlmancMENkesμ Inwg 10° én GDP37ksikmμ nigCaTMnijnaMecjEdlmansar³sMxan;. FnFanClplrYmmanRtI stV nigvarICatidéTeTot éRBlicTwkk¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdrsMrab;karGPirkSEpñkeGkULÚsIu GPirkSCMrkFm μCati eTscrN_- esdækic© nigvb,Fm’pgEdr. ensaTTwksabEdlmansar³sMxan;Epñkesdækic©bMputmankMrites μ Inwg 80°én GDPClpl CaBiessKWClplEdl)anmkBIbwgTenøsab nigtMbn;Tenø38 tMbn;TenøemKgÁ nigTenø)asak;39 nigtMbn;TenøemKgÁEpñkxagelI40 . TenøsabenArdUvR)aMgmanTMhM 2>500 eTA 3>000KILÚEm:Rtkaer: ehIyTMhMenHnwg ekIneLIgdl; 10>000 eTA 15>000 KILÚEm:Rtkaer: enArdUv vsSa . karensaTKWCaRbPBcMNUlcMbgmYy sMrab;RKYsarrs;enAtambNþaextþGmTenøemKgÁ RbEhl45°41. tYelxsßitiClplminGaceCOTukcitþ)aneLIy b:uEnþtYelx)a:n;sμansrubEp¥kelI Bt’manbc©úb,nñbgðajfaRbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;TImYyeFobnwgtMbn;enH nigsßitenAlMdab;TI;I 4 eFobnwgplensaTRtITwksabrbs;BiPBelak EdlmanplensaTRbcaMqñaMRbEhl 300>000 eTA 450>000 etan kñúgmYyqñaM.

36 eTaHCay:agNak¾edayeKminGacmanenHkþItYelx)a:n;s μanRtwmRtUv GMBIcMNUlsrubEdleK)anRbmUl BIkaredjéfø sm,Tan nigkarensaTcMNUlBIGaCJab½NÑeLIy . 37tYelxenHTMngCa)a:n;sμanminRKb;cMnYneRBaHeKmin)anKitGMBIkarensaTRtItamERs dUCamin)anKitpgEdrnUvtMélénstV nig pliplvarICatiEdleK)anRbmUl 38 KWCatMbn;ensaTTwksabEdlsMbUrRtIbMput nigrYmmanextþkMBugqñaMg eBaFisat; bnÞaymanC½y esomrab kMBg;FM nigEb:kxageCIgénextþkNþal . 39 CatMbn;ensaTTwksabsMbUrN_RtIbMput rYmmanextþkMBg;qñaMg eBaFisat; )at;dMbg bnÞaymanC½y esomrab kMBg;FM nigPaKxageCIgénextþkNþal.

40 mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarensaTCIvRBwtþlkçN³RKYsar rYmmanextþRkecH nigsÞwgERtg

41eyagtamkarGegátmYyenAkñúgextþcMnYn8EdleK)aneFVIenAqñaM199810°énRKYsarcat;TukfaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlCamUldæannig35°eTotCaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlbnÞab;bnSM.tYelxmankMritTabenAfñak;CatiedayeRbIR)as;Tinñn½yCSESqñaM1999R)ak;cMNUlEdl)anmkBIClplmancMnYnsrubes μInig6°énR)ak;cMNUlRKYsar¬Source:Helmersetal.,2003¦.


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70 CagenHeTAeTot eqñr42smuRTrbs;km<úCamanRbEvg435KILÚEm:Rt rYmmanQUgsmuRT sMxan;²cMnYn 3 KW kMBg;esam ekaHkug nigkMBt nwgmantMbn;esdækic©pþac;muxtammat;smuTÞ ¬EEZ¦43 manTMhM 55>600 KILÚEm:Rtkaer:EdlmancMgay 200ém:l_44 BIeqñrsmuRT Edlpþl;plitPaB cMeBaHkarensaT. EdnsmuTÞtameqñr nigEdnsmuTÞenAÉnay énsmuRTkm<úCamanmcäaCatiRbEhl 474 mux kñúgenaH manmcäaCatiRbEhl30muxEdlmansar³sMxan;Epñkesdækic© . eK)a:n;s μanfaman GñkensaTticCag 10>000 RKYsar . tYelxplRtITwkéRbEdlensaT)anCapUvkarEdlkMNt; RbcaMqñaMRbEhl 30>000 etan CatYelxEdlmankMritTabCag plcab;Cak;EsþgeRBaHfatYelxTaMg enaHRKan;EtBwgEp¥keTAelIplensaTén]bkrN_ensaTEdlmanGaCJab½NÑEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyeKmin )anKitbBa©ÚlnUvtYelx)a:n;s μanénplcab;CaeRcInrbs;TUkensaTEdlKμanGaCJab½NÑeLIy kñúgenaH manTUkensaTK μanGaCJab½NÑrbs;breTs EdlepÞrplcab;enAeRkARbeTskm<úCa TUkBaNiC¢km μ kñúgRsuk nigGñkensaTxñattUcEdlKμanGaCJab½NÑ.

71 tamc,ab; Rkbx½NÐénkarensaTCarbs;rdæ ehIynaykdæanClpl ¬naykdæanéRBeQI enAkñúgRksYgksikm μrukçaRbma:j; nigensaT - MAFF¦mansmtßkic©kñúgkarRKb;RKg karBar GPirkS nigGPivDÆ FnFanClpl . CaBiessnaykdæanClplTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarGnuvtþn_bTb,BaØt þ i p þl; sm,Tan ecjGaCJab½NÑ nigRbmUlR)ak;bnÞúk b:uEn þsmtßPaBRKb;RKgexSay karRKb;RKgCak;Es þg manGRbsiT§iPaBya:gxøaMg ehIyvis½yenHsMbUrN_edayTMnas;épÞkñúg TMnas;Gn þrvis½y nigTMnas; Gn þrCati .

72> eTaHbICamanCMha‘nnanakalBIeBlfμ I²kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaGPi)alkic©enAkñúgkarensaT Twksabk þI PaBkMesaykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñGMBIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;caM)ac;RtUv edaHRsay . Gs;ry³eBlCagmYyTsvt Sr_énkmμviFIRKb;RKgedaysmUhPaBenAkñúgGMLúg eBlkan;kab;rbs;Ex μrRkhm nigevotNam enAcugTsvtSr_ 1980 RbB½n§sm,TanensaTman lkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgRbB½n§EdleKeRbIR)as;kñúgsm½yGnaniKmniym)araMg RtUv)andak;[eRbI-

42enAtamextþRkugnanaénekaHkug RkugRBHsIuhnu nigRkugEkb .

43 kare)aHbegÁalkMNt; EEZdrbs;km<úCamanCMelaHCamYyRbeTsevótNamnigRbeTséf. 44 kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb³ cMgay 200 Em:l_ = 200 x 1/852 K>m> = 370/4 K>m>


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R)as;cMeBaHkarensaTTwksabeFVICameFüa)ayRKb;RKg nigCaRbPBR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;rdæaPi)al . sm,TanEdlmanry³eBlBIrqñaMcMeBaHLÚt_ensaTRtUv)anrdæp þl;[Gñkha‘nedjéføø x<s;bMputenAkñúg karedjéføøCasaFarN³45 . Rbtibt þikrLÚt_ensaTcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvt þtamviFanRKb;RKg EdlmanEcg enAkñúgesovePA{bnÞúk}rbs;sm,Tan EdlEcgGMBI ¬i¦ tMbn;LÚt_ensaTEdlp þl;[sm,Tanik eRbIR)as;p þac;mux nig :tMbn;rkSaTuksMrab;RbCaBlrdæ} enAkñúgLÚt_ensaTEdleKGnuBaØat[RbCa-BlrdæensaT ¬ii¦ GMLúgeBlebIkrdUvensaT ¬KWBIEx tula dl;Ex]sPas;Mrab;tMbn;PaKxageCIg TIRkugPñMeBj BIExvicäika dl;ExmifunasMrab;tMbn;xagt,ÚgTIRkugPñMeBj¦ ¬iii¦ RbePTnigcMnYnén ]bkrN_ensaTEdlc,ab;GnuBaØat . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karensaTedayxusc,ab;ekItman CaTUeTA ehIycaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarvaytMélsareLIgvijnUvRbsiT§iPaBénRbB½n§sm,TanBaNiC¢kmμ rab;TaMgvisalPaBénRbB½n§sm,TanEdlmanry³eBlBIrqñaM kñúgkarp þl;karelIkTwkcit þ[mankar RKb;RKgFnFan Edlmannirn þrPaBpgEdr . 73 bEnßmelIkarensaTkñúgLÚt_ensaTEdlmanxñatFM enAkñúgc,ab;Clplbc©úb,nñ karensaTTwk sabk¾rYmmanpgEdrnUvRbtibt þikrxñatmFüm Edl)anTTYlGaCJab½NÑ[ensaTenAkñúgtMbn;ensaT-saFarN³¬eRkALÚt_ensaT tMbn;bMrugTuk nigtMbn;karBar¦ enAkñúgGMLúgeBlCak;lak; k¾dUcCa Rbtibt þikrxñattUcEdlmintMrUv[manGaCJab½NÑ nigEdlTTYl)ankarGnuBaØati[ensaTRKb;eBl evlakñúgtMbn;ensaTsaFarN³k¾dUcCaenAkñúgtMbn;saFarN³kñúgLÚt_ensaTpgEdr . RtITwksabEdlxkxøÜnenAtamTIepSg²eRkayeBlTwkRsk k¾RtUv)aneKensaTBIvalERs sMrab; pÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBRbcaMéf¶pgEdr . TaMgRbtibt þikrxñatmFüm nigxñattUcRtUveKarBtambTb,BaØtiþ þClpl TUeTA rab;TaMgkareKarBtambTb,BaØt þ is þIBIRbePT]bkrN_ensaTpgEdr . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karensaTRtIEdlmancritbMpøicbMpøaj nigensaTedayxusc,ab;ekItmanCaTUeTA .

45 EdlmanbBaðaecaTGMBItmøaPaB nigniy½tPaB .


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74 RbB½n§RKb;RKgEdlmanmUldæanelIRbB½n§mYysμ úKsμajsMrab;karEjkecjBIKñanUvGaCIvkm μ EdlmancritBaNiC¢km μxñatmFüm nigxñattUc BiessKWkarensaTCIvRBwt þ )anbegáInsk þanuBl TMnas;BIEpñkepSg²énkarensaTTwksab . bBaðaGPi)alkic©manlkçN³F¶n;F¶r ehIycMNaysgÁm mankMrwtx<s; . kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykm μénLÚt_ensaT ¬kñúgeBlKμankarGnuvtþn_c,ab;Edlman RbsiT§iPaB¦ kardkhUtsiT§eRbIR)as;BIsMNak;RkumnigmRn þImUldæanmansmtßkic© rab;TaMgRbFanPUmi nigRbFanXMu minGnuBaØat[shKmn_manlT§PaBcUleTAensaTkñúgtMbn;GnuBaØatmYycMnYneLIy tMbn;EdleKEtgensaTenAkñúgRbB½n§sm,Tankan;EteFVI[vivaTmanlkçN³RsYcRsal;bEnßmeTot 46 TnÞwmnwgenHpgEdrTMnas;épÞkñúgvis½yGMBIkareRbIR)as;TwksMrab;ksikm μ nigkareRbIR)as;sMrab;sMrab; navacrN_ekItmanCaTUeTA.

75 kñúgqñaM 2000 LÚt_ensaTFM²RtUv)aneK)a:n;s μanfamanTMhMCitesμ Inwg 10,000 KILÚEm:Rt RkLaCatMbn;ensaTTwksabEdlp þl;plitPaBx<s;bMputrab;TaMgtMbn;tamdgTenø nigtMbn;valrab FMlVwgelVIy Edlmannivasndæanrbs;RbCaBlrdærab;Esnxñg dIksikm μrab;Esnhikta nigCMrk éRBlicTwk Edlmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarbn þBUC nigCamUldæanCMrksMrab;RtI nigmqäaCatiCaeRcIn . kñúgExmifuna qñaM2001 bnÞab;BIman TMnas;edayGMeBIhwgSaelIkareRbIR)as;Twk rvagsm,Tanik LÚt_ensaTnigksikrmk épÞTwkEdlsßitenAkñúgsm,TanensaTRtUv)ankat;bnßyCagBak;kN þal mkRtwm 417>000 hikta . karlubsm,TanenH Edlkat;bnßyedayRbsiT§PaBnUvépÞdIksikm μ k¾dUcCakat;bnßycMnYnRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgtMbn; sm,Tan KYrNas;Etkat;bnßyTMnas;épÞkñúgvis½y kñúgkMrwtNamYy. eTaHCaya:genHk þ I karlubecalenHRbRBwtþeTAedayK μankarBieRKaHGMBIviFIeRbIR)as; FnFanbnÞab;BIkarlub ehIyk¾min)anerobcMEpnkarBIedImdMbUg sMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanEdr eFVI[tMbn; mYycMnYnkan;EtmanskmμPaBGaCIvkmμxøaMgeLIgelIFnFan nigbgá[manTMnas;kan;EteRcIneLIg

46 mankarvaytMélmYycMnYnbgðajfatMbn;EdleKGnuBaØatKWCatMbn;EdlmanRtItitYcbMputehIymingaynwgcUleTAensaT )aneLIy.


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enAépÞkñúgvis½y . tMbn; Edlp þl;[RtUvRKb;RKgrYmKñaedayRbB½n§RKb;RKgClplrbs;shKmn_ .

76 shKmn_ensaTRtUv)anGnuvt þsakl,geFVICaRbB½n§RKb;RKgtamCMerIsEbbepSg . edIm,I edaHRsayvivaTrvagm©as;LÚt_ensaT nigGñkensaTxñattUc nigedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRKb;RKg ClplTUeTAGMBIkareFVIGCIvkmμhYsehtu nigGMBIkareRbIbec©keTsensaTEdlmancritbMpøicbMpøaj edIm,IsMerc)an nUveKaledArYménkareRbIR)as;Rbkbedaynirn þrPaBénkarensaT eK)anelIk Gnusasn_sþIBI karrYmKñaRKb;RKgClpl EdlCakic©shkaredays μ ½RKcit þrvagPaKIBak;B½n§kñúgkar ensaT . DoF )anerobcMGnuRkwtümYys þIBIshKmn_ensaT . k¾b:uEn þrhUtmkTl;eBlenHenAkm<úCa BMumanbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan; kñúgkarRKb;RKgrYmKñaeLIy . CDRI ¬qñaM2002¦)ankMNt; Gt þsBaØaNshKmn_ensaTcMnYn 162 Edl)anbegáIteLIgcab;taMgBIcugTsvtSr_ 1990edayman kar]btßmÖKaMRTBIGñkp þl;CMnYy nigBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Bak;B½n§CamYyRbCaBlrdæCag 300,000 nak; nigRKbdN þb;elIépÞdI-TwkRbmaNCa 225,000 hikta . mYyEpñkFM kargarTaMgenHKWCa kic©RbwgERbgEdlmancritbuKÁl EdleFVI[mankarsRmbsRmYlmanRbsiT§PaBtictYcb:ueNÑaH . kar tamdanskm μPaBGnuvt þsakl,g nigdkBiesaFn_emeronsMrab;Gnuvt þTUeTA KWCakarsMxan;Nas; .

77> karRKb;RKgClplTwkéRbk¾CYb]bsKÁpgEdredaybBaðaGPi)alkic©F¶n;F¶r nigxVHFnFan sMrab;Gnuvt þbTb,BaØtþibc©úb,nñ . ensaTTwkéRbEckecjCaBIrEpñk ¬i¦ tameqñrEdlmanCMerATwk ticCag 20 Em:Rt ¬ii¦ karensaTenAÉnaysmuRTEdlmanCMerATwkeRCACag 20 Em:Rt . EdnTwkensaT ÉnaysmuRTRtUv)anensaTp þac;muxedaykgensaTkñúgRTg;RTayFMEdlrYmmannava manma:sIunmankMlaMgFMCag50esH. CaTUeTA TUkxñatFMTaMgenHmanm©as;CaCnCatiéf b¤CnCati evotNam kñúgenaHman TUkmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdlmanGaCJab½NÑGnuBaØat[ensaTenAkñúgEdnTwk km<úCa . TUkEdlmanm©as; CaBlrdækm<úCaensaTenAkñúgEdnTwktameqñrsmuRT TaMgenHrYmman


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kgensaTEdlmanTUkxñattUcrYm manTUkKμanma:sIun b¤manma:sIuntUcEdleKGnuBaØat[ensaT BMucaM)ac;manGaCJab½NÑ nigkgensaT EdlmanxñatmFüm rYmmannavaEdlmanma:sIunmankMlaMg ticCag50esH RtUvmanGaCJab½NÑ . enAkñúgEdnTwkÉnaysmuRT manTMnas;CamYyCnCatiéf nigCnCatievotNam CaTMnas;ekItman CaTUeTA ehIykarGnuvtþn_c,ab;ensaTs þIBInavabreTsEdl K μanGaCJab½NÑ nigkarensaTedayxus c,ab; KWCabBaðacMbgmYykñúgxN³naykdæanClplman FnFantictYcs þÜces þIg . plensaTBI EdnTwk ÉnaysmuRTminRtUv)aneKkt;Rta)anRtwmRtUveLIy eRBaHfaplensaTmYyPaKFMRtUv)an eKepÞredaypÞal;eTAkan;evotNam nigéfEdleFVI[karvay tMélsßanPaBFnFan CYbkarlM)ak . edaymanKaMRTBI DANIDA km μviFIRKb;RKgtMbn; mat;smuRTkMBugRtUv)anGnuvt þ edIm,IedaHRsay bBaðamYycMnYnénbBaðaTaMgGs;enH . 78 Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay nigRkbx½NÐc,ab;sMrab;vis½yClplkMBugRtUv)anEklMG b:uEnþ enAmankarRBYy)armÖmYycMnYnenAeLIy . esckþIRBagc,ab;ensaT esckþIRBagGnuRkwtümYycMnYn k¾dUcCa)aneFVIesckþIRBagEpnkaremsMrab;kic©GpivDÆn_karensaT RtUv)anerobcM. c,ab;Edl)an EksMrYlnigrYmbBa¢ÚlnUvkarepþþatkarykcitþTukdak;xøaMg GMBIkarcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_kñúgRKb;RKg FnFanClpl y:agehacNas;k¾enAkñúgtMbn;TwksabEdr. mankarRBYy)armÖmYycMnYn ³

• karvaytMélkan;EtRbesIrGMBIFnFanCakarcaM)ac; edIm,ICYypþl;dMNwgcMeBaHkarsMerccitþelI eKalneya)ay.mansBaØaNEdlbgðajGMBIkarensaThYsehtu EdlmantMélénplcab; nigplcab;kñúgmYyÉktaénkic©RbwgERbgcuHfy. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sßitiClplKWCatYelx EdlminGaceCOTukcitþ)aneLIy ehIyKμankarvaytMélGMBIbrimaNsþúkénRbePTRtIepSg² sMrab;erobcMeKalneya)ay nigerobcMkic©GPivDÆn_EdlRKb;RKgedaybTb,BaØtþieLIy eTaHCaenATwksab bJTwkéRbkþI.

• karerobcMRKb;RKgedaybTb,BaØtþicaM)ac;RtUvCUndMNwg edayeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavnigkic© BieRKaHCamYynigrbs;KUPaKIBak;B½n§ . karpþl;sm,TanenAqñaM 2000 enAkñúgRkbx½NÐ saFarN³ BMu)anRbRBwtþeTA edaykarsikSaGMBIlT§PaBGnuvtþn_)anRKb;RKan; nigBMu)ansikSa RKb;RKan;GMBIplb:HBal;eLIy ehIytMrUv[mankic©karbEnßmeTotGMBIskþanuBlén


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PaBRkIRknig plb:HBal;mkelIsgÁménkMENTMrg; muneBlbBa©b;bTb,BaØtþisMxan;². CagenHeTAeTotnaykdæanClplmankarraErkkñúgkar BieRKaHeyabl; naykdæancaM)ac; RtUvmanlkçN³skmμbEnßmeTotkñúgkarcUlrYmBiPakSa EdlsaFarN³ . edIm,IedaHRsay kgVl;TaMgGs;enH karvaytMélGMBIplb:HBal;énkMENTMrg;fμ I²Edl)anTTYlhirBaØb,TanBI DFID kMBugRbRBwtþeTAnigRtUv)anGñkpþl;CMnYy nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYnbMeBj bEnßmelIkarBieRKaHeyabl; . TnÞwmCamYyenH eKRtUvkar[mankarsikSabEnßmeTot edIm,I CUndMNwgGMBIkic©GPivDÆn_ karRKb;RKgelImUldæanEdlGacsßitesßr ¬bJkarRKb;RKgrYmKña¦ nigedIm,IEsVgrkEbbEpnénkarRKb;RKgdéTeTotEdlsmRsbCamYysßanPaBenAmUldæan nigRsbtamsmtßPaBrbs;naykdæanClpl . eKKb,IeFVIkarsikSamYy edIm,IeRbobeFob RbB½n§ :RKb;RKgrYmKña : CamYynwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgLÚt_ensaT edayBicarNaGMBIry³eBl RKb;RKgxøIcMnYn2qñaM.

• enAkñúgkarERbRbYlbrisßankm<úCay:agqab;rh½s PaBRKb;RKan;énb,BaØatirbs;c,ab;fμ I nig bTb,BaØtþiCabnþbnÞab; naykdæanrukçaRbmaj; RtUvtamdaneGaymanCitsñiT§ ehIyRtUv Rbkan;ykviFIsaRsþskmμ kñúgkareFVIviesaFnkmμbBaØtþic,ab; nig bTb,BaØtþi RbsinebIrk eXIjfaman\T§iBlGviC¢man .

• smtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigbTb,BaØtþiepSg²enACa]bsKÁenAeLIy . karbegáItc,ab;fμ I nigkarbegáItGnuRkwtüCabnþbnÞab;nwgmanplb:HBal;tictYc enAeBlEdl eKminGacGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigbTb,BaØtþinana)ansmRsb . bBaðaenHminGacedaHRsay)an eday naykdæanClpl EtmYy)aneT ehIytMrUv[manshRbtibtþikarrbs;PaKIBak;B½n§ sMxan;² ¬ GaCJaFrmUldæan kgT½B .l. ¦47.

79 GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßmeTotGacTTYl)antamry³kic©GPivDÆn_varIvb,km μ nigkarEklMGExS sgVak;tMélénClpl . manskþanuBlCaeRcInsMrab;eFVIVvarIvb,kmμ rab;TaMgGtiplkMritTabdUcCakar eFVIkarciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgvalERskñúgeFVIERs. eRkABIenH karbegáItbNþajTIpSartamry³karvinieyaK ÉkCnenAelIRbB½n§RTRTg; dUcCakarplitTwkkk nigmeFüa)ayEkécñEdleqøIytb nigsþg;dar

47 enHKWCabBaa RbQmsMxan;mYy Tak;TgnigbBaaenHmanr)aykarsþIBIkarvayRbharrbs;kgT½BnigmRnþI DoF Edl BüayamGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtþi EdleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;bBaðakgT½B .


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GnþrCati Gacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_y:ageRcIndl;kic©GPivDÆn_sib,km μ nwgBaNiC¢kmμClplTUeTA . bBðaaTaMgGs;enHmanbBa¢ak;kñúgEpñkxageRkamenAkñúgEpñkniyayGMBI { karelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUl ksikm μ } .

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgClpl

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgRkbx½NÐsßab½nsMrab;RKb;RKgFnFanClpl

kMENTMrg;nigkarBRgwgsßab½n.BinitüemIleLIgvijnUvRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ rab;TaMgkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs; RksYgBak;B½n§ . begáItKN³km μaFikarGnþrRksYgedim,IsRmbsRmYlnigeRbIR)as;FnFan varICati. BRgwgkarsRmbsRmYlrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyenAkñúgvis½yClpl elIeKalkarN_ yuT§saRsþTUeTA ¬eq<aHeTArkkmμviFITUeTAenAkñúgvis½y¦.

tamdankarGnuvtþn_ nig plb:HBal;énRkbx½NÐc,ab; nig bTb,bBaØatifμ I edIm,IkMNt;tMrUvkarEdl GacmancMeBaHkarEktMrUvbEnßm .

edaHRsayPaBxusKñarvagkarerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay / Rkbx½NÐRKb;RKgedaybT-b,BaØtþiCamYynwgkarGnuvtþn_. BRgwgkareFVIvishmCÄkarkariyal½yClpl nwgvishmCÄkar smtßPaBsMrab;Gnuvtþc,ab;nigbTb,BaØtþibc©úb,nñenAfañk;mUldæan . BRgwgPaBCaédKUnigkic©-shkarCamYy nwgGaCJaFrmUldæan CamYyshKmn_ nigCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al.

begáInsmtßPaBvaytMélbrimaNsþúkrbs;RtICabeNþI²cMeBaHensaTTwksab nigensaTTwk éRb . karvaytMélenHnwgRtUveRbIR)as;sMrab;CYykñúgkarerobcMeKalneya)ay bTb,BaØtþi nig ynþkarGnuvtþn_ edIm,IRKb;RKgbrimaNsþúkrbs;RtI[manRbsiT§PaB Fana[)annUvplensaT EdlmannirnþrPaB nwgkat;bnßykarensaThYsehtu nwgkat;bnßykarricril nUvtMélsþúkén FnFan . kargarTaMgGs;enHnwigrYmmankarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§ ehIyKb,I BicarNaGMBIIhaniP½yénplb:HBal;dl;vis½ynanamkelIkarensaT BIvis½ykic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ GPIvDÆn_éRBeQI nigGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§ . sMrab;ry³eBlEvg karvaytMél [kan;Et RbesIrnUvbrimaNsþúkénCIv³cMruH smasPaBClpl nigr)ayFnFanClplnimYy² nwgGnuBaØat [kMNt;nUvTinñplmannirnþrPaBEpñkesdækic©EdlenAkñúgTidæPaBepSg².


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GaTiPaBTI 2 BRgwgyuT§saRsþRKb;RKgFnFanClpl

eFVIsniTankm μRbB½n§sm,Tan . BinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvRbsiT§PaBénRbB½n§sm,Tanbc©úb,nñ kñúgkareqøIytbnwgeKaledArYmrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanClplEdlmannirnþPaB nigmanRbsiT§PaB .

BinitüemIleLIgvijnUvemeronBIbTBiesaFn_nanaCamYyshKmn_ensaT. BinitüemIleLIgvij nUvplitplkarGnuvtþn_sakl,g nigerobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKgenAtamshKmn_EdlGacsßitesßr rab;TaMgkarbegáItnitiviFIsMrab;dak;bBa©Úl nigkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§. CMnYybec©k-eTs / karsikSa k¾Kb,IEsVgrkenACMerIsénkarRKb;RKgdéTeTotsMrab; DoF pgEdr.

dak;[mankMENTMrg;elIRKb;RKgClplEdledaHRsaysmRsbnUvnirnþrPaB lT§PaBensaT nwgbBaðasiT§irbs;GñkensaTxñattUc. Ep¥kelIkarBinitüemIlsareLIgvijxagelIenH nwgEp¥kelI bTBiesaFn_GnþrCati EsVgrkCMerIsRKb;RKgdéTeTot .

kMENTMrg;elIkarRKb;RKgTwk nigelIkarRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;

80 karRKb;RKgFnFanTwk karRKb;RKgFarasaRsþnigTwkCMnn; nwgkarpÁt;pÁgTwks¥atnigGnam½y enACnbT nigmanmuxgarsMxan;enAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_CnbT . TwkKWCaFnFanFmμCatii Edlmansar³sMxan; ehIykareRbIR)as;nigkarRKb;RKg)anRtwmRtUvKWCaKnøwHsMrab;GPivDÆn_CnbT nigsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamviFIcMnYn 5 y:ag³ ¬i¦ CaktþaplitkmμsMxan;²sMrab;plitkmμ ksikm μ-edIm,IelIkkMBs;CIvPaB[mansnþisuxes,ógnigGaharrUbtßmÖenACnbT ¬ii¦ KWCaRbPB sMxan;bMputEtmYyKt;éneRKaHfñak;haniP½yenAeBlmanPaBraMgs¶ÜtnigenAeBlmanTwkCMnn; ¬iii¦ KWCaRbPBénTwks¥atsMrab;briePaK sMrab;gUt Gnam½y nigsMrab;kareRbIR)as;déTeTotedIm,Ikat; bnßyCMgWEdlqøgedaysarTwk nigkat;bnßykarcMNayBak;B½n§énkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkarb:HBal; dl;kareFVIkar nigkarGb;rM ¬iv¦ CamUldæanénRbB½n§eGkULÚsIuvarICati-edIm,IeFVI[mannirnþrPaBcMeBaH karensaTTwksab nig ¬v¦ CameFüa)aysMxan;mYysMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnmnusSnigTMnij CaBiesssMrab; tMbn;q¶aydac;RsyalenAkñúgrdUvvsSa.

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81 RbeTskm<úCasMbUrN_FnFanTwk km<úCaTTYlTwkkñúgmYyqñaMRbEhl 475 BCM48 BIRbB½n§ TenøemKgÁEdleRsacRsb;elIépÞRbeTsRbEhl85° . b:uEnþePøógFøak;manry³eBl 6Ex enArdUv sSaehIymancMNuHGagtictYcsMrab;rkSaTwk nigsMrab;sMrYllMhUrTwkenArdUvvsSa . enAkñúg ry³eBl 6ExnardUvR)aMg karhYtEhgmankMritelIsBIePøógFøak; ehIykMBs;TwkenA tamdgTenøFøak;;cuH y:agxøaMg eFVI[RbPBFnFanTwkRsTab;elIdI EdlsßitenAeRkAcrnþTenøemKgÁnig Tenøsab man tictYcenArdUvR)aMg . TwkCMnn;ekIteLIgRbcaMqñaMehIyswgEtminGacRKb;RKg)an elIkElgEtTMnb;Twk ExSRkvat;RkugPñMeBjEtb:ueNÑaH . kñúgxN³EdnTwkCMnn;RbcaMqñaMnaMmknUv GtßRbeyaCn_viC¢mancMeBaH valTMnab eday)anbMeBjCIvCatinigdIl,b;RBmTaMgpþl;kEnøgsMrab;[RtIBg TwkCMnn;k¾bgá[man karxUcxatdl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§pldMNaM nigRTBüsm,tþibuKÁlpgEdr RBmTaMgeFVI[Gak;xandl ;sßanPaBesdækic©nigskmμPaBdéTeTotCaeRcIn . FnFanTwkeRkamdI RtUv)an)a:n;sμanfamanRbEhl 20 BCM b:uEnþskþanuBlsMrab;eRbIR)as;TwkeRkamdI manlkçN³ xus²KñatamPUmisaRsþ ehIyK μankartamdan nigBMu)anykmkeRbIR)as; . enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcIn ClsilamanRsTab; sμ úKsμaj nigmanCatiBulx<s;KWCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rmYyenAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYnenAEk,r pUvTwkTenøemKgÁ.

82 caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgRkbx½NÐsßab½neKalneya)ay nigRkbx½NÐc,ab;sMrab;RKb;RKgTwk . RksYg FnFanTwknig]tuniym ¬MOWRAM¦ EdlRtUv)anbegáItenAqñaM 1999 TTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk rab;TaMgkarRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;kareRsacRsB nigkarbgÚðrTwkxñatFM . GgÁPaBrbs; rdæaPi)aldéTeTotEdlTTYlxusRtUvTak;TgnwgbBaðaTwkrYmman³ ¬k¦ RksYg]sSa-hkmμ Er: nig famBl ¬pÁt;pÁgTwks¥atnigGnam½yenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnnigEk,rTIRbCMuCn¦ RksYg GPivDÆn_CnbT ¬pÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atnigGnam½yRBmTaMgRbB½n§eRsacRsBxñattUc ¦ RksYgsaFa-rN³karnigdwkCBa¢Ún ¬bgðÚrTwk RKb;RKgTwkCMnn; nignavacrN_¦ RksYgbrisßan ¬KuNPaBTwk¦ RksYgksikm μrukçaRbma:j; nigensaT ¬karRKb;RKgdIesImnigRKb;RKgkarensaT¦ nwgRksYg suxaPi)al ¬FnFanTwkEdl b:HBal;dl;suxPaB¦ ¬x¦GaCJaFrextþRkug ¬K¦ RkumRbwkSaXMunig ¬X¦ KN³kmμakarGPivDÆn_PUmi . kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMcugeRkay mankarRbwgERbgy:ageRcInkñúgkar GPivDÆn_eKalneya)ayFnFan Twk nigRkbx½NÐc,ab; . RbkarEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;rYmmanman ¬i¦ eKalneya)ayCatisþIBI FnFanTwk rg;caMkarGnum½tBIRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI ¬ii¦ esckþIRBagc,ab;

48Ban;lanEm:RtKUb


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fμ IsþIBITwk rg;caMkarÉkPaBBI sPa ¬iii¦ yuT§saRsþFnFanTwk ¬iv¦ Rkbx½NÐyuT§saRsþTwk ¬v¦ EpnkaryuT§saRsþsþIBITwk ¬vi¦ esckþIRBagyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_FnFanTwk . eKalneya)ay /

yuT§saRsþ / c,ab;TaMgenH)anTTYlkarKaMRT BIGñkpþl;CMnYyepSg²ehIyerobcM)anl¥ . eTaHCa y:agenHkþI caM)ac;RtUv ³

• eFVIsniTankm μ BRgwg nigGnum½t eKalneya)ay / yuT§saRsþ /c,ab;EdlmankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ • erobcMnigGnum½tGnuRkwtünigbTb,BaØtþiepSg² sMrab;Gnuvtþn_bBaØtþinanaénc,ab;sþIBITwk e)aHpSay

GnuRkwtünigbBaØtþiTaMgenaHRBmTaMgksagsmtßPaBrbs;TIPñak;garBak;B½n§kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ • elIkkMBs;PaBCakm μsiT§rbs;rdæaPi)alnigbnþelIkkMBs;karsRmbsRmYlrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy

Tak;Tgnwgrebobvar³sþIBIFnFanTwkenAkm<úCa • elIkkMBs;kargarsRmbsRmYlrvagsßab½nrdæaPi)alepSg² elIkarTTYlxusRtUvGMBITwkenARKb;

fñak; • begáItEpnkarskmμPaBCayuT§saRsþ edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak; cMeBaHGgÁPaBnanarbs;

rdæaPi)al kñúgkardwknaMkmμviFIBak;B½n§nwgTwk kñúgbribTsþIBIeKalneya)ay/yuT§saRsþ/c,ab; nig BicarNaGMBIeKaledAGPiDÆn_tamvis½ydéTeTot ¬ksikmμ ensaT brisßan .l.¦

83 karksagEpnkarnigkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkenAkñúgkMriténGagTenøemKgÁmansar³sMxan;kñúgkar ély:agNa[kareRbIR)as;siT§inigFnFandIFøImannirnþrPaBsMrab;CaGtßRbeyaCn_énRbCaBlrdæ CnbTkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñnwgeBlGnaKt . eKalkarN_GnþrCatisþIBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwkbgðajfa karRKb;RKgFnFanTwkKb,IGnuvtþn_enAkñúgbribTGagTenøemKgÁ nigKb,I[mankarcUlrYmBIRksYgmnÞIr enAfñak;kNþal GaCJaFrmUldæan GñkeRbIR)as;Twk nigPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot. edayehtufaFnFanTwk rbs;km<úCamanRbPBCacMbgmkBIGagTenøemKgÁ karksagEpnkarGagTenø emKgÁenAkñúgGnu GagTenøemKgÁenAkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþn_ enAkñúgbribTénkarksagEpnkarGagTenøemKgÁEdl sRmbsRmYledayKN³km μkarTenøemKgÁ ¬MRC ¦. kalBIeBlfμ I²enH RksYg MOWRAM )an CMnYsRksYgsaFrN³karnigdwkCBa¢Únkñúgzn³Casßab½nrdæaPi)alTTYlbnÞúk nigTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkar sRmbsRmYl karcUlrYmrbs;km<úCaenAkñúg MRC nigsmtßPaBrbs; MOWRAM kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ kargarenH caM)ac;RtUvBRgwg.


