psychological approach in language acuisition

8/21/2019 Psychological Approach in Language Acuisition

1/39

THE LESSON

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

“PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH IN LANGUAGE

ACQUISITION”

Dosen : Raswadi, M. Pd

Created By :

ROHMATULLAH

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU

PENDIDIKAN

(STKIP) PANDEGLANG BANTEN


2/39

PREFACE

Praise the A!i"hty G#d $h# has "i%e& 's a $ide %ariety #(

dei)i#'s* s# that a)ti%ities that $e i%e this i(e $i a$ays +ri&" +essi&"s*

"##d i(e i& this $#rd* e%e& !#re s# i& the i(e herea(ter* s# that a the

ideas a&d e,-e)tati#&s t# $e a)hie%e it +e)#!es easier a&d (' +e&e.ts/

Tha&0 y#' +e(#re a&d a(ter$ards $e say t# Le)t'rer S'+1e)ts

Psi0#i&"'isti)s $h# ha%e he-ed* either i& the (#r! #( !#rii a&d !ateria

assista&)e* s# this -a-er res#%ed $ithi& the a#tted ti!e/

2e reai3e #&)e* i& the -re-arati#& #( this -a-er is sti (ar (r#!

-er(e)ti#& a&d !a&y sh#rt)#!i&"s* +#th i& ter!s #( "ra!!ar a&d i&

ter!s #( the )#&s#idati#& #( the e)t'rer* $h# s#!eti!es 1'st !e&t'r'ti

-ers#&a se.sh&ess* t# #'r "reat h#-e that i( there is )riti)is! a&d)#&str')ti%e s'""esti#&s t# ('rther re.&e -a-er $e -'t this ather ti!e/

The "reatest e,-e)tati#& #( the -re-arati#& #( this -a-er is t#*

h#-e('y $hat $e -'t t#"ether is (' #( +e&e.ts* +#th (#r -ers#&a*

(rie&ds* a&d #thers $h# $a&t t# ta0e #r )#!-ete a"ai& this -a-er e&tited

4Psy)h##"i)a A--r#a)h i& La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&4 as add additi#&a

e,isti&" re(ere&)es/Pa&de"a&"* A-ri 6789

C#!-ier*


3/39

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Paper................................................................................................................

Prefase .......................................................................................................................

Table Of Contents ......................................................................................................

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1.1 Backgron!...............................................................................

1." Proble# $or#lat%on................................................................

1.& P'r-#se/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

CHAPTER II DI'CU''ION

".1 e.&iti#&///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

"." Psy)h##"i)a A--r#a)h/////////////////////////////////////////

".".1 Cross-sectional approach.............................."."." Longitudinal Approach..................................

".".& Sequential Approach.....................................

".".( Cross-cultural Approach................................

".& La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&

".&.1 The concept of Language Acquisition...........

".&." Variety of Language Acquisition....................

".&.& Sequence Language Acquisition Development

".&.( General echanisms for Language Acquisition

".&.) !nits Language Acquisition...........................

".#.$ %irst Language Acquisition..........................

".#.& Second Language Acquisition.....................

CHAPTER III C*O'IN+

&.1 Concls%ons.................................................................................

&." S'""esti#&s////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

&.& Bi+i#"ra-hy////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


4/39

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 a!"#$o%nd

Psy)h##"y is the s)ie&)e that st'dies the -r#+e!s #( the h'!a&

-sy)he that is re;e)ted i& the +eha%i#r #( the rea/ H#$ t# a)5'ire a&"'a"e=


5/39

1.+ P%$ose

The #+1e)ti%e #( this -a-er is:

8/>/8 T# +etter '&dersta&d the de.&iti#& #( Psy)h##"i)a A--r#a)h i&

a&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&/8/>/6 T# deter!i&e the %ari#'s -sy)h##"i)a a--r#a)hes/

8/>/> T# .&d #'t H#$ t# a)5'ire a&"'a"e/

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

&.1 De-ni*ion o Ps/!0o(o#i!a( A$oa!0 in (an#%a#e A!%isi*ion

Psy)h##"y is a ter! deri%ed (r#! E&"ish* the 4-sy)h##"y4/ This

ter! $as #ri"i&ay deri%ed (r#! the Gree0 $#rd is 4-sy)he4* !ea&i&"*

s-irit #r i(e (#r)e* $hie the 4#"#s4 !ea&i&" 0$ed"e/ S# iteray*

4-sy)h##"y4 !ea&s the 0$ed"e that !y st'dy #( -sy)hiatri) #r 4Li(e

S)ie&)es4/ A))#rdi&" t# -sy)h##"ists* -sy)h##"i)a se&se #( the ter! are

as (##$s:

• It is the s)ie&)e #( h'!a& )#&s)i#'s&ess/ 42'&dt4

• It is the st'dy #( +eha%i#r a&d !e&ta -r#)esses/ 4At0i&s#&* et a

?8@@4

• It is the 0$ed"e #( the a)ti%ities #( i&di%id'as ?i&)'di&" !#t#r

+eha%i#r* )#"&iti#&* a&d e!#ti#&s/ 42##d$#rth a&d Mar5'is4

•

It is the st'dy #( the s#'* $here the s#' !a&i(ested i& the +eha%i#r#r a)ti%ities #( +#th !#t#r* )#"&iti%e* a&d e!#ti#&a/ 4Be& 2a"it#

?6778 et a*4

2hie The 'sychological Approach is a& a--r#a)h that ai!s t# ##0 at the

state #( the -ers#&a s#'/ The& s#!e '&dersta&di&" #( Language

Acquisition* &a!ey:

• A)5'iri&" a a&"'a"e is a h'!a& -r#)ess #( a)5'iri&" the a+iity t#

)a-t're* -r#d')e* a&d 'se $#rds t# '&dersta&di&" a&d)#!!'&i)ati#&/ This )a-a)ity i&%#%es a $ide ra&"e #( )a-a+iities


6/39

s')h as sy&ta,* -h#&eti)s* a&d e,te&si%e %#)a+'ary/ La&"'a"e )a&

+e #+tai&ed as the a&"'a"e s-#0e& %#)a #r !a&'a as i& si"&

a&"'a"e/

• A)5'iri&" a&"'a"e 's'ay re(ers t# the .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&

assess )hidre& t# a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& i+'!ere0a a&d t a)5'iri&"

a se)#&d a&"'a"e are re%ie$i&" additi#&a a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& +y

)hidre& #r ad'ts/ ?Htt-:id/$i0i-edia/#r"$i0iPe!er#eha&D+ahasa

• A)5'iri&" a a&"'a"e has a s'dde& #&set ?s'dde&/ La&"'a"e

i&de-e&de&)e +e"a& ar#'&d the a"e #( #&e year at a ti!e $he&

)hidre& +e"i& t# 'se $#rds #r $#rds se-arated a-art (r#! the

i&"'isti) )#de t# a)hie%e their %ari#'s s#)ia -'r-#ses/ 2hie #ther

-e&ertia& that a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&* a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& has a

"rad'a #&set that e!er"ed (r#! the a)hie%e!e&ts e&"i&es

!#t#rs* s#)ia* a&d )#"&iti%e -rei&"'isti) ?M)Gra$* 8@F: 97/

&.& Ps/!0o(o#i!a( A$oa!0

I& the +##0 es!ita ?e%e#-!e&ta Psy)h##"y a&d a +##0 +y

Pr#(/ r


7/39

#( the -r#)ess #( the de%e#-!e&t #( #&e #r !#re as-e)ts #( #&es

-ers#&aity/ Thr#'"h 0r#sse0ti#&ai&i a--r#a)h )a& +e #+tai&ed a

+etter '&dersta&di&" #( (a)t#rs that are ess ty-i)a #r )hara)teristi)

#( the "r#'-s +ei&" )#!-ared/ The !ai& ad%a&ta"es #( this a--r#a)h 0r#sse0ti#&a is that the

resear)hers did t ta0e t## #&" t# $ait (#r -e#-e t# "r#$/ The

$ea0&ess #( this -e&de0a& is that this a--r#a)h d#es t i!-art

i&(#r!ati#& a+#'t h#$ i&di%id'as )ha&"e #r a+#'t the sta+iity

)hara)teristi)s/ Rise a&d (a #( the de%e#-!e&t )a& +e '&)ear/

6/6/6 Longitudinal Approach

L#&"it'di&a a--r#a)h is the a--r#a)h i& a st'dy )#&d')ted +y

i&%esti"ati&" the )hid i& the #&" ter!* (#r e,a!-e* t# (##$ the

-r#"ress #( s#!e#&e i& a )ertai& ti!e -eri#d* s')h as d'ri&"

