psychology chapter 1 why study psychology. objectives section 1 identify the goals of psychology and...

49
Psychology Psychology Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Why study psychology Why study psychology

Upload: lorena-powers

Post on 25-Dec-2015

218 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

PsychologyPsychologyChapter 1Chapter 1

Why study psychologyWhy study psychology

Objectives Objectives section 1section 1

Identify the goals of psychology and Identify the goals of psychology and explain how psychology is a science.explain how psychology is a science.

A Day in the LifeA Day in the Life

Read page 3 for class discussionRead page 3 for class discussion

In-class assignmentIn-class assignment

Write the 18 vocabulary words on page 3Write the 18 vocabulary words on page 3

Due when timer goes off. (25 minutes)Due when timer goes off. (25 minutes)

What is Psychology?What is Psychology?

Sec 1Sec 1

Why study Psychology?Why study Psychology?

To understand yourself, and othersTo understand yourself, and others To learn about feelings, thoughts, and To learn about feelings, thoughts, and

stressstress To learn why people behave the way To learn why people behave the way

they dothey do

The goals of psychologyThe goals of psychology

To observe and describe behavior and To observe and describe behavior and mental processes and to better understand mental processes and to better understand themthem

To be able to explain, predict, and control To be able to explain, predict, and control behaviorbehavior

What are behaviors?What are behaviors?

Actions that you can observe.Actions that you can observe.

Actions you can controlActions you can control

Actions you can not controlActions you can not control

Controllable BehaviorsControllable Behaviors

WalkingWalking TalkingTalking EatingEating DrinkingDrinking DancingDancing

Emotions affect behavior and Emotions affect behavior and mental (cognitive) processesmental (cognitive) processes

SleeplessnessSleeplessness AngerAnger DepressionDepression A faster heart rateA faster heart rate RestlessnessRestlessness Cause stressCause stress PerformancePerformance

ExamplesExamples

Performance anxietyPerformance anxiety Place KickerPlace Kicker Last chance to win Last chance to win

gamegame Misses field goalMisses field goal

Test anxietyTest anxiety Placement test for Placement test for

collegecollege Stress to score highStress to score high

In both examples psychologists In both examples psychologists could teach them ways to deal with could teach them ways to deal with anxietyanxiety

How do you cope with your anxieties?How do you cope with your anxieties?– VisualizationVisualization

– Breathing exercisesBreathing exercises

Psychology as a Natural SciencePsychology as a Natural Science Social SciencesSocial Sciences

– HistoryHistory– AnthropologyAnthropology– EconomicsEconomics– Political sciencePolitical science– SociologySociology– PsychologyPsychology

These deal with the structure of the human These deal with the structure of the human society and the nature of the individualssociety and the nature of the individuals

Psychology focuses on the behavior Psychology focuses on the behavior and mental processes of the and mental processes of the individualindividual The working of the brain and total human The working of the brain and total human

bodybody– BiologyBiology– ChemistryChemistry– PhysicsPhysics

Psychology uses the same scientific Psychology uses the same scientific methodmethod Conducting experiments, collection and Conducting experiments, collection and

analyzing data and drawing conclusionsanalyzing data and drawing conclusions

Widely used research methodsWidely used research methods1.1. Surveys- collecting data involves asking Surveys- collecting data involves asking

questions of a particular groupquestions of a particular group

2.2. Experiments- research usually done in a labExperiments- research usually done in a lab

Psychological TheoriesPsychological Theories

Organized ideas about behavior and mental Organized ideas about behavior and mental processesprocesses

TheoryTheory – Is a statement that attempts to explain why Is a statement that attempts to explain why

things are the way they are and happen the way things are the way they are and happen the way they dothey do

Psychological theories discuss principles that Psychological theories discuss principles that govern behavior and mental processes.govern behavior and mental processes.

Such as:Such as: BehaviorBehavior (sleeping, aggression) (sleeping, aggression) Mental processesMental processes ( memories, mental ( memories, mental

images)images) BiologicalBiological ( effect of chemicals in the brain) ( effect of chemicals in the brain)

These theories help psychologist predict These theories help psychologist predict behavior and mental processesbehavior and mental processes

What do Psychologists do?What do Psychologists do?

Sec 2Sec 2

ObjectiveObjectivesection 2section 2

Describe the work done by psychologists Describe the work done by psychologists according to their areas of according to their areas of specialization.specialization.

Break into a group of 2Break into a group of 2

You will need to know the different You will need to know the different specializations in Psychology for your test.specializations in Psychology for your test.

complete the graphic organizer Handout complete the graphic organizer Handout

““Psychologist’ s specializations in Psychology”Psychologist’ s specializations in Psychology”

This is a in-class assignment due when the timer This is a in-class assignment due when the timer goes off.goes off.

