(Two marks ouestions and ansrvers)

I{NIT-I

l. State any four losses that can take place in prestressed concrete. (A.U: APR/IVIAY 2008,

MAY/JITNE 2m9, 2012)

/ For pretensiooing and post tensioning:F Elastic deformation of concreteF Relaxation of sfess in steelY gffinkage of concrete! Creep ofconcrete

/ For post-tensioning only

) Anchorage slip

2. What !s meant by post tensioning? 1.1.u. i'tovloEc 2009)

Post tensioning is a method of prestressing in which t}re tendon is tensioned of concrete

has hardened. ln this method the prestress is imparted to concrete by bearing'

3. Why high strength concrete is necessary for prestressed concrete? (A.U. NOV/DEC 2012,

NOV/DEC 2009)

F To withstand high compressive stress due to prestress at early stages

F To offer higher iesistance to tension, shear, bond and bearing.

P To have lesser shrinkage effect.F To have higher modulus of, elasticity and smaller creep strength and thus rezulting in

lesser loss of prestress.l-a :( 4,!trt"

"ny two advantages of prestress€d concrete over reinforced concrete. (A,U. NOv/DEc

Yotz, rulvaunr zooo

F The technique df prestressing eliminates cracking of concrete under all.stages ofloadirrg, the entirc section ofthe structure take part in resisting the extemal load' (ln

RCC only the portion of the concrete above the neutral axis is effective.F Absence of cracks results in higher capacity of the structure to bear reversal of

stress. impact, vibration and shock.F The use of curved tendons and the pre compression of the concrete helps to resist

shear.) The quantity of steel required for prestressing is above.l/3'd of that required for

reinforced concrete though the steel for the former should have high tensile strength.

Post tensioning svstem

L Freyssinet system

> Prestress concrete beams have usually low deflection.

(;,rName any four systems or methods of prestressing? (A.u. MAY/JUNE 2013)

Pretensioning systems

I . Abutment method

IL.-

t_.,l

2. Strut method3.Mould method

2. Lee-Mccall sYstem

3. Magnet-Blaton system

. 4. Prescon sYstem

5. Baur-Lcohharat sYstem

6' Gifford Udall sYstem

6. What are the advantages of pretensioning concrete oYer post tensioned concrete? 1e'U'

ureyLrunr zorz, UAY/JUNE 2009)

of a Prestressed

MAY/JI I{E 2012' 2or0)

L,oad balancing concept is primarily balancing a portion of the load on the structure by

choosing the proper prof'te flr ii'J;'ff"' "pptpriate '

to the moments due to dead weight and

applie<t ioads.

S.Whatlossduetoelasticshorteningcanbeignoretiforposttensionedbeam?.^

If all the wires are simultaneously tensioned' the loss due to elastic deformation is

ffilo*, au. to creep is more for pretensioned beam compared to that of post tensioned

member? (n-u. ePwMAY 2oro)

pretensioned members have large magnitude of loss due to creep than post tensioned

over, as Eansfer of p,",*"" ot"Afy take"s placJ earlier in pretensioned member'

10. Why is smaller diameter rvires used in pre tensioning works?

Theultimatetensilestrengthofwiresvarieswithitsdiameter.ThetensilestrengthAecreJ -ittt increases in the diameter of wires'

fill \ryhat are the three forms in which high tensile steel is used in the prestressed concrete?

\'/ ) High tensile steel wires

) Cables> Strads

2

t

;r1c6;ffii6NrNG}D INGASPECT Suitable for large m-srre

constructionLittle or more

-:-...------.---l. SuitabilitY

? Transoortahon

Suitable Ior mass Presuuuv,of small and r49iliu4 gn![.-^^--::^--l,Io]r.Tnt renrrired Required

l. End encno4g"s-Nnt renrrired Required

4 G,routing5. tnss of Preqllregr --=.- ffi

dead loadi can be counteractedL^

6. Dead load counter action

?. Cable Profile

8. Formwork or moulds

9. Capital invesment

UntY serr wsrBul vau ew

^^,.-iara.ta.l

Any curved Profile feasible:

Forms generallY used

once

only

Only stragnt or cJool(cu

--^{:l-yrvurv

Reusable several times

High Modest

concrete? (A-U.

"*ffi**

12. Why high tensile steel is essential for prestressed concrete? (A'u' MAY/JUNE 2009)

The normal loss of stress in steel is generally aboul 100 to 240 N/nrm2 and it is apparent

that ifthis toss of stress is to n" ^ .*"li po6"on of thc initial stress, the sg.ess in steel in the initial

;;;;;;rG ;ery hiCh, about 1200 to'2000 N/mm2. These high stiess ranges are possible onlv

with the use ofhigh strength steel

13. What is meant by loss of prestress'due to relaxation of steel? (A'U' Nov/DEc 2010)

Therelaxationofprestressingsteel,definedasthereductionbfstressunderconstantstrain, is due to creeP.

