PSY 302: Substance Abuse

Chapter 8: History of Drug Use

Alcohol and the Temperance Movement

The Temperance Society was made up of people who wanted others to reduce their alcohol consumption Union Temperance Society (1808)American Temperance Union (1836)

Alcohol and the Temperance Movement

Initially the movement was divided…

Moderation or prohibition?By 1850, abstinence was the goal and prohibition as the way to achieve itMovement felt that alcohol was “inevitably addicting”Movement was intertwined with nativismInitially, didn’t seem to pose much of a threat“Know-nothings” made political advances but was slowed by slavery issue

Alcohol and the Temperance Movement

Limited success until early 1900sBy 1910, the Anti-Saloon League had become one of the most effective political action groups in U.S. historyWorkmen’s compensation laws also helped to stimulate business support for temperance

Prohibition was the time from 1920-1933 when the manufacture and sale of alcohol was illegal

Alcohol became illegal because of the work of the Temperance Society or “drys” that taught about the evils of alcohol

Alcohol and the Temperance Movement

Even though alcohol became illegal to make or sell, prohibition was a failure.

•Speakeasies or illegal bars became more common than the legal ones that existed before prohibition

•Smuggling- Alcohol was smuggled in from other countries.

•Bootlegging- People made their own alcohol, which could cause blindness, “rotgut” and death

•More violence and crime than before, which was difficult to enforce. The rise of organized crime, or the “mob” which smuggled and distributed illegal alcohol.

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National Prohibition

Police and government officials were in charge of enforcing the lawMany issues involved with enforcementIn 1933, President Roosevelt repealed prohibition

Al Capone

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Opium: A Long History

A drug with a very long history, opium has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for approximately 5,000 yearsDuring the nineteenth century, opium even figured in global politics as the instigating factor for the Opium War fought between China and BritainAt the time, opium use was widespread in Britain and the United States at all levels of society

Morphine and Heroin

The discovery of morphine in 1803 as the principal active ingredient in opium revolutionized medical treatment of pain and chronic diseases

At the end of the nineteenth century, heroin was introduced by the Bayer Company in Germany

Initially, it was believed that heroin lacked the dependence-producing properties of morphine

Morphine and Heroin Medical profession first viewed morphine as an opiate without negative side effectsBy the 1850s, morphine tablets and a variety of morphine products were readily available without prescriptionIn 1856, the hypodermic method of injecting morphine directly into the bloodstream was introduced to U.S. medicineIn the 1870s, morphine was exceedingly cheap, cheaper than alcohol and were sold in pharmacies and general stores

Opiates and Heroin in American Society

The abuse potential of morphine and especially of heroin was not fully realized until the beginning of the twentieth centurySocial and political developments in the United States after the passage of the Harrison Act in 1914 drove heroin underground, where it acquired a growing association with criminal life

Opium den

Opiates and Heroin in American Society

Heroin abuse became associated with African American and other minority communities in urban ghettos after World War II

Drug revolution and the military involvement in Vietnam during the 1960s and 1970s brought the issue of heroin abuse to a wider population

China and the Opium Wars

First Opium WarLin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of deathLin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the oceanDid not realize the impact of this action!

First Opium War British merchants and government regarded this as

destruction of private property Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British

India Army into China June 1840 Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities,

defeated Qing forces easily British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing 1842 Qing sued for peace Ended with Treaty of Nanjing

Second Opium War 1856 - 1860

Also known as Arrow War Followed incident when Chinese bordered

British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow

Crew was accused of piracy and smugglingWere arrested

This time the foreign powers seeking to exploit a militarily weak China included Russia, the United States, and France

The Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 Congress passed this in attempts to regulate drugs and the contents of food substances

Would you try these medicines?

Do You Know Anyone Who Could Use These?

Look at Coke’s First Claims

What are the problems with these products?

What are the ingredients? What are the test results? What are the dangers? Are they addictive? Do they really work?

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors

Pure Food and Drug Act

Creation of the Food and Drug Administration, which was entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption

The requirement for prescriptions from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs

The requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs.

