PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 2

Lecture Questions

Section 1 (pgs. 25-29)

Revised January 2012

•1. Why is psychology considered an experimental science?

Any assumptions must be supported by evidence.

It is not enough to argue that something is true just because someone says it is.

Psychologists and other scientists make it their business to be skeptical of claims that lack actual scientific evidence.

Psychologists use a variety of research methods to study behavior and mental processes.

2. What are the five steps of 2. What are the five steps of scientific research?scientific research?

• Forming a research Forming a research questionquestion

• Forming a Forming a hypothesishypothesis

• Testing the Testing the hypothesishypothesis

• Analyzing the Analyzing the resultsresults

• Drawing Drawing conclusionsconclusions

3. Where do research 3. Where do research questions come from? What is questions come from? What is

a psychological construct?a psychological construct? Many research questions arise from daily Many research questions arise from daily

experience. experience. A psychological construct can be assumed, A psychological construct can be assumed,

but it cannot be seen or measured directly. but it cannot be seen or measured directly. (aggressiveness, anxiety, etc.)(aggressiveness, anxiety, etc.)

Other research questions arise out of Other research questions arise out of psychological theory. (Social-learners psychological theory. (Social-learners believe people learn from observing others)believe people learn from observing others)

Research questions also arise from folklore Research questions also arise from folklore and common knowledge. (“Opposites and common knowledge. (“Opposites attract” or “Two heads are better than attract” or “Two heads are better than one”)one”)

4. What is a hypothesis? How do you test its accuracy? How is a research question and a hypothesis related?

A hypothesis is an educated guess usually in the form of an if-then statement.

The accuracy of a hypothesis can be tested by research.

After psychologists ask a research question, they form a hypothesis about the answer.

5. How do you test your 5. How do you test your hypothesis? Why is this hypothesis? Why is this

important?important? Through a variety of methods.Through a variety of methods. No matter how good a hypothesis sounds No matter how good a hypothesis sounds

and no matter how many people believe and no matter how many people believe it, a hypothesis cannot be considered to it, a hypothesis cannot be considered to be correct until it has been scientifically be correct until it has been scientifically tested and proved to be right. tested and proved to be right.

Psychologists do not rely on people’s Psychologists do not rely on people’s opinions.opinions.

Instead, they examine the evidence and Instead, they examine the evidence and draw their own conclusions.draw their own conclusions.

6. How do psychologists 6. How do psychologists analyze their results?analyze their results?

They ask what their findings mean.They ask what their findings mean. The more information collected, the The more information collected, the

more complex a task it is to analyze it.more complex a task it is to analyze it. Often, psychologists look for patterns Often, psychologists look for patterns

and relationships in the data.and relationships in the data. They must decide which data support They must decide which data support

their hypothesis and which data do their hypothesis and which data do not.not.

7. If the research doesn’t support 7. If the research doesn’t support the hypothesis, what happens the hypothesis, what happens

next?next? Psychologists must change the Psychologists must change the

theories or beliefs from which the theories or beliefs from which the hypotheses were derived.hypotheses were derived.

Psychologists must keep an open Psychologists must keep an open mind and be willing to adjust or mind and be willing to adjust or modify their hypotheses if their modify their hypotheses if their findings make it necessary to do so.findings make it necessary to do so.

8. Why is replication of a research study important? Even when a study carefully follows proper

procedures, its findings might just represent a random occurrence.

For the findings of a study to be confirmed, the study must be replicated—and it must produce the same results.

When scientists replicate a study but obtain different results than were obtained the first time, the findings of the first study are questioned.

9. Why is the field of ESP not 9. Why is the field of ESP not considered a valid scientific considered a valid scientific phenomenon?phenomenon?

Some isolated studies have supported Some isolated studies have supported the existence of ESP. (telepathy, the existence of ESP. (telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, etc.)clairvoyance, precognition, etc.)

These studies have not yielded the same These studies have not yielded the same results when replicated.results when replicated.

If a study does not produce the same If a study does not produce the same results more than once, the results may results more than once, the results may not have been accurate.not have been accurate.

10. What types of changes may be made to future replication studies? Repeat the study under different

circumstances. Repeat the study using a different set of

participants. Repeat the study using participants of

different ages, gender, or ethnicity.

11. How are new questions important to the research process? Whether the findings of a research study support

or contradict the hypothesis of that study, they are likely to lead to new research questions.