)hidh##d #r d'ri&" ad#es)e&)e/ 2ith this a--r#a)h e,a!i&ed

se%era as-e)ts #( +eha%i#r #& #&e #r t$# -e#-e are the sa!e i& a

(e$ years/ That $#'d i'strate the #%era as-e)ts #( de%e#-!e&t/

This a--r#a)h as# has ad%a&ta"es a&d disad%a&ta"es/ A!#&" the

ad%a&ta"es #( this a--r#a)h are:

, Sa!-es ess* !a0i&" it -#ssi+e t# a&ay3e the "r#$th a&d

de%e#-!e&t #( ea)h i&di%id'a/, A#$s 0$ dist'r+a&)es i& de%e#-!e&t* +#th -ers#&ay

!a'-' i& "r#'-s/, A#$s a&ay3i&" the reati#&shi- +et$ee& the "r#$th -r#)ess*

+#th as-e)ts #( !at'rity a&d e,-erie&)e* +e)a'se the data $ere

a)5'ired i& the sa!e )hid/, Pr#%ide a& #--#rt'&ity t# a&ay3e the e&%ir#&!e&ta ee)ts #(

the )ha&"es i& +eha%i#r a&d -ers#&aity/

2hie the $ea0&ess #( this a--r#a)h are:

, Re5'ires a #&" ti!e a&d h'"e )#sts/, Re5'ires a #t #( resear)hers are i0ey t# ha%e diere&t

e,-erie&)es/, The -#ssi+iity #( a disr'-ti#& i& the i&ter%a #( the resear)h that

is +ei&" d#&e* (#r e,a!-e* $he& -e#-e !#%ed #r died/


8/39

6/6/> Sequential Approach

T# st'dy the de%e#-!e&t #( the i(e s-a&* de%e#-!e&ta

-sy)h##"y e,-erts as# 'se a )#!+i&ati#& #( a--r#a)hes 0r#s

se0ti#&a a&d #&"it'di&a a--r#a)h/ The )#!+i&ati#& a--r#a)h0r#sse0ti#&a a&d #&"it'di&a a--r#a)h is $hat is )aed se5'e&tia

a--r#a)h/ I& !a&y $ays* this a--r#a)h +e"a& $ith the st'dy 0r#s

se0ti#&a $hi)h i&)'des i&di%id'as #( diere&t a"es/ M#&ths #r

years a(ter the i&itia !eas're!e&t* the sa!e i&di%id'as $ere

tested a"ai& ?this is a #&"it'di&a as-e)t #( the dra(t At the &e,t

ti!e ** &e$ "r#'- #( s'+1e)ts $ere !eas'red at ea)h a"e e%e/ The

&e$ "r#'- #& ea)h e%e added t# the &e,t ti!e t# )#&tr# )ha&"e

?(a #( the st'dy* #r retesti&" !ay ha%e i!-r#%ed their

-er(#r!a&)e/

Ath#'"h this a--r#a)h is )#!-e,* e,-e&si%e* a&d ti!e* +'t

a)t'ay -r#%ide i&(#r!ati#& $hi)h is t #+tai&a+e (r#! 0r#s

se0ti#&a a--r#a)h a&d #&"it'di&a a--r#a)h/ Se5'e&tia a--r#a)h

is %ery 'se('* es-e)iay i& the test )#h#rt ee)t ?"e&erati#& #& the

de%e#-!e&t #( the i(e s-a&/

6/6/K Cross-cultural Approach

Cr#ss)'t'ra a--r#a)h is a& a--r#a)h t# resear)h that )#&siders

e&%ir#&!e&ta (a)t#rs #r )'t'ra i&;'e&)e #& a )hids de%e#-!e&t/

This a--r#a)h is $idey 'sed t# deter!i&e the diere&t #(

diere&)es #r si!iarities i& the +a)0"r#'&d #( the de%e#-!e&t #(

)hidre& #( diere&t )'t'res/ This is +e)a'se $ith this a--r#a)h

there is a dee-er '&dersta&di&" #( the -r#)ess #( de%e#-!e&t #( a

-ers#&/ Thr#'"h this a--r#a)h )a& +e e,-ai&ed e,isti&" hy-#theses

thr#'"h (a)t#rs #+tai&ed* (#r e,a!-e* a+#'t the si3e #( the

i&;'e&)e #( s#)ia (a)t#rs* e)#!i)* -are&ti&" a&d i(estye #( the

-ers#&aity )hara)teristi)s a&d de%e#-!e&ts 0#"&i#ti(/

This a--r#a)h is )arried #'t #& diere&t "r#'-s 0e+'dayaa&ya

+a)0"r#'&d* either thr#'"h e,-eri!e&ts* as $e as test data

)#e)ti#& thr#'"h #+ser%ati#&* i&ter%ie$s a&d #ther data )#e)ti#&


9/39

t# +e -r#)essed a&d a&ay3ed the si!iarities a&d diere&)e/ 2ith

this a--r#a)h* a hy-#thesis a+#'t the test* (#r e,a!-e* the (ree

)'t're ?)'t'ra(ree #r r!s that are )#&sidered '&i%ersa ?e"*

s-ee)h )a& +e -r#%ed $ere )#rre)t/ Si!iary* re"ardi&" these5'e&)es i& the de%e#-!e&t -hasi&" i& de%e#-!e&t* $hether a

'&i%ersa r! #r a--i)a+e t# a s-e)i.) "r#'- #( #s-ri&"* )a& +e

i&%esti"ated +y )r#ss)'t'ra a--r#a)h/

Th's the )r#ss)'t'ra a--r#a)h ?)r#ss)'t'ra #( the se5'e&)es i&

the de%e#-!e&t* -hasi&" i& de%e#-!e&t* $hether a '&i%ersa

r! #r a--i)a+e t# a s-e)i.) "r#'- #( #s-ri&"* )a& +e

i&%esti"ated $ith a +a)0"r#'&d %ery diere&t )'t'res

6/> Lan#%a#e A!%isi*ion

6/>/8 The concept of Language Acquisition

Pe!er#eha&&ya -r#)ess* the a&"'a"e )a& +e di%ided i&t# the

!#ther t#&"'e #r .rst a&"'a"e* se)#&d a&"'a"e* a&d (#rei"& a&"'a"es/

Na!i&" !#ther t#&"'e a&d .rst a&"'a"e re(ers t# the sa!e i&"'isti)

syste!/ The s#)aed !#ther t#&"'e is the a&"'a"e that $as .rst

st'died &at'ray (r#! the !#ther #r (r#! (a!iies $h# !ai&tai& it/

Us'ay the sa!e !#ther t#&"'e i& the &ati%e t#&"'e #( his -are&ts/

H#$e%er* at -rese&t* a #t #( -are&ts $h# ta0 t# their )hidre& 'si&"

I&d#&esia& a&"'a"e is t the a&"'a"e #( #ri"i& #( +#th -are&ts s# that

is )#&tr#ed +y I&d#&esia& )hidre&* the I&d#&esia& that ath#'"h t the

%er&a)'ar !#ther #r (ather* is the !#ther t#&"'e #( the )hid/

M#ther t#&"'e a&"'a"e )#!!#&y )aed .rst* +e)a'se thats the

.rst a&"'a"e ear&ed )hid/ Ath#'"h t a$ays the .rst a&"'a"e #( the

)hid #))'-ied the sa!e as the .rst a&"'a"e that d#!i&ated his !#ther/

Or* the )hids .rst a&"'a"e is t ear&ed (r#! his !#ther +'t (r#! his

(#ster -are&ts/

I( ater the )hid t# ear& ather a&"'a"e* the& ather a&"'a"e is

)aed a se)#&d a&"'a"e/ N#t i&(re5'e&ty a )hid t# ear& #ther

a&"'a"es s# that he )#'d !aster a third a&"'a"e* the a&"'a"e is

)aed a third a&"'a"e/ A&d s# #&/


10/39

The s#)aed (#rei"& a&"'a"e $i a$ays +e a se)#&d a&"'a"e (#r a

)hid/ The ter! (#rei"& a&"'a"e is a)t'ay !#re -#iti)a "i%e& &a!e is

ta0e& (r#! ather &ati#& state #r the #$&ers #( these a&"'a"es/ O( the

#rder #( a)5'isiti#&* E&"ish is a se)#&d a&"'a"e !ay +e* third a&"'a"e*#r a&"'a"e t# s# !a&y/ H#$e%er* +e)a'se E&"ish is deri%ed (r#! a

