psychological disorders chapter 14. conceptualizing psychological disorders the medical model...
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Psychological DisordersChapter 14
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Conceptualizing Psychological DisordersThe Medical Model
Conceptualizes abnormal behavior as a diseaseAdvantages
Humane treatment of people with “mental illness”Use of medical concepts
EtiologyDiagnosisPrognosis
Disadvantages (Thomas Szasz)StigmatizingPassivityAbnormal behavior is not illness
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Abnormal Behavior What is abnormal
behavior? Deviant Maladaptive Causing personal distress
A continuum of normal/abnormal
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Stereotypes of Abnormal Behavior Psychological disorders are
incurable
People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous
People with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways and are very different from “normal” people
Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders
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Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders
American Psychiatric Association
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4)
Axis I Clinical Syndromes
Axis II Personality Disorders
Axis III General Medical Conditions
Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning
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Axis I Clinical Syndromes Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders
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Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder
“free-floating anxiety” Phobic disorder
Specific focus of fear Panic disorder and agoraphobia Obsessive compulsive disorder
Obsessions Compulsions
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Biological factors
Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
GABA circuits in the brain Conditioning and learning
Acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning
Maintained through operant conditioning
Cognitive factors Judgments of perceived threat
Personality Neuroticism
Stress—a precipitator
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Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders Somatization Disorder Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis
Etiology Reactive autonomic
nervous system Personality factors Cognitive factors The sick role
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Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder
Etiology severe emotional trauma during childhood
Controversy Media creation?
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Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Bipolar disorder Cyclothymic disorder
Etiology Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive factors Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress
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Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders Etiology
Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Cognitive factors Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress
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Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia
General symptoms Major Symptoms
Irrational thought Deterioration of adaptive behavior Distorted perception Disturbed emotion
Prognostic factors
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Subtyping of Schizophrenia
4 subtypes Paranoid type Catatonic type Disorganized type Undifferentiated type
New model for classification Positive vs. negative symptoms
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Etiology of Schizophrenia Genetic vulnerability Neurochemical factors Structural abnormalities of
the brain The neurodevelopmental
hypothesis Expressed emotion Precipitating stress
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Personality Disorders
Anxious-fearful cluster Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Dramatic-impulsive cluster Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
Odd-eccentric cluster Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
Etiology Genetic predispositions, inadequate
socialization in dysfunctional families
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Psychological Disorders and the Law Insanity
M’naghten rule Involuntary
commitment danger to self danger to others in need of treatment
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Culture and Pathology Cultural variations Culture bound disorders
Koro Windigo Anorexia nervosa