14. What is meant by pretensioning? (A'u' Nov/DEc 2011' Nov/DEc 2009)

A method of pr-estressing concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before the-co-ncrete

is placed. In this method, ti ;;;t is imparted to conqete by bond between steel and

concrete.

@Mention the principle of prestressing? (A-u' Nov/DEc 20rr) '

The basic principle of presiressing is to produce bV 11Y suitable 1:1"^t:^::T"i"n'

comoressive stressed in ,ff tn.r"'p*tr ut tt! .on"r"i" whose tinsile stresses would occur, when'

the extemal load i.e. dead and live loads are applied'

16. What are grades of concrete to beused pre tensioned and post tensioned woiks?

The Indian code of practice suggests a minimum cube strength of 400 Mpa for

pretensioned and 300 Mpa for post tensioned system'

17. What is meant by pressure or thrust line? (A'u' Nov/DEc 2009'2010) (A'u' APR/MAY 2010)

Atarrysectionofabeam,thecombinedeffectoftheprestressingforceandlheextemallyapplied load will result in a distribution of concrete stresse; that can be resolved into a single

Iii". -ri"l""r,

or tr," poi.t.'oi upprication of this force in any beam or structure is called the

'pressure line'.

18. What is the effect of increase in external moment on the pressure line?

A change in the extemal moments in the elastic ryC: of pT-t":T^"-d^^":":'-t:t:, O"'*

,"rrlt. in ,rhidofthe pressure line rather than in an increase in the resultant torce ln the Dezrm.

f 9. Why loss due to shrinkage is mbre for pretensioned member compared to post

tensioned member? (A-u. Nov/DEc 2010)

Inthiscaseofpretensionedmembers,generallymoistcuringisresortedtoinordertop."r"nftr-irt ug",",1'*r" ti*" oi tr-rr".. Cooi"queoily, t],e total residual shrinkage strain will

be larger in pretensioned *"-b",, after transfer oi p'"st"'* in comparison with post tensioned

members, where a portion "i'.fu,ug"

*ffl ut'e "lieaay

taken place by the time of transfer of

prestress.

20. What is meant by dxternal prestressing?

A member can be prestressed by extemal reaction ofiered by rigid abutments is called

external Prestressing.

o

a

2,

h*-

I!-Ita b neant by loss of prestress due to slip in the anchorage?

*,rdoraselossesoccurduetoslipofwiresduringarrchorageorduetostrainat-I-;';;; oi post tension.d system. Such slips occur at both the jacking end and the

-d-inrage.' , Ia ofsaess due to anchorage slip = E, x strain / length'

buded prestressed concrete and non-bonded prestressed concrete'

H pressed concrete: confiete in which prestress is. imparted to concrete through

ht8 Ae tendons and surrounding concrete. Pre tensioned members belong to this

ILl pcs*ressed concreie: A method of construction in which the tendon are not bonded

-;dng concrete. ffr" t*ab"t may be placed in ducts fomred in the concrete

be placed outside the concrete section.

fl you improve the shear resistance of concrete beam using prestressing

thircoral or axial prestressing

k*essing by inclined or sloping cable

Yrrtical or transverse prestressing

of prestressing concrete beams. (a.u'- E tors which influence the deflection

D Iryoced load and self weight

D urgnitude of the presressing forceD fre profileD Sr.o'rl moment or area of cross sectionD Hus of elasticity of concreteD 5tage, creep and relaxation of steel stress

D $ dtte member.

cable? (au. Nov/DEc 2orl)

D

>D

ft cable is a tendon profile in which the eccentricity is proportional at all

f t bcnding moment caused by any loading on a rigidly supported statically'

or a profrle which does not induce any redundant reactions and hence

eficcting shrinkage of concrete? (A.U- NoviDEc 2010)

-d quality

27. What is meant by loss of prestress?

The effective prestess in concrete undergoes a gradual reduction with time from thestages of transfer due to various causes..This is generally refened to as loss ofprestress.

28. What are the assumptions made in analysis of stresses in prestress concrete structuralelement?

1. Concrete is a homogeneous elastic material

2. Within the range ofworking stresses, both concrete and still behave elaltically.3. A plane before after bending.4. Linear strain distribution across the depth ofthe member.

@Wn rare the two methods to calculate loss due to creep of concrete? (A.u. NovlDEc 2010)\-/1. Ultimate creep strain method

. 2. Creep coefficient method.

30. What are the factors affecting creep coelficient? (A.U. NOv/DEc 2010)

1. Humidity

2. Concrete quality3. Duration of applied loading4. Age ofthe concrete when loaded.

31. What is meant by 'wobble' or 'waves'?

The loss oflstress due to friction between the cables and undulations in the duct termed as

'wobble' or 'waves'.

32. Define prestressed concrete. (A.U. MAY/JUNE 2002, Nov/DEC 2009)

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which intemalmagnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resultingcounteracted to a desired degree.