These new questions are important to the validity of the data already collected.

Once new questions have been asked, the process begins all over again. The researchers must propose a new hypothesis about the answer to the new question. And once again, the hypothesis must be tested.

PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 2

Lecture Questions

Section 2 (pgs. 29-34)

1. What is a survey? What are the 1. What is a survey? What are the two types of surveys?two types of surveys?

Gathering information by asking people directly.Gathering information by asking people directly. People are asked to respond to a series of People are asked to respond to a series of

questions about a particular subject.questions about a particular subject. Psychologists conduct surveys by asking people Psychologists conduct surveys by asking people

to fill out written questionnaires or by to fill out written questionnaires or by interviewing people orally.interviewing people orally.

By distributing questionnaires or by conducting By distributing questionnaires or by conducting interviews over the telephone or in person, interviews over the telephone or in person, researchers can rapidly survey thousands of researchers can rapidly survey thousands of people.people.

Computers often aid in the analysis of the Computers often aid in the analysis of the information collected.information collected.

2. What problems exist in the 2. What problems exist in the accuracy of surveys? accuracy of surveys?

• The findings of interviews and questionnaires are not necessarily completely accurate.

• People may not be honest.• People may fear that their responses will

not be kept confidential.• Some respondents may try to please the

interviewers by saying what they think the interviewers want to hear.

3. What should researchers consider in giving a survey?

The group or groups they wish to examine. Significant risk of obtaining inaccurate data.

1960s survey about tooth brushing habits. If people had brushed their teeth as often as they claimed,

and used the amount of toothpaste they said they used, three times as much toothpaste would have been sold in the US as was actually sold at that time. (Barringer, 1993)

The survey respondents might not have wanted the interviewers to know that they did not brush their teeth as often as their dentists advised.

4. Why is a target population 4. Why is a target population important? What is a sample? Why important? What is a sample? Why

are samples important?are samples important? To accurately predict an outcome, it is To accurately predict an outcome, it is

necessary to study a group that represents the necessary to study a group that represents the whole group you want to study or describe.whole group you want to study or describe.

Only a part of the target population.Only a part of the target population. To interview or question every member of a To interview or question every member of a

target population would be too costly or target population would be too costly or difficult or even impossible.difficult or even impossible.

5. What is the difference between a random sample and a stratified sample? One way that scientists obtain a sample that they

hope represents the target population is by using a random sample.

In a random sample, individuals are selected by chance from the target population.

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.

In a stratified sample, subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample.

Ethnic groups, gender, socioeconomic status reflect some of these different subgroups.

Cross-cultural Link: HistoryA poorly selected survey sample was responsible for one of the great surprises in the history of American presidential politics.In 1936 a popular magazine called the Literary Digest predicted that Republican Alf Landon would defeat Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in that year’s presidential election.In fact, Roosevelt won by a landslide.Respondents had been chosen randomly from telephone directories, but the magazine’s researchers had overlooked an important fact.During the Great Depression of the 1930s, only the wealthier members of society could afford telephones, and wealthy people tended to vote Republican.Members of the much larger working class, most of whom were Democrats, were not included in the survey.It was the Democrats who were mainly responsible for electing Roosevelt to office.

6. What might be some ways to increase the number of participants from traditionally underrepresented groups in psychological studies?

One example would be to increase the numbers of mothers participating in studies by providing them with child care.

7. What does generalizing mean?7. What does generalizing mean?

Generalizing allows researchers to Generalizing allows researchers to apply the results of their sample to apply the results of their sample to the target population.the target population.

Researchers must be cautious not to Researchers must be cautious not to assume too much from their sample, assume too much from their sample, especially if only certain groups are especially if only certain groups are being researched. (men, wealthy being researched. (men, wealthy people, etc.) people, etc.)

8. What is bias and 8. What is bias and volunteer bias?volunteer bias?

Bias is a predisposition to a certain point of view.Bias is a predisposition to a certain point of view. Volunteer bias involves people who volunteer to Volunteer bias involves people who volunteer to

participate in studies often have a different outlook participate in studies often have a different outlook from people who do not volunteer for research studies.from people who do not volunteer for research studies.

They are usually more willing than other people to They are usually more willing than other people to disclose personal information.disclose personal information.

Volunteers may also be more interested in research Volunteers may also be more interested in research than people who do not volunteer.than people who do not volunteer.