(#rei"& )#'&try a))#rdi&" t# I&d#&esia& -e#-e* the !#re -#-'ar (#rei"&

a&"'a"e ter! 'sed t# )assi(y E&"ish tha& the s#)aed se)#&d

a&"'a"e/

Si&)e 8@@ the $#rd #( ed')ati#& i& I&d#&esia a)5'ai&ted $ith the

disti&)ti#& +et$ee& the res'ts i& the (#r! #( i&str')ti#&a )#!-ete&)e #(

ear&ers #& 0$ed"e a&d s0is i& the rea! #( i&tee)t'a* e!#ti#&a*

a&d -hysi)a ?-sy)h#!#t#r* a&d the res'ts #( the a))#!-a&i!e&t

?&'rt're&t ee)t* a&d the %a'e ?%a'e/ Less#&s t# +e ear&ed (r#! this

)#&)e-t is that there is s#!ethi&" that is #+tai&ed (r#! the st'de&t #r the

tea)her ta'"ht $hat st'de&ts ear&ed/ It is -arae t# the e!er"e&)e #( a

disti&)ti#& +et$ee& the )#&)e-t #( ear&i&" ?ear&i&" a&d a)5'isiti#&

?a)5'isiti#& a&"'a"e/

The ter! 4a)5'isiti#&4 adri(t $ith -sy)h#i&"'isti) st'dies $he& $e

ta0 a+#'t )hidre& $ith their !#ther t#&"'e/ 2ith s#!e )#&siderati#&*

the ter! .rst 'sed t# st'dy B6 a&d the se)#&d ter! is 'sed (#r &ati%e

a&"'a"e ?B8/ I& (a)t* ear&i&" is a$ays ass#)iated $ith tea)hers*

)'rri)''!* a#)ati#& #( ti!e* a&d s# #&* $hie the a)5'isiti#& #( B8 th#se

there/ There is ather (a)t that i& #+tai&i&" B8* )hidre& ra&"i&" (r#!

3er#J B6 ear&i&"* ear&ers aready ha%e a a&"'a"e/ 2ith the 4!a)hi&e4

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& i&+#r& )hid a&"'a"e data -r#)essi&" a&d -r#d')i&"

'ttera&)es/ 2ith the a)ti%e )hara)ter* )reati%e* a&d i&%ati%e* the

)hidre& .&ay a+e t# !aster "ra!!ar a&d -r#d')e s-ee)h t#$ards

a&"'a"e ideai3ed +y ad't s-ea0ers/ Chidre& ha%e the !#ti%ati#& t#

se"era!as'0 i&t# the s#)ia e&%ir#&!e&t* either -eer "r#'- ?-eer "r#'-

#r "'y'- ?)#!!'&ity/

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& #r a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is a -r#)ess that ta0es -a)e

i& the +rai& )hid $he& she "ai&ed her .rst a&"'a"e #r !#ther t#&"'e/

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& 's'ay disti&"'ished +y a&"'a"e ear&i&"/ Lear&i&"


11/39

the a&"'a"e ass#)iated $ith the -r#)esses that #))'r at the ti!e #( a

)hid ear&i&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e a(ter he "ai&ed his .rst a&"'a"e/ Th's*

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& $ith res-e)t t# the .rst a&"'a"e* $hie ear&i&" the

a&"'a"e $ith res-e)t t# the se)#&d a&"'a"e ?Chaer* 677>/ This &eedst# +e e!-hasi3ed* +e)a'se the a)5'isiti#& has diere&t )hara)teristi)s

$ith ear&i&" ?C#,* 8@@@J M's.r#h* 6776

C#!-aris#& #( La&"'a"e Lear&i&" $ith La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&

La&"'a"e Lear&i&"

8/


12/39

Chidre&s a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& )a& +e said t# ha%e )#&ti&'ity

)hara)teristi)s* ha%e a )#&ti&''!* !#%i&" (r#! si!-e 'ttera&)e #( the

$#rd t# the )#!+i&ati#& #( $#rds $hi)h is !#re )#!-i)ated/ There are

t$# se&ses #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/


13/39

ear&ed as# that there are (#r!s that )a& t +e a))e-ted !e!+ers #(

the )#!!'&ity* he $as t a$ays a#$ed t# e,-ress his (eei&"s as a

$h#e/

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& has a s'dde& #&set ?s'dde&/ La&"'a"ei&de-e&de&)e +e"a& ar#'&d the a"e #( #&e year at a ti!e $he& )hidre&

+e"i& t# 'se $#rds #r $#rds se-arated a-art (r#! the i&"'isti) )#de t#

a)hie%e their %ari#'s s#)ia -'r-#ses/ 2hie #ther -e&ertia& that a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#&* a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& has a "rad'a #&set that e!er"ed (r#!

the a)hie%e!e&ts e&"i&es !#t#rs* s#)ia* a&d )#"&iti%e -rei&"'isti)

?M)Gra$* 8@F/

S-ea0i&" a+#'t the a)5'isiti#& #( a a&"'a"e* the& $ith the

e,)e-ti#& #( a (e$ )hidre& $h# ha%e dis#rders disa+iities* a )hidre&

ear& at east #&e a&"'a"e/ This !a0es s#!e i&"'ists +eie%e that the

a+iity t# ear& the a&"'a"e at east -arty reated t# the "e&eti) -r#"ra!

that is '&i5'e t# the h'!a& ra)e* that a&"'a"e -r#.)ie&)y si&)e +irth/

Chidre&s a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& )a& +e said t# ha%e )#&ti&'ity

)hara)teristi)s* ha%e a )#&ti&''!* !#%i&" (r#! si!-e #&e$#rd

'ttera&)e t#$ards a !#re )#!-i)ated )#!+i&ati#& #( $#rds ?sy&ta,/

6/>/6 Variety of Language Acquisition

ariety #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& )a& +e %ie$ed (r#! the share -#i&t #(

%ie$* as (##$s:

a/ +ased (#r!s:, .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&, the a)5'isiti#& #( a se)#&d a&"'a"e, re a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& ?ei&* 8@F/

+/ +ased #& the se5'e&)e:, .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&, se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& ?2i&its* 8@F8J Ste%e&s* 8@FK/

/

)/ +ased #& the &'!+er #(:, a)5'isiti#& #( the a&"'a"e, a)5'isiti#& #( t$# a&"'a"es ?Gra)ia* 8@F>/


14/39

d/ +ased !edia:, #ra a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&, the a)5'isiti#& #( $ritte& a&"'a"e ?/


15/39

K/ e%e#-!e&t #( I&terr#"ati%e

There are three !ai& ty-es #( i&terr#"ati%e str')t'res t# raise

5'esti#&s* &a!ey:, 5'esti#&s de!a&di&" a&s$ers YES #r NO, de!a&di&" 5'esti#&s IN


16/39

, )hidre& re)#"&i3e the !ea&i&"s +ased #& their #$& -er)e-ti#&

#( the s#'&ds #( the $#rds they hear/, )hidre& t# e,)ha&"e re-a)e "reeti&" the! (r#! ti!e t# ti!e

!e+'1' "reeti&" ad'ts

, $he& )hidre& +e"i& t# "e&erate a )ertai& s#'&d se"!e&ts ?s')h

as s * the& it s-reads t# #ther $#rds i& their d#ssier* +'t t t#

the $#rds $hi)h d# t )#&stit'te their diere&)es* a))#rdi&" t#

the s-ee)h #( ad'ts/

+/ Phase #( e%e#-!e&ts S)h##

e%e#-!e&t #( a&"'a"e #& s)h## days* es-e)iay #&)e )a& +e

disti&"'ished i& three areas* &a!ey:

, STRUCTURE O< LANGUAGE* e,-a&si#& a&d )#&ti&'#'s

re.&e!e&t !e&"ea&i se!a&ti)s a&d sy&ta, ?a&d a esser e,te&t*

-h##"y/, USE LANGUAGE* i&)reased a+iity t# 'se a&"'a"e !#re

ee)ti%ey ser%e the %ari#'s ('&)ti#&s daa )#!!'&i)ati#&

sit'ati#&s di%erse/, METALINGUISTIC A2ARENESS* "r#$th i& the a+iity t# thi&0*

)#&sider* a&d ta0 a+#'t a&"'a"e as a -ass$#rd #r a (#r!a

)#de/

8/ Str')t're #( La&"'a"e

The "r#$th #( the )hid se!a&ti)s #&"#i&" (#r )#&ti&'ed a&d

e,-a&ded his e,-erie&)e* $hi)h #( )#'rse i!-ies that the s)h##

has a %ery i!-#rta&t r#e/ Ne$ e,-erie&)es de!a&d "r#$th i& the

se!a&ti) syste! #( the )hid/

6/ Use #( La&"'a"e

Car0 Car0 ?8@ says that: 4)hidre& +'id the str')t're a&d

('&)ti#& at the sa!e ti!e/ As "##d as they ear& !#re str')t're*

the& they "et !#re !ea&s t# )#&%ey diere&t ('&)ti#&s/ A&d sh#'d

they ear& a #t #( ('&)ti#&s* the& they e,-a&d the 'se #( a %ariety

#( str')t'res is a--ied/ 4


17/39

>/ Metai&"'isti) a$are&ess

Is the a+iity t# )reate (#r!s #( a&"'a"e +e)#!es #-a5'e a&d

sette #'rse%es i& a&d (#r the!se%es 4?Ca3de&* 8@K/

6/>/K General echanisms for Language Acquisition

A))#rdi&" ea&s A/ R#&da* +ased #& the data he 'ses* it see!s it

)a& +e s'""ested the e,iste&)e #( a !e)ha&is! (#r the a)5'isiti#&

!a0r#'!'! -e!a0aaia& a&"'a"e ?.rst #& the )hids se(/ O&e #( the

+e&e.ts #( a )#!!#& !e)ha&is! is that the !e)ha&is! that !a0es a

)ear )#&tai&er (#r i&ter-ers#&a deter!i&a&ts i& .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&

-r#)ess/

6/>/9 !nits Language Acquisition

O&e e,-ert $h# s'))ess('y resear)hed '&its #( a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& is A&& M/ Peters #( the U&i%ersity #( Ha$aii ?8@F>/ These

e,-erts disti&"'ish three #re&tasi a"ai&st the idea #( the s!aest '&it #(

s-ee)h/ He said a+#'t the s-ee)h -r#d')ti#& '&its 'sed +y ad't s-ea0ers

$h# +#th B8 st'de&t -er)e-ti#&s re"ardi&" the a--r#-riate '&it i& a

a&"'a"e/

The '&its #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& )a& +e %ie$ed (r#! %ari#'s (a)ets #( at

east three -ers-e)ti%es* &a!ey:

8/ The '&its (r#! the -#i&t #( %ie$ #( ad'ts6/ The '&its #( the )hids %ie$-#i&t/>/ '&its (r#! the sta&d-#i&t Li&"'s

I& ter!s #( the the#reti)a i!-i)ati#&s a))#rdi&" t# Peter* there are Fi!-#rta&t '&its are:

8/ The '&its $ere .rst a)5'ired a&"'a"e that )hidre& d# t &eed t#

ha%e a&ythi&" t# d# $ith the !i&i!'! '&it #( a "i%e& )#&%e&ti#&a

dis)'ssed/6/ (#r ear&ers #( a the '&its a&d st#red i& the e,i)#& that )a& +e

ta0e& +a)0 i( +ei&" re5'ired/>/ a '&its i& the e,i)#& #( the st'de&t is a )a&didate (#r the

('&da!e&ta -r#)ess #( se"!e&tati#&/


18/39

K/ The s!aer '&its are the res't #( se"!e&tati#& +y itse( +e#&"s t#

the e,i)#&/9/ a '&it that has +ee& di%ided !ay as# t +e re!#%ed (r#! the

e,i)#&/

/ se"!e&tati#& as# sh#$ ee)ts #& str')t'ra i&(#r!ati#&// e,i)#& st'de&ts thri%e a&d "r#$ as $e as the -e1ar )#e)t/F/ The ('si#& -r#)ess )#&ti&'es e%e& i&t# ad'th##d -eri#d/

6/>//%irst Language Acquisition

a/ e.&iti#& #(


19/39

resear)h has s#'"ht a!-' strate"ies 'sed +y the &ati%es i& their

a&"'a"e "ai&/ Ath#'"h R#"er Br#$& ?8@> d# t 'se this

a--r#a)h* +'t it is a #&"it'di&a st'dy #( the dis)#%ery #( the !#st

)are('y a&d th#r#'"hy at that ti!e/

d/ Strate"y a&d


20/39

8/ I!itate $hat #thers are sayi&"/ Arti.)ia )hidre& )#&ti&'e t# +e

'sed* e%e& th#'"h he $as a+e t# -er(e)ty -r#'&)e the

s#'&d/ There are a $ide %ariety #( i!-ers#&ati#& #r i!itati#&*

&a!ey s-#&ta&e#'s #r s-#&ta&e#'s i!itati#& i!itati#&*i!itati#& a)5'isiti#& #r ei)ited i!itati#&* i!itati#& i!!ediatey

#r i!!ediate i!itati#&* i!itati#& ate deayed i!itati#& a&d

i!itati#& +y e,te&si#& #r e,-a&si#& i!itati#&$ith/6/ Strate"y -r#d')ti%ity/ Pr#d')ti%ity !ea&s the ee)ti%e&ess a&d

e)ie&)y i& a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& that adhered t# the "'idei&es

!a0e -r#%isi#& !'&"0i&de&"a& !')h ha%e y#' had #r y#' ear&/

Pr#d')ti%ity !ai& adaah)iri a&"'a"e/ 2ith #&e $#rd a )hid t#

4te ata'!e&"ata0a&4 as !a&y thi&"s/ The $#rd -a-a e,a!-e

)a& )#&tai& a %ariety #( !ea&i&"s de-e&di&" #& the sit'ati#&

a&d i&t#&ati#&/>/ I& )#&&e)ti#& $ith the (eed+a)0 reati#&shi- +et$ee& s-ee)h

-r#d')ti#& a&d this strate"y res-#&si/e&"a& )hidre& (a)ed $ith

the "'idei&es: Pr#d')e '1ara&da& see h#$ #thers "i%e a

res-#&se/ Pr#d')ti%e strate"ies are 4s#)ia4 i& the se&se that the

strate"y )a& i!-r#%e i&tera0side&"a& #thers a&d $hie it is4)#"&iti%e4 as $e/ It )a& -r#%ide a& (eed+a)0 t# st'de&ts a+#'t

their #$& e,-ressi#& terhada-!a0&a a&d as# "a%e hi! !#re

sa!-es* ie sa!-es +ahasa'&t'0 $#r0ed #r d#&e/K/ The -ri&)i-e #( #-erati#&/ I& this strate"y the )hid i&tr#d')ed

+y the "'idei&es: 'se s#!e 4#-erati&" -ri&)i-es4 )#!!#& t#

thi&0 a+#'t a&d de.&e +ahasa/Seai& i&1'&)ti#& a"ai&st

the!se%es +y )hidre&* these #-erati&" -ri&)i-es

1'"a!e&yara&0a& -r#hi+iti#& stated i& ter!s a%#ida&)eJ e":

a%#id the e,)e-ti#&* a%#id setti&" 0e!+ai/')ed i!itati#&/

Based #& the a+#%e* it )a& +e said that a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is t

#&y #+tai&ed a't#!ati)ay* +'t as# !ea1'i s#!e )hids .rst

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& strate"ies/ I& additi#&* .rst a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& -r#)ess )a& as# di0etah'ide&"a& see the sta"es i& .rst