History of PsychologyHistory of Psychology

Sec 3Sec 3

ObjectiveObjectivesection 3section 3

Explain the historical background of the Explain the historical background of the study of psychologystudy of psychology

Roots of psychologyRoots of psychology

Ancient Greece ( 428-347)Ancient Greece ( 428-347) Plato Student of SocratesPlato Student of Socrates

– Know thy self Know thy self – Examine your own thoughts and feelingsExamine your own thoughts and feelings

AristotleAristotle– About the mind (scientific approach)About the mind (scientific approach)– Ancient Greece believed the Gods got mad Ancient Greece believed the Gods got mad

and punished peopleand punished people

Middle ages / Mental illnessMiddle ages / Mental illness

Possession by demonsPossession by demons Punished for sins and making deals with the Punished for sins and making deals with the

devils or witchesdevils or witches TestTest

– Water float testWater float test– Float found guilty and executedFloat found guilty and executed– Sink and drown found to be innocenceSink and drown found to be innocence

Scientific approach lead to the Birth Scientific approach lead to the Birth of Modern Scienceof Modern Science

Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton John LockeJohn Locke 1800’s first psychological labs established in 1800’s first psychological labs established in

Europe and the United StatesEurope and the United States

Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt

Founder of Founder of StructuralismStructuralism Discovering the basic elements of conscious Discovering the basic elements of conscious

experienceexperience 2 separate categories2 separate categories

– Objective- sight and taste reflect the outside Objective- sight and taste reflect the outside worldworld

– Subjective- thoughts, emotional responses and Subjective- thoughts, emotional responses and mental imagesmental images

– Ex: What an apple tastes and feels like to bite itEx: What an apple tastes and feels like to bite it

William JamesWilliam James

Founder of Founder of FunctionalismFunctionalism Experience Experience can notcan not be broken down it is be broken down it is

continuouscontinuous Wrote first Modern day Psychology BookWrote first Modern day Psychology Book

– The Principles of PsychologyThe Principles of Psychology

Mental processes help organisms adapt to Mental processes help organisms adapt to their environmenttheir environment

DifferencesDifferences

StructuralismStructuralism– Relied only on introspectionRelied only on introspection– What are the elements (structures) of What are the elements (structures) of

Psychological processes?Psychological processes?

differencesdifferences

FunctionalismFunctionalism Includes behavior, observation in the laboratory Includes behavior, observation in the laboratory

and introspectionand introspection What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and

mental processes?mental processes? Adaptive behavior are habits learned and Adaptive behavior are habits learned and

maintained because they are successfulmaintained because they are successful– Studying leads to good gradesStudying leads to good grades– Learning to read and writeLearning to read and write

John WatsonJohn WatsonFounder of BehaviorismFounder of Behaviorism

BehaviorismBehaviorism– Scientific study of observable behaviorScientific study of observable behavior

unscientific to study consciousunscientific to study conscious Conscious is a private event know only to Conscious is a private event know only to

the individual.the individual. Psychology is a science-Psychology is a science- limited to limited to

observable, measurable events which are observable, measurable events which are behavior.behavior.

B. F. SkinnerB. F. SkinnerBehavior + reinforcementBehavior + reinforcement

Reinforcement or rewardingReinforcement or rewarding– Learn by being rewarded (repeat of behavior)Learn by being rewarded (repeat of behavior)

Used in animals and humans a likeUsed in animals and humans a like

The Gestalt SchoolThe Gestalt School

Based on the idea that perceptions are more Based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their partsthan the sums of their parts

Perceptions are wholes that give shape or Perceptions are wholes that give shape or meaning to the partsmeaning to the parts

Learning (problem solving) is accomplished Learning (problem solving) is accomplished by insight, not mechanical repetition.by insight, not mechanical repetition.

Insight is the reorganization of perceptions Insight is the reorganization of perceptions that enables a person to solve a problem.that enables a person to solve a problem.

Kenneth ClarkKenneth Clark

Black PsychologistBlack Psychologist Studied negative effect of segregation on the self Studied negative effect of segregation on the self

esteem of African American Childrenesteem of African American Children White dolls White dolls

– pretty and goodpretty and good

Brown dolls Brown dolls – ugly and badugly and bad

Proved the negative effects of a racist society on Proved the negative effects of a racist society on the young mind of childrenthe young mind of children

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysisFounder of psychoanalysis Emphasizes the importance of the Emphasizes the importance of the

unconscious motives and internal conflicts in unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behaviordetermining human behavior

First to bring out the couchFirst to bring out the couch

continuedcontinued

People are driven by hidden impulse, verbal People are driven by hidden impulse, verbal slips and the belief that dreams represent slips and the belief that dreams represent their unconscious wishes.their unconscious wishes.