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84 kic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþn_ enAkñúgbribTTUlayBIkareFVIBiBiFkmμksikmμ enAkñúgbribTeKaledArYménkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT . ksikm μrbs;RbeTskm<úCamYy cMENkFM BwgEp¥kelIdMNaMRsUvehIymandIERsRbEhlEt 20° bJ 473>000 hiktab:ueNÑaH EdlmankmμviFIeRsacRsB . eTaHCay:agenHkþITMhMénkarersacRsBEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB mankMrit ticCagenHq¶ayNas; . enAkñúgcMeNamkmμviFIeRsacRsBbc©úb,nñcMnYn 946 EdlRKbdNþb; elIépÞdI 470>000 hikta nigmanépÞdIEt 250>000 hiktab:ueNÑaH Edl)anTTYlTwkRKb;RKan; edaysarsßanPaBRTuDeRTamTUeTAnigedaysarkarerobcM nigRKb;RKgkmμviFIBIdMbUgmin)anl¥. PaKeRcIneKdaMRsUvedayK μankareRsacRsB KWdaMkñúgrdUvvsSa bJdaMenAcugrdUvvsSa nigdaMenAkñúgedIm rdUvR)aMgelItMbn;FMlVwgelVIy EdlTwkRskbnSl;TukdIl,b;mansMeNImy:ageRcI;n-ehIyplitkmμBI mYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMmankarERbRbYly:agxøaMg eRBaHfaplitkm μRsUvBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelIGakasFatu CaBiessKWeBlevlaePøógFøak; nigkMriténTwkePøóg . bc©úb,nñenHRbeTskm<úCaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRbeTsplitdMNaMRsUv {pÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉg)anRKb;RKan;} KWkm<úCaeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarTIpSarkñúgRsuk ehIynaMecjGgÁrmYycMnYntUceTAeRkARbeTs . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday plitkm μRsUvCaeRcInenA RbeTskm<úCaRtUv)aneKbriePaKenAtamERscMkarehIybBaða Gsnþisuxes,ógenACabBaðacMbgsMrab; RKYsarRkIRk . GaRs½yehtuenHviFankarepSg²dUcCakarelIk kMBs;bec©kviTüaksikmμenAkñúgtMbn; ERsvsSa nigERsRbedjTwk nigkareFVInitism,TaRbB½n§eRsacRsBxñattUcEdlmincMNayx<s; edIm,IbegáInplitkmμRsUvRbedjTwksMrab;ksikreFVIERsCIvRBwtþ kñúgkarbegáInplitkmμ GacCYytMbn; mYycMnYn[eqøIytbnwgkgVHes,ógGahar ehIyGacbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikrTaMgenH nigGac edaHRsayedaypÞal;nUvPaBRkIRk .

85 karBRgIkbJkarEklMGRbB½n§eRsacRsBxñatFMsMrab;plikmμRsUv PaKeRcInK μanRbsiT§iPaB kñúgkarcMNayeLIy GaRs½yehtuenHkic©GPivDÆn_ RbB½n§eRsacRsB Kb,IepþatelIdMNaMcMruHEdl mantMélx<s;CagRsUv . bBaðaEdlfaetIRbeTskm<úCaGacnwgmanlT§PaBkñúgkarbegáIn ¬tamn½y esdækic©¦karnaMecjRsUveRcInbJy:agNaenaH mYyEpñkFMGaRs½yelIkarvivDÆn_énktþaépÞeRkA dUcCa smtßPaBplitkmμelIsBIkareRbIR)as;enARbeTsCitxag . CagenHeTAeTotplitkmμRsUvGacekIn eLIgy:ageRcInedaymincaM)ac; mankarvinieyaKCaduMkMPYnelIehdæarcnasm<½n§eRsacRsBfμ IxñatFM eLIy . cMNaynigcMeNjbEnßménkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBfμ IxñatFM caM)ac;RtUveRbobeFob


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CamYycMNaynigkMeNInplcMeNjénkarbegáInplitkm μRsUvvsSa nignitism,TaénRbB½n§eRsac-RsBbc©úb,nñEdlcMNaytic. PaBsßitesßrEpñkesdækic©énvinieyaKEbbenH caM)ac;RtUvmankar vaytMél[)anRbesIrtamkrNICak;EsþgnImYy² . kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHRbeTskm<úCanaMcUl plitplmYycMnYndUcEpøeQI nigbEnøepSg²EdleKGacplitedaycMNayTab sMrab;bMerIesckþI RtUvkarTIpSarkñúgRsuk RbsinebImankarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBdwkCBa¢ÚnnigynþkarnigrkTIpSarman lkçN³RKb;RKan; . caM)ac;RtUvykcitþTukdak;elIRbB½n§eRsacRsBedaypSarP¢ab;CamYykardaMdMNaM cMruHEdlpþl;tMélx<s;edayBicarNaGMBIPaBsμ úKsμajTaMgGs; BIkargarEbbenH eBalKW]bsKÁEpñk vb,Fm’ kñúgkarERbkøayksikrdaMRsUv[daMdMNaMdéT katBVkic©BinitüKuNPaBEpøeQI nigbEnøepSg² karrkTIpSar karEkécñ bBaðadwkCBa¢ÚnnigrkSaTuk niglT§PaB)anTTYl\TaNksikm μ)anTan;eBl evla.

RbGb;TI4 ³ bBaðaRbQménkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBxñatFMenAkm<úCa

KMeragEdl)anTTYlhirBaØb,TanBIm©as;CMnYyPaKeRcInRbmUlpþMúlIkm μviFIeRsacRsBxñattUc nigxñat mFüm elImUldæanEdlKitfaPaBs μ úKsμajbEnßm énkm μviFIxñatFMmankarlM)akkñúgkarRKb;RKg enA kñúgbribTsßab½nnigsgÁmbc©úb,nñ ³ - man FWUCs CaeRcInenAkñúgkmμviFImYy enAeBlEdl FWUCs enAfμIenAeLIy Rkbx½NÐc,ab; mineBjeljehIycaM)ac;RtUvBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs; MOWRAM - PaBxusKñaénsmtßPaBRKb;RKgrbs; FWUC EdlGaceFVI[manTMnas; -karlM)akkñúgkarsMerc)annUvkarerobcMkm μviFIeRsacRsBEdlmankarsRmbsRmYlCamYymnÞIr MOWRAM ¬DOWRAMs¦ enAfñak;extþ BMumanCMnajRKb;RKan;kñúgkarpþl;esva Edlman RbsiT§iPaB -K μannitiviFI O&M sMrab;pþl;mUniFicMeBaHyfaRbePTehdæarcnasm<½n§xñatFM Edl MOWRAM rkSaTuk

-karlM)akmYycMnYnkñúgkareFVIy:agNa[ FWUCs enAkñúgkmμviFIFM eFVIshRbtibtþuikar pÞúyeTAvij - enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlvis½yÉkCnTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_GMBIbriyakasGaCIvkm μEdlmanlkçN³ GMeNaypl karcUlrYmrbs;vis½yÉkCnenAkñúgkmμviFIFM²manlkçN³gayRsYlCag


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- manesdækic©maRtdæan sMrab;dMNaMfμ I² ]TahrN_ kb,as sakvb,km μ karciBa©wmRtI .l. -kareFVIksikm μ xñatFMtamEbbshkrN_ nigkarerobcMcat;EcgEpñkrkTIpSar manlT§PaBeRcIn kñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarnwgmanPaBRbkYtRbECgGMBIéfø -eKkan;Etman»kasbEnßmeTotenAkñúgkarTTYlykbec©kviTüa nigelIkkMBs;RbsiT§iPaBénRbB½n§ eRsacRsB .

eTaHCay:agenHk¾edaykm<úCaRtUvbegáItbrisßanGMeNayplEbbenH.

86 karpþl;GaTiPaBénvinieyaKkñúgkarRKb;RKg;FnFFanTwk caM)ac;RtUveFVIsniTankm μeday Ep¥kelIlkçN³vinicä½yc,as;las; nigEp¥kelIeKalkarN_Edl)anerobrab;xagelI. Éksarksag Epnkar sMrab;karvinieyaKelIkargarRKb;RKgTwk¬dUcÉksarEdl)anerobcM SEDP II bJ NPRS¦ tamFmμta manbBa¢IsþIBIsMeNIkm μviFIsMrab;eFVInitism,TaEdlrdæaPi)alEsVgrkFnFanbEnßm . rebobEdl sMeNIvinieyaKTak;TgCamYyeKaledArYmnigeKaledACak;lak;rbs;vis½yénkic©GPivDÆn_ enAmUldæan tamFmμtamanlkçN³minc,as;las;eT dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHGaTiPaB elIkargarvinieyaK.

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87 karRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;Kb,IKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkarrs;enACamYyTwkCMnn; RbsinebIGaceFVI)an dak;bBa©Úl nUvkarEfrkSanigkarelIkkMBs;GtßRbeyaCn_nigkat;bnßyplb:HBal;GviC¢man. TwkCMnn; RbcaMqñaM eFVI[manplb:HBal;cMruHEbb ¬EpñksgÁm-pÞHsMEbgsßitenAÉeka eKminGaceFVIdMeNIr eRkABITUk kaNUt)aneT RbPBénTwks¥atRtUv)at;bg;enAeBlTwkhUrcUlGNþÚg karrIkraldalénCMgW eBaHevon nigCMgWdéTeTot nigEpñkesdækic©- xUcxatpldMNaMCaeRcIn xUcxatpUvfñl;¦ . karxatbg; EbbenH nwgekIneLIgbEnßmeTotenAeBlEdlesdækic©rbs;km<úCarIkcMerIn . eKalneya)ayrbs; rdæaPi)al EdlBwgEp¥keTAelITIPñak;garGnþrCati [ra:b;rgcMeBaHkarxatbg;TaMgRsug kñúgkarbeBa©ós eRKaH mhnþrayminGacsßitesßr)aneLIy ehIyrdæaPi)al RtUvetomlkçN³ErkBunelIkarxUcxat TaMgenH mYyPaKFM49 . edIm,IeFVI[kic©RbwgERbgkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmannirnþrPaB caM)ac;RtUvRKb;RKg

49enAkñúgeBlEdlmanTwkCMnn;enAqñaM2000/2001CMnYy]btßmÖKaMRTBIshKmn_GnþrCatimancMnYn Citesμ Inigkarxatbg; edaypÞal;TaMgRsugbNþalmkBITwkCMnn;EdlmanbrimaNTwkR)ak;RbEhl160landula ¬ es μ InwgBak;kNþaléncrnþ rbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;qñaM2000¦karx©IR)ak;BIFnaKarADB nigBIFnaKarBiPBelakmanbrimaNesμ Inwg50°énkarxUcxat


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haniP½yéneRKaHmhnþraytamEbbmYyEdlmanlkçN³skmμedayeRbIR)as;viFankarbgáa nig viFankarbeBa¢ós eRbIR)as;Faturcnasm<½n§ ¬dUcCaehdæarcnasm<½n§bgÚðrTwk TMnb;TwkCaedIm¦ nigFatu minEmnCarcnasm<½n§ .

88 eTaHbICamankarRbwgERbgCaeRcInkñúgkarksagsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkþI KN³kmμaFikarCati RKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayenAEtexSay nigK μanlT§PaBGnuvtþn_muxgarsRmbsRmYlrbs;xøÜneLIy . NCDM RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IsRmbsRmYlkic©RbwgERbgRKb;RKgmhnþrayenAkñúgRbeTs ehIy KN³kmμaFikar enHmansmaCikPaBmkBIRksYgBak;B½n§CamYyTak;Tg nigkarRKb;RKgnwgbeBa©ós eRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati . b:uEnþesckþIRBageKalneya)ayCati sþIBIkarRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayEdl eK)ansesrenAqñaM 1997 rdæaPi)alenAminTan;Gnuvtþn_enAeLIy ehIyfVIt,itEtKN³kmμaFikarenH raykarN_edaypÞal;eTAnaykrdæmRnþIkþI KN³km μaFikarenHswgEtK μanGMNac sUm,IEtkarsRmb-sRmYlskm μPaB dUcCakarvaytMélkarxUcxat nigkarbBa¢ÚnBt’maneTAkan;shKmn_gayrgeRKaH muneBleRKaHmhnþrayekIteLIgkþI . Ep¥kelIlT§PaBénehtukarN_eRKaHmhnþrayenAGnaKt caM)ac;RtUvmankarCYyeRCamERCgdl; NCDM [elIkkMBs;RbB½n§ nignitiviFIrbs;xøÜnsMrab; vaytMélkarxUcxat vaytMélesckþIRtUvkar nigraykarN_GMBIeRKaHmhnþray k¾dUcCasmtßPaB sRmbsRmYlrbs;xøÜnpgEdr.

89 caM)ac;RtUvmanviFIsaRsþEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³skm μ cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray Fm μCati edayepþatelIviFankarbgáarnigbeBa©ós . bEnßmelIbTb,BaØtþisþIBIkarksagsmtßPaB elIkic©RbwgERbgkñúgeBlGnaKtkñúgEpñkRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayenAkm<úCa caM)ac;RtUvmankarKaMRTBI yuT§saRsþCatisþIBIkarRKb;RKgnigbeBa©óseRKaHmhnþrayEdlmanlkçN³skmμ nigsMrbtam lT§PaBrbs;rdæaPi)alCaBiessKWlT§PaBEpñksareBIBn§nigsmtßPaBEpñkbec©keTs. yuT§saRsþ enHKb,Ipþl;RKb;x½NÐRKb;RKghaniP½yeBjeljmYy EdlkMNt;GtþsBaØaN ¬ yl;dwgGMBI TMhM haniP½ybc©úb,nñ nigvaytMélPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHskþanuBlénplb:HBal;éneRKaHmhnþray éneRKaHfñak;TaMgenaH¦ karkat;bnßyhaniP½y ¬ Rbkan;ykviFankaredIm,IeCosvageRKaHmhnþray nigTb;Tl;CamYyplb:HBal;éneRKaHmhnþray¦ nigkarEckrMElk /epÞrhaniP½y ¬GnuvtþyuT§saRsþ

edaypÞal;. KiteTAkñúgTUTaMgBiPBelakCaTUeTACMnYy]btßmÖBIxageRkATUTat;ticCag10° énkarxUtxatbNþamk BIPaBGnþrayFmμCati .


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nanasMrab;kat;bnßyplb:HBal;EpñkhirBaØvtßú éneRKaHmhnþraymkelIBlrdæRkIRk nigmkelI esdækic©¦ . Rkbx½NÐenHcaM)ac;RtUvmankarTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§CamYynwgesckþIsMerccitþEpñkeKal-neya)ay edIm,IeFVIy:agNa[smaCiknanarbs; NCDM nigshKmn_ NGO CaédKUman RbsiT§iPaB . karykcitþTukdak;kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñelIskm μPaBeRkayeBlmaneRKaHmhnþray caM)ac;RtUvman tulüPaBCamYynigviFankarbgáarnigbeBa©ós . kareFVIsuRkitkmμényuT§saRsþenH caM)ac;;RtUvmankar cUlrYm nigKb,IRbmUlmtieyabl;BIPaKIBak;B½n§nanaTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;mUlniFi elIkarRKb;RKgeRKaH mhnþray.CaBiessRkbx½NÐenHKb,Idak;bBa©Úlemeron EdlRtUveronsURtBI kic©Rbtibtþil¥²enA GnþrCati nigenAkñúgRsuk nigeRbIR)as; bec©kviTüabc©úb,nñsMrab;RKb;RKgeRKaH mhnþray kñúgbribT énkarekIteLIgnUveRKaHmhnþrayTwkEdlkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶renAkm<úCa.

90 Tak;Tgnigkarkat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaHenAmUldæan caM)ac;RtUvmankarsikSabnþ enAkñúgEpñk sMxan;cMnYn 3³ ¬i¦karRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþrayEp¥kelIshKmn_ . eRKaHmhnþrayFm μCati manplb:HBal;y:agxøaMgmkelIRKYsarRkIRk nigeFVI[raMgsÞHdl;karpþl;esvasgÁmCamUldæan dUcCa Twks¥at suxaPi)al nigkarGb;rM . viFIl¥RbesIbMputkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaenHKWkarbgálkçN³ [mankarcUlrYmBIshKmn_ mUldæankñúgkarbegáItviFankarbeBa©ósnigviFankarsMrbxøÜntam sPaBkarN_ . GgÁkarNGOs mYycMnYn)annigkMBugEsVgrkviFIRTRTg;shKmn_mUldæanelIbBaðaenH EdlmanlT§plKYr[Tukcitþ b:uEnþtMrUv[mankarsikSabEnßmeTot ¬ii¦ karRKb;RKgeRKaH mhnþrayEp¥kelIshKmn_ caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgbEnßmnUvkmμviFiyl;dwgbEnßmBIsaFarN³Cnnig ¬iii¦ karksagbNþajsuvtßiPaBsgÁmcMeBaHshKmn_nana edIm,ICyBYkeKkñúgkarsMrbxøÜneRkayeBlman eRKaHmhnþray. bNþajsuvtßiPaBTaMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvelIkTwkcitþ[manCMenOCak;elIxøÜnÉg nig eCosvagkareFVI[shKmn_BwgEp¥kelICMnYyCadrab tamey³karbegáItRbPBcMNUlminEmnksikmμ karbegáItRKwHsßanFnaKar nigRKwHsßanhirBaØvtßúEdlpþl;esvasBa¢½y nigpþl;\NTan RBmTaMg karvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;² . RtUvkMNt;eKaledA)ansmRsbcMeBaHshKmn_Edl manesckþIxVHxat caM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBIynþkarsRmbsRmYlbc©úb,nñ nigyl;dwgfaetIRtUvBRgwg ynþkarTaMgenaHedayrebobNa .

91> caM)ac;RtUvdak;bBa©ÚlviFankarbeBa©ósTwkCMnn;eTAkñúgkarerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§ . karerobcM bøg;bec©keTs CaBiesssMrab;bøg;bec©keTsehdæarcnasm<½n§ caM)ac;RtUvmaneKalbMNgcMruHEbb.


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]TahrN_eKGacksagpøÚvedim,ITb;Tl;nwgeRKaHmhnþray nigeFVICaTITYlx<s;sMrab;mnusSnigstV EdlsßitenAkñúgTItaMgminGMeNaypl . KMrUbøg;EdlmaneKaledAcMruHTaMgenHk¾GacCameFüa)ay pþl;RbsiT§iPaBpgEdrGMBIkardak;bBa©ÚllkçN³BiesssþIBIkarbeBa©ósTwkCMnn;eTAkñúgKMrUbøg;bec©kTs ehIyTidæPaBTaMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIl[)anm:t;ct;.karsikSabBaðaenH k¾caM)ac;RtUvsMedAyl;dwg GMBIkarbegáItnigGnuvtþn_RkmksagnigRkmGFikarkic©50 k¾dUcCakarGnuvtþn_bTdæannana nigkarTTYl xusRtUv. skm μPaBcugeRkayTaMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvTTYl karKaMRTBIRkbx½NÐc,ab;nigBIeKalneya)ay smRsb.

92 épÞpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atnigGnam½yenACnbT enAkm<úCamankMritTab eTaHbIeRbobeFobnigsþg;dar NakþI . manRKYsarenACnbTRbEhl25°)anTTYlTwks¥at EdlmansuvtßiPaBehIyRKYsarenA CnbT RbmaNCa10°b:ueNÑaHEdlmanlT§PaBeRbIR)as;]bkrN_Gnam½y enAkñúgxN³EdltMrUvkar Twks¥atkMBugekIneLIgenAtMbn;CnbT enAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn brimaNnigKuNPaBTwkenAépÞxagelI nigRbPB TwkeRkamdImanminRKb;RKan;eLIy. enAeRkATIRkugPñMeBjK μanRbB½n§bgðÚrTwksMGuyeLIy. bgÁn;Gnam½yRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAtMbn;CnbT b:uEnþmantictYcEtb:ueNÑaH. RbeTskm<úCaKWCa RbeTsmYyEdlmanCMgWEdlbNþalmkBITwkkxVk; manGaRtax<s;bMputenAkñúgBiPBelak. kareRbI-R)as;TwkEdlKμansuvtßiPaB nig]bkrN_Gnam½yminl¥KYbpSMnwgGnam½yminRKb;RKan; RtUv)aneK kMNt;GtþsBaØaNfaCamUlehtucMbgbMputcMeBaHGaRtamrN³/qøgCMgWkumarx<s;bMput. enAtMbn;mYy cMnYnmankMriténCatiBulx<s;.

93> caM)ac;RtUveFVIkargarbEnßms þIBIyuT§saRsþpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigGnam½yenACnbT edIm,IENnaM vinieyaKenAkñúgvis½yenH . MDGs sMrab;RbeTskm<úCatMrUv[p þl;karpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atcMeBaH RbCa BlrdæcMnYn 40 PaKry enAqñaM 2005 nigp þl;esvaGnam½yeTA[RbCaBlrdæcMnYn 20 PaKryenAqñaM 2005 . fμ I²enHRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT ¬MRD¦ nigRksYg]sSahkm μEr: nigfamBl ¬MIME¦ )anbegáIt nigGnum½tRsbCamYyKñanUveKalneya)aypÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at nigGnam½yenA CnbTnigenATIRbCMuCn . eKBMueXIjmanyuT§saRs þpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigGnam½yenAtMbn;CnbT Edl

50 kMNt;sMKal;rbs;GñkbkERb ³ BaküedImKW building codes and inspection codes . GñkbkERbminR)akdfaxøÜnyl; KMnitrbs;GñkniBn§eLIy


70

dak;ecjnUvskmμPaBnana nigkarvinieyaKBak;B½n§EdlRtUveqøIytbnwgeKaledArYmTaMgenaHeLIy . edaysarsuxPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic© nigcMeBaHsuxumalPaB Twks¥anigGanam½yenAtMbn;CnbT Kb,Icat;TukfaCavinieyaKsaFarN³GaTiPaB edayBicarNadl; »kasvinieyaKÉkCnelIRbB½n§pÁt;pÁg;TwkedaybMBugTueyatUc² .

94> Kb,IRtUvBRgwgmuxgarrbs;PaKIBak;B½n§epSg² . MRD GnuvtþKMeragpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at nig Ganam½yenACnbTmYycMnYn eday)anTTYlmUlniFiBIGñkp þl;CMnYy ehIyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alk¾man lkçN³skm μenAkñúgEpñkenHpgEdr . CagenHeTAeTotkarpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at nigGanam½ymanKMerag CaeRcInenAfñak;XMu Edlp þl;hirBaØb,TanedayRkumRbwkSaXMueEp¥kelImUlniFiXMu-sgáat; ¬180 KMerag mantMél 627,476 duløarshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM 2002¦ . enAtMbn;CnbTmYycMnYnenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa vis½yÉkCnmanskmμPaBskmμCabgÁÜr kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkenAtMbn;RTnab;TIRbCMuCn nigman»kassMrab;Gnuvtþn_KMeragEbbenH. b:uEn þRtUvmankartamdanCasaFarN³ nigmankar RKb;RKgKuNPaBTwkk¾dUcCaRKb;RKgsk þanuBlplb:HBal;GviC¢manmkelIClsilaEdlCaRsTab; TwkpgEdr .

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;kMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgTwk nigTwkCMnn;

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgRkbx½NÐsßab½n nigeKalneya)aybc©úb,nñ

• erobcM nigGnum½tGnuRkwtü nigbTb,BaØtiþnanaedIm,IGnuvt þbBaØtþi þc,ab;s þIBITwks¥at edayEp¥kelI emeronEdl)anTTYlBIKMeragepSg² nigeRbIR)as;karBieRKaHRKb;RCugeRCay . erobcMEpnkar skm μPaBCayuT§saRs þ edIm,IENnaMkm μviFIBak;B½n§nwgTwkrbs;RksYgsßab½nBak;B½n§rbs;rdæa- Pi)al . ksagsmtßPaBrbs;sßab½nTaMgenaH[Gnuvt þbTb,BaØtiþ þnanasþIGMBITwk .


71

• bn þelIkkMBs;karsRmbsRmYlrbs;m©as;CMnYy51nigbegáItKN³km μaFikarGcwé®nþy_rvagRksYg b¤RkumkargarepSg² edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasRmbsRmYlenAkñúgvis½yTwk nigtamdan shRbtibt þikarépÞkñúgsßab½n . BRgwgkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RksYgsßab½nBak;B½n§edIm,IGnuvt þ skmμPaBEdl)anÉkPaB .

• enAkñúgbribTvishmCÄkar nigvimCÄkar BinitürkemIlkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwk kic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§ eRsacRsB karRKb;RKgTwkCMnn; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk RBmTaMgCMerIsGnam½yenAkMrwtshKmn_ .

• cUlrYmenAkñúgkic©p þÜcep þImrbs;KN³kmμkarTenøemKgÁenATUTaMgRbeTs rYmmankarbegáIt yuT§saRs þFnFanTwkedaymankarcUlrYmBIPaKIBak;B½n§mkBIGnuGagTenøemKgÁEdlmanGaTiPaB mYycMnYn. begáInkarcUlrYmenAkñúgKN³kmμkarTenøemKgÁrab;TaMgkarelIkkMBs;cMNgTak;Tg nig karsRmbsRmYlyuT§saRs þnigkm μviFIFnFanTwkrbs;km<úCaCamYykmμviFIRKb;RKg nigGPivDÆn_ FnFanTwkTenøemKgÁqøgEdn .

GaTiPaBTI 2 ksagEpnkarnigvinieyaK[kan;EtmanlkçN³CayuT§saRsþ nigKaMRTeKaledArYm énkic©GPivDÆn_esdækic©eTA .

• eFVIsniTankm μcMeBaHkarpþl;GaTiPaBénKMeragvinieyaK eTaHbICaxñattUc bJ xñatFMkþI tamry³ kareRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicä½yénkareRCIserIsc,as;las; .

• cab;epþImeFVIkarenAkñúgkMritGagTenøemKgÁ nigFana[manPaBsIusgVak;KñaCamYyeKaledArYm rvag karGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©TUeTAdéTeTot. erobcMGPivDÆ nigRKb;RKg RbB½n§FarasaRsþ nigRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;enAkñúgbribTénEpnkarGagTenøemKgÁEdl ¬i¦ epþatkar ykcitþTikdak;elIGtßRbeyaCn_cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk¬ii¦manlkçN³cuHsRmugCamYynigkar begáItGtßRbeyaCn_énkarensaT ¬iii¦manlkçN³cuHsRmugCamYynigrbbTwkCMnn;Fm μCatinig rbbTwkRsk ¬ iv¦ manlkçN³sßitesßrtamn½yesdækic©nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæ

51 enAkñúgdMeNIrkarbc©úb,nñkñúgkarbegáItRkumkargarbec©keTsrYmKñarvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkp þl;CMnYy¬TWG¦eK)anbegáIt RkummYysMrab;RKb;RKgksikmμ nigTwk . elIsBIenHeTAeTotkmμviFImYyEdlp þl;hirBaØb,TanedayRbeTs)araMgkMBugKaMRT RkumkargaryuT§saRs þenARksYg MOWRAM .


72

mYyPaKFM ¬v¦ RtUv)anerobcMnigGnuvtþn_kñúgTMnak;TMngCamYy nigKN³kmμaFikarksikr énGñkeRbIR)as;Twk .

• begáItEpnkarnignitiviFisMrab;RKb;RKgTwksMrab;GnuGagGaTiPaBnigshKmn_ Edlnwg ³ ¬i¦ kMritkareRbIR)as;Twk nigkMritkarbgðÚrTwkRtlb;mkvijeFobnwgbrimaNnigeFobnwgkMritKuNPaB TwkEdlEfrkSanigEdleFVI[brisßanmannirnþrPaB ¬ii¦ EbgEckTUeTAcMeBaHkareRbIR)as;epSg² ¬ brisßan eRsacRsBksikm μ TIRkug nig]sSahkm μ ¦nigl½kçx½NÐbgðÚrecjmkvij edIm,I[ eqøIytbnwgeKaledAEdlmannirnþrPaB ¬iii¦ erobcMnigGnuvtþn_RbB½n§tamdan nigRbB½n§RKb;RKg siT§i/ karbgðÚr edIm,IRKb;RKgkareRbIR)as;;Twk enAkñúgkMrit]bsKÁTaMgenH .

GaTiPaBTI 3 erobcMeRtomlkçN³Tb;Tl;nigbeBa©óseRKaHmhnþray

• BinitüemIlsarCafμInigÉkPaBcMeBaHEpnkarCati;RKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray. EsVgrkCMnYy bec©keTsEdlKaMRTedayGñkpþl;CMnYy EsVgrkkarbNþúHbNþalnigvinieyaK edIm,IelIkkMBs; smtßPaB elIkkMBs;RbB½n§nignitiviFIrbs; NCDM kñúgkarvaytMélkarxUcxatnigvaytMél esckþIRtUvkar nigelIkkMBs;smtßPaBkñúgkarraykarN_ . erobcMyuT§saRsþRKb;RKghaniP½y EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay føwgEføgviFIsaRsþbc©úb,nñcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgeRKaHmhnþray Fm μCatiCamYynwgviFIsaRsþmYyEdlmanlkçN³skm μ nigsMrbtamsmtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al km<úCa CaBiesssMrbtamsmtßPaBEp μksareBIBn§nigbec©keTs .

• BinitüsareLIgvijnUvemronEdldkRsg;ecjBIbTBiesaFn_CamYynwgviFisaRsþénkarRKb;RKg haniP½yEp¥kelIshKmn_ BIsMNak;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnigm©as;CMnYydéTeTot edayyk citþTukdak;eq<aHeTArkkarCUndMNwgGMBIkarerobcMKaMRTkñúgeBlGnaKt BIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nig shKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy.

• eFVIsmahNkmμkareRtomlkçN³Tb;Tl; nigkarbeBa©óseRKaHmhnþrayeTAkñúgkarksag EpnkareRbIR)as;dInwgkarerobcM ehdæarcnasm<½n§.


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GaTiPaBTI 4 ekogKrFnFansMrab;BRgIkkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigGnam½yenAtMbn;CnbT

• bgálkçN³[mansmFm’cMeBaHkarpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atnigGnam½yenACnbT tamry³karbegáIn karvinieyaKkñúgkarCIkGNþÚgTwk nigksagbgÁn;Gnam½yenAtamtMbn;q¶aydac;Rsyalk¾dUcCa RbB½n§bgðÚrTwksMGuy enAtamTIkEnøgsmRsb .

• elIkTwkcitþ[mankarcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn.begáIt[mankarcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn[)ankan;Et eRcInbEnßmeTotenAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atenACnbT nigkic©GPivDÆn_EpñkGnam½y KYr)anTTYl karelIkTwkcitþedaysarEtbBaðakgVHxatmUlniFivinieyaKvis½ysaFarN³ nwgedaysar Rbtibtþiikar nigkarRKb;RKgmeFüa)aymYycMnYn KYrTuk[vis½yÉkCnCaGñkra:b;rg . enA RbeTsdéTeTotvis½yÉkCnkMBugedItYkan;EtsMxan;eLIg² enAkñúgkarpþl;karpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at nig esvaGnam½yEdlmanlkçN³Casarv½nþ .

karbegáInR)ak;cMNUlksikmμ

95 edIm,I[manvDÆnPaBelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAcMeBaHmuxGaRtakMeNInRbCaBlrdæx<s; vis½yksikmμnigCnbTcaM)ac;RtUvrIkcMerIn y:agehacNas;mankMeNInBi 5 eTA 6° kñúgmYyqñaM ¬sUmGanEpñkTI 1¦ . enHKWCaGaRtakMeNInx<s;eFobniglT§plGnuvtþn_rbs;vis½ykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ ehIykarbegáInplitPaBdMNaMRsUv k¾nwgekIneLIgeq<aHeTArkkareqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarenH ³

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• skþanuBlkñúgkarrYmviPaKTancMeBaHkMeNIn GDP BIkarbegáInplitkm μRsUv tamry³kar begáInbJBRgIktMbn;daMduHCYbnwgkarlM)akedaysarEtsmtßPaBRsUbrbs;TIpSarkñúgRsukmankMrit manKuNPaBminl¥sMrab;karnaMecj enAmanesssl;smtßPaBenAkñúgtMbn; nigGaRs½yelIninñakarrYménéføFBaØCatienAkñúgtMbn; nigenAelIBiPBelakEdlman ry³eBlEvg

• bu;Enþ sUm,IEtenAkñúgkMhitCamYynigTIpSarkþI karbegáIneLIgnUvplitplRsUv nig RbsiT§iPaBkinRsUv GacmanskþanuBlkñúgkarrYmviPaKTanrhUtdl; 3° énkMeNIn RbcaMqñaM ¬ FAO qñaM 2003 ¦

• kMeNInénplitkm μéRBeQWnigClplGaRs½yelIsmtßPaBrbs;FnFankñúgkarpþl;pl nig tulüPaBrvagkarbegáInkarRbmUlplkñúgeKaledABaNiC¢kmμ nwgtMélFnFanenA


74

kñúgbribTGtßiPaBénplitplminEmneQI enAkñúgbribTénbNþajsuvtßiPaBCnbT nigkñúgbribTénkareRbIR)as;déTeToteRkABIBaNiC¢kmμ.

96> edIm,IsMerc)annUvGRtakMeNInx<s; caM)ac;RtUveFVIBiBiFkm μeRkABIkareFVidMNaMRsUv EdlPaKeRcIn RtUvepþatelITIpSar nigepþatelIkarnaMecj kñúgvisalPaBmYyFM ³

• viPaKTanbEnßmcMeBaHkMeNInEdl)anmkBIkareFVIBiBiFkmμeRkABIRsUv plitpléRBeQI nigClplEdlmanlkçN³CaRbéBNI caM)ac;RtUvmankarkMNt;TisedAkñúgkarnaMecj kñúgsßanPaBEdlR)ak;kñúgRsukmankMritTab mankarbNþMúénMR)ak;cMNUlx<s; manr)ay lMeGog EdlmankMhitelIkMeNInéntMrUvkarkñúgRsuk.