21/39

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/ Need t# 0$ is a )hid t t# s'dde&y ha%e

daa!#ta0&ya B8 "ra!!ar a&d )#!-ete $ith a the r'e/

As ted +y Sa(ria&di ?677F (##$s* that B8 O+tai&ed i& se%erasta"es a&d ea)h s'+se5'e&t sta"e )#ser t# the "ra!!ar #( the

a&"'a"e #( ad'ts/ A))#rdi&" t# e,-erts* these sta"es are si"hty

+a&ya0&yaada )hara)teri3e the '&i%ersaity i& %ari#'s a&"'a"es i&

the $#rd/


22/39

+/ Hy-#thesis Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&

There are .%e hy-#theses a+#'t se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&*

&a!ey:8/ Hy-#thesis disti&)ti#& A)5'isiti#& a&d Lear&i&"

This hy-#thesis states that ad'ts ha%e t$# diere&t $ays a&d

se(s')ie&t a&d i&de-e&de&t #( the +earers #( the )#!-etiti#&

i& a se)#&d a&"'a"e

6/ Ae)ti%e


23/39

$hat is -erha-s the !#st i!-#rta&t iss'e i& #'r .ed* a&d "i%e a&

a&s$er that has a str#&" i&;'e&)e #& a areas #( a&"'a"e

tea)hi&"/

I&-'t Hy-#thesis -arts:Pr#d')ti#& )a-a+iity a--ears* are t ta'"ht dire)ty

I( )#!!'&i)ati#& is s'))ess('* the i&-'t i&)#!-rehe&si+e* a&d

-retty* i 8 is a%aia+e a't#!ati)ay

HM ass#)iated $ith the a)5'isiti#&* t $ith Lear&i&"

2e #+tai& the '&dersta&di&" #( a&"'a"e that )arries the

str')t're ar#'&d the i 8

S'--#rti&" I&-'t Hy-#thesis:


24/39

#+tai&ed $hi)h dii&"i&0a&/I&i )a& ha--e& $he& $e ta0 $riti&"*

#r ater ?)#rre)ti&" hi!se(/

Three Ty-es #( Beha%i#r #r 4Per(#r!er4

User M#&it#r O%er#ad

User M#&it#r Less O-ti!a User M#&it#r

9/ The Nat'ra Order Hy-#thesis

O&e #( the dis)#%eries #( the !#st e,)iti&" a&d !#st

!e&""aira0a& i& a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& resear)h i& re)e&t years is

the dis)#%ery that the a)5'isiti#& #( "ra!!ati)a str')t'res are

&e&ar i& #rder t# dira!a0a&/Para -arti)'ar a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&)e&der'&"!e!#er#eh str'0t's-e)i.) "ra!!ati)a str')t're i&

ad%a&)e * a&d the #ther#ther the&/

Pe!er#eh Perses'ai& +et$ee& the i&di%id'a is t a$ays #&e

h'&dred -er)e&t* +'t )eary there are #+%i#'s si!iarities* $hi)h

is statisti)ay si"&i.)a&t/

)/ Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#& Resear)h

Tay#r ?8@9 e,a!i&e a&d test strate"ies a&d "e&erai3i&" tra&s-er

e,a""erated i& E&"ish as a se)#&d a&"'a"eJ Baiyey* Madde&

rashe& ?8@K )#&sider the -r#)essi&" #( ta)ti)s i& !#r-he!es i&

E&"ish as a se)#&d a&"'a"e/

T#r#&e* C#he& '&as ?8@ re-#rted #& )#!!'&i)ati#&s

strate"ies i& )hidre& $h# are ear&i&"


25/39

O+1e)ti%e Reaity

S-ea0er

Si, Ty-e Beha%i#r S-ea0esi"&ati#& Mar0i&"

is)'rsi#& )ra)0i&"

E&'&)iati#& -r#&'&)iati#&

M'd'ati#& Setti&"s

erti!i&ati#& eter!i&ati#&

Predi)ati#& !e&ti#&

Three Ty-es #( A)5'isiti#& Strate"y Case Str')t're

Siasat Pra"!ati)s

Strate"y M#r(#sy&ta)ti)

P#siti#&a Strate"y

d/ Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#& Pr#)ess

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& #r a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is a -r#)ess that ta0es

-a)e i& the +rai& #( a )hid $he& she "ai&ed her .rst a&"'a"e #r

!#ther t#&"'e/ La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& 's'ay disti&"'ished +y

a&"'a"e ear&i&"/ Lear&i&" the a&"'a"e ass#)iated $ith the

-r#)esses that #))'r at the ti!e #( a )hid ear&i&" a se)#&d

a&"'a"e a(ter he "ai&ed his .rst a&"'a"e/ Th's* a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& $ith res-e)t t# the .rst a&"'a"e* $hie ear&i&" a

se)#&d a&"'a"e $ith re"ard t# a&"'a"e/ The -er(#r!a&)e )#&sists

#( t$# -r#)esses* &a!ey the -r#)ess #( '&dersta&di&" a&d the

-r#)ess #( iss'i&" se&te&)es/ The -r#)ess #( '&dersta&di&" i&%#%es

the a+iity t# #+ser%e #r -er)ei%e se&te&)es heard* $hie the

-'+ishi&" -r#)ess i&%#%es the a+iity t# -r#d')e their #$&

se&te&)es/ Sehi&&"a are )#r&erst#&es #( se)#&d a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& is h#$ t# ear& a a&"'a"e/


26/39

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is diere&t (r#! the a&"'a"e ear&i&"/ Ad'ts

ha%e t$# $ays* diere&t se(s')ie&t* a&d i&de-e&de&t #( the

de%e#-!e&t #( )#!-ete&)e i& a se)#&d a&"'a"e/

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is the sa!e -r#)ess $ith the $ay the )hidre&/e%e#- s0is i& their .rst a&"'a"e/ La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is a&

'&)#&s)i#'s -r#)ess/ The -e!er#eh a&"'a"e is t a$ays a$are

#( the (a)t that they 'se a&"'a"e t# )#!!'&i)ate/

T# de%e#- )#!-ete&)e i& a se)#&d a&"'a"e )a& +e d#&e +y

ear&i&" the a&"'a"e/ Chidre& a)5'ire a&"'a"e* $hereas ad'ts

)a& #&y ear& it/ H#$e%er* there is a hy-#thesis that re5'ires the

a)5'isiti#& #( ear&i&" that ad'ts as# a)5'ire a&"'a"e* the

a&"'a"e is t the a&"'a"e -i)0i&" a+iity is #st d'ri&" -'+erty/

The ad'ts as# )a& ta0e ad%a&ta"e #( &at'ra a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&

!ea&s the sa!e as that 'sed )hidre&/ A)5'isiti#& is a -r#)ess that

is %ery str#&" i& ad'ts/ A)5'isiti#& a&d ear&i&" )a& +e di%ided i&t#

.%e* &a!ey the a)5'isiti#&:

8/ ha%e )hara)teristi)s si!iar t# the .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&* a

&ati%e s#&* $hie ear&i&" the a&"'a"e is (#r!a 0$ed"e*6/ s'+)#&s)i#'s* $hie the )#&s)i#'s a&d i&te&ti#&a ear&i&"/>/ a se)#&d a&"'a"e s')h as -i)0i&" '- a se)#&d a&"'a"e* $hie

ear&i&" t# 0$ a se)#&d a&"'a"e*K/ #+tai& i!-i)it 0$ed"e* $hie ear&i&" "ai& 0$ed"e

e,-i)ity*9/ The a)5'isiti#& d#es t s'--#rt the a+iity #( the )hid* $hie

ear&i&" t# he- a/

ie$ #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& are (ed is the %ie$ #( the +eha%i#ristis

re-rese&ted +y B< S0i&&er a&d )#&siders a&"'a"e as a )#!-e,

a!#&" #ther +eha%i#rs/ A+iity t# s-ea0 a&d '&dersta&d the

a&"'a"e a)5'ired thr#'"h e&%ir#&!e&ta sti!'i/ Chidre& 1'st a

-assi%e re)i-ie&t #( e&%ir#&!e&ta -ress'res/ Chidre& d# t ha%e

a& a)ti%e r#e i& %er+a +eha%i#r/ La&"'a"e de%e#-!e&t is

deter!i&ed +y the e&"th #( the -r#ered trai&i&" e&%ir#&!e&t/


27/39

Chidre& )a& !aster the a&"'a"e thr#'"h i!itati#&/ E,-erie&)ed +y

)hidre& ear& a&"'a"e thr#'"h i&0a"e -ri&)i-e sti!''s res-#&se/

2ay #( a)5'iri&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e )a& +e di%ided t$# $ays*

&a!ey a se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& a&d se)#&d a&"'a"ea)5'isiti#& "'ided +y &at're/

A)5'iri&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e is ta'"ht t# st'de&ts +y

-rese&ti&" !ateria that is aready '&derst##d/ The !ateria

de-e&ds #& the )riteria set +y the tea)her/ The strate"ies

'sed +y the tea)her i& a))#rda&)e $ith $hat $as )#&sidered

the !#st s'ita+e (#r their st'de&ts/ A)5'iri&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e &at'ray is a)5'iri&" a se)#&d

a&"'a"e (#rei"& )#!!'&i)ati#&s that #))'r i& e%eryday i(e*

(ree (r#! tea)hi&" #r eadershi-* tea)her/ There is '&i(#r!