Believed that the sexual and aggressive Believed that the sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious urges are more important than conscious experience in governing people’s behavior experience in governing people’s behavior and feelings and feelings

Contemporary PerspectivesContemporary Perspectives

Section 4Section 4

ObjectiveObjectivesection 4section 4

Describe the 6 main contemporary Describe the 6 main contemporary perspectives in psychology.perspectives in psychology.

Today Psychologists do not Today Psychologists do not describe themselves as describe themselves as

Structuralists or FunctionalistStructuralists or Functionalist

Contemporary PerspectivesContemporary Perspectives

Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective

Study the influence of biology on our Study the influence of biology on our behaviorbehavior– the influences of hormones and genesthe influences of hormones and genes– Personality, intellect, and artistic talentPersonality, intellect, and artistic talent

Looks for connection between events in the Looks for connection between events in the brain (brain cell activity) and behaviorbrain (brain cell activity) and behavior

Techniques UsedTechniques Used

CATCAT (Computed Axial Tomography) (Computed Axial Tomography)– Computer generates 3 dimensional imageComputer generates 3 dimensional image

PETPET (Position Emission Tomography) (Position Emission Tomography)– Measures abnormal molecular cell activityMeasures abnormal molecular cell activity

Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective

Role thoughts play in determining behaviorRole thoughts play in determining behavior Rooted in Socrates Rooted in Socrates (Know thy self)(Know thy self) Process, storage, retrievalProcess, storage, retrieval Short or long term memoryShort or long term memory People’s behavior is influenced by their People’s behavior is influenced by their

values, their interpretations and their values, their interpretations and their choiceschoices– Remark = insult or not Remark = insult or not

Humanistic PerspectiveHumanistic Perspective

Stresses man’s capacity for self-fulfillment, Stresses man’s capacity for self-fulfillment, the importance of consciousness, self the importance of consciousness, self awareness and the capacity to make awareness and the capacity to make choiceschoices

Consciousness- the force that shapes Consciousness- the force that shapes people’s personalitiespeople’s personalities

Personal experiences most importantPersonal experiences most important

Continued……..Continued……..

Self-awareness, experience and choice Self-awareness, experience and choice permit us to permit us to “Invent ourselves”“Invent ourselves”

View people basically good and helpfulView people basically good and helpful Help people to get in touch with their Help people to get in touch with their

feelings, manage their negative impulses feelings, manage their negative impulses and realize their potentialand realize their potential

Psychoanalytic PerspectivePsychoanalytic Perspective

Rooted in Freud’s theoriesRooted in Freud’s theories Influences of the unconscious on human Influences of the unconscious on human

behaviorbehavior People driven by the Unconscious sexual People driven by the Unconscious sexual

and aggressive impulseand aggressive impulse Still feel the impact of Freud in current Still feel the impact of Freud in current

psychologypsychology

Learning PerspectiveLearning Perspective

Emphasizes the effect of experience on Emphasizes the effect of experience on behaviorbehavior

Learning is the essential factor in observing, Learning is the essential factor in observing, describing, explaining, predicting, and describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behaviorcontrolling behavior

Social learning theorySocial learning theory

People can change their environment or People can change their environment or create new onescreate new ones

Believe that people learn by direct Believe that people learn by direct experience or by observing other peopleexperience or by observing other people

Socio-cultural perspectiveSocio-cultural perspectiveeffects on human behavior and mental processeseffects on human behavior and mental processes

Addresses issues of ethnicity, gender, culture and socio-Addresses issues of ethnicity, gender, culture and socio-economic statuseconomic status

These have a significant impact on human behavior and These have a significant impact on human behavior and mental processesmental processes

– BilingualismBilingualism– PrejudicePrejudice– Ethnic differencesEthnic differences ( physical and psychological)( physical and psychological)– Multicultural issuesMulticultural issues ( Psychotherapy and treatment)( Psychotherapy and treatment)– PrejudicePrejudice– Gender Gender

Roles, careers, educationRoles, careers, education

The EndThe EndStudy your notes, movie sheet, Study your notes, movie sheet, and vocabulary for the test.and vocabulary for the test.

Be here for the pre-test review Be here for the pre-test review day!!!!!!!!!!!!day!!!!!!!!!!!!