Required Testing Process for a Prescription Drug

Prescription Labels

Harrison Tax Act (1914)

Direct response to deal with "narcotics" Keeping in line with the view of the Federal government's

role in interstate commerce, this act was a tax and only a tax (NOT a prohibition, as it is often misinterpreted as doing)

Under the act, physicians were able to “administer to patients" and "...drugs obtained by addicts were to be secured through registered physician"

That meant that at this time, addiction was legally seen as a medical issue rather than a punishable, behavioral one

Uniform Drug Act (1934)

Due to the lack of restrictions in the Harrison Act of 1914

The act was a revenue-producing act and, while it provided penalties for violations, it did not give authority to the states to exercise police power regarding either seizure of drugs used in illicit trade or punishment of those responsible

Crack Cocaine

By the mid-80s, the introduction of crack cocaine turned youth drug use into a truly terrifying issue

Crack was cheap, plentiful and hideously addictive. Its effects -- including gang warfare and crack babies -- were quickly gaining notoriety.

1986 Gallup poll

A 1986 Gallup poll asked Americans, "Which one of the following do you think is the MOST serious problem for society today: Marijuana, alcohol abuse, heroin, crack, other forms of cocaine or other drugs?" At 42%, "crack" and "other forms of cocaine" beat "alcohol abuse" by eight percentage points -- even though there are far more alcoholics than crack addicts

Marijuana Tax Act (1937)

Early Marijuana LegislationOnly a tax! While not making it illegal, by taxing grower, distributor, seller and buyer, it made it virtually impossible to getThe Act specified only one species of cannabis, and although all contain the same active ingredients, they are impossible to tell apart after processing, making enforcement impossible as wellAll STATE laws then made marijuana illegal

1960s: Attitudes changed

Very liberal time

Counterculture Use and Changing Laws

Then in 1980s, attitudes changed again for sex (conservative) but not for pot (still liberal)AIDS brings more conservative views for sex but pot remains popularIn 1985, one-third of Americans said they had tried marijuana at some point in their lives

Counterculture Use and Changing Laws

2014: Colorado and Washington have made recreational marijuana legalAppears this is a trend as other states may follow

Amphetamine

Introduced into clinical use during the 1930s and eventually offered as a “cure-all” for just about every ailmentAmphetamines were widely prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s as an aid in dieting“Pep pills”Anti-amphetamine campaigns in 1960s-1970s

Methamphetamine In the 1990s, new ways to synthesize methamphetamine

appeared Some new versions were reported to be four to six times

stronger. Greatest use was seen in the Southwest and West United States, but methamphetamine use began and grew in the rural Midwest

Rural locations become ideal for cooking of methamphetamine because of geographic isolation and an available supply of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and anhydrous ammonia

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Combat Meth Act of 2005

This act amended the Controlled Substances Act to make pseudophedrine (the active ingredient in Sudafed and a necessary ingredient for home meth production) a Schedule V drug to limit amounts that can be purchased and requiring I.D.

This amendment has been credited with a significant drop in home meth production. However, distribution has shifted to cheaper sources from, predominantly, Mexico

Barbiturates

Barbiturates were used to induce sleep, replacing other aids such as alcohol and opiatesWidely used in 1950s and 1960sHave since been replaced

Tranquilizers and Sedatives

In the 1960s routinely prescribed a variety of substances to reduce anxietyTranquilizers or sedatives, enabled millions of housewives to “get by with a little help from their friends”In 1980, the FDA required tranquilizers to be labeled as generally not appropriate for anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life.

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens such as LSD became popular during the 1960s, particularly among rebellious college students and people who identified themselves as antiestablishmentLeary and the Harvard “Psilo-cybin Project

We mentioned this in Chapter 5 discussion of LSD

A Turn toward Treatment

During the 1960s the medical profession began to reassert itself on the issue of drug use in both treatment and researchTreating disciplines—psychology and social work—and researchers in sociology and public health began to focus on the drug issue as a social problemThe social activism of the 1960s also influenced the perspective on drug use

Comprehensive Drug Use Prevention and Control Act of 1970

Two main objectives:Reducing availability by investigating and prosecuting traffickers Reducing demand by preventing addiction and treating addicts

Drug Scare of the 1980s In 1986, Len Bias, a college

basketball star, died of a cocaine overdose two days after he was taken by the Boston Celtics as the overall No. 2 pick in the National Basketball Association draft.

Soon afterwards, President Ronald Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act

CommercialsBrain on Drugs

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Credits

Some slides prepared with the help of the following websites:http://www.slideshare.net/msteven1/temperance-movementhttp://library.brown.edu/cds/temperance/owellsapushistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/Prohibition.pptwww.psych.ufl.edu/.../Opium,%20heroine%20and%20synthetic%20...www.augusta.k12.va.us/cms/lib01/.../Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act.ppthttp://www.iowamedicalmarijuana.org/documents/csa.aspx