$ay/ Ea)h i&di%id'a a)5'ire a se)#&d a&"'a"e i& its #$& $ay/

I&tera)ti#& #( a&"'a"e a&d )#!!'&i)ati#& de!a&ds

e&)#'ra"e a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/ T$# i!-#rta&t )hara)teristi)s

#( se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& i& &at'ra #r s-#&ta&e#'s

i&tera)ti#& is ha--e&i&" i& daiy )#!!'&i)ati#&* a&d (ree #(

syste!ati) eadershi- dei+eratey/

As-e)ts #( Se)#&d La&"'a"e Lear&i&"

8/ 0e!e!-'a& a&"'a"e6/ A"e>/ Strate"y 'sedK/ M#ti%ati#&9/ The reati#&shi- +et$ee&


28/39

There are .%e 0ey -#i&ts $ith re"ard t# the reati#&shi- $ith the .rst

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/ O&e #( the

diere&)es +et$ee& .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& a&d se)#&d a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& is that the .rst a&"'a"e is a& esse&tia )#!-#&e&t #( the )#"&iti%e a&d s#)ia de%e#-!e&t #( a )hid* $hie the se)#&d

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& #))'rs a(ter )#"&iti%e a&d s#)ia de%e#-!e&t

#( a )hid is .&ished* the .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& a)5'isiti#& #(

-r#&'&)iati#& d#&e $ith#'t err#r* $hereas i& the se)#&d a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& are rare* i& .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& a&d se)#&d

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& se5'e&)e si!iarities i& "ra!!ar "rai&s* #ts #(

diere&t %aria+es +et$ee& .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& $ith a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#&/ Se)#&dy* a ty-i)a )hara)teristi) +et$ee& .rst a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& a&d se)#&d a&"'a"e d# t &e)essariy e,ist e%e&

th#'"h there are si!iarities i& the diere&)es +et$ee& the t$#

a)5'isiti#&/ There are three 0i&ds #( i&;'e&)e se)#&d a&"'a"e

ear&i&" -r#)ess* ie the ee)t #& $#rd #rder a&d d'e -r#)ess #(

tra&sati#&* the i&;'e&)e #( the !#r-he!e* a&d the i&;'e&)e #( .rst

a&"'a"e ath#'"h the ee)t is %ery $ea0 )#&te&ts ?s!a/

e/ Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#& Strate"y

ariety #r ty-e #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& )a& +e see& (r#! the .%e

-#i&t #( %ie$* $hi)h is +ased #& the sha-e* the #rder* the &'!+er*

the !edia* a&d a'the&ti)ity/ I& a se&se a it t'r&ed #'t t# +e a!#st

the sa!e ter!s/ I& the iterat're they are #(te& 'sed ater&atey (#r

the sa!e -'r-#se a&d '&dersta&di&"/ I& the a&"'a"e #( the

i&)'ded ter!s .rst a&"'a"e* &ati%e a&"'a"e* !#ther t#&"'e*

-ri!ary a&"'a"e* a&d str#&" a&"'a"e/ I& the a&"'a"e #( the t$#

i&)'ded a se)#&d a&"'a"e* t the &ati%e a&"'a"e* (#rei"&

a&"'a"e* se)#&d a&"'a"e* a&d a&"'a"e is $ea0/ Sti there are

s#!e #&"er ter!* &a!ey a&"'a"e (#r $ider )#!!'&i)ati#&*

sta&dard a&"'a"e* re"i#&a a&"'a"e* the &ati#&a a&"'a"e* the

#)ia a&"'a"e* !#der& a&"'a"es* a&d )assi)a a&"'a"es/


29/39

I& ter!s #( the three (#r!s #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is the .rst

a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is the .rst a&"'a"e a)5'ired at +irth*

a)5'iri&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'ired a(ter the .rst a&"'a"e

ear&ed a&d rea)5'isiti#&* $hi)h is the a&"'a"e that #&)e a)5'iredis $ re)#%ered (#r s#!e reas#&/ I& ter!s #( the #rder #( t$#

a)5'isiti#& is the .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& a&d se)#&d a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#&/

I& ter!s #( &'!+er t$#* &a!ey the a)5'isiti#& #( a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& ?i& the &ei"h+#rh##d there is #&y #&e a&"'a"e $idey*

a&d the a)5'isiti#& #( t$# a&"'a"es i& a& e&%ir#&!e&t )#&sisti&"

#( !#re tha& #&e a&"'a"e is 'sed $idey/

I& ter!s #( !edia 0$& s-#0e& a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& ?#&y

a&"'a"e s-#0e& +y &ati%e s-ea0ers* a&d the a)5'isiti#& #( $ritte&

a&"'a"e ?$ritte& a&"'a"e* +y its s-ea0ers/ I& ter!s #( #ri"i&aity

#r (#rei"&&ess 0$& a)5'isiti#&* the &ati%e a&"'a"e ?a &ati%e #(

)#!!'&i)ati#& de%i)es* a&d the a)5'isiti#& #( a (#rei"& a&"'a"e

?the a&"'a"e 'sed +y the setters #r a&"'a"e that is +r#'"ht i& t#

+e st'died/ I& ter!s #( si!'ta&eity #r 0e+er'r'ta& ?es-e)iay (#r

the a)5'isiti#& #( t$# a&"'a"es is 0$& a)5'isiti#& ?+ii&"'a

a)5'isiti#& #( t$# a&"'a"es si!'ta&e#'sy a&d se5'e&tiay/

There are three )#!-#&e&ts that deter!i&e the a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& -r#)ess* &a!ey -r#-e&sity ?te&de&)y* a&"'a"e

(a)'ty* ?-r#.)ie&)y* a&d a))ess ?e&tra&)e i&t# the a&"'a"e/

Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&

8/


30/39

K/ Lear&i&" #))'rs i& (#r!a* i&te&ti#&a* thr#'"h ed')ati#&a

i&tera)ti#&* "'ida&)e* a&d )#&s)i#'s/9/


31/39

8/ The the#ry #( a&"'a"e ear&i&"* i&)'di&" the ;#$ #( rati#&ais!

is the '&i%ersa "ra!!ar the#ry* the#ry a&d )#"&iti%e the#ry

!#&it#r/6/ The the#ry #( '&i%ersa "ra!!ar i&)'des a set #( "ra!!ati)a

ee!e&ts #r -ri&)i-es that are &at'ray -rese&t i& a h'!a&

a&"'a"es/>/ The -ri&)i-es are the res't #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& de%i)e ?LA

$hi)h i&)'des '&i%ersa -ri&)i-es #( s'+sta&ti%e a&d (#r!a

'&i%ersa -ri&)i-es/K/ A))#rdi&" t# Ch#!s0ys '&i%ersa -ri&)i-e 4dis)#%ered4 +y the

)hidre& (#r! a 4)#re "ra!!ar4 $hi)h is the sa!e i& a

a&"'a"es/ I& additi#& t# the )#re "ra!!ar i& the a&"'a"e*

"ra!!ar 4-eri-heras4 are t de.&ed +y a '&i%ersa "ra!!ar/9/ rashe& s'""ests a !#de #( ear&i&" )aed 4!#&it#r !#de4

that i&)'des 9 hy-#thesis* ie the hy-#thesis diere&)e

a)5'isiti#& a&d a&"'a"e ear&i&" -r#)ess* hy-#theses a+#'t the

&at'ra #rder #( a)5'isiti#& #( "ra!!ati)a str')t'res* !#&it#r

hy-#thesis* the i&-'t hy-#thesis* a&d the hy-#thesis sie%e// A))#rdi&" t# rashe&* ear&i&" )a& #&y ('&)ti#& as a !#&it#r