• tMrUvkarrbs;CatiGaceFVI[kMeNInvis½yksikmμ ekInCamFümRbEhl 4>4° kñúgmYyqñaM RbsinebI]bsKÁEpñkplitkmμnig]bsKÁEpñkTIpSarRtUv)anedaHRsay . tMrUvkares,óg GaharkñúgRsukekIneLIgnaeBlGnaKt EdlbNþalmkBI ¬i¦ kMeNInRbCaBlrdæ ¬RbEhl2>5°kñúg1qñaM¦ ¬ii¦ karpøas;;bþÚrsmasPaBmðÚbGahareFobnwgkMeNInén R)ak;cMNUlEdleFVI[pøas;bþÚrBIkarTTYlTan)ay eTACakarTTYlsac; RtI bEnø nig es,ógGaharEkécñ52 . eTaHbICamanskþanuBlCMnYskarnaMcUlGgárEdlmanKuNPaB x<s; ¬100>000etan RtUv)aneKnaMcUlkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ ¦ nigCMnYsplitpnaMcUl déTeTotdUcCa bEnøbgáa EpøeQI sár eRbgrukçCati bsustV RCUk nigkarGnuvtþn_ nUvskþanuBlTaMgenHGacRbRBwtþeTA)an enAeBlNaEdl]bsKÁTIpSar ]bsKÁsßab½n nig]bsKÁEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§RtUv)anlubbM)at; . fμ I²enH plitkm μ kñúgRsukminGac RbkYtRbECgCamYyTMnijnaMcUlBIbreTseLIy CaBiessTMnijnaMcUlBIRbeTs evotNamnigRbeTséfsMrab;plitplmYycMnYn .

52edayBicarNaGMBIkarfycuHenAcMENk cMNaysaFarN³enAeBlmankMeNInR)ak;cMNUl GaRtakMeNInR)ak;cMNUlesμ Inig 3°enATUTaMgRbeTs dUckar)a:n;s μanCaeKal² nwgeFVIeGaykMeNinksikm μ mankMritGtibrmaesμInig 4>4°kñúg1qñaM¬ karbUkpSMkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ2>5°nig1>9°eTot)anmkBIninñakarpas;bþÚrmÚbGahar 3° @63>5° Edl63>5° KWCa cMENkénkMeNInR)ak;cMNUlEdl)ancMNayelIes,ogGahar¦.PaByWténR)al;cMNul¬income elasticity¦ sMrab;es,og GaharxusKña²RtUv)aneL)a:n;sμanfaes μ I 0>46 0>75 nig0>92 cMeBaH Ggár mÚbCamUldæanminEmnGgárnigsac; / RtI ¬ FAO, Ernstberger nig Liu, 2003¦.


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• PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;ksikrnigGaCIvkmμksikm μ nigkareFVIsmahrNkm μCamYyTIpSar BiPBelakCYb]bsKÁ edaysarplitPaBTab ehdæarcnasm<½n§exSay nigktþa Epñksßab½ndéTeTot ¬dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYy¦ EdlTaMgGs;enHeFVI[cMNayekIneLIg nwgTb;sáat;karbBa¢ÚnsBaØananaBITIpSarRbkbRbsiT§PaBeTA[kan;plitkr GñkdwkCBa¢Ún nigGñkEkécñenACnbT nigsMrab;TIpSarhirBaØvtßúCnbTrbs;km<úCaEdlkMBugcab;kMeNIt.

97 caM)ac;RtUvbegáIteKalneya)ayKaMRT nigbegáItktþaelIkTwkcitþepSg² edIm,IbegáInkareqøIy tb kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;plitplRbéBNI dUcCaGgár Clpl nigbsustV edIm,I[manBiBiFkmμbEnßmelI plitkmμnigkarEkécñtMélbEnßm k¾dUcCaCYysMrYldl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk ¬plitkrnigksikr¦ edIm,I [manlT§PaBrYmcMENkmYYyPaKkan;EtFMelItMélbEnßm Edl)anmkBIplitkm μenAtMbn;CnbT. eTaHbICamankarkat;bnßyPaBxusKña GMBItMrUvkarnigkareqøIytbkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;EdlmanRbsiT§iPaB nigEdl)aneFVIBiBiFkmμkþI karbgálkçN³gayRsYl[ksikrxñattUc nigGñklk;kMlaMgBlkmμ enAtMbn;CnbT tMrUv[karelIkkMBs;RbsiTi§PaB elIkkMBs;smFm’ GMBIlT§PaBkñúgkar)anTTYl FnFan EdlmanplitPaB nigTIpSarktþaBlkmμ rYmmandI Twk hirBaØvtßúnigbec©kviTüa .manCMerIs ¬nig]TahrN_mYycMnYnkMBugekItmanenAkm<úCa¦ sMrab;GnuvtþyuT§saRsþkMeNInenACnbT Edlepþat elIRbCaBlrdæRkIRk tamry³kareFVIBiBiFkmμdwknaMedayTIpSar rab;TaMgkareFVIksikm μeyagkic©snüa smaKmrkTIpSar .l. b:uEnþTaMgGs;enHtMrUv[pøas;;bþÚrCaeRcInenAkñúgbriyakasvinieyaKenACnbT nigrcnasm<½n§sßab½nEdlpSarP¢ab;plitkrenACnbTCamYyGñkEkécñ nigCamYyTIpSar .

98 RbkarenHBak;B½n§CaBiessnUvkarERbkøayksikm μCIvRBwtþ EdlsMKal;edaykareFVIdMNaMRsUv EtmYymux eRbIR)as;ktþaplitkmμtictYc ehIydIpþl;pltictYc eTAkan;ksikmμEdltMrg;eq<aHeTA rkBaNiC¢kmμ nigksikm μcMruH. GnþrkalenH)ancab;epþImrYcehIy nigRtUvsRmbsRmYleday eKalneya)ay nigkarvinieyaKKaMRT. kMENTMrg;Bak;B½n§nwgGnþraKmn_CabnþbnÞab; tMrUv[kat;bnßy haniP½yEdleKdwgCamun GMBIkarbþÚrBIkareFVIksikm μCIvRBwtþeTACakareFVIksikm μ EdlmanlkçN³ BaNiC¢km μ . ninñakarkñúgeBlGnaKtGMBIkareFVIksikm μ mYyEpñkFMGaRs½yelICMerIseKalneya)ay cMruHrbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;tMbn;CnbT EdlTak;Tgnwg ¬i¦ karkMNt;TissarCafμ IéneKalneya)ay ksikm μ karEbgEckFnFan nigesvaKaMRTedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarénRbB½n§ksikmμcMruH nig


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¬ii¦edaHRsaykargarplitkm μ karrkTIpSar nigbBaðaBaNiC¢kmμ EdlTMnijsMxan;²RtUvRbQmmux ¬Ggár RtI bsustV ekAsU‘ ¦k¾dUcCa ¬iii¦ GaTiPaBénkarvinieyaKelIkarRKb;RKgRbB½n§FarasaRsþ nigTwk ¬iv¦kargPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§pøÚvfñl;nigpøÚvPUmi CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal nig ¬v¦karRKb;RKgdIFøI nigsuvtßiPaBEpñkkmμsiT§i. EpñkenHRbmUlpþúMCasMxan;elIcMNucTI ¬i¦ - ¬ii¦ -¬iii¦ dl;TI ¬v¦ manBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñkEpñkTIBIrénr)aykareN_nH .

99 kareFVIBiBiFkm μénsßanPanenAmUldæan tMrUv[mankarykcitþTukdak;elIviFIsaRsþvimCÄkar Edl mankarcUlrYmeRcInBIshKmn_. b:uEnþ]bsKÁmYycMnYnmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ dUcCa]bsKÁkñúgkar rkTIpSar nigbriyakasRKb;RKgBaNiC¢km μEdltMrUv[manskmμPaBsRmbsRmYl Bak;B½n§nwg TIPñak;gar enAfñak;kNþal.karYmpSMrvag ¬i¦skmμPaBnana edIm,IBRgwgkarRKb;RKgtamvis½ysMrab; GPivDÆn_ ksikmμ ¬ii¦esvasMrab;RTRTg; nigkarplit karrkTIpSarnigBaNiC¢kmμksipl ¬iii¦ kmμviFI TMnijCak;lak;RtUv)anelIkCasMeNI .

karBRgwg nigRKb;RKgtamvis½y 100 karbegáItkm μviFIGPivDÆn_ksikmμc,as;las;KWCaGaTiPaB. sßitenAkñúgGaTiPaBTI1 yuT§saRsþ rbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;GPivDÆvis½yksikmμ caM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;[)anc,as; ehIyERbkøaynUv GaTiPaB TUeTAnana[eTACakmμviFiCak;lak; EdlnwgTTYl)annUvkarKaMRTBIrdæaPi)alnigBIm©as;CMnYy kan;Et eRcIn.ÉksarsþIBI NPRS kMNt;GtþsBaØaNGaTiPaBdUcteTA sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_Epñkksikmμ ³ ¬i¦ karbegáInel,Ónkic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§FarasaRsþEdlmannirnþrPaB ¬ii¦ begáInel,Ónkarpþl;b½NÑ km μsiT§idIFøI nigkarEbgEckdITMenreRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYg MAFF ¬iii¦ GPivDÆn_karnaMecj plitplRsUv nigplitpldéTeTot nigGPivDÆn_meFüa)ayEkécñnigRtYtBinitüKuNPaB ¬iv¦ BRgwgesvasMxan;²sMrab;KaMRTvis½yksikm μ kñúgenaHrYmman karpSBVpSayksikm μ karRsavRCav karrkTIpSar \NTan nigkarEbgEckktþaplitkmμ ¬v¦ karBRgIkplitkm μ bsustV edayman karykcitþTukdak;eTAelIesvasuxPaBstV GaharUbtßmÖ karRKb;RKgnigkarbegáIt eragcRkEkécñsac; ¬vi¦kardak;[manbec©kviTüasmRsbsMrab;karkarciBa©wmRtIkñúgERs nig varIvb,kmμ ¬vii¦CMrujkar RKb;RKgéRBeQInigClpledayshkmn_ ¬viii¦ BRgwgsmtßPaB enARKb;fñak;énsßab½ntamvis½y


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enACnbT . b:uEnþÉksar NPRS min)ankMNt;yuT§saRsþc,as;las; sMrab;ksikmμeLIy ehIycaM)ac;RtUvERbkøayTisedATUeTArbs;ÉksarenH[eTACakmμviFIGaTiPaB Cak;lak;bEnßmeTot.

101 eKeXIjmanyuT§saRsþnigeKalneya)ayGnuvis½yenAtamEpñkmYycMnYn b:uEnþmanbBaðaGMBI PaBminsIusgVak;KñakñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg k¾dUcCamanbBaðaGMBIkmμsiT§iPaB nigmanbBaððaGMBIkar KaMRTBIfñak;neya)ay53 .karrYmpSMénkmμviFIsIusgVak;KñamaneKaledAsMrab;eFVI[Gnuvis½ysMxan;² )anrs;ranmanCivitsarCafμ I ¬edaHRsayplitkm μ Edl)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigedaHRsay ]bsKÁénkarrkTIpSarEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;PaBRbkYtRbECgénGnuvis½yCak;lak; ]TahrN_ RsUv ekAs‘U RtI bsustV.l¦. ehIykmμviFInanamaneKaledAkñúgkarelIkkMBs;KuNPaBkarpþl;esva cMeBaHvis½yksikm μ ¬]TahrN_ RbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμ RbB½n§Bt’manTIpSaresvahirBaØvtßú sMrab; GnuBaØat[mankareFVIBiBiFkmμbnþeToténplitkmμksikmμ kñúgkareqøIytbnigtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSar¦ nigpþl;CaRkbx½NÐmYysMrab;eFVIsniTankm μ ehIykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ RbmUlpþúMkic©RbwgERbgdac;²BIKña rbs;PaKIBak;B½n§nanaenAkñúgvis½yenH . ynþsaRsþksikmμEdlGaceCOTukcitþ k¾KaMRTpgEdrnUv kic©RbwgERbgRTRTg;rbs;RksYg MAFF edIm,I[begáInkarEbgEckfvikamk[vis½yenH .

102 FnFancM)ac;RtUvmanlkçN³RsbKñaCamYynwgyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ksikmμ . Tak;Tgnwg karEk lMGeKalneya)aykarRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³ karerobcMFnFanCamYynigeKaledA GPivDÆn_yuT§saRsþ vis½yksikmμnigkargarGPivDÆn_CnbT edIryWtCagvis½ydéTeTot . cMNg Tak;Tgrvag karksagEpnkarfvikanigkarkMNt;eKaledAeq<aH eTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRkelIEpñk FnFan )anelIkkMBs;vis½ysuxaPi)alnigGb;rM bu:EnþksikmμenACnbT caM)ac;RtUveFVI[mankarrik cMerIndUcKñaenHEdr. CamYynigkarBüakrN_énÉksarNPRSelIkarRbmUlcMNUlEdlmankMrit TabCagy:ageRcIneFobnwg tMrUvkarkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tan kareFVIsniTankmμKYrCaGaTiPaBmYyx<s;. CagenHeTAeTotkgVH eKalneya)aytamvis½yc,as;las;nigkgVH Bt’manGMBIlT§pl eFVI[ karvaytMélRbsiT§iPaBén cMNaysaFarN³kñúgkic©GPivDÆn_ksikm μ nigGPivDÆn_CnbTCYbkar lM)ak. CacugeRkay RtUvély:agNa[mankarerobcMkan;Etl¥RbesIrnUvGaTiPaBnanarbs;

53KYrkt;sMKal;fa ³ esckþIRBagc,ab; RKab;BUC nigyuT§saRsþRKab;BUC eKalneya)aybsustV yuT§saRsþ Gb;rMvis½y ksikm μesckþIENnaMfñak;CatiGMBIkarpSBVpSayksikmμ esckþIRBagc,ab;GMBIc,ab;Clpl ¬CamYynigRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI¦ nigesckþIRBagGnuRkwtü bTbBaØtþi nwgsþg;darksikm μepSg² .


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raCrdæaPi)alrbs;km<úCa kñúgkarelIk kMBs;karRKb;RKgCMnYybreTs eRBaHfabrimaNCMnYybreTs enAkñúgcMNaysrubrbs;rdæaPi)al- mancMnYnRbEhl 75° bJ x<s;CagenHsMrab;ksikmμnigkic© GPivDÆn_CnbT .

103 bBaðaF¶n;F¶rénkarRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³eFVI[b:HBal;CaGviC¢mancMeBaHkarEbgEck FnFanesdækic©enAtamPUmisaRsþ nigb:HBal;dl;RbsiT§PaBépÞkñúgvis½yenAtMbn;CnbT ehIykBa©b; FnFan titYc CaTUeTA eFVI[man\T§iBltictYc. ÉksarBinitüsareLIgvijGMBI cMNaysaFarN³qñaM 2003 ¬IFAPER¦)ankMNt;bBaðacMbg²enAkñúgvis½yenHeday Ep¥kelIkarBinitüeLIgvijrbs; RksYg MAFF nigRksYg MOWRAM 54:

RbGb;TI 5 : bBaðaKnøwHén PEM enAkñúgvis½yksikm μ

• FnFanrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlEbgEck[vis½y mancMnYntic ¬ticCag1duløarsMrab; RbCaBlrdæmñak;¦ xN³EdlRbCaBlrdæPaKeRcInrs;enABwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ . k¾b:uEn þcaM)ac;RtUvmankm μviFIkMeNInep þateTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRkc,as;las; EdlGac ERbkøayeTACa MTEF muneBleFVIvicarNkmμs þIBIkarbegáInfvika . kMeNIncMNay kalBIeBlfμ I²enHKWCacMNayelIkarbMeBjxat¬BUCRsUv¦CaCagkarbegáIncMNay eTA[vis½yGaTiPaB .

• kic©dMeNIrkarfvikargplb:HBal;CaxøaMgBIlMhUrfvikaeRkARbB½n§: karRbmUlcMNUl eRkAfvikaEdlmanbrimaNeRcInKWCakarRBYy)armÖF¶n;F¶rmYy CaBiessenAkñúg Gnuvis½yéRBeQI nigClplEdlKμankartamdankarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl[man RbsiT§PaB . Rkumh‘unekAs‘Urk)anR)ak;cMeNjtictYchYs ehIyK μankartamdan BIRksYg MAFF cMeBaHshRKasksikm μrbs;rdæeLIy . karRKb;RKgCMnYy

54 rbkKMehIjGnuvt þcMeBaHEpñknanaénvis½yksikm μ nigTwks¥aténesdækic©CnbT IFAPER min)anniyayBIsßab½nEdl Bak;B½n§edaypÞal;EdlenAkñúgesdækic©CnbTeLIy


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rbs;Gñkp þl;CMnYyk¾CabBaðacMbgmYypgEdr edayK μankarkt;Rta nigKμankar tamdankarEbgEckFnFan nigkarcMNayenAkñúg vis½yenH[)aneBjeljeLIy

• karEbgEckFnFanesdækic©manGRbsiT§PaB . cMENkéntYelxR)ak;ExeFobnwg cMNaycrn þ)anFøak;cuHBak;kN þalkñúgry³eBlb:un μanqñaMknøgeTAnH . elITidæPaB viC¢man cMNayRbtibt þikarnigcMNayEfTaMenAfñak;ext þ)anekIneLIg . karGnuvtþn_ min)anl¥enAedImqñaMnImYy² eFVI[b:HBal;dl;karRKb;RKgfvikaEdlmanplb:HBal; GviC¢man CaBiesselIskmμPaBnanaEdlTak;TgnwgRbtiTinksikm μEdlmancrit rdUvkal .

• karEbgEckFnFaneTAkan;Gnuvis½ynigEbgEcktamPUmisaRs þK μanRbsiT§PaB . karEbgEckrbs; MAFF cMeBaHkarpSBVpSayksikm μmancMnYnticCagmYyPaKry énfvika55 enAeBlEdlkarpSBVpSayksikmμsßitenAkñúgGaTiPaBx<s;enAkñúg yuT§saRs þrbs;rdæaPi)alsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk¬ SEDP II, NPRS ¦ FnFan mYycMENkFMRtUv)anEbgEckeTA[RksYgenAfñak;kN þal ¬MAFF,

MOWRAM ¦ . cMNay PAP rbs; MAFF

CagBak;kN þalRtUv)ancMNayelIkardaMéRBeQI sareLIgvij kñúgenaH mYycMENkFMRtUv)ancMNayelIlaPkarrbs;buKÁlik . eKBMueXIjmanyn þkarkMNt;eKaledA/edIm,IFana[manfvika nigcMNayeq<aHeTArk RbCaBlrdæRkIRkeLIy . eKBMueXIjmanRbB½n§sMrab;tamdanfvika nigBt’man hirBaØvtßúrbs;naykdæan nigEpñkBak;B½n§déTeTotrbs; MAFF eLIy .

104 caM)ac;RtUveFVITMenIbPavUbnIykm μsßab½nvis½yksikm μedIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgkarepÞrTisedAEpñk esdækic© BIesdækic©Epnkar nigesdækic©ep

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þatelIkarplit eTArkkareFVIBaNiC¢km μ

55 enARbeTséfes μ Ir 16°


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nigkarep þateTAelI TIpSar . karpøas;bþÚrrbs;km<úCaeq<aHeTArkksikm μEdlep þateTAelITIpSarRtUv)anbgðajtamry³ kar dkecjnUvkarvinieyaK/ÉkCnPavUbnIykm μEdlkMBugdMeNIrkarenAGtItshRKasEdlRKb;RKgedayrdæ ¬AIC, KAMFIMEX cMkarekAs‘U ksidæanbN þúHBUC¦ nigkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykm μ BaNiC¢km μ ksikm μEdlGnuvt þbn þBIesrIPavUbnIykm μelIIéføøksikmμ . b:uEn þkarpøas;b þÚrTaMgenHmanel,ÓnyWt ehIyenAbn þRbQmmuxnwgkarRbQmCaeRcInBIplRbeyaCn_ÉkCn . RsbCamYyKñaenH sßab½nenA tamvis½ycaM)ac;RtUverobcMEkTMrg;edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgnUvTisedAesdækic©f μ I . TidæPaBbYnEdltMrUv[man karKaMRTrYmman ¬i¦ karkMNt;eLIgvijnUvmuxgarénvis½ysaFarN³GMBIksikmμ ¬ii¦ Binitü eLIgvijnUvmuxgarnigParkic©rbs;sßab½nsMxan;²CaBiessenAkñúgbribTénvimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkar ¬iii¦ Gnuvt þbBa©b;nUvkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμEdlkMBugdMeNIrkar nig¬iv¦ edaHRsaybBaðakgVH CMnaj sMxan;² .

105 karkMNt;sarCafμ InUvmuxgarrbs;vis½ysaFarN³GMBIksikmμ . muxgarmYycMnYnénmuxgar bc©úb,nñEdlGnuvt þedayRksYg MAFF nigsßab½nBak;B½n§Camuxgarcas;hYssm½y nigCamuxgar EdlminsmRsbcMeBaHsßab½nsaFarN³enAkñúgesdækic©TIpSar . RksYg MAFF nigsßab½nksikm μ saFarN³caM)ac;RtUvep þatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarp þl;TMnijsaFarN³ edaygakecjBIkarcUlrYm edaypÞal;enAkñúgkargarplitkm μ karEbgEckkt þaplitkmμ nigkarrkTIpSar EdlkargarenHKYrEt Tuk[vis½yÉkCnCaGñkeFVI . ]TahrN_ plitkmμRKab;BUCenAksidæanbNþúHRKab;BUCrbs;rdæsMrab; lk;nigb¤EckcayeTA[ksikr nigkarEckcayCIKImI56 . müa:gvijeTotmuxgarsaFarN³sMxan;² mYycMnYnenAman karGPivDÆn_tictYcenAeLIy ]TahrN_karviPaKesdækic©cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_ eKalneya)ay karXøaMemIleGBIedmIsaRs þ karCMrujRKwHsßanplitkmμCnbT karGPivDÆn_

56 kMNt;sMKalrbs;GñkbkERb³ GtßbTedImmin)anbBa¢ak;faetIksidæanbNþúHRKab;BUCrbs;rdæenHKb,IeFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ b¤y:agNaenaHeLIy.


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nigGnuvt þn_s þg;darsuvtßiPaBes,óg caM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvmuxgarrbs;RksYg MAFF enAkñúgRkbx½NÐGnuvt þ\NTanGPivDÆn_vis½yksikm μrbs; ADB

nigp þl;CamUldæansMrab;Epnkar eFVITMenIbPavUbnIIykmμsßab½nenH rYmmankarkMNt;sarCafμInUvmuxgarsMxan;²rbs;RksYg nigesck þI RtUvkarkñúgkarerobcMbuKÁlik nigCMnajsmRsb . karbegáInpþl;karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay nigbegáIn PaBCaGñkdwknaM KWCakarcaM)ac;edIm,IGnuvt þnUvkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCafμ I . vDÆnPaBelIkMEN- TMrg;muxgarsaFarN³k¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdrkñúgkarKaMRTkarpøas;b þÚrTaMgenH .

106 karBinitüemIlsarCafμ InUvmuxgar nigParkic©rbs;sßab½nsaFarN³sMxan;² nigbegáInkic© RbwgERbgrYmKñaCamYydMeNIrkarksagEpnkarenAmUldæan . karerobcM nigGaNt iþrbs; MAFF

enAfñak;kN þal nigkMritrdæ)alCan;Tab ¬fñak;ext þ nigfñak;Rsuk ¦ enAminTan;)anvivDÆedIm,IqøúH bBa©aMgnUvkarpøas;b þÚrfμ I² enAkñúgTisedAesdækic© nigrdæ)alrbs;km<úCaenAeLIyeT: muxgarf μ Irbs; vis½ysaFarN³enAkñúgesdækic©TIpSar ehIyf μ I²enHKWmuxgarenAkñúgdMeNIrkarvimCÄkar nigsh-vimCÄkar . CaBiessmuxgarrbs; PDAFF nig DAO 57Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;[mancMNg Tak;TgmanRbsiT§rvagksikrnigRksYg minRtUv)aneKkMNt;c,as;las;eLIy EdleFVI[kat;bnßy RbsiT§PaBénkarerobcMeKalneya)ay karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay nigkarp þl;esvaksikmμ . mantMrUvkarbnÞan;kñúgkarkMNt;sarCaf μ IeLIgvij nUvGaNt þikargarrbs;kariyal½yTaMgenaH edIm,IbMerI [)anRbesIrnUvmuxgarsñÚlénkarksagEpnkar nigBuT§iénesdækic©enAmUldæan CMrujplitPaBksikmμ ¬KaMRTkarGPivDÆn_karerobcMrbs;ksikr esvapSBVpSayksikm μ esvaBt’manTIpSar kartamdan nigRtYtBinitüCMgWstV nigCMgWrukçCati nigkarRKb;RKgFnFanéRBeQI nigClpl . vt þmanrbs; mnÞIrksikmμenAmUldæan/fñak;RsukkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCati p þl;dMNwgdl;RksYgGMBIkic© GPivDÆn_ksikmμenAmUldæan tamdankarGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigGnuvtþn_bTb,BaØtiþ þTak;Tgnwgplitkm μ ksikm μ .l. k¾caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sareLIgvij [RsbKñaCamYynwgeKalneya)ayvimCÄkarrbs; rdæaPi)alpgEdr . dUcKñaEdr

57 mnÞIrksikmμrukçaRbma:j; nigensaT nigkariyal½yksikmμRsuk


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muxgarnigvt þmanrbs;esvapSBVpSayksikmμfñak;ext þ nigfñak;Rsuk k¾caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;sarCafμ I CaEpñkmYyénkarviPaKTUeTAGMBIvt þmanrbs; MAFF enAfñak;ext þ nigfñak;mUldæan rYmmankIriténkarp þl;mUlniFi nigkarerobcMbuKÁliksmRsbenAkMritTaMgenaH . mankarp þÜcepþImkargarEdl)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIKMerag APIP nig ADESS GMBIesck þIRtUvkar eFVITMenIbPavUbnIykm μén PDAFFs nig DAOs .

107 bBa©b;kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykm μEdlkMBugRbRBwt þeTAenAshRKasrbs;rdæ nigbegáItRkbx½NÐ bgálkçN³gayRsYlsMrab;vis½yÉkCn . ÉkCnPavUbnIykmμénshRKasrdæsMxan;²enAkñúgvis½y ksikm μkMBugRbRBwt þeTAedaymankarKaMRTBI ADB 58. eKrMBwgfadMMeNIrkarenHnwgbBa©b;enAqñaM 2006 EdlrYmpSMCamYynwgkarEklMGbriyakasGaCIvkmμ nigebIkpøÚv[mankarcUlrYmkan;EteRcIn BIvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarp þl;esvaelIkt þaplitkm μ nigesvaKaMRTkñúgkarrkTIpSar .

108 edaHRsayelIkgVHxatCMnajCak;lak;enAkñúgvis½y . kgVHkaryl;dwgGMBIEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigesdækic©b¤kgVHxatCMnaj qøúHbBa©aMgtamry³kgVHsmtßPaB ¬enARKb;fñak;¦ kñúgkarerobcMeKal-neya)ay karviPaKesdækic©sgÁmkic©/karviPaKGMBIkarvinieyaK viTüasaRs þesdækic©GMBIkar RKb;RKgTwknigksidæan karrkTIpSarksikmμnigbBaðaBaNiC¢km μ nigCMnajGaCIvkmμTUeTAenACnbT . eKRtUvkarCMnajTaMgenHCabnÞan; RbsinebIsßab½nBak;B½n§rYmviPaKTanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB cMeBaH karksagEpnkareKalneya)ay p þl;Gnusasn_l¥RbesIr edIm,I[mankarvinieyaKBIkMritksikr eTAkan;kMritvis½y nigedIm,IvaytMéltfPaBBitR)akdénCMerIseKalneya)ay nigCMerIsvinieyaK . karerobcMEpnkartamvis½yEp¥kelIlT§PaBpÁt;pÁg; nigEp¥kelIlT§pl CaCagkarep þatelIR)ak;cMNUl CnbT/karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . mankaryl;dwgtictYc b¤bTBiesaFn_sþÜcesþIgGMBIviFIsaRs þEdl mankarcUlrYm GMBIviFIsaRs þsþIBIRbB½n§eFVIksikmμ nig/b¤esdækic©ksikm μenAkñúgRksYgCMnaj nigenAkñúgnaykdæanrbs;RksYgTaMgenaH ¬TaMgenAfñak;kN þal nigfñak;extþ¦ . bbuKÁlikrdæaPi)al TMngCaRbkan;ykviFIsaRs þBIelI-

58 \NTanvis½yksikmμelIkTImYy nig\NTanGPivDÆn_vis½yksikmμenAeBlxagmux


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cuHeRkamCaCagkarRbkan;ykviFIsaRs þ kñúgzan³CaGñkp þl;esva ¬]TahrN_enAkñúgkarpSBVpSayksikmμ karRKb;RKgTwk¦ .

karsMrYlesvaKaMRTbec©keTs nigesvaKaMRTTIpSar

109> karpSBVpSayksikm μGacmanmuxgarsMxan; kñúgkartP¢ab;KMlatEpñkbec©keTsbc©úb,nñ enAkñúgplitkmμksikm μ nigenAkñúgkarcat;Ecg nigEkécñeRkayeBlRbmUlpl . GaNtþikargar sMrab;esvapSBVpSayksikm μRtUv)anp þl;eTA[naykdæanmYyEdleTIbbegáIteLIg ¬qñaM 1998¦ KWnaykdæanpSBVpSayksikmμenAPñMeBj nigkariyal½ypSBVpSayksikmμ ¬fñak;ext þ fñak;Rsuk¦. enAqñaM 1998 mankarbegáIteLIgnUvyuT§saRs þs þIBIkarpSBVpSayksikmμEdlmankarKaMRTBIGgÁkar AusAID

nigmankarbN þúHbNþaldl;buKÁlikpSBVpSayksikmμ ¬AEW¦ enAfñak;ext þ nigenA fñak;RsukenA 13ext þ ¬CAAEP nig CAAEP II¦ . RsbCamYyKñaenHGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

mYycMnYn nigkm μviFIEdlp þl;mUlniFiedaym©as;CMnYy)anbegáIteLIgnUvKMrUxus²KñasMrab;p þl;esva pSBVpSayksikmμ59 rYmmanKMrUepÞrbec©kviTüaBIksikreTAksikr nigkarGnuvtþn_rYmpSMrvagkarpþl; kBa©b;p\NTan nigkarpSBVpSayksikmμEdledAcMeBaHksikrRkIRk . 110 b:uEnþesvapSBVpSayenAmanlkçN³ ekμgx©IenAeLIy EdlksikrcMnYnEt 0>7°b:ueNÑaH Edl manlT§PaB)anTTYlesvapSBVpSaykñúgTMrg;NamYy60ehIybBaðaKuNPaBnigRbsiT§iPaBenAEtCa bBaðaenAeLIy. kñúgcMeNamRbCaksikr RsþImancMnYn 54° b:uEnþmanksikrRsþIEt 10° b:ueNÑaH Edl)anTTYlesvapSBVpSayksikmμ .CaTYeTABt’mannanamanTMrg;CaBt’manEdlpþl;BIelIcuHeRkam ehIy]bsKÁelICMnaj culturaland61 )aneFVI[raMgsÞHdl;karcUlrYmrbs; AEW elIkarpøas;;bþÚr

59 RtUv)anBinitüemIlsareLIgvijenAkñúgkarBinitüemIl{karpSBVpSayksikmμ} esck þIeRBógr)aykarN_ Castellanet 2003 sMrab;FnaKarBiPBelak 60 Castellanet qñaM 2003. 61buKÁlikmnÞIrksikm μ cMnYnticCag25°manviBaØabnb½Rt bJ manlkçN³sm,tþix<s;CagenH GRtaPaKry enHGac mankMritTabCagenH enAfñak;Rsuk . esckþIENnaMsþIBIkarksikmμkñúgeBlbc©©úb,nñ )a:n;sμanfa karerobcMbuKÁlik RtUvkar


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KMniteTAvijeTAmkCamYyksikr. eKeXIjmansBaØaNénKMnitéqñRbDitepSg²EdlksikrpþÜcepþIm b:uEnþsBaØaNTaMgGs;enaHminTan;)anerobcMcgRkgCaÉksar)anl¥enAeLIyeT ehIymankmμviFI tictYcb:ueNÑaHEdlbgálkçN³[mankarpøas;;bþÚrmtieyabl;rbs;ksikr bJpøas;;bþÚreyabl;CamYy smaKmksikr . eCaKC½ykñúgkarpþl;esvapSBVpSayksikm μkñúgEpñkÉkCnekItmanedaykRm ehIy TMngCamanTMnak;TMngCamYysmtßPaBvinieyaKx<s; GnuBaØat[manyuT§saRsþEp¥kelIGtßRbeyaCn_ eBlEvgcMeBaHkarvinieyaK .ksikrEdlcUlrYmenAkñúgkmμviFIEbbenHTMngCaksikrEdlmanCIvPaB FUrFarbMput nigmanRTBüsm,tþieRcIn. b:uEnþeKBMueXIjmankarvaytMélEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ GMBIRbsiT§PaBénkmμviFIepSgKña²TaMgenaHeLIy.

111 karsikSaRsavRCavksikm μenATn;exSay PaKeRcInCakarsikSaRsavRCavEdl)anTTYl karKaMRT tamKMnipþÜcepþImrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy . smiT§plEdlKYr[kt;sMKal;bMputKWkarbegáIt CARDI62 EdlCasßab½ncMbgrbs;Cati eFVIkarRsavRCavksikmμedayTTYlkar]btßmÖKaMRTBIGURsþalI. sßab½n RsavRCavkñúgRsukenAmanPaBTn;exSaykñúgkareFVIsmahrNkm μCamYyvis½yÉkCn ¬ksikr nig GaCIvkmμksikm μ¦ nigCamYysßab½ndéTeTot dUcCasßab½npSBVpSayksikm μ nigGb;rMksikm μ CaedIm. enAeBlxagmux\NTanGPivDÆn_ksikmμ ¬ADB¦ nwgmankarerobcMEpnkaremsMrab;sikSa RsavRCav ksikmμ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdlvis½yenHRbQmmux . edaymankarKaMRTBIKMerag APIP eK)anbegáItyuT§saRsþsMrab;Gb;rMksikmμ b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþenH .

112 bBaðacMbgsMrab;GnaKténRbB½n§CatipSBVpSayksikm μ EdlKaMRTedayvis½ysaFarN³ KWbBaða Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;hiBaØb,TannignirnþrPaB. fvikarbs; MAFF mancMnYn 1/4° én fvika rbs; rdæaPi)al ¬ IFAPER qñaM 2003¦kñúgenaH mancMnYnEt 1° b:ueNÑaH Edlpþl;eTA[naykdæan pSBVpSayksikmμ. RbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμenAfñak;kNþalmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§saFarN³TaMgRsug manlT§PaBcUleTAdl;shKmn_nigPUmiTaMgGs; KWCaRbB½n§mYyEdlrdæaPi)alRtUvcMNayx<s; eTaHbICakñúgry³eBlmFümkþI. bBaðaebovtSrbs;buKÁlikKWCakarsMxan; sMrab;Fana[esvapSBVpSay ksikm μsaFarN³manRbsiT§PaBnigtmøaPaB. kMritR)ak;ebovtSbc©úb,nñenAfñak;Rsuk mankMritTab

mRnþIksikmμEdlmanCMnajcMnYn5nak; kñúgRsuknImYy²¬srubcMnYn900nak; sMrab;RbeTsTaMgmUl¦kñúgenaH manmRnþI BI150eTA200nak;Edl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþaCMh‘andMbUgrYcehIy . 62 viTüasßanRsavRCavksikmμnigGPivDÆn_km<úCa


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q¶ayNas;eFobnwgkMritR)ak;ebovtS EdleKpþl;kñúgKMeragpÁt;pÁg;edaym©as;CMnYy bJedayGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al nigedayvis½yÉkCn EdleFVI[CYbkarlM)akkñúgkarrkSamRnþIraCkarEdlman lkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;CamRnþIpSBVpSayksikmμenAfñak;Rsuk. enAeBlEdlkMritR)ak;Exnig fvikaRbtibtþikarminRKb;RKan; esvapSBVpSayksikmμsaFarN³nwgenAEtmanlkçN³Tn;exSay teTAeTot63 . CagenHeTAeTotRbB½n§enH GacCaRbB½n§BMuEmnmanlkçN³RbesIrbMput kñúgkar pþl;GtßRbeyaCn_elIKMnitpþÜcepþImpÞal;nigelIsmtßPaBéqñRbDitrbs;ksikreLIy rab;TaMgkarpþl; Bt’man64BIksikreTAksikrpgEdr. karpSBVpSayksikmμ{ EbbBak;kNþal }EdlkMNt;eKaledA eday)anTTYlmUlniFiBIEpñksaFarN³ GnuBaØat[mankarKaMRTcMeBaHkarbegáItviFIsaRsþcMruH Edl mankarRbkYtRbECgxøH²rvagGñkpþl;esvaepSg²Kña ¬ÉkCn GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al.l¦ Gac dMeNIrkar)ankñúgbribTbc©úb,nñkan;EtRbesIr. eTaHCay:agenHkþIkarbBa¢ak;c,as;las;GMBIcMNab; GarmμN_nigqnÞ³rbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkareFVIkargartamTisedAenHKWCakarcaM)ac; eRBaHfakalBImunman karRbqaMgtbnwgviFIsaRsþEbbenHenAkñúg MAFF65 .

taragTI 6 ³ lkçN³sþIBIIbec©kviTüaksikmμ nigktþaelIkTwkcitþvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;bec©kviTüa TaMgenaH

63 kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHbuKÁlikpSBVpSayksikmμ RtUvbnþrkemIlRbPBR)ak;cMNUlbEnßmCaRbcaM EsVgrk {GtßRbeyaCn_ } EdleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;karksagEpnkarskm μPaBrbs;BYkeK . 64 karbegáInR)ak;ExedIm,IRTRTg;RbB½n§pS BVpSayksikmμsaFarN³ Ep¥kelImUldæanénsMeNImkpSBVpSay ksikm μ cMnYn5nak; kñúgmYyRsuk Edlpþl;laPkarkñúgkMritsmRsb edIm,IrkSaTukenAbuKÁlikEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; ¬RbEhl 150dulakñúg1Ex elImUldæanénKMerag/dR)ak;ebovtSvis½yÉkCnsmrab;Gñkbec©keTs ksikm μEdl)anTTYl kar bNþúHbNþa¦ RtUvmanfvikares μ Inig1>62landulaGaemrikkñúg1qñaM sMrab;cMNayelIR)ak;Ex suT§Edlman TMhM3dg én fvikar crnþsrub sMrab;EpñkpSBVpSayksikmμ bJ ¬42°énfvikar PDAFFs srubbc©úb,nñ ¦.

65kñúgeBlkngeTAeKalneya)ay rbs; MAFF’s sþIBIkarpSBVpSayksikmμ BMumanlkçN³c,as;las; enAkñúg kargnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgeLIy EdlRksYgGnuBaØatþieGaymankarbegáInRbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμ edayELkenAkñúgnaykdæan epSg²¬ IPM enAkñúg DAHP karpSBVpSayksikmμbsustVenAkñúg DAALI karpSBVpSaydMNaMekAs‘UenAkñúg DGPH ¦RsbCamYynigskmμPaBrbs; DAE BüayamenAkñúgkarP¢ab;CamYynigGñkpþl; esvaÉkCnelIkargarpSBVpSayksikmμ CamYynigkmμviFIGnuvtþn_edayRksYg MAFF edayeFVIeGaymankarCMTas;y:agxøaMgkøaBIRksYg MAFF ¬]TahrN_ APIP nigkarbNþúHbNþacMeBaH VAHWs eday by NGOs karpþl;eGayeFVIkic©snüaGMBIesvapSBVpSayksikmμ dl; GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)alrbs; CAAEP’s ¦ .


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RbePTTMnij TMnijsaFarN³ sm,tþirYm Bn§ ÉkCn lkçN³ minGacpat;ecj

nigminRbkYtRbECg

EdlGacRbkYt RbECgb:uEnþmin Gacpat;ecj

EdlGacpat; ecj nigmin RbkYtRbECg

EdlGacpat; ecj nigRbkYt RbECg

]TahrN_ karBüakrN_GakasFatu TMnak;TMngtamRbB½n§pSB pSayGMBIplitkmμnig GMBIB½t’manTIpSar bec©keTsRKb;RKgeday Fm μCati karRKb;RKgkarqøgCMgW bsustV

RKab;BUCEdl kekIteday ÉkÉg karRKb;RKg valesμArYm ensaTrYm

karviPaKdI km μviFIkMuBüÚT½r RKb;RKgksidæan karBieRKaHEpñk ÉkCnsþIBIkar daMduHnigkarrk TIpSar fñaMrMgab;emeraK sMrab;bsustV

RKab;BUCbgáat; plitplCIv³ bec©kviTüa eRKOgcRk ksikm μ nigfñaM bsustV

lT§PaBénkar pþl;rbs;ÉkCn

TabNas;

Tab x<s;Cag

x<s;

kMNt;sMKal;³ minGacpat;ecj = GñkEdlminbg;R)ak;enAEtGacTTYl)an. minRbkYtRbECg =

kareRbIrbs;buKÁlmñak;mineFVI[b:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_rbs;Gñkmñak;eTotkñúgkareRbIR)as; RbPB³ Umali-Deininger 1997; World Bank 2002

113 GvtþmanénTIpSar nigGvtþmanénesvaBaNiC¢km μ RBmTaMgGRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgExSsgVak; tMél eFVI[b:HBal;PaBRbkYtRbECgksikm μrbs;km<úCa. cab;taMgBIqñaM1994mk enAqñaM 2001 karnaMecj ksikmμ¬elIkElgEtéRBeQI¦ )ancuHfydl;kMritTabbMput kñúgkMritRtwm 54 lan duløarGaemrik ¬kñúgenaH90°CaekAs‘U¦ kñúgxN³EdlkarnaMcUlEpñkksikm μ)anekIneLIgdl; 301 lan duløar ¬FAOSTATS¦ . RbsiT§PaBEpñkplitkm μminGaceRbobRFob)anc,as;las;eLIy . K μankar RsavRCavGMBIRbB½n§Bt’manTIpSarplitplEdlmantMélx<s; kñúgxN³EdlKμankarGnuvtþn_ [)ansmRsbnUvsþg;darsuvtßiPaB ctþaLIsk½þ sþg;darsuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar sþg;darsuvtßiPaBCIv³

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karGnuvtþn_c,ab;min)anl¥ cMNaydwkCBa¢Únx<s; karykR)ak;eRkApøÚvkareRcIn cMNayénkareFVI GaCIvkmμekIneLIg KWCa]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHkarvinieyaKÉkCnenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ nigGaCIvkmμ ksikm μ . dMeNIrkarcUleTAkñúgRbB½n§ WTO )anelIkbBaðaTaMgenH [rdæaPi)alykcitþTukdak;.

114 elIkElgcMeBaHsmaKmviC¢aCIv³énRkumeFVIksikm μ nigRkumeFVIksiGaCIvkm μ EdlmancMnYn tictYc km<úCaesÞIrEtK μansßab½nrkTIpSarpøÚvkar nigsßab½nsMrYlBaNiC¢kmμesaHeLIy. man]bsKÁ cMbgmYykñúgkarTTYlB½t’manGMBIkareFVIBiBiFkm μénplitkmμ . CagenHeTAeTot karepþatkarykcitþ Tukdak;elIlT§plenAkñúgeKalneya)aysaFarN³kñúgeBlknøgeTA min)anykcitþTukdak;GMBI tMrUvkarrbs;TIpSarelIKuNPaB nigsþg;darnanaeLIy. xN³EdlsmtßPaBrbs;plitkrxñattUc kñúgkarTajyk]tþmPaBeBjeljGMBIkalanuvtþPaBTIpSarEdlkMBugekItman BwgEp¥kmYyEpñkFM elIsmtßPaBrbs;BYkeK kñúgkareqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSarGMBIKuNPaBnigsþg;dar . sþg;dar TaMgGs;enHKWCasþg;darnigCaRbB½n§Edlkan;EtTTYlnUvkarRKb;RKgeRcIneLIg² CaBiesssMrab; BaNiC¢km μGnþrCatielIEpñkplitpl sþg;dar nigRbB½n§GnþrCati tamry³kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati nigkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI . vis½yÉkCnedIrtYnaTIkan;EtsMxan;enAkñúgkic©GPivDÆn_sþg;darKuNPaB . plitPaBrbs;plitkrxñattUc eRcInEtBwgEp¥kelIKuNPaBénvtßúFatuedIm EdlCajwkjyGñkTij CYbkarlM)akkñúgkar)a:n;sμanGMBIKuNPaB ehIyplitkrxñattUceRcInEtrgeRKaHBIplitplEkøg køay . ]TahrN_EdlbBa¢ak;fabBaðaenHmansar³sMxan;KW KuNPaBRKab;BUC »sfsMrab;stV sarFatupSMénCIrnigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it EdlkarbitpøaksBaØanigkarevcx¢b;cMeBaHplitplnImYy² caM)ac;RtUvc,as;las; nigpþl;Bt’man[GñkTij)andwg . edaysarRbeTskm<úCakMBugbnþGnuvtþ yuT§saRsþénkareFVIsmahrNkmμCamYyTIpSarGnþrCati ehIyCabnþbnÞab;² km<úCakøayCasmaCik mYyénsmaKmBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiepSg² EdlmanParkic©kñúgkarerobcMBaNiC¢km μ karRBYy)armÖ Cak;lak;enAkñúgRsuk ¬]TahrN_kareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it ¦ nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢km μ GnþrCatibc©úb,nñkMBugCMrujrebobvar³ kñúgRsukedIm,I[mankarksagsmtßPaB.

115 CaEpñkmYyénkMENTMrg;karP¢ab;xøÜnCamYynwg ASEAN nig WTO karGPivDÆn_bTb,BaØtþi sþIKuNPaBnigsþg;dar )anbegáInel,Ón. KMnitpþÜcepþImKYr[kt;sMKal;rYmman ³ ¬i¦esckþIRBagc,ab; sþIBIbTb,BaðØtþibec©keTs nigsþg;darepSg²kMBugRtUv)anerobcM sMrab;viTüasßansþg;darCati rbs;km<úCa ¬EdledIrtYCacMNucTMnak;TMng eyagtamkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIr)aMgbec©keTsBaNiC¢kmμ ¦


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nigsþIBIKuNPaBnigsuvtßiPaBénplitplnigesva ¬ii¦ eRkamsMBaF[edaHRsaykarRbQmmux nwgeRKaHfñak;rbs;RbCaBlrdæCnbTcMeBaHfñaMsMlab;stVl¥itEdlgaybgáeRKaHfñak; rdæaPi)al)an ecjGnuRkwtümYysþIBIsþg;darnigkarRKb;RKgsMPar³ksikmμnig)anbegáItkariyal½y ¬ BAMS¦ enAkñúgRksYg MAFF nigedIm,IGnuvtþn_nigtamdankarGnuvtþn_GnuRkwtüenH nig ¬iii¦ begáIt KN³kmμaFikarCatisþIBIes,ógGahar. b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn_bTb,BaØtþienAEtCabBaðasMxan; .

116 ély:agNa[plitkrtUctacmanmeFüa)aykñúgkareqøIytb nigtMrUvkarTIpSar tMrUv[man karbegáInkarKaMRT. RbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþImerobcMRbPBepSg²énCMnYyGnþrCati edIm,IBRgwg smtßPaBrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRKb;RKgplitplksikm μ nigRKb;RKgsuvtßiPaBes,óg66 . eTaHbICaman kic©RbwgERbgTaMgenHkþI kgVHsmtßPaBelIkarRKb;RKgTIpSarkñúgRsuk nigkarRKb;RKgEpñkGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y ¬ SPS ¦ sMrab;karnaMecj enACa]bsKÁpÞal;cMeBaHplitPaBrbs;plitkr nigman]bsKÁkñúgkarcUleTAkan;TIpSarnana . kgVHsmtßPaBénRbB½n§RtYtBinitübsustVrbs;km<úCa mann½yfa eTaHbICakm<úCamanlT§PaBnaMcUlTIpSar EU edayK μankardak;kMhitelIkUtakþI b:uEnþenAkñúgkm μviFIEBA plitplsac;stV pliplbsubkSI nigplitplensaTkñúgRsukminbMeBj taml½kçx½NÐGnam½ynigPUtKamGnam½yrbs; EC eLIy ehtudUcecñHkm<úCaminGacnaMcUlplitpl TaMgenaHeTAkan;shKmn_GWr:ub)aneT . CagenHeTAeTot TIpSarnaMecjeRcInEtmansþg;darpÞal; rbs;xøÜn EdleFVI[kan;EtmanPaBs μ úKsμaj nigBi)akeRCotcUleTAkan;TIpSarTaMgenH . RbeTskm<úCamanEpnkarnaMecjeRKOgsmuRTeTAkan;RbeTsCb:un ehIyeRKagnaMecjRtITwksabeTA

66 eRkamkm μviFI APIP mCÄmNÐlCatitamdansuxPaBniplitkm μstV ¬NAHPIC¦ RtUv)anerobcMsaCafμI nwgBRgwg eFVICa mNÐlénbNþajmnÞIrBiesaFCati Edlmansar³sMxan;CagEpñkmYyénRbB½n§RKb;RKgcMeBaHsuvtßiPaB es,ogGahar kñúgRsuknigBaNiN¢km μGnþrCatiGMBIbsustV nigsac;stV RbeTs nUEvlehSLg; tamry³KMeragKaMRT rbs; ASEAN dak;bBa¢ÚlRbeTskm<úCaeTAkñúgskmμPaB sMrab;eFVIkic©GPivDÆn_smasPaBEpñkPUtþkamGnam½y rYmmanTinñn½y mUldæan CatinigsþIBIPUttþKamGnam½y EdlCYykñúgkarecj lixitGnuBaØatþisMrab;naMcUlenAviBaØabnb½Rt naMecjkñúgcMeNam smtßPaBdéTeTot.mandMNak;kalBIbEnßmeTotpþl;karbNþúHbNþadl;mRnþICan;x<s;erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ sMrab;RbeTs nImYy² UNESCAP ¬ )agkk¦ tamry³kar]btßmÖKaMRTEpñk bec©keTscMeBaH]sSahkmμ sMrab;karnaMecj ¬AAIEP¦ )anpþl;karKaMRT cMeBaHkm<úCa elIvis½yClpl kñúgkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNtamry³karsikSaTIpSarsþIGMBIskþanuBlnaMecjf μ I rYmCamYyTIRbwkSamkBIRbeTs Infofish sikçsalasþIBI suvtßiPaBes,ognig HACCP; RbeTs UNIDO

)anpþl;karKaMRTpgEdrcMeBaHRbB½n§suvtßiPaBes,ogGaharGgÁkar AusAid k¾kMBugpþl;CMnYypgEdrtamry³ KMerag mYyrbs; ASEAN .


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RbeTsGg;eKøs b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvelIkkMBs;GFikarkic© elIkkMBs;karevcx©b; karRKb;RKg edIm,I[kic©karTaMgGs;enHGnuvtþn_[)ancb;sBVRKb;. munenHmankarRbwgERbgnaMecjRtIeTAkan; GWr:ub b:uEnþminGacGnuvtþ)anedaysarK μankarBinitüKuNPaB . CagenHeTAeTot RbsinebIkarCMruj karvinieyaKksi]Sahkm μbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCamanGMeNayplcMeBaHplitkm μxñatFM haniP½yekIteLIg cMeBaHplitkrtUctac kñúgkarerobcMxøÜn[manCMnaj nigmanmeFüa)ayeqøIytbnwgl½kçx½NÐén TIpSarnaMcUlTaMgenaH .

117 bBaðamYyEdlBi)ak b:uEnþmansar³sMxan;sMrab;rdæaPi)alKW etIRtUvksagsmtßPaBkñúgRsuk y:agdUcemþcedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðasuvtßiPaBes,óg nigedImm,IeqøIytbtaml½kçx½NÐTIpSarnaMecj edIm,I[manKuNPaBnigmansþg;dar ehIyCMruj[plitkrxñattUcmanlT§PaBTTYl)anRbB½n§nig suvtßiPaBTaMgenHsMrab;eqøIytbnwgl½kçx½NÐepSg² . RbkarenHtMrUv[manviFankarrYmKña eKGaceFVItamry³Rkumplitkrkñúgkarkat;bnßycMNayRbtibtþikar edaymankarpSBVpSay nigman lT§PaBTTYlBt’mansMxan;² edIm,ICYysMrYlsmtßPaBrbs;plitkr tUctac[cUlrYmenAkñúgTIpSar bc©úb,nñ. mankargarRtUveFVIbEnßmeTot kñúgkarkMNt;rkCMerIsnana edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenH kñúgRkbx½NÐénsmtßPaB nigFnFansmtßPaBCak;lak; nigkñúgkMriténFnFanrbs;km<úCa .

118 eTaHCay:agenHkþI karedaHRsaybBaðaBak;B½n§ Edlb:HBal;dl;karrkTIpSarnigbNþaj BaNiC¢km μ cMeBaHTMnijkm<úCaelIplitkmμksikmμ KWhYsBIkarTTYlxusRtUvEtÉgénsßab½nvis½y CnbT ehIy tMrUv[manskmμPaBrYmKñaCamYysßab½ndéTeTotdUcCa RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ Ky nKr)al nigeyaFa ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI5¦. enAkñúgxN³Edlsaßb½nksikmμmanmuxgarCMruj[mankarbegáIn el,Ónkñúgkarpøas;;bþÚr rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvpþl;KaMRTEpñkneya)ay kñúgzan³CaGñkdwknaM kñúgkar eqøIytb cMeBaHkgVHxat edIm,IbgálkçN³sMrYlkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ . karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;kñúg vis½ysaFarN³ Kb,Isgát;F¶n;elIkarCMrujsuvtißPaBnigsþg;darmðÚbGahar Edlykl¥ karCMruj KuNPaB KWeFVItamry³vis½yÉkCn . caM)ac;RtUvmankarEklMGlT§PaB[TTYl)annUvesvahirBaØvtßú nigesva GaCIvkmμ edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarvinieyaKelIbec©kviTüaEkécñ kñúgkarbegáIntMélrbs; plitpl .


90

RbGb;TI6 ³ ]bsKÁsMxan;²cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmμ - man]bsKÁCaeRcInTak;TgnwgkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmμ edaysarmanPaBTn;exSayenAkñúg naykdæanKy nigrdæakr - mansßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)almYycMnYnFMcUlrYmBak;B½n§kñúgkarerobcM nigeFVIGFikarkic©elIkarnaMcUl nigkarnaMecjeFVI[begáIncMNay nigbegáInkarGUsbnøayRbtibt þikarkñúgkarTijlk; . kñúgeBl bc©úb,nñc,ab;GnuBaØat[sßab½nmYykñúgcMeNamsßab½n 10 manvt þmanenARckRtYt BinitüGn þrCati Edlya:gehacNas;RtUvmantMNagsmtßkic©RbcaMkarcMnYnR)aM - karbg;R)ak;eRkARbB½n§/eRkApøÚvkarCalkçN³sMKal;énRbB½n§rkTIpSarenAkm<úCa rab;TaMgkar RbmUlBn§pøÚvfñl;pøÚvkar {R)ak;bnÞúk :ykBIGaCJab½NÑnaMecj nigR)ak;bnÞúkenAtamRBMEdn nig enATIpSar . karbg;R)ak;TaMgenH)anbegáInnUvcMNayBaNiC¢km μya:geRcIn ehIyCMruj[man karrt;Bn§ . RbkarenHkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rbEnßmeTot edaysarmanRBMEdnEvgCamYy RbeTsCitxag nigdac;Rsyal Bn§naMcUlmanGRtax<s;elITMnijmYycMnYn dUcCaTMnijeRbIR)as; nigeRbg\n§n³CaedIm . - ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTminl¥EdleFVI[cracrplitplCYbkarlM)akenAkñúgRbeTs ehIyeFVI[ shKmn_ksikmμCaeRcInsßitenAÉeka BiessenArdUvvsSa - plitplksikm μmanKuNPaBminl¥edaysarksikrxVHkaryl;dwgGMBIbBaðaKuNPaB xVHkar yl;dwgelIbec©kviTüaEkécñ brikçarnigs þg;darEkécñCabrikçarcas;² nigkarxUcxatbN þalmkBI karcat;Ecgmin)anl¥kñúgkarTukdak;nigdwkCBa¢Ún - vis½yshRKasksikm μmanTMhMtUc GPivDÆmin)anl¥ begáIntMélbEnßm)antictYckñúgkar Ekécñplitpl . RbkarenHBak;B½n§nwgehdæarcnasm<½n§minl¥ nigBak;B½n§CamYy]bsKÁcMeBaH karGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ rYmCamYyvtþmanénvis½yhirBaØvtßúTn;exSay GMeBIBukrlYyxøaMgkøa nigmanCMnajGaCIvkm μtictYc.

¬RbPB ³ Integrated Framework, 2001¦

kMNt;km μviFIsMrab;elIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvt þn_énGnuvis½ysMxan;Epñkksikm μ


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119 kñúgxN³EdlkareqøIytbcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_enATUTaMgRbeTs tamvis½ynana RbQmmuxnwg bBaðaCaeRcInenAkMritxus²KñaénExSsgVak;TMnijRtUvkareBlevlaeRcIn dMeNaHRsaybBaðacMeBaHTMnij Cak;lak;sMxan;²GacnwgTTYlkarKaMRT)anqab;rh½sniggayRsYlBIkmμviFIRTRTg;Cak;lak; . viFI saRs þenHnwgGnuBaØat[BRgwgkarerobcMplitkr nig Ep¥kelIPaBCaédKUrvagvis½ysaFarN³ nig ÉkCn edIm,IedaHRsay]bsKÁnana .

Ggár

120 karrYmviPaKTanénGgárcMeBaHkMeNInksikm μmankMrittictYc b:uEn þkarelIkkMBs;RbB½n§ bc©úb,nñ manlkçN³sMxan;sMrab;sn þisuxes,óg nigCamUldæanmYysMrab;kareFVIBiBiFkmμplitkmμ . km μviFIskm μPaBbc©úb,nñrbs; MAFF 67p þl;karykcitþTukdak;elIkarbegáInplitkmμRsUv nigkar naMecjGgár ¬EpnkarplitplsMrab;qñaM 2003-2004 KW 4,5lanetan BIkMrit 4lanetan enAqñaM 2002¦ . b:uEn þsmtßPaBRsUbrbs;TIpSarkñúgRsuk brimaNelIsénRsUvGgárenAelITIpSarGn þrCati nigsmtßPaBplitkmμya:geRcInenARbeTsCitxagkñúgeBlbc©ub,nñ eFVI[km<úCaCYbkMhitelIsk þa-nuBlénkarrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yplitkmμRsUvGgárcMeBaHkMeNInksikmμenAkm<úCa . CagenHeTAeTot RbmaNCa 10° énRsUvGgárEdllk;enAkñúgRsuk RtUv)aneKnaMecjCapøÚvkar ¬RbmaN 60,000etan¦ nigRsUv 33° RtUv)anRbCaBlrdæksikr lk;ehIynaMecjeRkApøÚvkar ¬Cag 45,000etan¦ enAqñaM 2001 bgðajnUvExSsgVak;rkTIpSarfaKμanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ .

121 enAkMritksidæankarbegáInTinñplRsUvEtmYymuxKt;RKan;EtGacrYmviPaKTan)antictYcbu:eNÑaH kñúgkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr EdlR)ak;cMNUlBIkarplitRsUvRtUv)an)a:n;s μanfamancMnYn 100-150 duløarkñúgmYyhiktaKittaméføøbc©úb,nñ ehIyTMhMERsCamFümKW 1,5hikta b:uEn þman lT§PaBenAkñúgkarFana[mansn þisuxes,ógkñúgry³eBlxøIcMeBaHplitkrCIvRBwt þenAkñúgtMbn;nana EdlKμanCMerIsesdækic©déTepSgeTotkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñkñúg . sk þanuBlénkarbegáInkMritTinñplRsUv RbBlPaBénplitplksikmμ

67 snñisiT§RbcaMqñaMs þIBIksikm μensaT nigéRBeQIqñaM 2003-2004 MAFF


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nigplitPaBkñúgmYyÉktaépÞdIenAkñúgRbB½n§eGkULÚsIuéndMNaMRsUv xus²KñamanlkçN³l¥RbesIr . karbegáInplitPaBtMrUv[mankarbegáInTinñpltamry³kareRbIR)as; nUvRbePTBUCepSg²EdlRtUv)anEklMG kareRbIR)as;CI nigkareRsacRsB . karpSBVpSayksikmμ KWCabBaðasMxan;kñúgkarCMrujelIkareFVIGtiplPavUbnIykm μénRbB½n§ksikmμk¾dUcCakic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§ RKab;BUCEdlbegáInlT§PaB[ksikrtUctac)anTTYlBUCl¥² . Tak;TgnwgRKab;BUC manvDÆnPaB CaeRcInEdleKsMerc)ankñúgkic©GPivDÆn_ nigkñúgkarpSBVpSaynUvRbePTBUCf μ I²CaBiessEdlmankar KaMRTBIKMerag CIAP nig AQIP ¬AusAID¦ nigKMerag APIP ¬FnaKarBiPBelak¦ . eKcaM)ac; RtUveFVIkarCaeRcInbEnßmeTotedIm,IGPivDÆnUvRkbx½NÐc,ab; bTb,BaØtiþþ nigsßab½ncaM)ac;edIm,I GnuBaØat[mankic©GPivDÆn_vis½yRKab;BUCÉkCnEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg nigmanRbsiT§PaB . rYmCamYynwgkareRbIR)as;CIreRcInCagmun eRbIR)as;kñúgkMritmantulüPaB karEklMGBUC nigkar RKb;RKgkardæankareRsacRsB)anl¥GacbegáInTinñpl nigbegáInkardaMduH CaBiessenAtMbn;EdldI manCICatimFüm nigdImanCICatieRcInEdlGacpþl;plRsUvcMnYn 5etan kñúgmYyhiktakñúgmYyqñaM esμ InwgBIrdgénkMritplitPaBbc©úb,nñ ¬FAO 200¦ . b:uEn þKittaméføøbc©úb,nñ karvinieyaKelIRbB½n§ eRsacRsBya:geRcIncMeBaHkareFVIdMNaMRsUvEtmYymuxBMumanlT§PaBp þl;plcMeNjeLIy ehIy karvinieyaKelIRbB½n§eRsacRsB Kb,Idak;bBa©ÚlnUvviFankarbMeBjbEnßm edIm,IFana[manBiBiFkmμ énRbB½n§ksikmμdMNaMRsUv ]TahrN_karciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERs b¤RbB½n§énkareFVIdMNaMRsUv nigkar cBa©wmstV b¤karGPivDÆn_plitplksikmμEdlmantMélx<s; .

122 karcMNayelIRsUvGgárk¾CacMENkmYyRtUvcMNayx<s;pgEdrenAkñúgmuxcMNayrbs;RKYsar EdlRkIRkbMput ehIyKb,IKitGMBIsk þanuBlplb:HBal;GviC¢manéneKalneya)ayénvis½yRsUvGgár EdlbegáInéføøGgármkelIRbCaBlrdæRkIRk .

123 karGPivDÆn_plitkmμdMNaMRsUvEdlKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;naMecjGaRs½yelIbriyakasvinieyaK CarYm . eKrMBwgfaplitkmμdMNaMRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; ¬{viFIsaRs þrbs;éf}¦ p þl;plx<s;Cag karplitRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBminsUvl¥ b:uEnþp þl;Tinñplx<s;


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¬{viFIsaRs þrbs;evotNam}¦. b:uEn þ plitkmμdMNaMRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;eKGacplit)anEtmYyEpñkenAelIépÞdIEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ nigmanlkç½NÐGMeNayplEpñkksikm μ dUecñHmanEtksikrmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdlGaccUlrYm kñúgkareFVIdMNaMRsUvRbePTenH . CagenHeTAeTotplitkm μ nigkarrkTIpSarénGgárEdlmanKuNPaB x<s; cMNuHya:gxøaMgelIkarvinieyaKrbs;ÉkCn nigbriyakasbgálkçN³[manGaCIvkmμ68 . karsikSaGMBIExSsgVak;tMélénRsUvGgár ¬FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM 2002¦ )an)a:n;sμanfask þanuBl sMrab;karnaMecjGgárEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;mankMrit 200,000-300,000etan ¬ ADB qñaM 2002¦ ehIymanbrimaN 100,000 bEnßmeTotEdleKGacplit edIm,ICMnYsGgárnaMcUl kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ69 .

124 karbegáInlkçN³RbkYtRbECgénGgárkm<úCasMrab;naMecj. karnaMecjGgáreTAkan;TIpSar BiPBelakk¾tMrUv[mankarEklMGeRkayeBlRbmUlplpgEdr nigedaHRsay]bsKÁnanacMeBaH karrkTIpSar nigBaNiC©kmμGgár . éføøGgárenAksidæankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñBMu)anelIkTwkcit þkarvinieyaK elIktþaplitkm μ nigkarelIkkMBs;bec©kviTüaplitkmμeLIy ¬ADB qñaM 2002¦ . ]bsKÁcMeBaH karrkTIpSar nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km μGgárcaM)ac;RtUvedaHRsay KWRtUvedaHRsayGMBIbBaðaKuNPaB kar)at;bg;eRkayeBlRbmUlpl ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigesvaRTRTg;minl¥ PaBsIusgVak;KñaGMBIkar pÁt;pÁg; nigtmøaPaBénRbtibt þikar . smaKmGñkkinRsUvkm<úCa)anbBa©ak;faman {PaBminFm μta} Ca]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHkarnaMecjGgárCapøÚvkarBIRbeTskm<úCa . BiFIsarnaMecj rbbGFikarkic© RtUvcMNayeBlevlayUr ehIynIharinRtUvcMNayx<s; EdleFVI[karnaMecjGgárRbRBwt þeTAtam bN þajeRkARbB½n§70 . TnÞwmnwgenHeKk¾)aneFVIkar)a:n;sμanpgEdrskmμPaBEsVgrkGtßRbeyaCn_

68 mankarvinieyaKÉkCnmYycMnYnelIeragcRkkinRsUvEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTA ehIy)anTTYl eCaKC½ymYycMnYnsMrab;ksikr nigsMrab;karnaMecjeTAkan;TIpSarGn þrCati ¬karsikSaRbPBénkMeNIn FAO 2003¦ 69 tYelxenHeRbóbeFobCamYyplitkmμRsUvsrubRbmaNCabYnlanetanenAqñaM 2001 ¬ FAOSTATS ¦ 70 cMNaysrubénnitiviFInaMecj)anbEnßmcMNaycMnYn 14duløakñúgmYyetannUvcMNaysMrab;naMGgárecj ehIycMNay cMeBaHbTb,BaØt þiEdlGRbsiT§PaBmancMnYnRbEhl 85-126° éncMNaysrubrbs;rdæaPi)alenAkñúgvis½yksikmμenAqñaM 1999 ¬ CIE nig MOC qñaM2002¦ .


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buKÁlmancMENkesμ Inwg 20-30° énéføøEdlksikrTTYl . karkat;bnßycMNayRbtibt þikar GacelIkkMBs;PaBRbkYtRbECgénGgárkm<úCaenAelITIpSarGn þrCati ehIyeFVI[éføøGgárenAksidæan mantMélx<s; EdlmanlT§PaBeFVI[mankarvinieyaKbEnßmkñúgkarEklMGbec©kviTüaeragcRkkinRsUv nigkarGnuvtþn_ eRkayeBlRbmUlpl .

125> karedaHRsay]bsKÁ nig GRbsiT§iPaBEdl)anrkeXIjenAtamExSsgVak;TIpSar kñúgsPaB CaCamYyshRKinÉkCn RbsinebIeRbobeFobCamYyvis½ydéTeTot vis½ydMNaMRsUvTTYl;Gtß -RbeyaCn_BIGgÁkarEdl manviC¢aCIv³x<s; ¬dUcCasmaKmGñkkinRsUv smaKmplitRKab;BUC¦ eTaHbICaenAmanlkçN³ Tn;exSayenAeLIyk þI . kic©karenHk¾p þl;GtßRbeyaCn_BIkarykcit þTukdak; rbs;rdæaPi)albEnßmeTot GMBIkarKaMRTelIkarRsavRCav nigkarpSBVpSaypgEdr . ]bsKÁcMeBaH plitkmμ nigkarrkTIpSarman ÉksarerobcMTukdak;)anl¥ ehIyGaTiPaBKWRtUvERbkøayGnusasn_[ eTACaskmμPaBGnuvt þ Cak;Es þg .

bsustV

126 mansk þanuBlenAkñúgkarTTYl)annUvplitPaBTUeTA nigkMeNInR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgvis½y bsustV . tMrUvkarcMeBaHsac;stVenARbeTsCitxagRtUv)aneKeRKagfanwgekIneLIg . RbeTséf \NÐÚensIu ma:eLsIu )annaMcUlstVrs;ya:geRcIn . enAkñúgeBlGnaKtd¾xøIenAeBlNaCIvPaBrs;enA nigkMlaMgTijenARbeTsevotNamekIneLIg eKrMBwgfakarpÁt;pÁg;sac;nwgmankgVHxat . manGMeBI rt;Bn§eKa-RkbIrs;qøgEdnBIRbeTskm<úCaeTARbeTsevotNam ehIyk¾mankarnaMecjeKa-RkbIrs; eTAkan;RbeTséf)anRbRBwt þeTAGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy edaymin)anRbkasBt’man ¬ADB qñaM2002¦ .