These factors could slant the results in a particular These factors could slant the results in a particular direction.direction.

9. Give an example of a survey that might produce different results depending on whether participants volunteered or were selected randomly. How might the results differ, and what would account for the difference?

• Example: People who volunteer for a study of depression would more likely have a personal or professional interest in the condition thus they may already have a bias compared to those who are randomly selected.

Psychology

Chapter 2

Lecture Questions

Section 3 (pgs. 34-40)

Methods of ObservationMethods of Observation Almost everyone, at one time or another, observes other people.Almost everyone, at one time or another, observes other people. Based on these observations, we tend to make generalizations Based on these observations, we tend to make generalizations

about human behavior and human nature.about human behavior and human nature. Our observations and generalizations usually serve us fairly well in Our observations and generalizations usually serve us fairly well in

our daily lives, but these observations are fleeting or haphazard.our daily lives, but these observations are fleeting or haphazard. Thus, we cannot draw scientific conclusions based only on our own Thus, we cannot draw scientific conclusions based only on our own

unstructured observations.unstructured observations. Even the most respected psychologists may use their personal Even the most respected psychologists may use their personal

observations as a starting point for their research.observations as a starting point for their research. Once they have begun their investigations, however, psychologists Once they have begun their investigations, however, psychologists

use more careful methods of observation.use more careful methods of observation.

1. What are some types of psychological tests? What do they measure? Intelligence tests measure general learning ability. Aptitude tests measure specific abilities and special

talents, such as musical ability and mechanical skills. Still other tests measure vocational interests.

Personality tests are another type of psychological test. Personality tests measure people’s character traits and temperament. For example, personality tests might be used to assess whether people are socially outgoing or aggressive. Personality tests might also be used to diagnose psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.

2. What is a case study?

A case study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or a small group.

To learn about the people who are being studied, researchers may observe or speak with them, interview others who know them, and find out more about their backgrounds and personal histories.

Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory largely on the basis of case studies. He carefully studied the people who sought his help and interviewed some of them for many years.

3. Who is Genie?

Genie was a 13-year-old girl who had been locked in a small room from the time she was 20 months old by her father.

Her social contacts were limited to her mother, who fed her, and her father, who often beat her.

No one spoke to her and in all those years, she herself did not say a word. After her rescue, Genie’s language development followed the normal sequence of

language development. Yet, Genie never learned to use language as well as most people. This case study suggests that there is a special period (called a “critical period”) in early

childhood when it is easiest for people to learn language. Genie missed that time period.

4. What are some of the 4. What are some of the problems with case studies?problems with case studies?

Psychologists are cautious about generalizations Psychologists are cautious about generalizations from case studies.from case studies.

This is particularly true of case studies that This is particularly true of case studies that cannot be replicated, such as Genie’s. Because of cannot be replicated, such as Genie’s. Because of the rarity and cruelty of Genie’s experience, the rarity and cruelty of Genie’s experience, scientists would never repeat this study.scientists would never repeat this study.

Also, maybe there were other factors responsible Also, maybe there were other factors responsible for Genie’s lack of language development.for Genie’s lack of language development.

Furthermore, case studies lend themselves to Furthermore, case studies lend themselves to some of the same pitfalls that surveys do, some of the same pitfalls that surveys do, particularly when the case studies are based on particularly when the case studies are based on interviews with people about their past interviews with people about their past experiences. Most people’s recollections are experiences. Most people’s recollections are filled with gaps and inaccuracies.filled with gaps and inaccuracies.

5. What is the difference between a longitudinal method of study and a

cross-sectional method of study?

• The longitudinal method involves researchers selecting a group of participants and then observing these participants over a period of time, often years or even decades.

• By using this method, psychologists can observe the ways in which individuals change over time. (developmental studies)

• Needless to say, longitudinal studies are extremely time-consuming, expensive, and risky. There is no guarantee that participants will remain available over the long time period that they are being studied.

• In the cross-sectional method, researchers select a sample that includes people of different ages; thus they don’t have to follow a set of individuals over a number of years.

• The researchers then compare the behavior of the participants in the different age groups.

• Information gained in the cross-sectional studies is less reliable than information from longitudinal studies.