$he& a))#!-a&ied +y ade5'ate )#&diti#&s// Thr#'"h the a)5'isiti#& that #))'rred i& the '&)#&s)i#'s )hidre&

a)5'ire a&"'a"e i&t'iti#& ?se&se #( a&"'a"e* $hi)h is t

#+tai&ed thr#'"h a ear&i&" -r#)ess* es-e)iay i& the eary

sta"es/

As has +ee& stated -re%i#'sy that a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is diere&t

(r#! the a&"'a"e ear&i&"/ A))#rdi&" S#(a ?677F that ad'ts ha%e

diere&t d'a)ara re"ardi&" the de%e#-!e&t #( )#!-ete&)e i& a

se)#&d a&"'a"e/

8/ The a)5'isiti#& #( a&"'a"e is the sa!e -r#)ess $ith the $ay

)hidre& a&a0/Me&"e!+a&"0a& s0is i& their .rst a&"'a"e/

La&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is a& '&)#&s)i#'s -r#)ess/ The -e!er#eh

a&"'a"e is t a$ays a$are #( the (a)t that they 'se a&"'a"e

t# )#!!'&i)ate/


32/39

6/ T# de%e#- )#!-ete&)e i& a se)#&d a&"'a"e )a& +e d#&e +y

ear&i&" the a&"'a"e/ Chidre& a)5'ire a&"'a"e* $hereas ad'ts

ha&yada-at ear&/ H#$e%er* +asi)ay Ad'ts as#

da-at!e!a&(aat0a& &at'ra a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& !ea&s thesa!e as ya&"di-a0ai )hidre&/ A)5'isiti#& is a -#$er(' -r#)ess

t# a -ers#& a& ad't/

I& additi#& t# the disti&)ti#& #( ha%i&" a&d ear&i&" !e&ti#&ed

a+#%e* S#(a ?677F as# i!-#ses i!its #& the a)5'isiti#& a&d

ear&i&" disti&)ti#& i& the (##$i&" .%e/

8/ a)5'isiti#&: it has the sa!e )hara)teristi)s $ith .rst a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#&* a &ati%e s#&* $hie ear&i&" the a&"'a"e is

se)ara(#r!a 0$ed"e*6/ s'+)#&s)i#'s* $hie the )#&s)i#'s a&d i&te&ti#&a ear&i&"/>/ a se)#&d a&"'a"e s')h as -i)0i&" '- a se)#&d a&"'a"e* $hie

-e!+ea1ara&!e&"etah'i se)#&d a&"'a"e*K/ #+tai& i!-i)it 0$ed"e* $hie ear&i&" "ai& 0$ed"e

e,-i)ity*9/ The a)5'isiti#& d#es t he- the )hids a+iities* $hie

-e!+ea1ara&!e#&" #&)e/

There are t$# $ays #( a)5'iri&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e* &a!ey

0ed'ase)ara "'ided a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& a&d se)#&d a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& &at'ray/

%irst * a)5'iri&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e is ta'"ht t# st'de&ts +y

-rese&ti&" !ateria s'dahdi-aha!i/ The !ateria de-e&ds #& the

)riteria set +y the tea)her/ Strate"iya&" strate"y 'sed +y a tea)her

i& a))#rda&)e $ith $hat $as )#&sidered the !#st s'ita+e

+a"isis$a&ya/

Second* a &at'ra se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is the

a)5'isiti#& +ahasa0ed'a aie& that #))'r i& e%eryday

)#!!'&i)ati#&* (ree (r#! tea)hi&" #r eadershi-* tea)her/ There is

'&i(#r! $ay/ Ea)h i&di%id'a "ai& 0ed'ade&"a& a&"'a"e i& its

#$& $ay/ I&tera)ti#& #( a&"'a"e a&d )#!!'&i)ati#& de!a&ds

e&)#'ra"e a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/ T$# i!-#rta&t )hara)teristi)s #(


33/39

se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& i& aa!iahata' s-#&ta&e#'s i&tera)ti#&

is ha--e&i&" i& daiy )#!!'&i)ati#&* a&d (ree #( syste!ati)

eadershi- dei+eratey/

S'))ess i& ear&i&" a se)#&d a&"'a"e* a))#rdi&" t# Stei&+er"?6778: 6>F* i&;'e&)ed +y the strate"y 'sed ear&ers* &a!ey ?8

%eri.)ati#&* is t# )he)0 their a-a0ahhi-#tesis a+#'t ters+'t )#rre)t

a&"'a"e* ?6 -r#)essi&" #( i&d')ti%e* ie !e&y's'&hi-#tesis a+#'t

se)#&d a&"'a"e $ith their 0$ed"e +ase #& .rst a&"'a"e* ?>

the reas#& ded')ti%ey* ie* 'si&" a )#!!#& #"i) i& s#%i&"

-r#+e!s* ?K -ra)ti)e* ie re-eati&" e%e&ts* trai&i&"* a&d i!itati&"*

?9 !e!#rasi ata'!e&"i&"at* the !&e!#&i) strate"ies a&d

re-etiti#& t# rei&(#r)e the -'r-#se #( st#ra"e a&d retrie%a ?st#ra"e

a&d retrie%a* ? !#&it#ri&"* &a!ey +era&i!e!+'at !ista0es a&d

-ayi&" atte&ti#& t# h#$ the !essa"e is re)ei%ed +y the addressees/

S#(a ?677F s'""ested .%e a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& strate"ies s')h as

the (##$i&"/

8/ Use y#'r &i&"'isti) '&dersta&di&" as a +asis (#r the

deter!i&ati#& #r the a&"'a"e #( th#'"ht* the .rst strate"y is t#

ha%e a !ea& e&"th #( S-ee)hJ a%era"e ?PUR #( 8/9* a&d

Ste--i&" U- ?LA #( 9/ Use -e!aha!a&&i&"'isti0 t# ta0e i&t#

a))#'&t a&d esta+ish a reati#&shi-h'+'&"a&!a0&ae,-ressi#&

a&"'a"e is a %ery -ers'asi%e strate"y #r )a& see- i& the!se%es

)hidre&/6/ The 'se a&ythi&" #r e%erythi&" that is i!-#rta&t* -r#!i&e&t a&d

i&teresti&" y#'r heart/ There are t$# )hara)teristi)s are #(te&

i!-#rta&t a&d -r#!i&e&t (#r s!a )hidre& a&d %a'a+e (#r a

&'!+er #( the .rst $#rds they are #+1e)ts that )a& !a0e 0ids

a)ti%e a&d e&ter-risi&" ?e" 0eys* ha!!ers* s#)0s* hats a&d

#+1e)ti%ity #+1e)ts that !#%e a&d )ha&"e ?s')h as a )ar* )#)0/

Pr#-erties si(atatas -er)e-t'a )hara)teristi)s )a& a)t as a "rai&

#r %#$e -#i&ts (#r )hidre& ?e"* shad#$* si3e* s#'&d* taste*

sha-e/


34/39

>/ s'--#se that the a&"'a"e 'sed i& the re(ere&tia #r e,-ressi%e

a&"'a"e a&d th's #( 'si&" the data/ Chidre& re(ere&tia "r#'-

!e!ii0i97 .rst $#rd i&)'des a hi"h -r#-#rti#& #( )#!!#&

'&s a&d ya&"sea0a&$i see the !ai& ('&)ti#& #( a&"'a"e as&a!i&" #+1e)ts/ Chidre& e,-ressi%e "r#'- had 97 .rst $#rd