127 karelIkkMBs;plitkmμbsustV nigRbB½n§rkTIpSarGacnaMmknUvR)ak;cMeNjrh½ssMrab; RbCaBlrdæmYyEpñkFMenAtMbn;CnbT . karciBa©wmbsustVKWCaEpñkmYyénRbB½n§ksikmμkm<úCa ehIy


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p þl;nUvkarrYmviPaKTansMxan;cMeBaHR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarPaKeRcIn 71 . karciBa©wmRCUk nigbsubkSI KWCaRbPBcMbgénR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;RKYsarenACnbTPaKeRcIn eTaHbICaplitkm μenHman cMnYntictYc ehIyGRtasøab;mankMritx<s;k þ I . elIkElgEtbsubkSIecj GRtakMeNInénbrimaNstV BMuman kMritx<s;eLIy . stVFM² ¬RkbI eKa¦ enAkMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakMlaMgGUsTajehIykMeNIn én cMnYnstVTaMgenaH)ancuHfykñúgTsvtScugeRkayenH sMxan;bMputKWedaysarEtkarekIneLIgnUv yn þÚbPavUbnIykm μ . karciBa©wmRCUkenAcab;BIqñaM 1996 dl;qñaM 2000 )anrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn; nigedaysarbBaðaCMgWstV . bsubkSICamFümekIneLIg 8,8PaKrykñúgmYyqñaMcab;BIqñaM 1996 dl;qñaM 2000 ¬ ADB qñaM 2002¦ b:uEn þkMeNInenHekIneLIgedaysarkarksagnUvGgÁPaBplitkm μ ]sSahkm μxñatFMenAEk,rtMbn;TIRbCMuCnEdlRkYtRbECgedayp Þal;CamYynwgplitkrtUc² .

128 kñúgry³eBlxøIeTAry³eBlmFümeKsegáteXIjman»kassMrab;begáInRbsiT§PaBya:geRcIn kñúgkarciBa©wmbsustVenAtampÞH edaysgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarp þl;esvasuxPaBstV nigGaharUbtßmÖ . eTaHbICacaM)ac; mankargarCaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVIGMBIRbB½n§suxPaBstVenAfñak;Catik þI rYmman karXøaMemIlEdlmanRbsiT§PaBGMBIEpñkeGBIedmIsaRs þ nigkarRtYtBinitütamRBMEdn karvinieyaK kñúgkic©GPivDÆn_esvabsustVÉkCnenAtamPUmienAkñúgbN þaextþmYycMnYn)ankat;bnßynUvGRtasøab;én stVenAtamksidæanEdltMrUv[mankarBRgIkenAkñúgRkbx½NÐCatinUvesvaEbbenaH . eTaHbICacMNUl BIkarlk;bsustVmansar³sMxan;sMrab;esdækic©RKYsark þ I eKBMueXIjmanÉksarniyayGMBIExSsgVak; énTIpSarbsustVeLIyehIyk¾BMueXIjmanÉksarEdlniyayGMBI»kassMrab;begáInRbsiT§PaBrbs;; EpñkenHEdr . eTaHbICamansar³sMxan; sþIBIkarlk;bsustVcMeBaHesdækic©RKYsarkþI knøgmk»kas sMrab;begáInRbsiT§iPaB énExSsgVak;TIpSarbsustV nig tMélbEnßmEdl)anTTYledayplitkrtUc tac minsUv)aneKTTYlykcitþTukdak;eLIy . enAkñúgry³eBlEvg karRbemIlemIlcMeBaHkar cBa©wmRCUk nigbsubkSItamry³ karcuHkic©snüaCamYyRkumh‘unplitGahar nigGaCIvkmμksikmμkñúg

71 CamFümbsustVp þl; 17° éncMNUlRKYsarenAfñak;Cati ¬ Helmers et al enAqñaM 2003¦ .


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zan³CavinieyaKin GacCaTMrg;vinieyaKEdlmansar³sMxan; . CamYynwgkarekIneLIgnUvplit plksikm μmansk þanuBlsMrab; GPivDÆRbB½n§GaCIvkm μksikmμEdl)aneFVIsmahrNkm μtam ExSbeNaþy elIksiplbsustV nigplitplensaTkñúgRsuk rYmmanplitkmμcMNIGaharxñattUc nigxñatmFüm eragcRkEkécñGahar stVnigGaharRtI karciBa©wmRCUk bsubkSI nigcBa©wmRtI edayeRbIR)as;GaharplitenAkñúgRsuk karEkécñRtI nigEkécñsac; . RbeTskm<úCa GacmanlkçN³ Qanmux eFobnwgbN þaRbeTsGasa‘n enAkñúgkarrksIuEbbenHeRBaHkm<úCa KWCaRbeTsEdl karplitvtßúFatuedImmantMélefak sMrab;karEkécñGaharRtI nigGaharstV ¬FAO qñaM 2000¦ . k¾b:uEn þbTBiesaFn_fμ I²enH ¬eyagkrNI eragcRkcMNIstV CP rbs;éfbgðajfa briyakasvinieyaK nigbBaðasRmYlelIkarnaMecj caM)ac;RtUv edaHRsayCamun .

ensaT

129 bBaðasMxan;enAkñúgEpñkenHKWkarciBa©wmRtI nigkarrkTIpSarénplitplClplBIkarensaT nigBIkarciBa©wm . TidæPaBénkarRKb;RKgkarensaTRtUv)anBinitüemIlBIxagedImenARtg;cMNuc niyayGMBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanFm μCati . bEnßmelImuxgarénkarRKb;RKgkarensaT DoF k¾TTYl xusRtUvpgEdrkñúgkarCMrujvarIvb,kmμ b¤karciBa©wmRtIk¾dUcCakarRtYtBinitüelIkarEkécñ BaNiC¢kmμ nigskmμPaBnaMecjplitplRtIpgEdr . 130> varIvb,km μ CaBiessRbB½n§énkarciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERs p þl;»kassMrab;begáInkarciBa©wmRtI EdlmanlkçN³CaRKYsar . fμ I²enHvarIvb,km μmankMhitelIskmμPaBCak;lak; dUcCakarrkSaTuk bMb:nRtI[)anFat;FMedIm,Ilk;[)anéføø RsHtUc²sMrab;ciBa©wmRtITukbriePaKtamRKYsar nigkarciBa©wm plitplClpldUcCa RkeBI GnÞg; kEgáb CaedIm72. CaerOy²varIvb,km μtMrUv[mankarvinieyaK eRcInelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigRtUvkarTunbgVileRcIn nigRtUvRbQmmuxnwghaniP½yx<s; TamTar[man CMnajkñúgkarRKb;RKgl¥RbesIr edIm,IRKb;RKg[)annUvkarxatbg;BICMgW b¤BIeRKaHFm μCatiepSg² . Tak;TgeTAnwgkMeNInkñúgeBlGnaKtsMrab;ry³eBlxøI varIvb,km μsmuRTminRtUv)aneKrMBwgfanwgrYm viPaKTaneRcIneLIy . karciBa©wmbgÁaRtUv)anGaCIvkréfbegáItenAtameqñrsmuRTkm<úCa eTaHbICa ksidæanPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKe)aHbg;ecalk¾eday edaysar)anplcMeNjtictYc

72 eKkt;RtafaplitkmμRtImancMnYn 15,000etan nigRkeBIcMnYn 25,000k,al ¬ NIS qñaM 2001¦ .


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bN þalmkBIktþa epSg²rYmmankarRKb;RKgmin)anl¥edaymanCMgWbgÁaqøgenAkñúgtMbn; . k¾b:uEn þTMrg;énvarIvb,km μEdl eKGnuvt þCaTUeTAGMBIkarciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERsedayCIkGnøg; eKRtUvcMNayR)ak;vinieyaKtictYc nig GacrkR)ak;cMNUl EdlR)ak;cMNUlenaHGacmancMnYnx<s;CagkareFVIdMNaMRsUvEtmYymux73 . plitplmanbrimaNx<s;CagenAkñúgtMbn;licTwk enAeBlEdlksikrm©as;kar)anl¥elIkarRKb;RKg TwkCaBiessenAkñúgrdUvR)aMg . RbkarenHbgðajfak;ic©GPivDÆn_RbB½n§eRsacRsBxñattUcBMuEmn RKan;EtGacelIkkMBs;lT§plksikmμb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEn þk¾p þl;TinñplRtIx<s;pgEdrenAkñúgépÞdIdEdl EdleKeFVIdMNaMRsUv . CagenHeTAeTot karciBa©wmRtIkñúgERstMrUv[mankareRbIR)as;CIrtictYc nig tMrUv[eRbIR)as;CIKImItickñúgkarTTYlTinñpldUcKña . k¾b:uEn þkarciBa©wmRtIkñúgERscaM)ac;erobcM nig RKb;RKgedayykcit þTukdak;kñúgkarkat;bnßyhaniP½ycMeBaHRtI bN þalmkBIkareRbIR)as;sarFatu KImIksikmμenAkñúgdMNaMRsUv .

131 edaHRsayGRbsiT§PaB énkarrkTIpSar nigbNþajBaNiC¢km μ edIm,IbegáIn tMélbEnßm nig begáInlT§plTUeTArbs;vis½yenH. kalBIb:un μanqñaMknøgeTAkarnaMecjRtICapøÚvkarenARbeTskm<úCa mancMnYnBI 30/000 eTA 100/000 etan ¬RbEhl10 - 25°énbrimaNplensaTsrub¦ PaKeRcInKWkarnaMecjRtITwksabBMuTan;EkécñeTAevotNam kñúgxN³EdlkarnaMecjeRkApøÚvkar)annig kMBugekIneLIg . TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH mankarxatbg;RtIy:ageRcInedaysarRtIs¥úy bNþalmkBI kgVHbNþajTIpSarEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBeday rYmTaMgkgVHmeFüa)ayrkSaTukpgEdr . mUlehtuEdl bNþal[manbBaðaenHKWedaysarRkbx½NÐsßab½nmindMeNIrkarkñúgkarrkTIpSarRtI EdleFVI[)at;bg; »kassMrab;begáIntMélbEnßmenAkñúgRsuk ehIybrimaNmYyEpñkFMéntMélnaMecjRtIRss;RtUvxat bg;edaysarEtRtIxUcKuNPaBbNþalmkBIkarGUsbnøayeBlevalkñúgkarrkTIpSar nigkarrkSaTuk min)anRtwmRtUv . RbB½n§rkTIpSarcaM)ac; RtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnplitplgayxUcKuNPaBeTAdl;TIpSarlk;[ )anqab;rh½s bJ RtUvmanbrikçarbBa©úHsItuNðPaB nigbrikçaEkécñ rkSaTukenAkñúgsIutuNðPaBRtCak; bJ

73 plitkm μRsUvRbcaMqñaMtamFm μtamancMnYn 200 eTA 400 KILÚRkamkñúgmYyhikta b¤manbrimaN bYndgeTAR)aMbIdgeRcIn CagBIkarensaTRtI


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meFüa)ayplitTwkkk edIm,IrkSaPaBRss;rbs;RtI . TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH edaysarGñkensaTCa GñkensaTxñattUc ensaTRtI)antictYc KμanlT§PaBQaneTAdl;karensaT)anbrimaNRtIRKb;RKan; [RbB½n§RbmUlTijEdlmanlkçN³sμ úKsμaj EdlRKb;RKgedayGñkEckcaynigQ μ ÜjkNþal. CamYynigkarEklMGbNþajTIpSar rYmmankardwkCBa¢Ún kardak;Twkkk karbgák nigkarEkécμ déTeTotsMrab;kareRbIR)as;kñúgRsuknigsMrab;naMecj tMélénkarRbmUlplniglT§plEpñkesdækic© énvis½yenHnwgekIneLIg. edIm,IedaHRsay[manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarrkTIpSarBaNiC¢km μplitplRtI eKk¾caM)ac;RtUvmanpg EdrnUvkarsRmbsRmYlBIsßab½nCaeRcIn¬Ky Clpl BaNiC¢km μ ¦.

132 enAelIEpñkeKalneya)ay eKsegáteXIjmanvDÆnPaBmYycMnYnkñúgkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykm μ énvis½yenH b:uEnþcMNayRbtibtþikar mankMritx<s;ehIykarsRmbsRmYlEpñkBaNiC¢km μK μan RbsiT§PaB . KAMFIMEX CaRkumh‘unrbs;rdæ EdldMeNIrkareRkamkaRKb;RKgrbs; MAFF manPaBpþac;muxkñúgkarnaMecjRtIrhUtdl;cugqñaM2001 . cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk Cag 20 Rkumh‘un déTeTot)anTTYlGaCJab½NÑkñúgkarnaMecj ehIymuxgarrbs; KAMFIMEX k¾)anFøak;;cuHCaxøaMg . eTaHCay:agenHkþI TIpSarRtUv)anrMxanedaykarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar nigedaysarkartMrUv[bg;R)ak; bnÞúkmYycMnYnEdlTMngCabMerIeKaledAtictYc. R)ak;bnÞúkpøÚvkarnigeRkApøÚvkar eFVI[b:HBal;dl; R)ak;cMeNjelIBaNiC¢km μRtI nigeFVI[eKbenßakéføTijBIGñkensaT 74 .

133 vis½yrkTIpSarRtIk¾rgeRKaHy:agxøaMgBIkgVHvinieyaK BIvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarerobcMkEnøgsþúkTuk EkécñnigdwkCBa¢Ún.RbB½n§\NTanClplekþabkþab;PaKeRcInedayGñkrksIucgkarÉkCn Edl RbRBwtþeTAenAeRkARbB½n§hirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar ehIyeKykGRtakarR)ak;y:agx<s;. eKBMumanBt’man c,as;las;eTfa ehtuGVI)anCaRkumh‘unFM² EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkarrkRbPB\NTan min)aneFVIkar

74 karsikSafμ ImYysþIGMBIkarbg;R)ak; ¬ CDRI qñaM 2003¦ )anbBa¢ak;famankarbg;R)ak;27elIk epSg²Kña eTAeGay sßab½n cMnYn15 enATIkEng16 enAtamExSsgVak;TIpSar sMrab;naMecjRtIRss; eTARbeTséf . R)ak;bnÞúkpÚvkarCaeRcIn minRtUv )an eKbg;RKb;RKan;eLIy BaNiC¢krccabg;R)ak;elIbrimaNRtI EdleKraykarN_minRKb;cMnYn ehIybg;R)ak;eRkApÚvkarN_ bEnßm.karraykarN_minRKb;RKan;GacmanTMhMrhUtdl; 90° eFVIEbbenHcg;eGayBaNiC¢kr eCosvag enAkar bg;Bn§ naMecj 10° EdleKykelI RtInaMecjTaMgGs; .Bn§pÚvkarN_déTeTot rYmmanR)ak;bnÞúk { rbs;GñkEckcay }esμ Inig4° énRtIsrubEdl)andwkCBa¢Ún tamextþeq<aHeTArkkarnaMecj .GaCJab½NÑsMrab;karnaMecj { Eckcay} EdlRbmUlR)ak; bnÞúkTaMgenH RtUv)anpþl;tamry³dMeNIrkaredjéføEdlman lkçN³RbkYtRbECgb:uEnþ {Eckcay} minpþl;esvaNamYy eTAeGayvis½yRtIeLIy .


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vinieyaKeTAelImeFüa)ayEkécñ nigrkSaTukClpl. mankarplitp¥k Rbhuk nigTWkRtImYycMnYn eTaHbICakñúgRTg;RTaytUckþI ehIyPaKeRcIneKeFVICalkçN³RKYsar CaCageFVIsMrab;lk;dUr . müa:gvijeTot eKRtUvkar[manvinieyaKCaeRcIn kñúgkarelIkkMBs;KuNPaB sþg;dar suvtßiPaB es,ógGahar tamry³karpþl;viBaØabnb½Rt HACCP nigsþg;darGnam½yes,ógGahardéTeTot edIm,IebIkpøÚveTAkan;TIpSarbreTsEdlmantMélx<s; ¬shrdæGaemrik bJ shPaBGWr:ub ¦ .

ekAs‘U

134 karerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvijcMeBaHvis½y ekAs‘Umansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarrkSakarRbKYt RbECgrbs;vis½yenHenAelITIpSarBiPBelak xN³Edlkic©GPivDÆn_plitkm μekAs‘UxñattUc man lkçN³rs;revIk Gacpþl;»kas nigpþl;R)ak;cMNUlepSgeTotcMeBaHplitkr . karBüakrN_sMrab; ry³eBlEvg GMBIéføekAs‘UFmμCati¬NR¦ bgðaj[eXIjlkçN³GMeNaypl75 . sMrab;l½kçx½NÐ eGkULÚsIuksikmμEdlmanGMeNayplcMeBaHdaMNaMekAs‘U km<úCamandICaeRcIn nigmancMNay Blkmμefak km<úCarYmCamYynigRbeTsplitekAs‘UdéTeTotkñúgtMbn; dUcCa evotNam \NÐÚensIu EckrMElknUvkarekIneLIgén]tþmPaBeRbobeFob GMBIplitkmμekAs‘U eFobnwgkarplitekAs‘UxñatFM dUcCaRbeTsm:aeLsIu EdlkMBugkat;bnßykardaMdMNaMekAs‘U edaysaréføBlkmμ nigéfødIekIneLIg y:agx<s; . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday ekAs‘Urbs;km<úCa f μ I²enHrgeRKaHedaykarpþl;TinñplTab kgVHkarTTYlsÁal;BIGnþrCati GMBIkarbBa¢ak;KuNPaB nigkgVHtmøaPaB nigkgVHkarRbkYtRbECg enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrkTIpSar . GRbsiT§PaBTaMgGs;enH enAkñúgkarplitnigenAkñúgkarrkTIpSar eFVI[ b:HBal;CaGviC¢mandl;R)ak;cMNUléncMkarekAs‘U76 . sßanPaBenHRtUv)anEklMGxøH² edaysar

75 karviPaKGMBIninñakarN_ ry³eBlEvgcMeBaH tMrUvkarplitkm μ ekAs‘UFmμCati bgajfaGacman kgVHekAs‘UFm μCati . ekAs‘UFm μCatimancMENk 35eTA 40° énTIpSarekAs‘Usrub éfekAs‘UGnþrCatiFm μCati Edl)an cab;epþIm egIbeLIg mkvij enAqñaM2002 ehIy)anQaneTAdl;éf 1/2dulakñúgmYyKILÚRkam enAcugqñaM2003 RtUv)aneKrMBwgfanig bnþekIneLIg nig man esßrPaBkñúgtMél RbEhl2dulashrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyKILÚRkam enAeRkayqñaM2010¬ { kMeNItesdækic©nigGnaKt ekAs‘UFm μCati } niBn§eday Burger nig Smit Yamoussoukro ExvicäikarqñaM 2001¦ 76 vis½ydMNaMekAs‘U RKb;dNþb;PaKeRcIn edayRkumh‘urdæcMnYn 7 ¬Cb; ERkk em:m:t; sñÜl cMkarGNþÚg bwgekt nig BamCaMg¦ enAqñaM2001 kñúgépÞdIsm,TansrubcMnYn 68/709hikta manépÞdIRbmaN 90° sßitenA eRkamkar RKb;RKg rbs;rdæcMnYn7 épÞdIRbmaNCa 1/5° ¬ 1033hikta ¦ Carbs;viTüasßanRsavRCav dMNaMekAs‘U ¬ IRCC¦ nigépÞdI 8/5° Carbs;vis½yÉkCn enAextþtaEkv nigrtn³KIrI. Tak;TgeTAnigtMbn;eFVIGaCIvkmμ Rkumh‘unrdæTaMg7 RKb;dNþb; RbmaN


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karerobcMrcnasm<½n§ sareLIgvijEdl)anpþÜcepþImenAkñúg\NTanksikmμenAelIkdMbUg¬ADB¦ EdlmankardkecjnUvkarvinieyaKBIcMkarekAs‘UFM²TaMg 7 eRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs; MAFF nig karERbkøayRkumh‘unTaMgenaHeTACashRKassaFarN³ÉkraCü . eTaHCay:agenHkþI dMeNIrkarenH caM)ac;RtUvEtsIuCMerAbEnßmeTot edIm,IeFVI[vis½yenHmanlkçN³kan;EtRbkYtRbECg nigkan;Etman lT§PaBkñúgkarRsUbykkargar EdlrYmviPaKTancMeBaHkMeNInbEnßménvis½yksikm μ ¬ADB, 2002¦ .

135 Ep¥kelIéføbc©úb,nñ¬éføekAs‘Ukm<úCaRtUv)aneKbBa©úHBI 20°eTA30° edaysarKμankarbBa©ak; TTYlsÁal;BIGnþrCati ¦nigEp¥kcMNayplitkmμRbEhl0/5duløarkñúgmYyetan skþanuBlR)ak; cMNUlsrubrbs;RbeTsBIdMNaMekAs‘URtUv)aneK)a:nsμanfamancMnYnRbEhl 180 landuløar kñúg mYyqñaM EdlmancMNUlsuT§esμ Inig 90 landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM . cMeBaHm©as;cMkarekAs‘UtUc² R)ak;cMnUlBIBlkmμRtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamankMritBI4eTA5duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyéfø mann½yfa man kMrites μ I 4 bJ 5dgénR)ak;QñÜlRbcaMéf¶kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ cMeBaHvis½yksikm μ GaRs½yehtuenH Tak;Taj [ksikrmancMNab;Garm μN_enAkñúg vis½ydMNaMekAs‘U .

136> rdæaPi)al)andak;ecjnUveKaledAEdlmanmhicätax<s; kñúgkarBRgIképÞdIdaMduH[)andl; 300/000 hikta . karBRgIk]sSahkm μÉkCnRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alkñúgkic©Rbwg ERbgGPivDÆn_cMkarekAs‘UxñattUc . RbsiT§PaBnigPaBRbkYtRbECgénRbB½n§plitkmμxñattUc)an bgðaj[eXIjenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsdéTeTotkñúgtMbn; . cab;taMgBIqñaM 1999mk TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_ )araMg¬AFD¦ )annigkMBugpþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHKMeragGPivDÆn_cMkarekAs‘URKYsar rIÉFnaKar BiPBelakvij )annigkMBugKaMRTkarsikSaRsavRCavekAs‘UxñattUc . GnþraKmn_TaMgBIrenHRtUv)an erobcM edIm,IbBa¢ak;nUvskþanuBlcMeBaHlT§PaBGPivDÆn_ekAs‘UlkçN³RKYsarEdlmanxñatFMnaeBl GnaKt . rhUtmkdl;eBlenH lT§plCMh‘andMbUg)anbgðajGMBIcMNab;Garm μN_rbs;ksikr enAkñúgdMNaMekAs‘U nigPaBsmRsbénkic©GPivDÆn_dMNaMekAs‘Urbs;km<úCa . épÞdIrbs;km<úCa sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_dMNaMekAs‘U ¬cMkarekAs‘UFM² nigcMkarekAs‘URKYsar ¦ RtUv)aneK)a:n;s μanfamanépÞdI

Ca84° énépÞdIsrub cMnYn 36/402hikta enAqñaM2001 R)ak;cMeNjnigR)ak;cMNUl )anmkBIRTBüsm,tþi kñúgeBl bc©úb,nñ mankMritTab ehIyBMumanPaBRKb;RKan; kñúgkarTak;Taj cMNab;GarmμN_BivinieyaKKinEdlmanbMNg vinieyaKeLIy .


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RbEhl 150/000 hikta EdlmanskþanuBlplitkmμsrubcMnYn 180/000etan77 . b:uEnþ eCaKC½yénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ekAs‘UlkçN³RKYsarRtUv)aneKrMBwgfa GaRs½yelIkarelIkkMBs;tmøaPaB PaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½yenHTaMgmUl. Tal;EtRKYsarnanamanGarm μN_faBYkeKmansuvtßiPaB GMBIkmμsiT§ielIdIFøIrbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH eKmanCMenOTukcitþfaplitplrbs;BYkeKGaclk;kñúglkçN³ RbkYtRbECg BMuenaHesatvinieyaKnigmandMeNIrkaryWt. karerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCaf μI nigkareFVI ÉkCnPavUnIykm μenAeBlNamYyénshRKasekAs‘U nigpþl;CapøÚvRtYsRtay edIm,I[vis½yekAs‘U manRbsiT§PaB nigpþl;briyakaselIkkMBs;sMrab;ekAs‘URKYsar ¬ ADB, 2002 ¦ TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH karbegáItmeFüa)ayEkécñrbs;vis½yÉkCnEdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCüBiIcMkarekAs‘UFM² KYbpSMCamYy nwgkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμénTIpSarekAs‘U nwgbegáIt)anCal½kçx½NÐGMeNaypl sMrab;CMrujkic© GPivDÆn_ekAs‘UEdlmanlkçN³RKYsar .

dMNaMpþl;R)ak;déTeTot nigplitplCamUldæan

137> ]bsKÁcMeBaHkarplitnigkarrkTIpSarénplitplksikmμdéTeTot tMrUve[mankarviPaK kan;EtRbesIrbEnßmeTot . fμ I²enHmankarsikSamYycMnYnvaytMélGMBI]tþmPaBeRbobeFobrbs; RbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgplikmμksiplminEmnRsUv¬dUcCaGahaes,óg¦nigplitplCamUldæan ¬eRKOg eTs eRbgsMxan;² .l¦ tMrUvkarbc©úb,nñnigtMrUvkarGnaKtelITIpSarGnþrCati. eTaHCay:agenHkþI dUcEdl)anBiPakSaBIxagedIm kareFVIBiBiFkmμEdlksikrkm<úCakMBugGnuvtþkñúgbriyakasbc©úb,nñ KWCakarRbfuyRbfan. smtßPaBrbs;ksikrkm<úCa kñúgkarc,amykkalanuvtþPaBTaMgenaH GaRs½yelIvDÆnPaBkñúgkarFanabriyakasesdækic©rbs;BYkeK ¬karelIkkMBs;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ lT§PaB)anTTYlhirBaØb,Tan lT§PaB)anTTYlBt’manTIpSar suvtßiPaBkñúgkar)anTTYlkmμsiT§idIFøI .l.¦ nigkareFV smahrNkmμbEnßmeToténplikrenAtMbn;CnbTCamYyTIpSarCati nigTIpSar GnþrCati . ksikrcaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgkan;EtRbesIrGMBI]bsKÁplitkm μ nig]bsKÁTIpSar .

Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBGaTiPaBsMrab;vis½yksikm μ

77Ep¥kelITinñpl mFümkMritTab esμInig 1/2etan kñúgmYyhikta


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GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkarRKb;RKgvis½yksikmμedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaB nig\T§iBlénkareRbIR)as; FnFan

BRgwgkarRKb;RKgvis½yedIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaBnig\T§iBlelIkm μviFIKaMRTEdlsRmbsRmYlmin)anl¥ kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñkñúgEpñkksikm μ ehIyENnaMkic©GPivDÆn_énkmμviFIGnaKt:

• begáItkm μviFIGPivDÆn_ksikmμ edayep þatelIR)ak;cMNUlRKYsarenACnbT nigTTYlsÁal;sßanPaB nanaenAmUldæan nigTTYlsÁal;tMrUvkarrbs;RkumksikrepSg²Kña edayBieRKaHCamYyédKU nigPaKIBak;B½n§sMxan;² . GaTiPaBTI1 KW yuT§saRs þrbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ksikmμ caM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;[)anc,as; ehIyERbkøayGaTiPaBTUeTAeTACaEpnkarCak;lak; Edlman GaTiPaBsMrab;EbgEckFnFan . edIm,IeFVIkic©karenH cUreRbIkarsRmbsRmYlrbs;m©as;CMnYy78 nigevTikaBieRKaHCamYyvis½yÉkCn nigPaKIBak;B½n§déTeTot .

• kic©RbwgERbgbnÞan;nigBiess Kb,ImanTisedAeq<aHeTAkan; (i) karkMNt;Cafμ Irbs;vis½y saFarN³kñúgEpñkksikm μ nig CMrujkic©GPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn nig karcUlrYmrbs;vis½yenH kñúgkarpþl;esvaRTRTg;ksikmμ ¬ii¦ BinitüsareLIgvijnUvmuxgar nigParkic©rbs;sßab½nsaFarN³ sMxan;²enAfñak;kN þalnigenAmUldæanedaycab;ep þImBI MAFF nigmnÞIrksikm μ nigkariyal½y fñak;Rsuk ¬karBinitüsareLIgvijnUvmuxgar¦ nig ¬iii¦ bBa©b;nUvdMeNIrkarÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ .

• erobcMFnFanCaCMhan²RsbCamYyGaTiPaBkmμviFIEdl)anÉkPaB nigelIkkMBs;karRKb;RKg saFarN³enAkñúgvis½yksikmμ

GaTIPaBTI 2 sRmbsRmYlesvaKaMRTbec©keTs nigKaMMRTTIpSar edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankareFVIBiBiFkm μ énksikmμEdlep þateTArkTIpSar

BRgwgesvaKaMRTsMxan;²cMeBaHvis½yenHedayRbmUlp þúMFnFansaFarN³elITMnijsaFarN³:

78 CaCMha‘ndMbUg karbegáItCapøÚvkarnUvRkumkargarksikmμrYmKñarvagrdæaPi)al nigGñkp þl;CMnYykMBugRtUv)anBiPakSa


103

• GPivDÆCabn þnUvkarsikSaksikm μCati nigRbB½n§pSBVpSayksikmμeTAkñúgRbB½n§cMruHmanRbsiT§PaB RsbnwgcMNay nigERbRbYleTAtamtMrUvkar Ep¥kelImUldæanBinitüemIlsareLIgvijnUvtMrUvkar rbs;RkumksikrepSg²Kña nigEp¥kelItMrUvkarnigkareqøIytb GacmanGñkp þl;esvasaFarN³ Gñkpþl;esvaminEmnrdæaPi)al nigGñkp þl;esvaÉkCn . gakecjBIkarp þl;karRbwkSasuT§saF elIEpñkbec©keTs .

• BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs; MAFF edIm,IGPivDÆ nigGnuvt þGMBIs þg;dasuvtßiPaB nigKuNPaB es,ógGaharedayshkarCamYysßab½nBak;B½n§ nigPaKIBak;B½n§eTAtamFnFan nigsmtßPaB rbs;RbeTs nigRsbtamsmtßPaBrbs;plitkrlkçN³RKYsar nigenAtamCnbT .

• sikSaGMBI]bsKÁcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_sßab½nplitkrCnbTbc©úb,nñ edIm,Ip þl;dMNwgGMBIkic©GPivDÆn_ yuT§saRs þksikmμ nigedIm,IrYmviPaKTankñúgkarkMNt; nigkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayGMBI rebobvar³tamvis½yBak;B½n§ Edlb:HBal;dl;smtßPaBrbs;plitkrenACnbT kñúgkareqøIytb nwgB½t’manTIpSar ¬briyakasvinieyaK kic©GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§ kic©GPivDÆn_esva hirBaØvtßú .l.¦ .

• BRgwgRbB½n§XøaMemIleGBIedmIsaRs þ ¬sMrab;rukçCati nigstV¦ nigRbB½n§p þl;Bt’manCamun edIm,I tamdankarERbRbYlbriyakas ¬TwkCMnn; karraMgs¶Üt¦ edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarbegáInnUvkar eRtomlkçN³ nigkarbeBa©ósplb:HBal;GviC¢man .

GaTiPaBTI 3 begáItkm μviFIsmahrNkmμedIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvt þénGnuvis½ysMxan;²GMBI sar³énR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT

edaHRsay]bsKÁCak;lak;EdlGnuvis½yksikm μRbQmmux nigCMrujya:gskmμnUvkareqøIytbEdl mankarsRmbsRmYledIm,IkMNt;rk]bsKÁrbs;Gnuvis½y:

• dMNaMRsUv:


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o begáItyuT§saRs þc,as;las;sMrab;vis½ydMNaMRsUvCMuvijeKaledABIrénsn þisuxes,óg CaBiesscMeBaHplitkrCIvRBwt þ nigbegáInPaBRbkYtRbECgelIkarnaMecj .

o shkarCamYyvis½yÉkCn ksikr nigsßab½nBak;B½n§déTeTotedIm,IedaHRsay ]bsKÁcMeBaHPaBRbkYtRbECgénGgárkm<úCa .

• bsustV: ep þatelIkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUl nigtMélbEnßmcMeBaHvis½ybsustVEdlmanlkçN³Ca RKYsartamry³

o elIkTwkcit þkarBRgIkesvaeBTüstVÉkCnenAtamPUmi[)anrh½s o BRgwgRbB½n§tamdan ¬sUmGanEpñkxagedIm¦ . o eFVIkarviPaKExSsgVak;tMé;l

nigsikSaGMBIRbtibt þikarp þl;hirBaØb,TanenAkñúgTIpSar cMeBaHplitplstV edIm,IkMNt;Cabn þnUvskm μPaBKaMRT ¬eKalneya)ay nig vinieyaK¦ .

• begáIntMélbEnßm[)anCaGtibrimaBIkarEkécñ niglk;RtI nigvarIvb,kmμ o dak;bBa©ÚlRbB½n§ciBa©wmRtIenAkñúgERsenAkñúgkmμviFIKaMRTkareFVIBiBiFkm μénksikmμ o sikSaCMerIsnanaedIm,IsRmYlvis½yÉkCnkñúgkarTukdak; nigEkécñplitplRtI o edaHRsay]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarnaMecjRtIeTAkan;TIpSarEdlmantMélx<s; nigedaH-

RsayGRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlBaNiC¢kmμ . • erobcMrcnasm<½n§vis½ydMNaMekAs‘UsareLIgvij

o begáInel,Ón nigbBa©b;nUvkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§ nigÉkCnPavUbnIykm μénRkumh‘uncMkar ekAs‘Urbs;rdæ .

o begáItkm μviFITTYlsÁal;KuNPaBekAs‘UEdlTTYlsÁal;edayGn þrCati . o eFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμTIpSarekAs‘U o GnuBaØat[mankarbegáItnUvmeFüa)ayEkécñrbs;vis½yÉkCnEdlmanlkçN³

ÉkraCüBIcMkarekAs‘UFM² . o Gnuvt þkm μviFIsMrab;GPivDÆcMkarekAs‘UlkçN³RKYsar .