6. What is naturalistic-observation?6. What is naturalistic-observation?Also called field study.Also called field study.Observe the organism (human or animal) in its natural Observe the organism (human or animal) in its natural environment or habitat.environment or habitat.In the case of people, field settings include homes, schools, office In the case of people, field settings include homes, schools, office buildings, and restaurants—any place where people spend time.buildings, and restaurants—any place where people spend time.In naturalistic observation, psychologists try not to interfere with In naturalistic observation, psychologists try not to interfere with the organisms they are observing. This is called a non-obtrusive the organisms they are observing. This is called a non-obtrusive method.method.

7. What is laboratory-7. What is laboratory-observation?observation?

► Sometimes certain matters simply cannot be Sometimes certain matters simply cannot be studied in a naturalistic setting and it becomes studied in a naturalistic setting and it becomes more useful for a psychologist to observe more useful for a psychologist to observe behavior in a laboratory rather than in the field.behavior in a laboratory rather than in the field.

► This method is called laboratory observation.This method is called laboratory observation.► Laboratories are not necessarily sterile rooms Laboratories are not necessarily sterile rooms

tended by people in white coats; a laboratory is tended by people in white coats; a laboratory is any place that provides the opportunity for any place that provides the opportunity for observation or experimentation.observation or experimentation.

Laboratory-observation Laboratory-observation (continued)(continued)

► As such, many laboratories are quite informal.As such, many laboratories are quite informal.► B.F. Skinner created special enclosed B.F. Skinner created special enclosed

environments, which became known as Skinner environments, which became known as Skinner boxes, to study the behavior of animals such as boxes, to study the behavior of animals such as rats.rats.

► Psychologists sometimes use a laboratory to Psychologists sometimes use a laboratory to control the environment of a study. For control the environment of a study. For example, if they wanted to see whether the example, if they wanted to see whether the amount of light in a room affects how much amount of light in a room affects how much people eat, they would need to be able to people eat, they would need to be able to control the lighting in the room where people control the lighting in the room where people were eating.were eating.

8. What is correlation in testing?8. What is correlation in testing?

A method to analyze and interpret A method to analyze and interpret observations gained by research.observations gained by research.

Correlation measures how closely one thing Correlation measures how closely one thing is related to another.is related to another.

The stronger the correlation between two The stronger the correlation between two things, the more closely those two things are things, the more closely those two things are related.related.

9. What is negative and positive 9. What is negative and positive correlation in testing?correlation in testing?

Positive correlation means as one variable Positive correlation means as one variable goes up, the other variable also goes up.goes up, the other variable also goes up.

For example, as education level goes up, For example, as education level goes up, income level also goes up.income level also goes up.

In contrast, there is a negative correlation In contrast, there is a negative correlation between stress and health. As one goes between stress and health. As one goes up, the other goes down.up, the other goes down.

As the amount of stress on people As the amount of stress on people increases, their immune systems become increases, their immune systems become less capable of fighting off illness—thus, less capable of fighting off illness—thus, the greater the stress, the poorer the the greater the stress, the poorer the health.health.

10. Suppose you want to find out if there is a correlation between age and preferred volume level for listening to music for people between the ages of 15 and 55. Which observational methods might you use to study this? For example, using laboratory observations of

individuals within the target ages by having the participants listen to music at gradually increasing volume levels, noting their preferred volume levels and graphing the correlation between volume level and age.

Psychology

Chapter 2

Lecture Questions

Section 4 (pgs. 40-44)

1. In an experiment, what do the participants receive?

Participants receive a treatment. Such as a change in room temperature or a

new drug. Researchers then carefully observe the

participants to determine how the treatment influences their behavior (if at all).

2. What are some limitations of the experimental method?

Conditions created in an experiment may not accurately reflect conditions in real life.

Nevertheless, experiments do yield useful information much of the time, and for that reason, psychologists frequently turn to the experimental method in their research.

3. Explain the difference between 3. Explain the difference between an independent variable and a an independent variable and a

dependent variable.dependent variable.

Variables are factors that can vary, or change.Variables are factors that can vary, or change.In an experiment, the independent variable is the factor that In an experiment, the independent variable is the factor that researchers manipulate or control so that they can determine its researchers manipulate or control so that they can determine its effect.effect.For example; suppose researchers are testing the hypothesis that For example; suppose researchers are testing the hypothesis that warm temperatures cause aggression in humans.warm temperatures cause aggression in humans.In this experiment, temperature is the independent variable because In this experiment, temperature is the independent variable because that is what researchers are manipulating to observe its effect.that is what researchers are manipulating to observe its effect.The dependent variable depends on something (independent The dependent variable depends on something (independent variable).variable).In this experiment, the dependent variable is the level of aggression In this experiment, the dependent variable is the level of aggression measured by experimenters. measured by experimenters.