-r#-#rti#&ay !e&)a0'-e+ih !a&y $#rds 'sed i& s#)ia

e,-ressi#&s ?s')h as "ratit'de* d# s# a&d ess the &a!es #(

#+1e)ts that ##0 a&"'a"es ?-arti)'ary as a s#)ia ser%i)e

('&)ti#&s ee)ti%ey/ B#th "r#'-s #( )hidre& $ere iste&i&" t# the

a&"'a"e ar#'&d the! diere&ty/ Gr#'- sat'!e!-era0'0a&

a&"'a"e 'sed t# re(er t#* $hie the ya&"sat' a"ai&* the

a&"'a"e 'sed t# ha&" #'t* s#)iai3e/K/ #+ser%e h#$ #thers e,-ress %ari#'s !a0&a/Strate"i is either

a--ied t# )hidre& $h# s-ea0 itte a&d see!ed a0a&!e&"a!ati

!#re* a)t see)ti%ey* iste&i&"* $at)hi&" t# see h#$ the !ea&i&"

a&d %er+a e,-ressi#& i&ter)#&&e)ted/9/ as0 s#!e 5'esti#&s t# -r#%#0e #r #+tai& data ya&"A&da $a&t*

a+#'t t$# years #d )hidre& $i +e +'sy +'idi&" their

%#)a+'ary da&!e!-er0aya/ Ma&y #( the! 'se ta)ti)s #rstrate"y 5'esti#&s as0ed/ A& i&teresti&" -atter& #))'rs i& the 'se

#( the 5'esti#& $hy at the a"e #( a+#'t > years/

(/


35/39

Secondly( e&%ir#&!e&ta (a)t#rs* i&)'di&" the e&%ir#&!e&t is

(#r!a a&d (#r!a i&(#r!a/Li&"0'&"a& s)h## e&%ir#&!e&t that is

desi"&ed i& s')h a $ay* arti.)iay* -art #( the tea)hi&"* a&d

dire)ted t# -er(#r! a)ti%ities +er#rie&tasi0aidah ?rashe&* 6776/I&(#r!a e&%ir#&!e&t is the &at'ra e&%ir#&!e&t a&d &at'ra

te!-ates t# e&a+e )hidre& t# i&tera)t $ith the a&"'a"e/

A))#rdi&" 'ay ?8@F6* a& i&(#r!a e&%ir#&!e&t* es-e)iay -eers*

has a str#&" i&;'e&)e i& the -r#)ess #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/ I&

additi#&* a& e&ri)hed e&%ir#&!e&t $as %ery !e!+a&t'a&a0 !aster

the a&"'a"e/ The a%aia+iity #( -ri&ted !aterias* i'strated +##0s*

a&d !edia that )a& +e see& a&y ti!e a )hid is -art #( a& e&ri)hed

e&%ir#&!e&t/

Third( is a"e/ Chidre&* a))#rdi&" t# La!+ert ?8@6 ha%e the

#--#rt'&ity t# ear& the a&"'a"e -r#.)ie&t/ They sti are at a

)riti)a a"e -eri#d a&"'a"e ?Aa& Pai%i#* 8@F8/ I& ter!s #(

-r#&'&)iati#&* )hidre& ha%e the #--#rt'&ity t# s-ea0 ;'e&ty*

ath#'"h the r'es #( a&"'a"e sh#'d they $a0e '- &at'ray

?Bre$er* 8@@9/

%ourth* is the 5'aity #( the e,-#s're/ Lear&i&" !aterias are

e,-#sed se)ara&at'ra "i%e !ea&i&" t# the )hid i& e%eryday i(e/

O& the #ther ha&d* e,-#s're -rese&ted (#r!ay !a0e )hidre&

!aster the r'es reati%ey 5'i)0y* e%e& th#'"h they !ay t +e

a+e t# e,-ress his !astery #( &at'ra daa!0#!'&i0asi ?Eis*

8@F/

%ifth* is the .rst a&"'a"e/ I( the .rst a&"'a"e has a )#se

0i&shi- $ith the se)#&d a&"'a"e* ear&ers ha%e the ease #(

de%e#-i&" )#!-ete&)e/ Ne%ertheess* the -#ssi+iity #( !i,i&"

!#re !'dahter1adi )#de* as is (#'&d i& the s-ee)h )#de !i,i&"

)hidre& 0i&der"arte& i& IY ?M's.r#h* 677>/

Si)th* is i&tei"e&si (a)t#r/ Ath#'"h t yet -r#%e& t# +e

a))'rate a&d )#&trary t# the the#ry #( !'ti-e i&tei"e&)es* the

e%e #( i&tei"e&)e #( )hidre& s's-e)ted #( i&;'e&)i&" the s-eed #(

se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#&/ A))#rdi&" t# La!+ert* +ii&"'a


36/39

)hidre& ha%e a -er(#r!a&)e that is si"&i.)a&ty +etter tha&

!#i&"'a )hidre&* +#th i& %er+a a&d &%er+a i&tei"e&)e test

?La!+ert* 8@F8

"/ i!e&si#&s #( Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&

There are three )#!-#&e&ts that deter!i&e the a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& -r#)ess* &a!ey -r#-e&sity ?4tre&d4* a&"'e (a0'ty

?4-r#.)ie&)y4 a&d a)es ?4e&try4/

Si, i!e&si#&s #( Se)#&d La&"'a"e A)5'isiti#&

-r#-e&sity 4te&de&)y4

E&d state 4e&d state4 #r 4.&a desti&ati#&4

Te!-# 4s-eed4

Str')t're 4str')t're4 A)ees 4dri%e$ay4 La&"'a"e (a0'ty 4-r#.)ie&)y4


37/39

BS B6 "r#'- a&d a -#siti%e attit'de

C't'ra "r#'-s e5'ay )#&"r'e&t $ith )'t'ra B6 "r#'- BS

B6 "r#'- #( s!a a&d t s# 0#&esi(

BS a&d se&ds "r#'- B6: B6 $i +e assi!iatedPsy)h##"i)a


38/39

#))'rs i& a -r#)ess #( de%e#-!e&t/ O& the 'se #( a& i&te"rated !eth#d

adds the -#ssi+iity t# "ai& a& '&dersta&di&" #( the de%e#-!e&t #(

sy!-t#!s reati#&s $ith #&e ather* +#th i& +eha%i#r* #-i&i#&s a&d

s-e)i.) )#&diti#&s i& the -r#)ess #( de%e#-!e&t sese#ra&"/Pe!er#eha&a&"'a"e ?a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is a h'!a& -r#)ess #( a)5'iri&" the

a+iity t# )a-t're* -r#d')e* a&d 'si&" the $#rd (#r the '&dersta&di&" a&d

)#!!'&i)ati#&/

The .rst a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& is $he& a -ers#& #+tai&s the #ri"i&a

a&"'a"e $ith#'t a&"'a"e/

Se)#&d a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& ?PB6 re(ers t# the tea)hi&" a&d ear&i&" #(

(#rei"& a&"'a"es a&d #ther se)#&d a&"'a"e/ The -#i&t is that a&"'a"e

a)5'isiti#& a-art (r#! their !#ther t#&"'e/

A))'t'rati#& a&"'a"e is a -he!e& that arises as a res't $he&

"r#'-s #( -e#-e $h# ha%e diere&t a&"'a"es t# !eet a&d !a0e )#&ta)t

dire)ty a&d )#&ti&'#'syJ $hi)h the& ead t# a )ha&"e i& the -atter& #(

the #ri"i&a a&"'a"e #( #&e "r#'- #r +#th

>/6 S'""esti#&s

2e !'st +e a+e t# '&dersta&d the )#&)e-t #( a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& i&

#rder t# '&dersta&d h#$ the a&"'a"e $e $ 0$ $e )a& "et/

Ath#'"h $e )a& #+tai& !#re tha& #&e a&"'a"e a&"'a"e +'t $e sh#'d

+e a+e t# a%#id a&"'a"e a)5'isiti#& that res'ted i& &e"ati%e a&"'a"e

a))'t'rati#&/

i'(io#$a0/

Tari&* He&ry G'&t'r/ 8@FF/ Tea)hi&" A)5'isiti#& Bahasa/Ba&d'&": S-a)e/

M#ei#* A&t#&/ 8@F9/ e%e#-!e&t a&d La&"'a"e e%e#-!e&t:

Ater&ati%e e.&iti#& i& La&"'a"e Pa&&i&"/ a0arta: 1a!+ata&/


39/39

M'si)h* Mas&'r a&d S'-ar/ 8@FF/ I&d#&esia&: P#siti#&*

psychological approach in language acuisition

Documents