• begáInkarykcit þTukdak;elIdMNaMp þl;R)ak;nigbegáInplitplCamUldæan


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o viPaKbEnßmeTotGMBI]bsKÁþcMeBaHksikr edIm,IeFVIBiBiFkm μbEnßmeToteTAkan;plitpl EdltMélx<s;enAtMbn;xus²Kña ¬]TahrN_plitkrdMNaMp þl;GaharenAtMbn;valrab plitkreQIsIuEpøkñúgtMbn;Bay½Bü plitkrdaMbEnøenAtMbn;RTnab; Ek,rTIRkug¦ .

pSarP¢ab;KMlatelIlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaKaMRT nigehdæarcnasm<½n§

GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§enAtMbn;CnbT

138 ehdæarcnasm<½n§minp þl;esvaRKb;RKan;enAtMbn;CnbTeLIy . ehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT rgkar xUcxatya:gF¶n;F¶r/minTTYl)annUvkarykcit þTukdak;enAkñúgGMLúgeBlmansRgÁam ehIyeTaHbICa mankarEklMGkalBIb:un μanqñaMknøgeTAenHk þ I enAmanpøÚvd¾Evgq¶aybn þeTAeTotEdlRtUvelIkkMBs; esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§[dl;kMritEdlGaceFobCamYyRbeTsCitxag nigCYyelIkkMBs;[Blrdæ enACnbTmanlT§PaB)anTTYlesvasMxan;² ¬sUmGanEpñkTI1¦ . GegátnanaGMBIRKYsarenACnbT bgðajfakarelIkkMBs;lT§PaB)anTTYlehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiesspøÚvfñl; nigkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk 79 CaGaTiPaBx<s;kñúgkarcMeNamGaTiPaBnana . kñúgcMeNamesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§Rbtibt þikarén shRKastUc²enAtMbn;CnbTbgðaj[eXIjkarelIkkMBs;lT§PaBkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún TMnak;Tng nig esvafamBlKWCaGaTiPaB . kargarCaeRcInkñúgkaredaHRsay]bsKÁCak;lak;enAkñúgGnuvis½y nImYy²TaMgenHkMBugdMeNIrkar CaBiessCaEpñkénkarerobcM b¤karGnuvtþn_énKMeragEdlp þl;hirBaØ-b,TanBIGñkp þl;CMnYy .

139 eKkMBugerobcM[manvDÆnPaBelIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aypøÚvfñl;CnbT nigkarTTYlxusRtUv rbs;sßab½n. NPRS kMNt;Gt þsBaØaNfaRbB½n§pøÚvfñl;minRKb;RKan;Ca]bsKÁcMbgcMeBaHkar GPivDÆn_sgÁm nigesdækic© . CaBiesskgVHlT§PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;pøÚvfñl;enARKb;rdUv nigkgVH ehdæarcnasm<½n§dwkCBa¢Ún nigkgVHesvadéTeTotenAtMbn;CnbTRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa]bsKÁkñúgkar elIkkMBs;KuNPaBCIvitrs;enA nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbT . SEDP II bBa¢ak;bEnßmGMBI

79 karp þl;esvapÁt;pÁgTwk nigGnam½ymanBiPakSaenAkñúgEpñkniyayGMBIkarRKb;RKgTwk .


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Ps þútagénkgVHkarerobcMCayuT§saRs þénvis½yenH kñúgkarrYmviPaKTan[manRbsiT§PaBcMeBaH yuT§saRs þkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;km<úCa . karykcit þTukdak;enAkñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAén karksagsareLIgvijep þatCasMxan;elIbN þaj nigpøÚvfñl;sMxan;²mYycMnYnenAtamTIRkug . TnÞwmnwg enHk¾mankarykcit þTukdak;pgEdrcMeBaHehdæarcnasm<½n§enAshKmn_tamry³kmμviFIsila nigkm μ viFIdéTeTot . eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday CaTUeTAeKminsUv)anykcit þTukdak;cMeBaHbN þajpøÚvlM nigpøÚvPUmiEdlsar³sMxan;kñúgkarbMeBjnUvkgVHxatnanaenAkñúgbN þajenH .

140 karTTYlxusRtUvEpñlsßab½ncMeBaHbN þajdwkCBa¢ÚnCnbTRtUv)anTTYlxusRtUvedayRksYg saFarN³kar nigdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRKb;RKg nigkarGPivDÆn_TUeTAénvis½ypøÚvfñl; nigdwkCBa¢Ún rab;TaMgpøÚvfñl;sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;bnÞab;bnSM ehIyRksYgGPivDÆn_CnbTTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHpøÚvlM nigpøÚvdéTeTot . eKkMBugerobcMesck þIRBagc,ab;s þIGMBIpøÚvfñl;EdlbBa©ak;GMBIParkic© rbs; MPWT nig MRD . bc©úb,nñenH MRD TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHpøÚvfñl;Edlmanyanyn þ eFVIdMeNIrticCag 50 kñúgmYyéf¶ ¬niymn½yenHmanlkçN³minc,as;las;eTBIeRBaHfaK μan meFüa)ayEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enAkñúgkarcat;EcgpøÚvfñl;enAeBlEdlmanyanyn þqøgkat;cMnYn 51 kñúgmYyéf¶¦ . c,ab;s þIBIpøÚvfñl;nwgCYykMNt;faetIpøÚvNasßitenAeRkamsmtßkic©rbs;sßab½n EdlmanmUldæanEp¥kelImuxgarCaCagEp¥kelIcMnYnyanyn þeFVIdMeNIrqøgkat; .

141 vis½ydwkCBa¢ÚnxVHeKalneya)aypøÚvfñl;nigeKalneya)ayvis½ydwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmanlkçN³ s¥itrmYtkñúgkarCMrujGnuvt þeKaledArbs;vis½y nigkñúgTMrg;sMerc)annUveKaledATaMgenH . b:uEn þ MRD )anGnum½teKalneya)aymYycMeBaHpøÚvCnbTenAqñaM 2002 EdlmaneKaledAbegáInlT§PaB eTAkan;CnbTtamry³karp þl;GaTiPaBkñúgkarEfTaMedaymanRbsiT§PaB


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nigkareFVInItism,TacMeBaH pøÚvfñl;CnbT nigCMrujkareRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsbEp¥kelIBlkm μ ¬LBAT¦ edaymankar cUlrYmBIIvis½yÉkCnenAmUldæan ¬Gñkem:AkarxñattUc nigxñatmFüm¦ kñúgkarGnuvtþn_kargarenH . eKalneya)ayenHk¾p þl;esckþIENnaMpgEdrcMeBaHkarEbgEckPar³kic©cMeBaHpøÚvCnbT BIRksYgenA fñak;;kN þal ¬MRD¦ nigmnÞIrext þrhUtdl;mnÞIrXMu . eTaHbICaeKGacelIkkMBs;)ank þI enAkñúg TidæPaBCaeRcIn enHCaeKalneya)aysmRsb ehIyp þl;nUvRkbx½NÐmYysMrab;RKb;RKgpøÚvCnbT . GaRs½yehtuenHkarykcit þTukdak;elIkic©karbEnßmeTotKb,IBicarNarkviFIGnuvt þ[)anRbesIr cMeBaHeKalneya)ayenH ¬edIm,ICMnHv]bsKÁEpñkkaryl;dwg bec©keTs nighirBaØvtßú¦ .

142 kic©GPivDÆn_pøÚvfñl;nigesvadwkCBa¢ÚnCYb]bsKÁedayxVHkarksagEpnkar nigkarRKb;RKg [manRbsiT§PaB RBmTaMgxVHdMeNIrkarerobcMfvika edIm,IFana[manmUlniFiRKb;RKan;sMrab;ksag nigsMrab;EfTaM. mUlniFisMrab;CYsCulnigEfTaMpøÚvfñl; ¬FRMR¦ pþl;mUlniFitamEbbmYy mineTogTat; CaBiesssMrab;kareFVInitism,TapøÚvfñl; K μanlkçN³vinicä½ykñúgkareRCIserIsKMrU bJ kñúgkareRCIserIsyuT§saRsþsmRsbsMrab;EbgEckFnFan . eTaHbICamanPaBc,as;las;kþI ]bsKÁ pÞal;kñúgkarpþl;mUlniFirbs; FRMR Bi)akpþl;mUlniFiRKb;RKan;sMrab;karCYsCul CaBiessKWenA bNþajfñak;eRkam. cab;taMgBIqñaM 2002 mk karTTYlxusRtUvelIehdæarcnasm<½n§rbs;fñak;XuM RtUv)aneFVIvimCÄkar[RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;EdlCab;eqñatf μ I edaypþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHkarksag nig nitism,TapøÚvfñl;enAtamXMusgáat; EdlmanCMnYybec©keTsmkBImnÞIrGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ . ynþkar epÞrsareBIBn§rvagGaCJaFrGnþrdæaPi)alnigmUlniFiXMusgáat;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,Ipþl;hirBaØb,Tan sMxan;cMeBaHkic©karenH nigcMeBaHParkic©déTeTotrbs;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat; b:uEnþmUlniFimancMnYnbnþic bnþÜc. tamry³sikçasalasþIBIsmahrNkmμRsuk)an[dwgfa karpþl;mUlniFirbs;m©as;CMnYy nigNGOdéTeTot pþl;eTAkan;KMeragnigkm μviFIepSgKñaCaeRcIn epþatelIfñak;PUmi bJfñak;XMu ehIy mUlniFienHminRtUv)aneKsRmbsRmYl)anl¥CamYynwgkic©RbwgERbgenAfñak;XMu nigsgáat;eLIy. karpþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHbNþajenAmUldæan enAEtCabBaðaenAeLIy eRBaHeKmanmnÞilfa kic©Rbwg ERbgTaMgenH minGacbegáIt)anCamUldæansMrab; BRgIkdl;fñak;CatieLIy.


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> 143 esvafamBl nigTUrKmnaKmn_ manCamUldæanenAtMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;TIRkugFM²Etb:ueNñaH. RbeTskm<úCamanGnu)atGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmμTabCageKbMput kñúgcMeNambNþaRbeTsenAGasIuxag ekIt KWmankMritRtwmEt 5°b:ueNÑaHenAtMbn;CnbT . rIÉTUrKmnaKmn_vij bNþajTUrs½BÞGcl½t sMrab;RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUlmankMritEt 0/27 b:ueNÑaHkñúgcMeNam 100RKYsar. rIÉTUrs½BÞvij enAqñaM 2000 mankMrit 1/27 kñúgcMeNam 100 RKYsar. TUrs½BÞGcl½telItu kan;EtmancMnYntic enAtMbn; CnbT EdlkarBRgIkbNþajenHTamTar[mankarvinieyaKCaeRcIn kñúgxN³EdlesvaTUrs½BÞcl½t )anBRgIkCaeRcIn edayGaRtax<s;eTAkan;tMbn;mYycMnYn. enAkñúgvis½yGKÁIsnI Rkbx½NÐsßab½n manlkçN³exSay ehIykarpÁt;pÁg;famBlminGaceCOTukcitþ)an mantMélx<s; ehIyPaKeRcIn sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;enAtMbn;TIRkugEtb:ueNÑaH . GñkPUmibMeBjtMrUvkarEpñkfamBlrbs;xøÜnedaylkçN³ samBaØ b:uEnþRtUvcMNayx<s; dUcCakareRbIR)as;GaKuyCaedIm . karBRgwgsßab½nCYb]bsKÁeday ³ ¬k¦kgVHbuKÁlikCMnajF¶n;F¶r ¬x¦ viFIsaRsþcak;b¤sepþatelIvis½ysaFarN³kñúgkarRKb;RKgRbB½n§ famBlsaFarN³ ¬K¦ GnþraKmn_Epñkneya)ay ¬X¦ kgVHtmøaPaBkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tan manrcnasm<½n§Bn§KyGRbsiT§PaB éfømankMritx<s;bMputenAkñúgBiPBelak . karBRgIkenAbNþaj TUrKmnaKmn_Gcl½teTAkan;tMbn;CnbT tMrUv[mankarvinieyaKeRcIn. cMeBaHesvaTUrs½BÞcl½tÉkCn manktþaelIkTwkcitþmantictYcsMrab;eFVI[manvinieyaKBRgIképÞesvaTUrs½BÞ EdlmanKuNPaB .

144> RtUvmanviFIsaRsþEdlmanlkçN³yuT§saRsþbEnßmeTot cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_esva ehdæarcna-sm<½n§CnbT. kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenHmankic©RbwgERbgCaeRcIn enAkñúgkarEklMGehdæa rcnasm<½n§CnbT rYmmanKMeragCaeRcInEdl)anpþl;mUlniFiBIm©as;CMnYy edIm,IEklMGrcnasm<½n§enA CnbT nigPaBCitsñiT§rvagkarksagEpnkarnigkarRKb;RKg. TnÞwmCamYyKñaenH eKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþnanaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaysßab½nTTYlxusRtUvBak;B½n§mYycMnYn. caM)ac;RtUvman kartamdanbEnßmeTot edIm,Ipþl;dMNwgGMBIskþanuBlénkarEkERbeKalneya)ay yuT§saRsþ km μviFIKMerag CaBiesseFVIKMeragTak;TgnwgkareFVIvimCÄkareTAkan;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat; nigvish-mCÄkarénPar³kic©BIRksYgsßab½nfñak;kNþal eTAmnÞIrnigkariyal½yRsuk. mansar³sMxan;dUcKña Edr KWlMhUrénmUlniFi EdlmansIuKñaEdrCamYynigParkic©TaMgGs;enH.


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Gnusasn_sþIBIskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBsMrab;EklMGesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT

GaTiPaBTI 1 BRgwgkarkMNt;TisedA yuT§saRsþvinieyaKehdæarcnasm<½n§

begáItyuT§saRsþsMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTCamYykarKaMRTBIédKUdéTeTot . RbkarenHtMrUv[mankarBinitüemIleLIgvijnUvyuT§saRsþnigeKalneya)aykñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ nigkar erobcMEpñksßab½nsMrab;RKb;RKgnigpþl;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiessEsVgrkcMNg Tak;Tgrvagehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbTTUeTA . Ep¥kelIBt’manenH karvaytMélGMBIPaB RKb;RKan;énRkbx½NÐkargarbc©úb,nñcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§bc©úb,nñ caM)ac;RtUvmankar kMNt;GtþsBaØaNGMBIkgVHxatnigplb:HBal;epSg²cMeBaHkarEbgEckFnFan nigkarRKb;RKg. karvaytMélEbbenHnwgBicarNaGMBIlkçN³énRbePTxusKña² énehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigmuxgarrbs; vis½ysaFarN³nigÉkCn enAkñúgGnuvis½yepSg² . CaBiessyuT§saRsþrYmman ³ • BRgwgPaBsIusgVak;KñaénkarksagEpnkarGPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§CamYynwgkarksagEpnkar

GPivDÆn_kñúgtMbn; • BRgwgsmtßPaBGaCJaFrmUldæan kñúgkarkMNt;GaTiPaBelIEpnkarnigkarRKb;RKgehdæarcna

sm<½n§mUldæan nigpþl;esva • begáItkarrYmviPaKTanrbs; vis½yÉkCnkñúgkarpþl;esva ¬tamry³lT§PaB)anTTYl\NTan

karFanara:b;rg PaBgayRsYlkñúgkarTTYllixitGnuBaØati¦ • elIkkMBs;karsþarcMNayenAkñúgehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbTnigenAkñúgesvanana edIm,I[man

nirnþrPaB .

GaTiPaBTI 2 kic©GPivDÆn_[mannirnþrPaB nigmanlkçN³CayuT§saRsþénbNþajpøÚvfñl; edIm,I sMrYlkareFVIsmahrNkm μtMbn;CnbTCamYynwgesdækic©kñúgtMbn;

• ély:agNa[eKalneya)aydwkCBa¢ÚnKaMRT eKalneya)aykat;bnßy PaBRkIRk tamry³ o karbegáIt karGnum½t nigkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayPaBénkardwkCBa¢ÚnEdl

edaHRsaytMrUvkareFVIdMeNIrenACnbT


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o erobcMeKalneya)ayCati nigyuT§saRsþ pøÚvfñl;enACnbT .

• elIkkMBs;lT§PaBenACnbT tamry³karEfTaM sm,tþipøÚvfñl;bc©úb,nñ nigbegáIncracrN_enA CnbT ³

o erobcMsareBIBn§ enACnbT nigksagEpnTI o ély:agNa[manTMnak;TMngRKb;RKan; ¬pøÚvbnÞab;bnSMnigpøÚvPUmi¦ rvagbNþajpøÚv

fñl; sMxan;² nigpøÚvfñl;enAmUldæan o eFVI[mannirnþrPaBnigelIkkMBs;R)ak;cMNUlCnbT tamry³karEfTaMpøÚvCnbT

edayeRbIR)as;bec©kviTüasmRsbEp¥kelIBlkm μ ¬LBAT¦ o BinitüemIlsareLIgvij enAvtþmanlT§PaBrab;rg nigsuvtßiPaB énesvadwkCBa¢Ún

CnbT kMNt;rkkgVHxat nigGnuvtþGnusasn_nanaedIm,IlubbM)at;kgVHxatTaMgenaH o dak;bBa¢Úlvis½yÉkCn kñúgkarpþl;esvapøÚvfñl;nig esvadwkCBa¢Ún .

• pþl;hirBaØb,TanRKb;RKan;sMrab;karEfTaMpøÚvfñl; nigkarEklMGpøÚvenAmUldæan ³ o mUlniFikMENTMrg; sMrab;CYsCulnigEfTaM pøÚvfñl; ély:agNa[mankarpþl;mUlniFi

)anRKb;RKan; Gac)a:n;RbmaNCamun)ansMrab;EfTaMpøÚvfñl;CnbT o begáItmUldæanFnFan GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRbB½n§epÞrsareBIBn§ .

GaTiPaBTI 3 karpÁt;pÁgfamBlGKÁIsnI enACnbTnig karbegáInvisalPaBpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI

begáInkarpÁt;pÁg;famBlGKÁIsnI nigvisalPaBpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnIenAtMbn;CnbT ³

• ksagEpnkaremkñúgkareFVIGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmμenAtMbn;CnbT edIm,IENnaMvinieyaKvimCÄkar GMBIkareFVIGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmμenACnbT kMNttMbn;EdlRtUvpþl;bNþajGKÁIsnI nigtMbn; sßitenAeRkABIkEnøgpþl;esvaGKÁIsnI

• elIkkMBs;lT§PaBkñúgkar)anTTYlhirBaØb,Tan CaBiesssMrab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;enACnbT • begáItTsSnaTansþIBI tmøaPaBnigkarbMeBjxatEp¥kelIlT§plGnuvtþn_.


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karBRgIkesvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT 80

145 elIkElgEt ACLEDA EdlmanGtItPaBCa MFI81 fμ I²enH)an køayeTACaFnaKarmYy ehIyvis½yFnaKarpøÚvkarminbMerIRbCaBlrdæenACnbTeLIy . kñúgcMeNamextþTaMg24 man16extþ K μanFnaKarBaNiC¢km μ elIkElgEtsaxa rbs; ACLEDA ehIy9extþ KμanesvaFnaKarpøÚvkar NamYyeLIy. enAxN³EdlmanesvaenAbNþaextþCMuvijTIRkugPñMeBj RkugRBHsIhnu nigCMuvij tMbn;Tenøsab extþdéTeTotenAPaKxageCIg nigPaK|sanénRbeTskm<úCa nigenAekaHkugminTan; mankarpþl;esvaenAeLIy . enAeBlmansaxanana saxaTaMgenaHCaTUeTA sßitenATIrYmextþ ehIyswgEtK μansaxaenAmUldæanTal;EtesaH . lT§PaBrbs;RKYsarenACnbTkñúgkarTTYlesva hirBaØvtßúpøÚvkarenAmanbrimaNtictYcbMput ¬sUmGanPaKTI 1 ¦ .

146 FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT ¬RDB¦RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday rdæaPi)al ¬edaymanCMnYy breTs¦ enAqñaM 1998 nig)ankøayeTACaFnaKare)aHdMukñúgkarbBa¢ÚnmUlniFi BIshKmn_GnþrCati eTA kan;mIRkUhirBaØvtßúkm<úCa ¬MFIs¦ enAqñaM2000 . enAqñaM2002 RDB )anpþl;\NTancMnYnRtwmEt 2/5landuløarshrdæGaemrik enAkñúgcMeNammUlniFirbs;xøÜncMnYnCag 20 landuløar Edllbgðaj [eXIjsmtßPaBTn;exSayrbs; RDB nig MFI. eyagtamr)aykarN_svnkm μ elIlT§pl Gnuvtþn_rbs; ADB sþIBIkmμviFIvis½yksikm μ bBa¢ak;fakarpþl;\NTanyWty:avenH eFVI[ ADB lubecalTwkR)ak;cMnYn 14/8landuløar éncMNUlR)ak;km©IcMnYn 20/7 landuløarshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM2002. muxgarrbs; RDB enAkñúgyuT§saRsþmYysMrab;elIkTwkcitþkic©GPivDÆn_esvahirBaØvtßú CnbT EdlRtUveFVIkarBicarNasarCafμ IeLIgvijGMBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;m©as;CMnYynig MFI CamYy RDB kalBIeBlfμ I².

147 vis½yhirBaØvtßúeRkApøÚvkar nigBak;kN þaleRkApøÚvkarbMeBjmuxgarya:gsMxan;kñúgzan³Ca Gñkp þl;esva\NTanenAtMbn;CnbT . Gñkp þl;esvaenHQanmuxenAkñúgTIpSarKW ACLEDA

80 EpñkenHdkRsg;ecjBIkargar EdldwknaMeday Olga Torres vis½yemRkUhirBaØvtßú nighirBaØvtßúCnbTenAkm<úCa ExmkraqñaM 2004 . 81 RKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú ¬MFI¦KWCaRKwHsßanEdlepþateTAelIesvahirBaØvtßú GgÁkarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú ¬MFO¦pþl;nUv esvaTUeTA .


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Edl RKbdN þb;elITIpSarcMnYn 58° KitelI\NTanEdl)anp þl; . ACLEDA

)ancab;dMeNIrkar Rbtibt þikarrbs;xøÜnkñúgzan³CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al )ankøayCaFnaKarÉkeTs ehIyf μ I²enHCa FnaKarBaNiC¢Edlp þl;esvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT CaTUeTAKWbMerIshRKin . MFO FM²cMnYn 10 82 Edlp þl;\NTansrubcMnYn 90° nigp þl;esvabMerIdl;Gñkx©IR)ak; 94° )aneRCIserIs [man karp þl;GaCJab½NÑ nigkMBugRbtibt þikaredIm,I[mannirn þrPaB . RbkarenHk¾mann½ypgEdrfa CaTUeTAeKGacsegáteXIjmankargakeTArkkarpþl;\NTanFM²enAeBlEdlRKwHsßanmIRkUhirBaØvtßú )anQaneTAdl;karbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;TIpSarfñak;elI edayep þatelIkarpþl;\NTanbuKÁl ¬CaCag pþl;\NTankñúglkçN³CaRkum¦ ehIybegáInnUvRbtibt þikarenAkñúgRKwHsßanrbs;xøÜn ¬CaCagenAtam PUmi¦ edIm,Ikat;bnßycMNay . GaRs½yehtuenHmanlT§PaBEdlfak;ic©GPivDÆn_kñúgeBlfIμ² elIkarp þl;esvamIRkUhirBaØvtßúBMu)an p þl;GtßRbeyaCn_cMbgdl;RKYsarenACnbTeLIy ehIyCaBiess KWRKYsarRkIRk .

148 vis½ymIRkUhirBaØvtßúTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIRkbx½NÐRKb;RKgEdlmanlkçN³GMeNaypl b:uEn þkarBinitüemIleLIgvijkalBIeBlf μ I²enH )anrkeXIjskmμPaBbIEpñkkñúgkarKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_ vis½yhirBaØvtßúenACnbT . bTb,BaØt þisþIBIkarpþl;GaCJab½NÑEdlRKb;RKgedayc,ab;s þIBIRKwHsßan FnaKar nighirBaØvtßúRtUv)anGñkp þl;mIRkUhirBaØvtßúcMbg²cat;Tukfa CaCMhanviC¢mankñúgkarFana nUvkarkarBarR)ak;beBaØI nigbgálkçN³[mankarrIkcMerIn . FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaCatiénkm<úCa ¬NBC¦ eFVIkarRtYtBinitü ehIysmtßPaBrbs;FnaKarenHkMBugRtUv)anBRgwg . karBRgIk karp þl;esvahirBaØvtßúenAtMbn;CnbT caM)ac;RtUvedaHRsaynUvbBaðakgVl;cMbgBIr: ¬i¦ karbegáIn CMenOTukcit þénRKYsarnanacMeBaHRKwHsßanhirBaØvtßú nig ¬ii¦ karkat;bnßycMNayénkarbMerI RbCaBlrdæ . skm μPaBsMrab;edaHRsaykarRBYy)armÖTaMgenHrYmman:

82 FnaKar ACLEDA EMT PCA TPC CEB silamiFi htßaksikr AMK \NTan VisionFund Cambodia


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(i) karpøas;b þÚrKMrUrBIvis½ydwknaMeday\NTaneTAkan;karp þl;esvamIRkUhirBaØvtßúeBjelj . MFI/MFO PaKeRcInenAkm<úCaep þatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarpþl;\NTanenAeLIy . esvahirBaØvtßúdéTeTotCaBiesssBa¢½y mansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRkenA CnbT kñúgkarCYyBYkeKedaHRsayCamYyPaBgayrgeRKaH . kgVHesvasBa¢½yqøúHbBa©aMg [eXIjPaBGl;ÉkCaTUeTA kñúgkardak;R)ak;beBaØIenAkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßúpøÚvkar/Bak;kN þal pøÚvkar nigRtUvcMNayx<s;kñúgkarekogKrR)ak;beBaØIenAtMbn;CnbT . \NTanry³eBlEvg k¾swgEtK μanesvaEbbenHEdr . kmμviFIsakl,gs þIBIkarFanara:b;rgsuxPaB enACnbTRtUv)an dak;[eRbIR)as;edayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYy ¬GRET¦ enAbN þaextþCMuvij TIRkugPñMeBj.

(ii) rkSabriyakasGMeNayplcMeBaHRbtibt þikrmIRkUhirBaØvtßú shRKinmIRkU nigvis½yÉkCn tamry³karkat;bnßycMNayminsmRsbénRbtibt þikar ¬CaBiessGMeBIBukrlYy PaBTn;-exSayéntulakar nigkgVHehdæarcnasm<½n§¦

(iii) elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrYmGMBIviFIEdlRKYsarenACnbTeFVIesck þIsMerccit þGMBIRbPB nigkareRbI R)as;R)ak;cMNUl . MFI RbQmmuxnwg]bsKÁrcnasm<½n§ dUcshRKinmIRkUnigGaCIvkm μ xñattUcenAtMbn;CnbTpgEdrKW cMNayx<s;elIkardwkCBa¢Ún cMNayTMnak;TMngx<s; ehIyCaTUeTA briyakasGaCIvkm μminl¥ . CaenHeTAeTot ]bsKÁmYycMnYnEdlman cMeBaHvis½yenH begáIn cMNayRbtibt þikar dUcCakgVHkarpøas;b þÚrBt’mans þIBIGtifiCn bnÞúkEpñkBn§dar nighaniP½y rUbiyvtßú nig

(iv) karbegáIntmøaPaB nigbegáInviC¢aCIv³enAkñúgRbtibt þikarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú CaBiessGñkp þl;\NTan xñattUcEdlK μanGaCJab½NÑ KμankarRtYtBinitüBI NBC

b¤K μankartamdanBIGñkp þl;CMnYy ¬b¤BI sßab½nrdæaPi)alkm<úCa¦ .

Gnusasn_cMeBaHskmμPaBCaGaTiPaBkñúgkarKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_hirBaØvtßúCnbT


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GaTiPaBTI1 kat;bnßycMNayRbtibt þ ikarmIRkUhirBaØvtßúEdleFVI[kat;bnßycMNay\NTan cMeBaHGñkx©I

• kat;bnßycMNayRbtibt þikarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú tamry³CMerIsdUcxageRkam:

o begáItkariyal½y\NTansMrab;pøas;b þÚrBt’man nigtamdanGtifiCnGMBIPaBCMBak; bMNul

o kat;bnßyhaniP½yb þÚrR)ak;cMeBaH MFO

eRBaHfakarp þl;mUlniFiPaKeRcIncMeBaH MFI

eFVICaduløarshrdæGaemrikEdlbegáInhaniP½ykñúgkarbMerIRbCaBlrdæCnbT CamYynwgplitplCaR)ak;erol

o CMrujEpnkarrbs;NBC kñúgkarepÞrR)ak;rvagbN þaextþepSg²CaR)ak;erol nigBRgIk esvapat;Tat;mUlb,Tanb½RtenAtambN þaextþ

o CMruj[mankarbegáItsmaKm MFI o EktMrUvkatBVkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;PaKTunikEdlman\Ti§Bl 83 o bn þkic©RbwgERbgksagsmtßPaBenAkñúgvis½yenHrab;TaMgkarksagsmtßPaBrb

s; NBC nig MFI /MFO pgEdr . • begáIntmøaPaB nigviC¢aCIv³énGñkp þl;\NTanxñattUc

tamry³karbn þbegáIn[naykdæan RtYtBinitürbs; NBC -

elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrbs;m©as;CnYy nigsßab½nrdæaPi)als þIBIbBaða mIRkUhirBaØvtßú nigbegáItyuT§nakarBt’mans þIBIRbtibt þikarl¥enAkñúgesvamIRkUhirBaØvtßú .

GaTiPaBTI2 sRmYlkic©GPivDÆn_esvahirBaØvtßúf μ I²

83 enAkñúgc,ab; NBC GactMrUv {PaKTunikEdlman\T§Bl}-eBalKWmancMENkTuneRcInCag 20° enAkñúg MFI

eGaybegáInkarrYmviPaKTanTunrbs;xøÜnEdleFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;vinieyaKinsk þanuBlBIkarsMerccit þCapøÚvkarrbs;BYkeK


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• KaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_esvahirBaØvtßúkñúgRTg;RTayFM . edIm,ICMrujCMenOTukcit þrbs;GtifiCn enAkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßú BRgwgkarekogKrR)ak;beBaØI nigelIkTwkcit þsBa¢½ykñúgRsuk tamry³ karEsVgyl;bEnßmeTotGMBIlT§PaBkñúgkar:

o begáItmUlniFiFanaR)ak;beBaØI b¤begáItsßab½nFanakarsgR)ak;beBaØI nigkarBar plRbeyaCn_rbs;GñkepJIR)ak;

o eFVI[bnÞúkBn§rbs; MFI manlkçN³samBaØedIm,ICMrujkarp þl;\NTaneTA[

SME nigkic©GPivDÆn_esvasBa¢½ysMrab;GñkepJIR)ak;tUc².

• elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgTUeTAénRbPBR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsarCnbT nigyuT§saRs þsRmbxøÜn CaBiessedIm,IsRmYlnUvkarBRgIkesvahirBaØvtßúenACnbT:

o tMrUvkaresvahirBaØvtßúBIsMNak; SME shRKasmIRkU ksidæan nigRKYsarenACnbT nigkarpÁt;pÁg;bc©úb,nñ edIm,IRbwgERbgCMrujRbtibt þikarFnaKar nigbegáInkarsIuCMerA énTIpSarhirBaØvtßúCnbT

o yn þkarsRmbxøÜn niglMhUrsac;R)ak;énRKYsarCnbTkñúgkarerobcMesvamIRkU hirBaØvtßúsMrab;RbCaBlrdæenACnbT84 .

karFanalT§PaB[)anTTYlesvasgÁmenACnbTEdlmanKuNPaB

karGb;rMenACnbT

149 karGb;rMKWCaEpñksMxan;mYyénkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT . karFana[manlT§PaBTUeTAcMeBaHkar Gb;rMenACnbTRbkbedayKuNPaB Kb,ICaEpñkmYyényuT§saRs þrYm sMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_CnbT . karGb;rMmancMNgTak;TgCamYykic©GPivDÆn_CnbTtammeFüa)aysMxan;²BIr . TImYymancMNg Tak;TgedaypÞal;rvagkMriténkarGb;rM nigkarGPivDÆn_CMnajRBmTaMgsmtßPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæ enAtMbn;CnbTkñúgkarbegáInplitPaBksikm μ nigkarcUlrYmenAkñúg»kaskargar ERscMkarenAeBl Edlman»kasTaMgenaH . karsikSaenATUTaMgBiPBelakbgðajfaRbsin ebIeKcat;Tukfakt þadéT

84 eyagtamRbPBxus²Kña Cag 75° énGtifiCnmIRkU\NTanCaRs þI .


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eTot\tERbRbYl ksikrEdlmankarGb;rMeRcInmanlT§PaBplitTinñplksikm μkan;Etx<s; . CamYyKñaenHpgEdrkarGb;rMbEnßmbegáIneLIgya:geRcInnUvlT§PaBrbs;buKÁlkñúgkarEsVgrkkargar eRkABIERscMkar . TIBIrmanTMnak;TMngTUeTAtamry³kmμviFIGkçrkmμ CaBiesskm μviFIGkçrkmμEdl ep þateTArkshKmn_CnbT . karGb;rMCYyelIkMBs;suxPaB nigGaharUbtßmÖenAshKmn_CnbT nigedIm,IeFVIsmahrNkmμtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal nigEdlK μanlkçN³GMeNayplbBa©Úlmkkñúg sgÁmCatiTaMgmUl .

150 bBaðaCak;lak;s þIBIlT§PaB)alTTYlkarGb;rMCamUldæanRbkbedayKuNPaBenAtMbn;CnbT RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgyuT§saRs þvis½yGb;rMeBjelj . ckçúvis½ysMrab;kic©GPivDÆn_karGb;rM CatiRtUv)andak;ecjenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRs þénvis½yGb;rMrbs;rdæaPi)al Edlfμ I²enHkMBugsßitenA kñúgkarEksRmYl . edIm,IKaMRTkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRs þenH RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa ¬ MOEYS¦ )anGnum½tnUvkm μviFIKaMRTvis½yGb;rMrMkil ¬ESSP¦ Edlp þl;hirBaØb,Tankñúgkic©shkarCamYym©as; CMnYyGn þrCati nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al . ESSP )anGnum½tnUvrebobvar³Edlmanmhicäitax<s; eq<aHeTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRksMedA ¬i¦ begáInlT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rMCamUldæan ¬fñak;TI1 dl;;fñak;TI9¦ cMeBaHkumarkñúgv½ysikSaTaMgGs;enAqñaM 2010 ¬ii¦ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB nigPaBTak; TgénkarcUleron nig ¬iii¦ begáInkarRKb;RKg nigbegáInRbsiT§PaBénesvaGb;rM . ESSP k¾eb þCJa ya:gmWugma:t;pgEdrcMdeBaHkareFVIvimCÄkarkñúgkarp þl;vimCÄkarelIkargarGb;rM nigrYmmanpgEdrnUv kareFVIRbtiPUkmμénPar³kic©eTAkan;Rsuk kMrgsalaeron nigXMu .

