psychology’s history and approaches unit 1 study presentation
TRANSCRIPT
PSYCHOLOGY’S HISTORY AND APPROACHES
Unit 1 Study Presentation
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
The scientific study of behavior and
mental processes• Think• Feel• Act
GREAT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
Socrates & Plato• The mind is separate from the body • Knowledge is with us at birth (innate).
Aristotle disagreed; arguing the point that knowledge comes from our experiences in life and stored in memory.
• GOOD JOB ARISTOTLE!!! :D
French
Animal Spirits• First
introduction to the thought of a nervous system
Tabula Rasa
With the help of Francis
Bacon...• Empiricism was
born!!• Science should
rely on observation and experimentation.
MORE DANG PHILOSOPHERS
Descartes Locke
Founded the first
psychological
laboratory
Titchener (Student)• Introduced
Structuralism ( using introspection to self-reflect)
Functionalism• Emphasized how
behavior and mental processes enable us to adapt and survive
…AND THEY KEEP COMING…
Wundt William James
The first female
president of the APA• American
Psychological Association
The first woman to
receive a Ph.D. in
psychology
WOMAN POWER
Washburn Calkins
HISTORY IN THE MAKING
The early roots of Psychology come from
fields including those in philosophy and biology.
In its earliest years, Psychology was defined
as the science of mental life, but was then
redefined as the science of observable
behaviors.
HISTORY CONTINUED
1960s – Cognitive Revolution began as we
recaptured interest in the actual processes of
the mind. Cognitive Neuroscience began!• The study of brain activity linked directly
with intelligence, perception, memory, and language.
Studied
learning and
how we
acquire info.
Observational
Learning…..• Pavlov,
Dog… Remember???
Child
Psychology and
Development
Ivan Pavlov Jean PiagetSigmund Freud Personality
Theorist• Psychoanal
ytic Theory of Personality
• Id, Ego, Superego
• Psycho-Sexual Stages
Sensorimotor • Birth-2 years• Senses
Preoperational• 2-7 years• Form concepts using
symbols to gain language development
Concrete
Operational• 7-11 years• Learn reasoning
skills to conclude answers
Formal Operational• 11-15 years• Can think
abstractedly as well as accurately draw conclusions
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
BEHAVIORISM
• A response to Freudian psychology.• Psychology should
only focus on observable behaviors, not mental processes
• We can’t observe feelings or emotions, but we can observe behavior.
Humanistic Psychology!!• Emphasized the
growth of healthy people• More concerned
with feelings
MORE IMPO RTANT PEOPLE (THE L IST N EVER EN DS! ! ! )Rogers &
Maslow
PSYCHOLOGY’S BIG QUESTION
NATURE VS. NURTURE??• Charles Darwin – Natural Selection
• There is no second place!
• Are we more shaped by our genetics or by our environment?
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
Biological:Natural SelectionGenetics
Psychological:Emotional Responses
Learned fears, etc.
Social-Cultural:Peer InfluencesCultural/Family
Expectations
PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES
Approach Main Study Example
Evolutionary Natural selection and survival of genes
How fear helped our ancestors survive
Psychodynamic
How behavior comes from the unconscious
How an outburst may be expressed, unconscious anger
Biological How the body controls emotions and memories; influences for genetic variation
How heredity contributes to different emotions
Humanistic How we meet needs for love and acceptance
Why we let peer pressure change our values
Behavioral How we learn by observation
How little kids learn to fear what their parents do
Social-Cultural
How we behave/think across cultures
Different gestures inappropriate in different cultures
Cognitive How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info
How different emotions effect or thinking patterns