4. Explain the difference 4. Explain the difference between an experimental between an experimental group and a control group.group and a control group.

• Ideal experiments use experimental groups and control groups.

• Members of an experimental group receive the treatment.

• Members of a control group do not.• Every effort is made to ensure that

all other conditions are held constant for both the experimental group and the control group.

5. How do researchers assign 5. How do researchers assign participants to either the participants to either the

experimental group or the control experimental group or the control group?group?

Researchers randomly assign Researchers randomly assign participants to one group or the participants to one group or the other.other.

6. What do you call an experiment that uses control groups?

When an experiment uses control groups as well as experimental groups, it is called a controlled experiment.

7. Explain how and why a placebo is used in research studies.

• A placebo is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it.

• In research studies and in our daily lives, our expectations affect what happens to us. Feeling better simply because we expect to feel better—and for no other reason—is an example of the placebo effect.

• A sugar pill, with no medication is given to someone suffering from a headache. This person may start to feel better because they believe they are receiving the headache medication.

• Compare the placebo’s results to the results of the real drug.

• This is common practice for the control group.

8. Explain the difference between a single-blind study and a double-blind study. Who requires double-blind studies?

Expectations can create bias toward certain points of view.

To avoid this, a single-blind study keeps participants from knowing if they are in the experimental group or the control group.

Researchers can also have expectations about certain research.

To avoid this, a double-blind study is research in which both participants and experimenters are unaware of who receives the treatment.

The FDA requires double-blind studies before new drugs can be placed on the market.

Recalled drugs

Fen-phenRecalled in 2002

Miracle prescription weight-loss drugVioxx

Recalled in 2004Pain-killer

ThalidomideNever approved in US in early 1960sTaken in Canada & Europe

Sedative given to pregnant womenSevere birth defects.

• Today used to treat leprosy

9. Why might a double-blind 9. Why might a double-blind study yield more reliable study yield more reliable results than a single-blind results than a single-blind

study?study? A double-blind study removes A double-blind study removes

expectations from both participants expectations from both participants and researchers.and researchers.

Eliminates any bias the researchers Eliminates any bias the researchers my have.my have.

This allows for good research.This allows for good research.

Psychology

Lecture Questions

Chapter 2

Section 5 (pgs. 44-47)

1. Why do psychologists follow ethical standards? Who establishes guidelines for ethics in psychology? What do these guidelines prevent?

Ethics are standards for proper and responsible behavior.

Psychologists follow ethical standards to promote the dignity of the individual, foster human welfare, and maintain scientific integrity.

Ethics (continued)

Ethical standards prevent scientists from undertaking research or treatments that will be harmful to human participants.

These guidelines have been established by the American Psychological Association. (APA)

The APA is a scientific and professional organization of psychologists.

2. What are two important 2. What are two important principles in the APA’s principles in the APA’s psychological research psychological research

guidelines?guidelines? The APA guidelines provide a number The APA guidelines provide a number

of provisions that detail what is of provisions that detail what is needed to make a study ethical.needed to make a study ethical.

The two most important guidelines The two most important guidelines areare

confidentialityconfidentiality and and informed consentinformed consent..

3. Briefly summarize the 3. Briefly summarize the Hawthorne Plant Study.Hawthorne Plant Study.

• In 1927, researchers began a study in the In 1927, researchers began a study in the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois.Company in Cicero, Illinois.

• The study was called to find out what The study was called to find out what conditions in the factory might be changed conditions in the factory might be changed to boost productivity.to boost productivity.

• The researchers designed a study in which The researchers designed a study in which the productivity was the dependent variable the productivity was the dependent variable and the rest periods, workdays, and work and the rest periods, workdays, and work weeks were the independent variable.weeks were the independent variable.