151 eTaHCaya:gNak¾edaylT§PaBeTAkan;kMritxus²KñaénkarcUleron nigKuNPaBénsalaeron manlkçN³mindUcKñaeTenAkñúgtMbn;epSg² . karcuHeQ μaHcUleronenAsalakMritbzmsikSa nigCaBiessmFümsikSamankMritTabCagenAbN þaRbeTsdéTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;)a:sIuhVikxaglic . sßanPaBenHkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rbEnßmeTotenAtMbn;CnbT ehIyCaBiessKWcMeBaHek μgRsI nigkumarmkBIRkumEdlKμanlkçN³GMeNaypl . enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTRbCaBlrdæ 20° kñúgRsTab; RkIRkbMputmanGRtacuHeQ μaHcUleronsuT§enAkMritbzmesμ Inwg 50° nigticCag 5° cMeBaHkumar


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EdlmanGayucab;BI 12-14qñaM Edl)ancuHeQ μaHcUleronenAkMritmFümsikSabzmPUmi . cMnYnqñaMCamFüménkarsikSacMeBaHmnusSeBjv½yenACnbTKW 4,4qñaM sMrab;burs nig 2,2qñaM sMrab;Rs þI EdlkMritmankMritTabCagkIritmFümPaKenAfñak;Cati . eyagtamkarsikSarbs; CDRI GRtakmμkrEdlminFøab;eTAsalaeronmancMnYneRcInenAkñúgcMeNamksikreFVIRsUvEdlmancMnYn RbEhl 51° . mancMnYnEt 46°b:ueNÑaHénPUmienACnbTEdlmansalabzmsikSa . 152 salaeronenAtMbn;CnbT kRmsßitenAEk,rkEnøgEdlkumarrs;enA .GaRs½yehtuenH kumarRtUvedIrelIcMgaypøÚvq¶ayeTAkan;salaeronEdlKμanfñak;eronRKb;RKan;kñúgkMritbzmsikSa . K μanGVIKYr[PJak;ep¥IleLIy RbkarenHeFVI[manGRtaeronRtYtfñak;x<s; nigeFVIpmanGRtae)aHbg; salaeroneRcInenAtamtMbn;CnbT .

153 KuNPaBénkarGb;rM KWCabBaðamYy . CamYyKñaenHpgEdrsalaeron enACnbTkRm pþl;kar sikSaeBjeBl ehIymankar)armÖCaTUeTAGMBIKuNPaBénkarGb;rMenAkñúgsalaeronTaMgenaH . bBaðamYyEpñkKWTak;TgnwgkgVHRKUbNþúHbNþal edaysarRKUbeRgonPaKeRcIn enAbzmsikSanig mFümsikSaBMumanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;sMrab;beRgon . RbkarenHrYmpSM CamYynwgR)ak;ebovtS Tabrbs;RKUbeRgon EdleFVI[RKUbeRgonkat;bnßyem:agsikSaRbcaMéf¶ edIm,IeFVIkargarepSg . kgVH xatsalaeronk¾CMruj[mankarkat;bnßyem:ageron pgEdr edIm,IbegáInevneron 2 bJ 3 evn .

154 karykR)ak;eRkApøÚvkarcMeBaHkarcUlsalaeronk¾eFVI[b:HBal;dl;karcUleronCaxøaMgpgEdr . eRkABIkarcMNayedaypÞal;BIkareronsURtenACnbT tMél»kask¾mankMritx<s;pgEdr . manRKYsar CaeRcIndkkUnrbs;xøÜnBIsalaeron[mkCYyeFVIkar bJCYyemIlb¥Únrbs;xøÜn .

155 cMNgTak;TgTIBIr - KWcMNgTak;Tgkm μviFIGkçrPaB nigkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT k¾man sar³sMxan; pgEdrenAkñúgdMNak;kalenHénkic©GPivDÆn_km<úCa. CarYm GRtaGkçrPaB nigmankMritTabNas; mnusSFMmancMnYnEt 67° b:ueNÑaH EdlGacGan)an ehIykñúgcMeNamenaHmanmnusSFM 35°enAtMbn;CnbT nigRsþIeBjv½yEt 46° b:ueNÑaHenAtMbn;CnbTEdlGacGan)an. kMritén GnkçrPaBekIneLIgenAtMbn;x<g;rab. km μviFIGkçrPaBeRcInEtxVHkarelIkeLIgGMBIkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg nigxVHTMnak;TMngCamYyCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInenAtMbn;CnbT .


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Gnusasn_CaGaTiPaBcMeBaHkarGb;rMenACnbT

156 skmμPaBxageRkamenH CaGnusasn_CaGaTiPaBkñúg karKaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_enACnbT ³ >

• bgálkçN³RbkbedaysmFm’ kñúgkar)anTTYlkarGb;rMenACnbT - tamry³karbegáInkar vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ salaeron brikçar esovePA nigsMPar³epSg² enAkñúgtMbn;RkIRk nig tMbn;Edl)anTTYlesvaminRKb;RKan; KaMRTGnþraKmn_elItMrUvkarnigelIeKalneya)ay edIm,I begáInkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkarcUleron kat;bnßycMNayénkarcUleron tamry³karlubbM)at; katBVkic©bg;R)ak;pøÚvkar .

• elIkkMBs; KuNPaBénkarGb;rMenACnbT -tamry³karBRgwgkarksagEpnkarGb;rM nig RKb;RKgtamEbbvimCÆkar nigkarksagEpnkarEklMGKuNPaBsalaerontamEbbvimCÄkar karbegáInkic©GPivDÆn_RKUviC¢aCIv³¬R)ak;ebovtS pÞHsMEbgnigviC¢aCIv³ ¦nigelIkkMBs;KuNPaBénkar bNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon ¬CaBiesskarbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon [niyayPasaenAmUldæan ¦ begáItkarFana[manKuNPaBnigRbB½n§tamdan . Kb,IEklMGkm μviFIsikSa nigKYrdak;bBa¢Úl enARbFanbTEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgshKmn_enACnbT dUcCaksikmμ éRBeQI suxPaBnig GaharUbtßmÖ RBmTaMgkarsikSaxagEpñkbrisßan .

• karEksMrYlkm μviFIGkçrkmμ . caM)ac;RtUverobcMsareLIgvijnUvkmμviFIGkçrkmμ nigeFVIy:agNa [manTMnak;TMngCamYyshKmn_CnbT . RbkarenHGacekItman tamry³kargakecjBI vKÁsikSaGkçrPaBsamBaØ eTAkan;kmμviFIEdlmanxwømsarRbtibtþieRcInCagmun edayepþateTArk shKmn_CnbT nigshKmn_ksikm μ EdlmanGkçrPaBTab.

• karkMNt;eKaledAkan;EtRbesIreTArkRkumBlrdægayrgeRKaH . kumarenACnbTEdlmin cuHeQ μaHcUleron bJ Edlqab;e)aHbg;sala eRcInbNþalmkBIsgÁmBMumanlkçN³GMeNaypl eBalKWRbCaBlrdæRkIRk CnCatiPaKtic nigekμgRsI . PaBlMeGogy:agc,as;las;enH GaEktMrUvtamry³karelIkkMBs;lT§PaBcUleronenAsalaCnbT -tamry³karbegáIt salaeron bEnßm nigbMBak;brikçarbEnßmedaydak;TItaMgsalaeronsßitenACitTIkEnøgEdlkumarrs;enA -ehIybNþúHbNþaRKUbeRgon [niyayPasamUldæan .


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karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT

157 EpnkaryuT§saRsþrbs;rdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;bBaðaRbQmCak;lak;GMBIlT§PaB)anTTYlesva suxPaBenAtMbn;CnbT . cab;taMgBIqñaM1996mk RksYgsuxaPi)al)anbnþkareFVIkMENTMrg; RKb;RCugeRCayelIEpñksuxaPi)al edayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_RKwHsþIBI smFm’ karTTYl)annUvsva suxaPi)alCamUldæanRkbedayKuNPaB nigpþl;karkarBarcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk . edIm,IKaMRT dl;karGnuvtþn_tameKaledAenH RksYg)anRbkasKMnitpþÜcepþIm nigeFVIkMENTMrg;kargarRKb;RKg enATUTaMgvis½y edIm,IelIkkMBs;lT§plGnuvtþn_ tamry³karbegáItEpnkaryuT§saRsþrbs;vis½y nigEpnkarRbtibtþiRbcaMqñaM RBmTaMgelIkkMBs;smtßPaBrKb;RKgrbs;vis½ysuxaPi)al. Epnkar yuT§saRsþGMBIsuxaPi)alqñaM2003-2007 \LÚvenH)anTTYlkarGnum½tehIy. RbkarenHKaMRT kareFVIvimCÄkarénesvasuxaPi)al karBRgwgrdæ)alsuxaPi)alfñak;extþ nigfñak;Rsuk eday KUsbBa¢ak;GMBIesckþIRtUvkarkñúgkarbBa¢ak;GMBIvisalPaB niglT§PaBTTYlesva ¬rab;TaMglT§PaB bg;R)ak;pgEdr ¦karykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHKuNPaB sar³sMxanénkarEfTaMsuxPaBbzm nig tMrUvkarkñúgkarGPivDÆn_FnFanhirBaØb,TanEdlmannirnþrPaB .

158 eTaHCay:agenHkþI RbCaBlrdæenACnbTPaKeRcInrs;enAq¶ayBImNÐlsuxPaB-mNÐl suxPaB RtUv)aneKbegáItenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnFM² edayTuk[tMbn;CnbTswgEtmin)anTTYlesva suxaPi)alesaHeLIy. CamYyKñaenH sßanPaBenAtMbn;CnbTCaTUeTAmanlkçN³Tn;exSay eday mankarekIteLIgy:agx<s;nUvCMgWEdlmanRbPBmkBITwknigstVl¥it. GRtamrN³kumarnigGRtasøab; edayqøgTenøk¾mankMritx<s;pgEdr.vibtþiEpñksuxPaB KWCaRbPBTI1énkar)at;bg;cMNUl ¬ Helmers.

et al., qñaM2003¦ehIy KWCamUlehtucMbgmYyénkarbgçMlk;dIFøI EdleFVI[ekIneLIgnUv PaBK μandIFøI. karelIkkMBs;lT§PaB[)anTTYlesvasuxPaB EdlGacBlrdæenACnbTGac ra:b;rgcMNay )anKWCaEpñkmYysMxan;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaHénCIvPaBrs;enACnbT.

159 KuNPaBénesvasuxPaBenAtMbn;CnbT KWCabBaðamYyeTot . CaCageFVIdMeNIreTAkan; mNÐlsuxPaBsaFarN³ RKYsarenACnbTeRcInEteTABieRKaHCamYyGñklk;fñaMenAmUldæan Edl GñkTaMgenaHBMuEmnCaGñkmanlkçN³sm,tþixagEpñkevC¢saRsþeLIy b:uEnþBYkeKmincMNayR)ak;kas eRcInehIyGacTak;Tg)an b:uEnþKuNPaBénesvaenHbgáCacMeNaT. karbBa¢ak;GMBIkareRbIR)as;fñaM


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EdlKμankarBinitüCak;Esþg bJK μankareFVIetsþ bJxVHkarBicarNaGMBIbc©½yGaRkk; EdlGacekItman cMeBaH»sf RtUv)aneKlk;eTAtamkMritdUstic²minsmRsb KμankarENnaMevC¢saRsþc,as;las; .

160> CagenHeTAeTot vtþmanénkarykR)ak;eRkApøÚvkarcMeBaHkarEfTaMsuxPaBsaFarN³ nig / bJ éførbs;Gñklk;fñaMeBTüÉkCn eFVI[manbnÞúkF¶n;F¶rmkelIRKYsarRkIRkenACnbT . GegátRKYsar CaeRcIn)anbgðajfacMNayelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB KWCaTidæPaBsMxan;mYyénPaBgayrgeRKaHén RKYsarenACnbT nigCamUlehtusMxan;mYyénPaBCMBak;bMNul.

161 bBaðaRbQmcMbgcMeBaHvis½ysuxaPi)alenAkm<úCa dUcenARbeTsCaeRcIndéTeTotEdr KWRtUv EsVgrknUvkarrYmpSMbesIrbMputénkarpþl;esvarvagsuxaPi)alÉkCnnigsaFarN³. GVIEdleK RtUvkar KWCakarrYmpSM EdlCMrujeTArkkarEbgEckFnFanEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB TnwÞmCamYyKñaenaH GnuBaØat[mankarpþl;esvasuxPaBRKb;RKan;cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigpþl;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB dl; GñkEdlsßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlBi)akeTAdl;. cMNaycaM)ac;RtUvRbmUlpþMúeTAelIRbsiT§iPaBénkar eRbIR)as;mNÐlsuxPaBepSg² karerobcMcat;taMgeLIgvijnUvRbB½n§suxaPi)alsaFarN³ enATUTaMg RbeTsKWCakarcaM)ac; nigkm μviFIbgáasuxPaB caM)ac;RtUvBRgwg. sMxan;bMput eKalneya)ay nig km μviFIcMNaycaM)ac;RtUvelIkkMBs;lT§PaBkñúgkar)anTTYlesvasuxaPi)alCamUldæan cMeBaHRbCa-BlrdæRkIRkenACnbT . karykcitþTukdak;CaGaTiPaB k¾manlkçN³caM)ac;pgEdr kñúgkaredaHRsay bBaðaRbQmsþIBIkgVHGaharrUbtßmÖ CaBiesskgVHGaharUbtßmÖkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKticenAtMbn; x<g;rab .

Gnusasn_énskmμPaBKWCaGaTiPaBsMrab; karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT

162 skmμPaBxageRkamenHKWCaGnusasn_sMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBenACnbT kñúgkarKaMRT kic©GPivDÆn_ enACnbT ³

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[kan;EtRbesIrsþIBItMrUvkarEfTaMsuxPaBtamtMbn; mankarksagEpnkarEdlkan;Etman RbsiT§iPaB nigcMNaysaFarN³ elImNÐlsuxPaB.

• elIkkMBs;lT§PaBbg;R)ak;enAesvasuxPaBsMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRknigRbCaBlrdæEdl)anTTYl esvaminRKb;RKan; -tamry³karBRgwgsmtßPaBRKb;RKgenAmUldæan nigbegáInkarpþl;mUlniFi nigmUldæanEdlmannirnþrPaB .karkMNt;éføesvaEfTaMsuxPaB Kb,IBinitünigføwgEføg eq<aHeTArkkarkat;bnßyéføesvasMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBsaFarN³nigbgáasuxPaBehIybegáIt ynþkarkMNt;eKaledAkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBcMeBaHRKYsarRkIRk . epþatkarykcitþTukdak;Cabnþ elIkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkarbgáasuxPaBEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBkñúgkarcMNayCaCagkarBüa)al CMgW .

• CMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;vis½yÉkCn .karpþl;karEfTaMsuxPaB rbs;vis½yÉkCn Kb,IRtUv)an elIkkMBs;[GPivDÆn_tamkarcaM)ac; . TMngCamanvisalPaBtictYccMeBaHkic©karenH enA tMbn;CnbTdac;RsyalehIyrdæaPi)alKb,IedIrtYskm μenATIenaH .


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EpñkTI III ³ karpþl;lT§pl nigCMhanbnÞab;

163 EpñkTI II énÉksarenH EsVgrkeKaledA nigeKalneya)ay 3 EdlGacCasñÚlén yuT§saRsþ GPivDÆn_CnbT eq<aHeTArkRbCaBlrdæRkIRk EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay .TaMgGs; enHrYmmaneKalneya)ay kMENTMrg;km μviFI nigkMENTMrg;sßab½n edIm,I ³ ¬i¦ elIkkMBs;lT§PaB )anTTYlmUldæanFnFanFm μCatirbs;km<úCa nigkarRKb;RKgmUldæanFnFanFmμCatikm<úCa ¬ii¦ begáInplitPaBksikmμ nigR)ak;cMNUlksikdæan ¬iii¦pþl;KuNPaBehdæarcnasm<½n§enACnbTnig elIkkMBs;lT§PaBrbs;CnbT kñúgkarTTYlesvaesdækic©nigesvasgÁm ¬rYmmanesvahirBaØvtßúpgEdr ¦. kñúgkarKaMRTeKaledATaMg 3enH Gnusasn_mYycMnYnRtUv)anesñIeLIg rYmman bBa¢Ién GnþraKmn_CaGaTiPaB nigTMrg;déTeToténkarKaMRTRbtibtþikarEdlRtUvGnuvtþtamry³FnFanpÞal; rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa bMeBjbEnßmeday\NTanBIFnaKarBiPBelak GnþraKmn_BIBhuPaKInig eTVPaKI RBmTaMgskm μPaBrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnigvis½yÉkCn. edaycab;epþImecjBIbBa¢IsMeNI skmμPaBEdl)anerobcMCMuvijeKaledA nigeKalneya)ayTaMg 3 mkkan;karkMNt;TisedA Cak;Esþg énskmμPaBnigeKaledA caM)ac;RtUvBak;B½n§CamYyédKUdéTeTot nigcaM)ac;RtUvsRmb sRmYl nigsrubbBa©ÚlKñatamry³kic©BieRKaHeyabl; CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs; .

164 edIm,Ipþl;lT§pl caM)ac;RtUvBicarNaGMBIktþasMxan;²mYycMnYn ényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_ CnbTEdl)anTTYlkarEklMG EdlmanTMnak;TMngeCamYytMbn;CnbT nigpSarP¢ab;eTAkan;Epñk epSg²eToténesdækic© . TidæPaBTaMgenHRtUv)anelIkeLIgkñúgeBlbnÞab;enaHKW³ TMnak;TMngtam ExSTTwg eTAkan;rebobvar³déTeTot ]bsKÁsuxPaBEpñksßab½n EdlesñIr[mankarykcitþTukdak; cMeBaHvis½ysaFarN³ elImuxgarsMxan;² nigbnþGnuvtþn_enA esckþIRtUvkarsRmbsRmYl mYycMnYnrYmmankarKaMRTrbs;m©as;CMnYy . cugeRkaysMeNIrsMrab;CMhanbnÞab; sMrab;ÉksarenH nigeRkABIÉksarenH .


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BRgwgcMNgTak;TgcMeBaHrebobvar³ KaMRTtamvis½y

165 vDÆnPaBelIkic©GPivDÆn_tMbn;ksikmμnigtMbn;GPivDÆn_CnbT BMuEmnGaRs½yelIkar edaHRsaybBaðaCak;lak;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐTaMgenHeLIy k¾b:uEnþk¾Tak;TgCamYyvDÆnPaBnwgrebobvar³ Edlmansar³sMxan; EdlmanTMnak;TMngtamExSTTwgcMeBaHvis½yepSg²pgEdr . yuT§saRsþ Catikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk¬NPRS, 2003-2005¦nigEpnkaresdækic©GPivDÆn_sgÁmkic©5qñaMelIkTIBIr ¬ SEDPII, 2001-2005¦kMNt;bBaðaTaMgenHtamkarmansar³sMxan;bMput . eKaledAénkic© GPivDÆn_CatiEdlbBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksarTaMgenHepþatelIkMeNInesdækic© EdlmanlkçN³TUeTA RKb;RKan;kñúgkardak;bBa¢Úlvis½ynanaEdlRbCaBlrdæRkIRkBwgGaRs½y kic©GPivDÆn_sgÁmnig vb,Fm’ nigkareRbIR)as;RbkbedaynirnþrPaBnUvFnFanFmμCatiRBmTaMgkarRKb;RKgbrisßansmRsb . kñúgxN³Edlkic©GPivDÆn_ksikm μnigCnbT KWCaGaTiPaBBIrkñúgcMeNamvis½yGaTiPaB 4 EdlRtUv)an kMNt; vDÆnPaBtamvis½y RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faBwgEp¥keTAelIPaBRsbKña énvDÆnPaBsþIBITidæPaB3 énkarelIkkMBs;GPi)alkic© ³karRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³ vimCÄkarnigGPi)lkic©mUldæan nig karRbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy.eRkABIenH manrebobvar³tamExSTTwgsþIBIkic©GPivDÆn_tamvis½yÉkCn EdlepþatelIExSsgVak;tMélEkécñksikmμ nigesdækic©CnbT eRkABIksikm μTUeTA .

166 bBaðaTaMgenHkMNt;briyakasbgálkçN³cMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_CnbT ehIyKWCaPaBEdl sMxan;² edIm,IGnuvtþn_[)anRtwmRtUv sMedA[mankic©GPivDÆn_CnbTRbRBwtþeTAtamel,Ón Edl RtUvkar edIm,InaMmknUvkarelIkkMBs;suxmalPaBcMeBaHRbCaCnenACnbT . karRtYtBinitüelIkar TTYlxusRtUvsMxan;² kñúgkarkMNt;nigdwknaMTisedAkMENTMrg;sñÚlcMeBaHbBaðaTaMgenHKWCaviFankar EdlsßitenAeRkAsßab½nTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆn_ksikm μnigGPivDÆn_CnbT b:uEnþkarcUlrYm EdlmanlkçN³Gkmμ cMeBaHBYkeKKWCakMhusmYy . ¬TI1TisedAénkMENTMrg;caM)ac;RtUvmanRbPB BIrebobvar³tamvis½yEdlRtUvmanRbsiT§iPaB nigkarerobcMrebobvar³tamvis½y nigdak;[sßab½n EdlepþatelIEpñkCnbTTaMgenH enAkñúgrNsirSCYrmux énkarTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIkarpøas;;bþÚr. sßab½n tamvis½yGacTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_ tamry³karcUlrYmEdlmanlkçN³ksag b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUv elIkkMBs;enAsmtßPaBsßab½nrbs;xøÜnkñúgkareFVIkic©karenH . TI2 enAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYn TIPñak;gar karGPivDÆn_CnbTkMBugEsVgrkdMeNaHRsay EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkarrYmviPaKTan enAkñúgrebobvar³ TUeTA¬dUcCakarelIkkMBs;karepÞrhirBaØvtßúGnþrrdæaPi)al k¾dUcCakarksagEpnkarnigkarGPivDÆn_


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enAmUldæankñúgbribTénkMENTMrg;vimCÄkarfμ I² Edlkan;EtmantmøaPaB nigkan;EtmanPaBTTYl xusRtUv ¦.

karRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³

167 karRKb;RKgcMNaysaFarN³ )anekIneLIgcab;taMgBIqñaM 1999 b:uEnþ enAmanbBaða enAkñúg EpñkmYycMnYnenAeLIy . eKRtUvkar[manvDÆnPaBCaeRcInbEnßmeTot ehIybBaðaRbQmmYy cMnYnkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eKaledAGPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTskm<úCa CaBiessKWkarEklMGkareKogKrFnFan edIm,IFana[mannirnþrPaBEpñksaeBIBn§ kat;bnßyhaniP½ycMeBaHmUlniFisaFarN³ tamry³kareFVI kMENTMrg;elIkarGnuvtþn_fvika karRKb;RKgsac;R)ak; nigRbB½n§RtYtBinitüsaFarN³ kareFVI sniTankmμeKalneya)aysaFarN³ nigkarRKb;RKgedIm,IGPivDÆn_ SEDP II nig NPRS nigkarRbkan;ykkareFVIkMENTMrg;saFarN³EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay edIm,Ipþl;nUv esva kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬ IFAPER, 2003¦ .

168 eKRtUvkar[mankarkMENmuxgarsaFarN³ bnÞan;edIm,I elIkkMBs;karpþl;esvasaFarN³ . bTBiesaFn_kñúgeBlknøgeTAenAkñúgvis½yenH)anbgðajfakMritR)ak;ExTabrbs;mRnþIraCkar KWCa bBaðacMbgEdleFVI[man]bsKÁcMeBaHvDÆnPaBénkMENTMrg; nigcMeBaHRbsiT§iPaBénkarpþl;esva. dMeNaHRsaybeNþaHGasnñ KWkarGnuBaØatii[mankarGnuvtþn_KMeragpþl;esvamanRbsiT§iPaB. dMeNaHRsaybeNþaHGasnñKWkarGnuBaØati [mankarGnuvtþn_KMeragEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB EdlGñk pþl;CMnYyPaKeRcIn/KMeragepSg²pþl;R)ak;]btßmÖbEnßm . xN³EdlRbkarenH)anpþl;ktþaelIk TwkcitþcMeBaHbuKÁlikEdl)anTTYllaPkarkñúgkarRbwgERbgeFVIkargar TnÞwmCamYyKñapgEdr k¾begáIt [manplb:HBal;kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ enAkmμviFIrbs;rdæaPi)alTUeTAtamry³karCMruj[man\riyabf EsVgrkGtßRbeyaCn_buKÁlrYm kareRCIserIsbuKÁlik nigkartemøIgzan³edayKμantmøaPaB EdlminGacbgáakarrkSaTuknUvbuKÁlikEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþinigTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþbMput enAkñúg zan³sMxan;² Edlminpþl;hirBaØb,Tantamry³CMnYybreTs . bBaðaEdlrkSaTukbuKÁlikk¾)an eFVI[b:HBal;dl;RbsiT§iPaBénkmμviFIksagsmtßPaBenAkñúgsßab½nCaeRcIn EdlbuKÁlik)anTTYl karbNþúHbNþal )ancakecjBIvis½ysaFarN³enAeBlEdlKMeragcb; . CagenHeTAeTot buKÁlik manCMnaj RbmUlpþúMenAtamsßab½nenATIRkugPñMeBj nigedaysarkMritR)ak;ExTabnigGvtþmanén


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»kasesdækic©déTeTotenAtamextþnigtamRsuk eKBMueXIjmanktþaelIkTwkcitþesaHsMrab;[sisS fμ I² EdlbBa©b;karsikSa / bJbuKÁlikEdlmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;kñúgkarEsVgrkmuxtMENg enAtam kariyal½ymnÞIrenAextþ bJtamRsukeLIy85 . GaRs½yehtuenH karGnuvtþn_GMBIeKalneya)ay pþl;laPkarRKb;RKan; nigpþl;kargarRKb;RKan;cMeBaHmRnþIraCkar mansar³sMxan;enAkñúgkarpþl;nUv TMnijnigpþl;esvasaFarN³ cMeBaHRbCaBlrdænigplitkrenACnbT CamYyenHRtUvkMNt;nigdwknaM [)ankan;EtRKb;RCugeRCay minRtwmEtKitelIkar GPivDÆn_vis½yksikm μ nigCnbTb:ueNÑaHeT .

169> karerobcMFnFanCamYyeKalneya)ayvis½ynig GaTiPaBénkarvinieyaK .taragm:aRTIs P¢ab;CamYYy nigxøwmsarsegçbénÉksarenH segçbskm μPaBGaTiPaBsMxan;²énrebobvar³CnbT sMrab;ry³eBlxøI sMrab;ry³eBlmFümnig sMrab;ry³eBlEvg EdlmanBt’nanaenAkñúgEpñk TI II. xwømsarsegçbenHk¾bBa¢ak;pgEdr GMBITIkEnøgEdlFnFan RtUv)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigbgðaj GMBIGvtþman nigkEnøgGaTiPaBEdlRtUvkMNt;FnFanbEnßmcaM)ac; ehIytMrUv[mankarykcitþ Tukdak;bEnßmeTot –CaBiessenAkñúgry³eBlxøI .eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgCMhanTI1 caM)ac;RtUvmanlkçN³c,as;las; nigmankic©RBmeRBogTUeTArvagrdæaPi)alnigédKUrbs;rdæaPi)al elIsMeNIRkbx½NÐGaTiPaB . karlM)akmYykñúgkarpþl;GaTiPaBbEnßmeTotcMeBaHvinieyaKsaFarN³ enAkm<úCa eRkABIkarerobrab; GMBIplRbeyaCn_én karvinieyaKsaFarN³ KWkgVHTinñn½yEdlGaceCO Tukcitþ)an . man]TahrN_nanamkBIbNþaRbeTsenAGasIu ¬sUmGantarag7enAxageRkam¦ b:uEnþkarsikSaenAEttMrUv[mankarRsavRCavdUcKñaenAkm<úCa . TnwÞmCamYykarBRgwgdMeNIrkarksag EpnkarenAmUldæan RtUvmankarBieRKaHkarBiPakSaCamYyPaKIBak;B½n§epSg²Kña edIm,IbegáIn PaBeqøIytbénsßab½nenAvis½yCnbTnwgtMrUvkarmUldæan CamYynigkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvmUldæan Tinñn½ybc©úb,nñsþIBIplb:HBal;énkarvinieyaKBIGtItkal enAkñúgtMbn;epSg²Kña eKGacpþl;GaTiPaB CasaFarN³enAfñak;extþnigfñak;mUldæan.

85buKÁlikCag50° én MAFF enAkñúgkMritenH KμanlkçN³sm,tþieLIy ¬ IFAPER, 2003¦ .


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taragTI 7 ³plcMNUlénkareFVIvinieyaKsaFarN³kñúgvis½yksikmμ nigplb:HBal;eTAelIkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRkenARbeTscin nig\NÐa

plcMNUlesdækic©* kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk**

Epñk cin \NÐa cin \NÐa

RsavRCav nig pSBVpSay 9.59 13.45 6.79 84.5

FarasaRsþ 1.88 1.36 1.33 9.7

pøÚv 8.83 5.31 3.22 123.8

Gb;rM 8.68 1.39 8.80 41.0

GKIÁwsnI 1.26 0.26 2.27 3.8

km©IedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk n.a. 1.09 1.13 17.8

*sMrab;RbeTscin plitplkñúgsrubKitCa yuan srub¼cMNayKitCa yuan ehIysMrab;\NÐa plitplkñúgsrubKitCa Rupee srub¼cMNayKitCa Rupee

** sMrab;RbeTscin cMnYnGñkRkIRkEdlRtUv)ankat;bnßy¼tMélcMNay 10 000 yuan sMrab; RbeTs\NÐa cMnYnGñkRkIRkEdlRtUv)ankat;bnßy¼tMélcMNay 1000 000 Rupee

RbPB³ ÉksarBieRKaHGMBI karvinieyaKvis½yksikm μ/ FnaKaBiPBelak

vimCÄkar nigGPi)alkic©mUldæan 170> kMENTMrg;vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkarKWCacMNucsñÚlénkareFIVkMENTMrg;karRKb;RKgenA kñúgtMbn;CnbT. bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñat eRCIserIsRkumRbwikSaXMusgáat;enAEx kumÖ³qñaM 2002 rdæaPi)al)ancUlrYm enAkñúgkmμviFIvimCÄkard_TUlMTUlaymYy. KNkmμaFikarCatiKaMRTXMusgáat; KWCaGñkTTYlbnÞúkkñúgkareFVIkMENTMrg;vimCÄkar. km μviFIsila)anpþl;nUvemeronbTBiesaFn_ ya:geRcIn sMrab;karerobcM eFVIkMENTMrg;vimCÄkar BIkarerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆenAmUldæan karerobcM fvika nigkarGnuvtþn_enAkñúgdMNak;kalsakl,gelIkdMbUgrbs;xøÜn ehIyelxaFikardæan KN³kmμaFikardwknaMkargarén kmμviFIsila ¬esnaFikarRbtibtþirbs; KN³kmμaFikardwknaMkargarén


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km μviFIsila¦ sMrbsMrYlkar pþl;hirBaØb,Tanrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYyeTAnwgkarGnuvtþn_kareFIVkMENTMrg; vimCÄkar86 ehIydUecñHtMNag [ TsSn³mYYyd_sMxan;énkareFVIkMENTMrg;vimCÄkar. 171> viFIsaRsþBIrya:gbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkkMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkm<úCaedIm,IeFVI[rebob var³vimCÄkarQaneq<aHeTAmux. viFIsaRsþbTdæanmYy edaycab;epþImBIRkbx½NÐTsSnaTanGMBIcrik lkçN³ énrdæEdlCamUldæansMrab c,ab;GgÁkar nigviFIsaRsþEdlmanlkçN³GnuvtþCak;Esþg edayEp¥kelIkareFVIBiesaFn_tamry³karsakl,gedayepþateTAelIkarpøas;bþÚrCabeNIþr² Edl ksagbEnßmeTAelICMerIs b¤m:UEdlmYYycMnYnEdlGaceRbIR)as;CamUldæansMrab;karerobcMc,ab;eTA GnaKt. viFIsaRsþnimYy²manPaBxøaMg nigexSayerog²xøÜn ehIyman\Ti§BlxøaMgNas;enAeBleRbI rYmKña. viFIsaRsþbTdæan GnuvtþeTAmanhaniP½yEdl mU:EdlEtmYyeRbIsMrab;RKb;krNI minGac Gnuvtþ)aneT ehIyR)ak;]btßmÖRtUvEterobcMsMrab;krNIBiessCak;EsþgénmuxgarsaFarN³ xus²Kña KWfa GVIEdlGacdMeNIrkar)anl¥sMrab;karEckcayesvaGb;rM b¤suxPaBminGacsmRsb b¤man RbsiT§iPaBsMrab;esvapþl;eyabl;ksikm μb¤GaCIvkm μ. dUcKñaenHEdr viFIsaRsþpøas;bþÜCabeNIþr² raMgsÞHminGaceTAmux)anedaykarxVHxatnUvnItibBaØtþi EdlmanEcgGMBIeKalkarN_sMxan;²mYycMnYn caM)ac;edIm,IBenøÓnkMENTMrg;TUlMTUlayenAmUldæan EdlvisalPaBsMrab;karEklMGnigkMENTMrg;Gac mankMrit rhYtdl;nItibBaØtþiþfμ IedaHRsaynUbBaðasMxan;²EdlBak;B½n§nwgkatBVkic©GaCJaFr nigkarTTYl xusRtUvrvagfñak;kNþalnigextþRkug. 172> RkumRbwkSakMENTMrg;rdæ)al87TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarnaMmuxénkareFVIkMENTMrg;vishmCÄkar Edl epþateTAelIkarepÞrGMNacrdæ)alnigmuxgareTAGPi)alextþ rdæ)alfñak;extþ nigRsuk. eTaHbICaman karcab;Garm μN_BIGñkpþl;CMnYy nigqnÞ³neya)ay k_enAmankarxVHxatnUvvDÆnPaBkñúgkarbegáIteLIg nUveKalneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþvishmCÄkar.

86 Gñkpþl;CMnYyEdlCYykmμviFIsilaman³ DFID, SIDA, UNDP, IFAD, DANIDA, UNICEF, FnaKarBiPBelak, WHO,

nig AusAID. 87 RkumRbwkSakMENTMrg;rdæ)al nigGKÁelxaFikarrbs;xøÜn manRkumkargarGnþrRksYgmYyshkarCamYyRkumkargar rbs; RksYgcMnYn 11EfmeTotEdleFVIkargarBak;B½n§nwgbBaðavimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar. RksYgTaMg 11enaHrYmman suxaPi)al Gb;rM saFarN³kar kargarsgÁmkic© GPivDÆn_CnbT Epnkar esdækic©nighirBaØvtßú RKb;RKgEdndI ]sSahkmμ mhaépÞ nig ksikm μ. eKsgÄwmfanwgmanRksYgepSg²eTotnwgcUlrYmenAkñúgRkumkargarenHenAeBlEdlkatBVkic©kargar vimCÄkar nigvishmCÄkardMeNIrkareTAmux.


