Psychology & Psychology & Performance Performance Enhancing Enhancing SubstancesSubstances

PsychologyPsychology

The Ideal Performance State

Absence of fear—no fear of failure

No thinking about or analysis of performance

Narrow focus of attention concentrated on the activity itself

Sense of effortlessness—an involuntary experience

Sense of personal control

Distortion of time and space

Relationship Between Confidence and Athletic Performance

Relationship Between Confidence and Athletic Performance

Why Goal Setting Affects Performance

Goals direct athlete’s attention by prioritizing efforts.

Goals increase effort because of the contingency of success on goal attainment.

Goals increase positive reinforcement through feedback given to athletes.

Performance Performance Enhancing Enhancing SubstancesSubstances

Types of Performance-Enhancing Substances

Naturally occurring hormones and the drugs that mimic their effects

Dietary supplements

Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements

A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet. The product contains one or more of the following: vitamin; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; dietary substance for use by humans; or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of these ingredients.

The product must also be intended for ingestion and cannot be advertised for use as a food.

Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Orally Active Steroids

Generic name or category Example trade names

Methandrostenolone Dianabol

Oxandrolone Anavar

Stanozolol Winstrol

Oxymetholone Anadrol

Fluoxymesterone Halotestin

Methyltestosterone Oreton-M

Mesterolone Proviron

Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used by Athletes: Injectable Steroids

Generic name or category Example trade names

Testosterone esters Delatestryl, Sustanon

Nandrolone esters Deca-Durabolin

Stanozolol Strombaject

Methenolone enanthate Primobolan-Depot

Boldenone undecylenate Parenabol

Trenbolone acetate Parabolan

Body Composition Changes With Anabolic SteroidsBody Composition Changes With Anabolic Steroids

Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use

Primary risk for women is masculinization.

Primary risks for young boys are accelerated puberty; early closure of the ends of the long bones.

Both males and females who use high doses of anabolic steroids are at risk for psychological changes that include increased aggressiveness.

Potential Risks to Performance

Uncontrolled emotional responses directed at a teammate

Unanticipated decline in performance when steroid use is stopped

Undesirable increase in body weight in aerobic endurance athletes

Anabolic Steroids: Bottom Lines

Anabolic steroid use will likely increase body weight.

Other performance benefits have not been well tested or demonstrated.

Suspected psychological effects are difficult to test.

Health risks in men are comparable to known risks to women from use of oral steroidal contraceptives.

More serious health risks accompany the use of very high doses of anabolic steroids.

Other Hormones Used by Athletes As Ergogenic Aids

Human chorionic gonadotropin increases testicular testosterone production.

Growth hormone stimulates physical growth of the body.

Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.

Beta-adrenergic agonists affect the metabolic and nervous systems.

Problems in Drug Testing

Some ergogenic substances, such as caffeine, occur naturally in the body.

Some substances, such as recombinant human growth hormone, are difficult to test for because they are indistinguishable from naturally occurring hormones.

Masking agents may dilute the urine specimen and make it difficult to obtain a positive test.

Dietary Supplements

Vitamins

Steroid replacers

Growth hormone releasers

L-carnitine

Creatine

Caffeine