Hawthorne (continued)Hawthorne (continued)• Five women were chosen as participants in the study.Five women were chosen as participants in the study.• These women were to work as a team in a room where These women were to work as a team in a room where

they could be observed.they could be observed.• They were observed after rest pauses of varying They were observed after rest pauses of varying

lengths throughout the workday.lengths throughout the workday.• Output increased, even after lessening the rest time Output increased, even after lessening the rest time

period. Why?period. Why?• This became known as the “Hawthorne effect” and This became known as the “Hawthorne effect” and

lead to the conclusion that worker output increased if lead to the conclusion that worker output increased if they were paid more attention to by their employers, they were paid more attention to by their employers, not if they had time off.not if they had time off.

• This study was flawed in many ways. There was no This study was flawed in many ways. There was no control group, blind study and the participant group control group, blind study and the participant group was too small.was too small.

4. What does confidentially mean in psychological research?

Psychologists treat the records of research participants and clients as confidential.

This is because psychologists respect people’s right to privacy.

In addition, people are more likely to disclose true information and feelings when they know that what they say will remain confidential.

5. Why is informed consent 5. Why is informed consent important in psychological important in psychological

research?research? The APA acknowledges that some worthwhile The APA acknowledges that some worthwhile

studies may cause participants to experience studies may cause participants to experience some discomfort or other short-term negative some discomfort or other short-term negative effects.effects.

To help avoid situations in which people To help avoid situations in which people volunteer to participate in research without volunteer to participate in research without knowing that such effects are possible, the APA knowing that such effects are possible, the APA generally requires that the participants provide generally requires that the participants provide informed consent.informed consent.

Participants must agree, or consent, to Participants must agree, or consent, to participate in a research study only after they participate in a research study only after they have been given a general overview of the have been given a general overview of the research.research.

Participants then have a choice to participate or Participants then have a choice to participate or not.not.

6. Under what conditions may 6. Under what conditions may deception be used in deception be used in

psychological research?psychological research? When it is believed that the benefits of the When it is believed that the benefits of the

research outweigh its potential harm.research outweigh its potential harm. When its believed that the individual would When its believed that the individual would

have been willing to participate if they had have been willing to participate if they had understood the benefits of the research.understood the benefits of the research.

When participants receive an explanation of When participants receive an explanation of the study after it has occurred. (debriefed)the study after it has occurred. (debriefed)– Milgram StudyMilgram Study

Milgram StudyMilgram Study Original study done in the 1960s, recently re-done.Original study done in the 1960s, recently re-done. Participants were told it was an experiment on the impact of Participants were told it was an experiment on the impact of

punishment (electric shock) on learning.punishment (electric shock) on learning. Participants (“learners”)were to memorize pairs of words and then Participants (“learners”)were to memorize pairs of words and then

remember each pair.remember each pair. Shock was applied by a “teacher” if incorrect.Shock was applied by a “teacher” if incorrect. The “teacher” applies shock in increased voltage with each The “teacher” applies shock in increased voltage with each

incorrect answer.incorrect answer. The true purpose of the experiment was to look at obedience to The true purpose of the experiment was to look at obedience to

authority.authority. The learners were not actually receiving electric shock, but were The learners were not actually receiving electric shock, but were

faking it.faking it. How far would people go in applying a punishment when they How far would people go in applying a punishment when they

believed they were harming someone.believed they were harming someone. They were constantly told to continue by the researcher.They were constantly told to continue by the researcher.

7. Why are animals used 7. Why are animals used in research? Does the in research? Does the APA have guidelines for APA have guidelines for animal research? When animal research? When are animals used in are animals used in research?research? Some research studies often use animals Some research studies often use animals because they cannot be carried out with because they cannot be carried out with people for ethical reasons.people for ethical reasons.

The APA has rules of ethics for how The APA has rules of ethics for how animals used in research should be animals used in research should be treated, controversy continues to surround treated, controversy continues to surround the use of animals in scientific research.the use of animals in scientific research.

Psychologists use animals only when there Psychologists use animals only when there is no alternative and when they believe is no alternative and when they believe that the potential benefits outweigh the that the potential benefits outweigh the harm.harm.

8. How has the use of animal 8. How has the use of animal research advanced the field of research advanced the field of

medicine and psychology?medicine and psychology?

Advances in the treatment of mental Advances in the treatment of mental disorders, neuromuscular disorders, disorders, neuromuscular disorders, strokes, visual and memory defects, strokes, visual and memory defects, headaches, high blood pressure, and headaches, high blood pressure, and transplantation of organs are all due transplantation of organs are all due to the use of animal to the use of animal experimentation.experimentation.