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manTsSn³BIrdac;BIKñab:uEnþmanTMnak;TMngnwgKña cMeBaHvishmCÄkarénGMNacrdæ)al nigmuxgar. TsSn³TImYyBak;B½n§nwgPaBbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTA mkrvagvimCÄkarnigvishmCÄkar nigtYnaTIBak;B½n§Kñarbs;GPi)alextþnigrdæ)alfñak;extþnigRsuk kñúgkarpþl;karKaMRTdl;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. kñúgTidæPaBenH manPaBeCOnelOnl¥cMeBaHbBaðaenH eRBaHfatYnaTIrbs;GPi)alextþRtUv)ankMNt;edayKN³km μaFikarCatiKaMRTXMusgáat; enAkñúgRkbx½NÐ bBaØtþiþvimCÄkartamry³Rbkas88 ehIyeKalkarN_ENnaM89fμ I²mYy edayKN³kmμaFikardwknaM kargar énkm μviFIsila pþl;nItiviFIGnþrkalsMrab;rcnasm<½n§RTRTg;fñak;extþ tamry³KN³kmμaFikar GPivDÆn_ CnbTextþ rhUtdl;RkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. b:uEnþenAminTan;manvDÆnPaBl¥cMeBaHTidæPaB TIBIreT EdlTidæPaBenaHBak;B½n§nwgtYnaTIrbs;GPi)alextþ nigrdæ)alextþ nigRsuk kñúgkarpþl; nUvesvatam EpñknanaenAkMritfñak;extþ tamry³mnÞIrtamextþrbs;RksYgnana. c,ab;GgÁkarsþIBI vishmCÄkar maneKalbMNgpþl;nUvmUldæanKtiyutþisMrab;TidæPaBTIBIrénkMENTMrg;vishmCÄkar b:uEnþc,ab;enH kMBugenAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgEnkarBiPakSa ehIyenAminTan;mankarÉkPaBKñaGMBI eKalkarN_sMxan;²enAeLIyeT. bBaØtþivishmCÄkarnwgCMnYspgEdrnUvGnuRkitü nigRbkasEdl )anGnuBaØati [sßab½n fñak;extþdUcCa KN³km μaFikarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ nigKN³kmμaFikar Rbtibtþirbs;xøÜn EdlsßitenA eRkamkmμviFIsiladMeNIrkar)an. 173> bc©úb,nñenHmnÞIrtamextþrbs;RksYgnana BuMTan;mansiT§iGMNackñúgkarerobcMnigGnuvtþKMerag GPivDÆn_nanaenAkñúgextþrbs;xøÜneT elIkElgEtkñúgkrNIBiessxøHénskmμPaBsakl,gnana dUcCa mUlniFivinieyaKextþ nigkarsakl,gnUvkm μviFIvishmCÄkartamEpñkfñak;CatiEdlenAeRkam km μviFIsila. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgEpñkksikmμ kareFVIvishmCÄkarRtUv)aneFVIkarsakl,gedayKMerag KaMRTkic©GPivDÆn_ksikm μenAkñúgkm μviFIsila ¬ADESS¦ Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayGgÁkar IFAD EdldMeNIrkarenAtMbn;PaKBay½Bü edaymankarcUlrYmBIRksYgksikmμ nigmnÞIrksikm μextþkñúgkar CYyRTRTg;nUvkarGPivDÆn_ksikm μedaymankarcUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk90. skmμPaB TaMgenHpþl;dl;RksYgksikm μnUvbTBiesaFn_nigCMnajedIm,IcUlrYmCamYyKN³km μaFikar

88 RbkassþIBIRbtiPUkmμGMeNacdl;GPi)alextþRkugkñúgkarKaMRTRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. 89 RbkassþIBIkarbegáItrcnasm½<n§tYnaTInigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;KN³km μaFikarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþRkugénkmμviFIsila. 90 bnÞaymanC½y )at;dMbg esomrab nigeBaFisat;. extþBIrbEnßmeTotRtUv)anbBa©ÚlCabnþbnÞab;KW]tþrmanC½ynigéb:lin.


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91 RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbTKWCakrNImYyxusKñabnþiceTAnwgGNtþiCak;lak;mYysMrab;karGPivDÆn_CnbTfñak;mUldæan.


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putnUvbBaða nig karcMNayCaeRcIn EdlRtUv)anRbQmmuxedayRbtibtþikarEdlmanlkçN³erobry CagEdlman Gnþrskm μPaBCaeTotTat;CamYyrdæaPi)al. Tinñn½yénkarvaytMélbriyakas vinieyaKbgðajfa Rkumh‘unenACnbT ¬]TahrN_ GñkpÁt;pÁg;TwkCnbT GñkpÁt;pÁg;GKÁIsnICnbT¦ manCYb]bsKÁ eday karsUk)a:n;ticCagRkumh‘unenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCndUcCa Rkumh‘unkat;edrsMelok bMBak; b¤eTscrN_. RbsinebIGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgkMritEdlkMBugekItmanenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCn RtUv)an dak;bnÞúkeTAelIksikr enaHksikrBMuGacdMeNIrkarrksIu)aneLIy. RbePTsMNUkEdlRtUv)an cMNayedayvis½ykat;edr ¬Cag 1>000 duløarGaemrikkñúgmYykugEtn½r¦ GacelIsBIkMritcMeNj énTMnijksiplCaeRcIn. TaMgsMNUknigviFankarN_rdæ)alnanaEdleFVI[GMeBIBukrlYyekIteLIg rYmKñaeFVI[vis½yenACnbTmanPaB minerobry. dUecñH sßanPaBenHsmnwgTTYlnUvkarykcitþ Tukdak; edIm,I[skm μPaBminpøÚvkarEdl manTMhMtUcmine)aHbg;ecalnUvkalanuvtþPaBsMrab;kar BRgIknUvskm μPaB edayehtupléncMNay EdleKGacdwg)ankan;EteXIjc,as;. 178> karEklMGnUvkarBRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;tulakarnigviFanc,ab;EdlKμanRbsiT§iPaBGacCYypþl; plRbeyaCn_dl;vis½ysMxan;²nanasMrab;esdækic©CnbT. dUcEdl)anBiPakSaxagelI PaB Tn;exSayén RbB½n§c,ab;nigtulakarRtUv)anyl;dwgedayFnaKarfaCa]bsKÁd_cMbgkñúgkarBRgIkPaB RKb;dNþb;én esvakm μTaMgPUmisaRsþ-enAtMbn;CnbT nigTaMgcritlkçN³énGtifiCn ¬shRKas FuntUcnigmFüm nigmIRkUshRKas¦. karxVHxatnUvviFanc,ab; nigkarBRgIgkarGnuvtþc,ab;tulakar rYmcMENkdl;kar yl;eXIjrbs;GñkvinieyaKinnUvbriyakasénkareFVIGaCIvkmμEdlmanlkçN³ minGMeNaypl. karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK ¬CaesckþIRBag¦ bgðajfasßab½nnigPñak;gar saFarN³mYycMnYnEdl RtUv)anvaytMélGMBIsucritPaBrbs;xøÜnenaH RbB½n§tulakarRtUv)an vaytMélTabCageKbMput. enAeBlEdlesdækicrIkcMerInnigmanlkçN³erobry RbB½n§tulakar nwgkan;Etmansar³sMxan;eLIg² EdlCameFüa)aymYYyedIm,IbgáarnUvsiT§iesdækic©énkareFVIGaCIvkmμ nigelIkdMekIgnUvkic©snüa. 179> CagenHeTAeTot edaymanRbCaCnbIPaKbYnEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIFnFanFmμCatisMrab;CIvPaB rs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;xøÜn CMelaHEtgEtekItmaneLIgenACMuvijkareRbIR)as;nUvFnFanFmμCati b:uEnþbBaða enH minGacedaHRsay)anedaysarkarxVHnUvc,ab;EdlmanlkçN³c,as;las; nigGacbgçMGnuvtþ)an


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134

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135

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136

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137

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138

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139

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140

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tMrUvkarsMrbsMrYl rYmmankarKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy 197> bBaðaBhuPñak;gar. Pñak;garCaeRcInRtUv)anCab;Bak;B½n§kñúgkarGPivDÆn_CnbTnigksikm μ. karTTYlxusRtUvnigFnFansMrab;ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT KWraldalenARksYgksikmμ rkçaRbmaj; nigensaT RksYgFnFanTwknig]tuniym RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT nigRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmμ nigsMNg; EdlbNþal[manrdæ)alsaFarN³elIslubsMrab;ksikm μ nigGPivDÆn_CnbT. GaNtþiRtYtKña nigkarsMrbsMrYlTunexSayCH\T§iBldl;karGnuvtþn_kargarrbs;sßab½n TaMgenaH EdlenAEtBwg Ep¥keTAelIkarKaMRTBIGñkpþl;CMnYy. Pñak;garepSgeTotdUcCa RksYgbrisßan RksYgkic©karnarInig GtItyuT§Cn RksYgBaNiC¢km μ RksYg]sSahkmμ Er:nigfamBl k_edIr tYnaTIticCagmunkñúgEpñk ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT. karEklMGsmtßPaBedIm,IsMrbsMrYlyuT§saRsþ nigskmμPaBsMrab; ksikm μnigGPivDÆn_CnbT KWmansar³sMxan; nigKYrEtTTYl)ankarykcitþ Tukdak;. CapøÚvkar RkumRbwkSaGnþrRksYgsMrab;ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbTEdlmannaykrdæmRnþI CaRbFan KWCameFüa)aymYysMrab;karsMrbsMrYl b:uEnþRkumRbwkSaenaHmanGtßiPaBPaKeRcIn enAelI EtRkdasb:ueNÑaH kMrCYbRbCMu nigminTan;manRbsiT§iPaBenAeLIYy. 198> karsMrbsMrYlrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYykñúgkargar ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT KWCabBaðamYyd_sMxan; sMrab;RbsiT§iPaBCMnYy b:uEnþenAmankMritenAeLIy. CMnYYybreTskñúgkMritx<s;cMeBaHEpñkCnbTkñúg TsvtSr_knøgmkmankarpÞúyKñaya:gxøaMgCamYyniwgkarxVHxatnUvPaBeCOnelOn kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRkCnbT nigkarGnuvtþn_kargarkMritmFüménesdækic©CnbT EdlnaM[manPaBegOgq¶l;GMBIRbsiT§i PaBTUeTAénkic©xitxMRbwgERbgknøgmk. CMnYybreTsd_eRcInEdlCYydl;Epñkksikm μnigGPivDÆn_Cn bT94 BhuPaBénRbPB nigcMENkd_sMxan;énmUlniFiCMnYy\tsMNgeRkAfvika ¬RbEhl 45°én

94 Tinñn½yGMBIlMhUrCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarKW)anmkBI CDC nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaymankarRBmanCamunfaTinñn½yTaMgenHcaM )ac;RtUvEklMGeLIgvij ]TahrN_ edIm,IedaHRsaynUvbBaðacMNat;fñak;dUcCaKMeragpøÚvfñl;edaymansmasPaBCnbTEdl eKcputBIGtþsBaØaN nigkardak;bBa©Úl. Tinñn½y CDC bgðajfaGñkpþl;CMnYyp;þl;RbEhl 66landuløasMrab;ksikm μnig GPivDÆn_CnbTkñúgqñaM2002. karpþl;BIfvikardæaPi)almanRbEhl 23landuløakñúgqñaM 2001. kñúgCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar qñaM 2002 CMnYyeTVPaKIrYmmankarKaMRTBICb:un ¬16° énkarpþl;CMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarTaMgGs;¦ BIGURsþalI daNWma:k


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CMnYybreTseTAdl;EpñkenH eyageTAtamtYelxrbs; CDC¦mann½yfa karxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IeFVI [RbesIreLIgénkareFVI[fvikasIusgVak;RsbKñanwgGaTiPaBeKalneya)aynwgEp¥keTAelIkarEklMG karsMrbsMrYlGñkpþl;CMnYy. 199> GnþrskmμPaBd_manRbsiT§iPaBkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;CMnYy nigrvagGñkpþl;CMnYynigraCrdæa-Pi)al nwgmansar³sMxan;sMrab;kareqøIytbRbkbedaylkçN³yuT§saRsþ nigsMrbsMrYleTAnwgPaB RbQmCaeRcInénEpñkenH. karBinitüeLIgvijfμ I²enHrkeXIjfaKMeragCaeRcInhak;bIdUcCa RtUv)an Gnuvtþ edayBMumankarsMrbsMrYlRKb;RKan;b¤mYYyCamYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk b¤mYyCamYyskmμPaBrbs; km<úCaKñaÉg. karekIneLIgénKMeragnigyuT§saRsþekItmaneLIgCamYynwgskm μPaBEdlpþl;eday Gñkpþl; CMnYyEdlmanlkçN³minsMrbsMrYl xVHnUvPaBCam©as;rbs;Cati nigdak;nUvnItiviFInigTisedA epSg²eTA elIrdæaPi)al. mankarEckrMElkBt’mantictYcNas; EdlnaMmknUvCMnYyGPivDÆn_ enAtMbn;CnbTRtUv )anbgðajBIBhuPaBTaMgGñkpþl;CMnYynigviFIsaRsþrbs;xøÜn. KuNPaBénFatucUl rbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy eTAkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcMeKalneya)ayKWmindUcKñaeT. PsþútagCak;Esþgd_tictYc EdlEp¥kelI bTBiesaFn_enATIkEnøg b¤karRsavRCavRtUv)anelIkykmkBicarNakñúgkarerobcM eKalneya)ay ehIymankarxVHxatnUvkarvaytMélRbkbedayPaBRKb;RCugeRCay sIusgVak; nigrwgmaMénplb:HBal; rbs;KMerag. b:uEnþmanbTBiesaFn_eCaKC½ymYycMnYnEdlGacRtUv)anBRgIk EfmeTot ¬sUmGan RbGb;TI 7¦. RbGb;TI 8³ emeronbTBiesaFn_xøHEdl)anmkBIkarBinitüeLIgvijnaeBlf μ I²énCMnYybreTs

eFVIkartamry³nItiviFIrdæaPi)al. edIm,I)anRbsiT§iPaBGtibrma karGnuvtþn_KMeragKYrEteFVItamnItiviFI EdlmanRsab;EdlGaceFVI)anCaCagkarbegáItRbB½n§RsbKñaEfmeTot. enAkñúgkMritNamYyEdlGac eFVI)an Gñkpþl;CMnYyKYrEtGnuvtþtamnItiviFIhirBaØvtßúfμ Irbs;rdæaPi)alnignItiviFIénkarGnuvtþn_KMerag Edl)anpþÜcepþImeLIgbnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatRkumRbwkSaXMu nigkarbegáItmUlniFiXMusgáat; (C/SF). bMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYyédKUrepSg²eTot. km<úCaenAEtRtUvkarkareFVIGnþraKmn_BhuEpñk edIm,IedaHRsaynUvmUlehtuénkarrIkraldalPaBRkIRkCnbT nigedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgsnþisux GalWøm:g; nig)araMg. Pñak;garBhuPaKIKaMRTdl; ksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbTrYmmanFnaKaBiPBelak ¬RbEhl 22°énkar pþl;qñaM 2002¦ ADB ¬14°¦ shKmn_GWr:ub ¬13°¦ IFAD ¬5°¦ nigPñak;gar UN ¬4°¦ (IFAPER, 2003).


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es,ógnigcMNUlrbs;RKYsar. edIm,IeCosevogKMerags μ úKsμaj EdlmankarlM)akkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ edaymansmtßPaBsßab½nexSay Gñkpþl;CMnYyKYrEtcUlrYmCaédKUrCamYykm μviFInigKMeragepSg² eTotedIm,Ipþl;nUvesvaEdlbMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmkdl;GñkRkIRkCnbTedIm,IsMercnUvTisedArYm. PaBEdlGacbt;Ebn)annigkarGnuvtþn_CaCMhan². karerobcMKMeragnigkmμviFIKYrEtGacbt;Ebn)an edIm,IKitbBa©ÚlnUvPaBminR)akdRbCanighaniP½ykñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKMerag nigGnuBaØat[mankar EksMrYlenAeBlEdlTTYl)anbTBiesaFn_bEnßm. sßab½nmUldæan. sBVéf¶enH RksYg mnÞIrtamextþnana mRnþIRsuk nigRkumRbwkSaXMu mansmtßPaBenA mankMrit. edaymankarxVHxatkarelIkTwkcitþEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigsμartITabrbs;mRnþI karpþl;nUvR)ak; ]btßmÖdl;mRnþIKWCakarcaM)ac;edIm,IFanakarbMeBjkargareBjem:ag b:uEnþTaMgenHKYrEtpSarP¢ab;KñaCa mYykarTTYlxusRtUvnigKNenyüPaBsMrab;lT§plkargarrbs;mRnþIEdlBak;B½n§. sMrab;viFIsaRsþ GPivDÆn_rlUnmYy KN³kmμaFikarGPivDÆn_CnbTextþ (PRDCs) b¤ GñkenAeRkam»vaTxøÜnKYrEtsMrb sMrYlskmμPaBKMeragenAfñak;extþEdlCaEpñkmYyéntYnaTId_FMénkarsMrbsMrYlral;skmμPaBGPivDÆn_ CnbTenAkñúgextþ. karcUlrYm nignirnþrPaB. smaCikshKmn_CnbTKYrEtcUlrYm[)aneBjeljkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar nigkarGnuvtþn_skmμPaBrbs;kmμviFIedIm,IFananUvnirnþrPaB nigPaBCam©as;. KN³km μaFikarCnbT nigRkumRbwkSaXMuKYrEtrYmcMENkdl;karcMNayvinieyaK nigTTYlkarTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;Rbtibtþikar nigkarEfTaMénkarvinieyaKehdæarcnasm<½n§xñattUcrbs;XMu. viFIsaRsþGPivDÆn_. bTBiesaFn_)anbgðajfaCIvPaBrs;enArbs;GñkRkIRkGacRtUv)aneFVI[RbesIr eLIgeRcInedaypþl; (i) CMnYyhirBaØvtßúpÞal; (ii) lT§PaBTTYl)anbec©kviC¢a esvahirBaØvtßú nig TIpSar nig (iii) karksagsmtßPaBd_m:t;ct;. bBa¢ak;c,as;las;énbec©kviC¢a. karbBa¢ak;c,as;las;énbec©kviC¢adMNaMnigbsustV nigviFIsaRsþpSBV pSaysmRsbKWmanenAkñúgeKalkarN_ENnaMCatiénkarpSBVpSay nigCaTUeTAsmRsbeTAnwg lkçxNmUldæannigPaBCak;lak;én]bsKÁEpñkbec©keTsEdlnwgRtUvedaHRsay.


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PaBTTYl)anplcMeNjEpñkesdækic©énRbB½n§FarasaRsþ. KMeragnanabgðajBIPaBminc,as;las;én plcMeNjEpñkesdækic© nignirnþrPaBhirBaØvtßúénKMeragFarasaRsþxñatFMnigmFümenAkm<úCa. Gñkpþl; CMnYyKYrEtyknUvviFIRbugRby½tñedIm,IvinieyaKkñúgKMeragTaMgenH.

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146

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202> karTTYl)ankarÉkPaBkñúgcMeNamédKUrGPivDÆn_nigkarkMNt;nUvGaTiPaBnana. ecjBI smasFatuényuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_CnbTkñúkMNt;sMKal;enH eq<aHeTArebobvar³mYyEdlmanlkçN³ smahrNkmμnigEdl)ankMNt;GaTiPaB c,as;Nas;nwgmankargarnigkarBiPakSabEnßmeTot. kMrit énkargarnigkarBiPakSaEdlKYrEtRtUv)anGnuvtþ GaRs½yeTAelIkMritFnFan - rdæaPi)al Gñkpþl; CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn- EdlmansMrab;karGPivDÆn_ksikm μnigCnbT. karBiPakSa bEnßmeTotnigkarBinitüeLIgvijnUvFnFanEdlmanbc©úb,nñnigGnaKtKWRtUvkarCacaM)ac; edIm,Ivay tMélKMlatFnFan ehIykñúgvis½ymYy² kMNt;nUvcMNucedAnana. rebobvar³kMENTMrg;cugeRkay bMputnwgsMxan;bMputmanmUldæanTUlMTUlay nigmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay. rebobvar³enHGacrYm mansMNuMskm μPaBnigkMENTMrg;EdlsMedAedIm,ICYyCMrujkarEklMGCacaM)ac;kñúgplitkmμ nigplit PaBCnbTTUeTA begáItkargarEdlmancMnYnkan;EtekIneLIgénRbCaBlrdæRkIRkenACnbT rYmmanRsþI nigCMnYskar eFVIGaCIvkm μhYsehtuénFnFanFm μCati rbs;RbeTs CamYynwgkarareRbIR)as; Ep¥kelIshKmn_EdlmannirnþrPaB . 203> sMrab;EpñkPaKeRcIn skmμPaBTaMgenHnwgpþl;EpøpáaenAkñúgry³eBlmFüm eTaHbICaxøH niwg man\T§iBlCaEpøpáakñúgry³eBlxøI eTAelIcMNUlCnbT nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCnbT. b:uEnþedIm,I [plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaHekItmaneLIg CMhannanakñúgkarerobcMnigGnuvtþrebobvar³ KYrEtcab;epþIm naeBl\LÚvenH muneBlCMerIsesdækic©CnbTrbs;km<úCakøayCacMNab;xμaMgTaMgRsugcMeBaHplb:H Bal;EdlBMumanRbsiT§iPaBénfamPaBRbCaCnCnbT. eRKagsMxan;²FM²énkMENTMrg;Edl)anesñI eLIgPaKeRcInRtUv)andwgB¤rYcehIy ehIykarcMNayénkarBnüaeBlbEnßmeTotGacmanTMhMFM CaBiesssMrab;GñkRkIRkCnbT. enHKWCakatBVkic©EdlTaMgrdæaPi)alnigshKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy CMBak;dl;Gñkrs;enACnbTrbs;km<úCaEdlbnþrs;enAya:gekoknwgCIvPaBCIvRBwtþ. 204> ÉksarenHnwgrYmviPaKTan cMeBaHkic©RbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarkMNt;rebobvar³sMrab; GPivDÆn_tMbn;CnbTkñúgry³eBlxøIeTAmFümrbs;xøÜn edayshkarCamYyédKUdéT . ÉksarenH BuMmanbMNgbgðajyuT§saRsþRKb;RCugeRCaynaeBlenHeT edayehtufa kgVHBt’mansMxan;²


147

énr)aykarN_ nig karcUlrYmtictYcCamYyrdæaPi)alenAkñúgdMeNIrksagÉksarenH edaybnSl; TukkargarCaeRcInsMrab;dMNak;kalCabnþbnÞab; . karBieRKaHCabnþ enAkñúgGMLúgeBlerobcMEpnkar CatiGPivDÆn_CayuT§saRsþ 2006-2010 kñúgry³eBlxøI nig tamry³karBiPaSaEdlkMBugRbRBwtþ eTAenAkñúúg TWG rvagrdæaPi)al nig m©as;CMnYy kñúgry³eBlmFümmaneKaledAbBa¢ak;TisedA yuT§saRsþrs;rdæaPi)al Ganuvis½yCaGaTiPaBsMrab;epþatkarykcitþTukdak; TMnak;TMng nigKMlat Bt’man TamTareGaymankarEklMGCabnþeTot nig EpñkCak;lak;EdlmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;sMrab; Gnuvtþrebobvar³Cak;Esþg . FnaKarBiPBelakmanCMheRtomlkçN³ enAkñúgkarKaMRTdMNak;kal kargarCabnþbnÞab;enH kic©RBmeRBogCamYyrdæaPi)al.


148

ÉksareyagsMxan;²

Agrifood Consulting International, karsikSaExScgVak;tMélRsUv³km<úCa ¬Rice Value Chain

Study: Cambodia¦ r)aykarN_erobcMedayFnaKaBiPBelak 2002.

Asian Development Bank, km μviFIGPivDÆn_Epñkksikm μ ¬Agriculture Sector Development

Program¦ TA-3695 CAM, r)aykarN_RBagcugeRkay ExkBaØa 2002, Manila.

Asian Development Bank, karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm³km<úCa ¬Participatory

Poverty Assessment: Cambodia¦ ExFñÚr 2001, Manila.

Auffret, P., World Bank, PaBRkIRkCnbTenAkm<úCa³ plb:HBal;énkarEbgEckdIFøI nigCMerIs eKalneya)aynana ¬Rural Poverty in Cambodia: Impact of Land Distribution and

Alternative Policies¦ esckþIRBag Exvicäikar 2003, Washington DC.

Boreak, Sik, and Desbarats, Jacqueline, RbCaCnnigdIenACnbTkm<úCa ¬People and Land in

Rural Cambodia¦ Cambodia Development Review, Volume 4 Issue 3, September 2000, Phnom Penh.

Burger, Kees, and Smit, Hidde P., kMeNInesdækic©nigGnaKténekAs‘UFm μCati ¬Economic

Growth and the Future of Natural Rubber¦ Exvicäikar 2001, Yamoussoukro.

Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI), siT§ikan;kab;dIFIøenAkm<úCa ¬Land Tenure

in Cambodia¦ – A Data Update, Working Paper 19, November 2001, Phnom Penh.

Castellanet, C., karBinitüeLIgvijénesvapSBVpSayksikmμenAkm<úCa ¬A review of agricultural

extension services in Cambodia¦ World Bank, Extula 2003, Washington DC.

Chea, Yim and McKenney, Bruce, karnaMRtIecjBIbwgTenøsab³ karviPaKGMBIRbB½n§bg;éfø ¬Great Lake Fish Exports: An Analysis of the Fee System¦ Cambodia Development

Review, Volume 7 Issue 3, Exkkáda-kBaØa 2003, Phnom Penh.


149

Deger, P., Van Acker, F., Van Zalinge, N., Thuok, N., and Vuthy, L., Taken for Granted:

vivaTelIFnFanRtITwksabrbs;km<úCa ¬Conflicts over Cambodia’s Freshwater Fish

Resources¦KN³kmμkarTenøemKgÁ¼sklviTüal½y Antwerp RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj;nigensaT Exmifuna 2000, Phnom Penh.

FAO, Investment Center Division, karviPaKRbPBénkMeNInenAtMbn;CnbT ¬Analysis of

Sources of Growth in Rural Areas¦ esckþIRBag Exkkáda 2003, Rome.

GRET, IRAM, CEDAC, sßanPaBtMbn;CnbTenAkm<úCa nigRbB½n§Gb;rMEpñkksikmμ RksYgksikmμ ¬scenario for the rural sector of Cambodia and the agricultural education system¦ RksYgksikm μ rkçaRbmaj;nigensaT APIP, ExFñÚr 2000, Phnom Penh.

Gummert, M., PRASAC II, karvaytMélénsßanPaBksi]sSahkmμenAkm<úCa ¬Assessment of

the Agro-Industrial Situation in Cambodia¦ ExkumÖ³ 2003, KN³kmμkarshKmn_GWr:ub Phnom Penh.

Helmers, K., Gibson., J., and Wallgren, P., karsikSaBIRbPBcMNUlCnbTnigyuT§saRsþén CIvPaBrs;enA ¬Rural Sources of Income and Livelihood Strategies Study¦ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ExFñÚr 2003, Washington DC.

International Monetary Fund, IMF r)aykarN_RbeTs 03/59 – km<úCa³ bBaðaeRCIserIs nig]bsm<½n§sßiti ¬Cambodia: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix¦ Exmina 2003, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr0359.pdf

Kingdom of Cambodia, Council for Social Development, yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬National Poverty Reduction Strategy¦ 2003-2005, ExFñÚr 2002, Phnom Penh.

Millington, Peter, km<úCa-karsikSaRbvtþiGMBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanTwknigkarGPivDÆn_RbB½n§ FarasaRsþ ¬Cambodia - Background Study on Water Resources Management and

Irrigation/Drainage Development¦ erobcMsMrab;FnaKarBiPBelak 2003.


150

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, snñisiT§RbcaMqñaMsIþBIksikm μ 2003-2004 ¬Annual Conference on Agriculture, 2003-2004¦ bkERbeRkApøÚvkar Phnom Penh.

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, GRET, sßanPaBbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCa nigRbB½n§Gb;rMEpñksikmμ ¬Scenarios for the Rural Sector of Cambodia and the Agricultural

Education System¦ KMeragEklMGplitPaBksikmμ ExFñÚr 2000, Phnom Penh.

Ministry of Commerce, smahrNkm μnigkarsikSaGMBIPaBRbkYtRbECg ¬Integration and

Competitiveness Study¦ Exvicäika 2001, Phnom Penh.

Ministry of Planning, National Institute of Statistics, Gegátesdækic©sgÁmkic©km<úCa 1999 ¬Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 1999¦ Phnom Penh.

National Institute of Statistics, CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998 ¬General Population

Census of Cambodia, 1998¦ Phnom Penh, Gacrk)antam http://www.nis.gov.kh/Statistics.htm.

National Institute of Statistics, Yearbook 2001, Phnom Penh, Gacrk)antam http://www.nis.gov.kh/Statistics.htm.

Oxfam, r)aykarN_bzmGMBIlT§plén karGt;dIFøI nig]bkrn_Bt’manGPivDÆn_ ¬Interim Report

on Findings of Landlessness and Development Information Tool (LADIT)¦ 2000, Phnom Penh.

Royal Government of Cambodia, Epnkaresdækic©sgÁmkic© ¬Second Socioeconomic

Development Plan¦

Sophal, Chan and Sarthi Acharya, karRbQmkarlM)akCIvPaBCnbT³ TidæPaBmYyénPUmicMnYn 9enAkm<úCa ¬Facing the Challenge of Rural Livelihoods: A Perspective from Nine Villages

in Cambodia¦ Working Paper 25, Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI), Phnom Penh.


151

Torres, Olga, hirBaØvtßúCnbT nigEpñkmIRkUhirBaØvtßúenAkm<úCa ¬Rural finance and the Micro-

finance Sector in Cambodia¦ Exmkra 2004, Phnom Penh.

Umali-Deininger, Dina, karpSBVpSayksikmμsaFarN³nigÉkCn³ édKUrb¤RbqaMg ¬Public and

Private Agricultural Extension: Partners or Rivals?¦ The World Bank Research

Observer, Volume 12, Number 2, ExsIha 1997, Washington DC.

Vindel, Bruno, karsikSaviPaKénmnÞIrksikmμ rukçaRbmaj;nigensaTextþmYycMnYn ¬Diagnostic

Study of Selected Provincial Departments of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries¦ erobcMsMrab;FnaKarBiPBelak Extula 2003, Phnom Penh.

World Bank, esovePAvinieyaKksikm μ ¬Agriculture Investment Sourcebook¦ Gacrk)antam http://www-esd.worldbank.org/ais

World Bank, km<úCa-karvaytMéleynD½rTUTaMgRbeTs ¬Cambodia – Country Gender

Assessment¦ 2003.

World Bank and Asian Development Bank, km<úCa³ elIkkMBs;karEckcayesvatamry³ karEklMGkarEbgEckFnFannigkMENTMrg;sßab½n/ karvaytMélPaBRtwmRtUv nigkarBinitüeLIgvij karcMNaysaFarN³ (IFAPER) ¬Cambodia: Enhancing Service Delivery through Improved Resource Allocation and Institutional Reform, Integrated Fiduciary Assessment

and Public Expenditure Review (IFAPER)¦ ExkBaØa 2003, Washington DC.

World Bank, km<úCa³ karc,amykkalanuvtþPaBBiPBelak – karvaytMélbriyakasvinieyaK nigyuT§saRsþkMENTMrg; ¬Cambodia: Seizing the Global Opportunity - Investment Climate

Assessment and Reform Strategy¦ 2004, Washington DC.

World Bank, karRKb;RKghaniP½yeRKaHFmμCatienAkm<úCa-kat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaH ¬Natural

Disaster Risk Management in Cambodia – Reducing Vulnerability¦ esckþIRBagcMlgsMrab; BiPakSa, 2003.

World Bank, PPIAF, MPDF, IFC, eq<aHeTAyuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCnsMrab;km<úCa ¬Towards a Private Sector Development Strategy for Cambodia¦ upcoming draft, 2004.


152

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39 (1993) 7.4 (1993) 45.2 (2000) 15 (2000)

19.5 11 22.6 9

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Fana[kumarTaMgGs;bBa©b;karsikSa mUldæanenAqñaM 2015

GRtaBitcUleronf μ I GRtaBiténkarsikSakñúgkarGb;rMbzmsikSa GRtaBiténkarsikSakñúgmFümsikSa

59 (1997) 78 (1997) 14 (1997)

100 100 75

MDG 3: elIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½r nigpþl;GMNacdl; RsþI kat;bnßyPaBxusKñaéneynD½renA RKb;kMritsikSaTaMgGs;

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47 (2002) 19 (1997) 6 (1993)

100 85 30

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153

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cMNucedA³ eq<aHeTAK μanplb:HBal;BIRKab;mIn nig yuT§PNÐminTan;pÞúH enAqñaM 2012

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154

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95 APIP/GRET-IRAM-CEDAC, 2001


155

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4- RbB½n§cugeRkayeKKWEbbTMenIb GtimUlFnEdleKeXIjPaKeRcInenAEk,rTIRkugnana b¤mYyenA tMbn;eqñrmat;Tenø ¬Ek,rTIRkugPñMeBj¦ b¤k_layLMeqñrmat;Tenø nigTMnab ¬)at;dMbg esomrab¦ dMNaM daMduHCasYnEbbRbBlvb,km μsMrab;lk;enATIpSar karciBa©wmman;CalkçN³]sSahkm μ dIcMkareQI hUbEpø.l. karvivtþn_énRbB½n§enHnwgBwgEp¥keTAelIkarBRgIkTIpSartMbn;TIRbCMuCn éføBlkmμ nigkar GPivDÆn_énkareRbIR)as;mUlFnkñúgCMerIsepSgeTotenAkñúgEpñkesdækic©epSgeTot k_dUcCaBwgEp¥keTA elIkarvivtþn_énTIpSarxageRkAsMrab;karnaMecjnUvTMnijsMxan;² ¬eRbgdUg sENþkesog sVaycnÞI .l.¦ sar³sMxan;énRbB½n§daMduHsMxan;² qñaM2000 ¬RbPB³karsikSarbs;GgÁkar APIP/GRET¦

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156

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158

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99 eyagtamCMerOnqñaM 1998 RbCaCn25°énextþrtnKIrIKWCaCncMNUlRsukmkBIextþepSg² nigRbeTsCitxag.


159

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GaTiPaBsMrab;karvinieyaKkñúgRbB½n§FarasaRsþnigkarRKb;RKgTwk (iii) edaHRsay]bsKÁma:XitFIg nigBaNiC¢kmμsMrab;TMnijsMxan;²mYycMnYn ¬RsUv RtI bsustV ekAs‘U.l.¦ (iv) tMrg;TiseLIgvijén RbB½n§RsavRCavnigpSBVpSay edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgesckþIRtUvkarénRbB½n§daMduHBiBiFkm μ (v) kar GPivDÆn_ehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiessenAtMbn;dac;RsyalEdlminP¢ab;eTAnwgTIpSarnigTIRbCMuCn.


160

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