33, Differentiate reinforced' concrete and prestressed-concrete.

ln RCC members, the prestress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.The tensile strength of plain concrete is only a fraction of its compressive strength and theproblem of it being defrcient in tensile strength appears to have been the driving factor in thedevelopment of the composite material known as reinforced concrete

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which intemal stresses of a suitable magnitude anddistribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting &om extemal loads are counteracted to adesired degree.

34. Write some need for high strength steel ard concrete material. (4.u, Nov/DEc 2orl)

l. Necessity ofusing high-strength steel and concrete

2. Recognition of losses of prestress due to various causes.

a

stresses of a suitablefrom extemal loads are

35. Define the terms:

a) Ten'don, b) Anchorage, c) Full prestressing, d) Partial prestressing

to impart 0.".L* to lhe concrete-A sfretched element used in a concrete member of $rucnre

d"*iJfy, frign ,ensile steel wires, bars cables or strands are used as tendons'

b)ANCHORAGE

A device generally used to enable .the tendon to impart the maintain prestress in the concrete''

rr'""o*,o,ontyusedun"ho,ug"saretheFreyssinet,MaglelBlaton,Gifford-Udall,Leonhardt.Baur, LeeMcCall, Dywidag, Roebling, and BBRV systems'

c) FULL PRESTRESSING

prestressed concrete in which tensile stresses in the concrete are entirely obviated at working

loads by having sufiiciently high presbess in-the members'

d) LIMITED OR PARTIAL PRESTRESSING (A.U. NOV/DEC 2OO9}.

Thedegreeofprestressappliedtoconcreteinwhichtensilestressestoalimiteddegpeareperrnitted in concrete under working loads.

36. Define ixial prestressing.

Members in which the entire cross-section of concrete has a uniform compressive prestress' In

thi" typ" ofp.".t essing, the centroid, ofthe tendons coincides with that of the concrete section.

37. Define eccentric prestressing. :

A section at which the tendons are eccentric to the centroid, resulting in a triangular or

trapezoidal compressive stress distribution'

38. Define Non-distortional prestressing'

ln this type, the combined effect of the degre" of p.estr"ss and the deadweight stress is such that

tte a"nection of the axis of the membei is preverted. In such cases, the moments due to

prestress and deadweight exactly balance resulting only in an axial force in the member'

39. What is meant by Uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial prestressing?

The terms refer to the cases where concrete is prestressed (i) in only one direction, (ii) in two

*,rtuutty p"tp"naicular directions and (iii) in three mutually perpendicular directions'

40. Define circular Prestressing

The term refers to prestressing in round members, such as tanks and pipes'

41. What is meent by moderate Prestressing?

No limit is imposed rpon the magnitude of the tensile stesses at working loads. This form of

construction is not really protroin concrete but is to be regarded as reinforced concrete with

reduced cracking and tte sectioos should be analyzed according to the rules of reinforced

concrete.

42. Deline or untensioned reinforcement,

Reinforcement in prestressed members not tensioned with respect to the surrounding concretebefore the application of loads, these are gcncrally uscd in partial prestressed members.

43. Define the terms: Transmission length, cracking Ioad.

The length of the bond anchorage of the prestressing wire ftom the end of a pretensionedmember to the point offull steel stress is called as transmission length.

The load on the structural elernent corresponding to the frst visible crack is known as crackingload.

44. What is meant by proof stress?

The tensile stress in steel which produces a residual strain ctf 0.2 % ofthe original gauge lengthon unloading.

45, Define cap cable.

A short curved tendon arranged at the interior supports of a continuous beam. The anchors are inthe compressiori zone, while the curv6d portioh is in the tensile zone.

46, Write the definition about degree of prestressing.

A measure of the magrritude of the prestressing force related to the resultant stress occurring inthe structural member at working load.

47. Define Debonding. (A.u. Nov/DEc 200E)

Prevention of bond between the steel wire and the surrounding concrete is known as debonding.

48. Write some applications of prestressed concrete.

The use of prestressed concrete has revolutionized the entire building industry in the erst whileUSSR, USA, UK, Japan and the continent. Some of the applications are thirteen storey apartnentbuilding with precast post-tensioned in slab conskuction, 203mm thick light weight concreteslabs of 8-6 m span in San Francisco.

49, Mention some tensioning devices used in prestressed concrete.

/ Mechanical

/ Hydraulic

/ Electrical

/ Chemical

50. Write thq principles of post-tensioning.

) Wedge action producing the tendons

. ts Direct bearing from rivet or bolt heads formed at the end of the wires

D Looping the wires arorind the concrete.

I&,,

stressing'machine.

55. Explain Gifford-Udall system

The Gifford-Udall system developed in UK consists of steel split-cone and cylindrical

cone anchorages to house the high-tensile wires bearing against Steel plates.

56. Exptain the concept about Lee+kCaD systeur and l\fiagnel-Blaton. (A.U. MAY/JUNE 200q

In the Lee-McCall system the tendons comprise high-tensile bars of diameter varying from 1240mm which are threaded at the ods ASer tensioning bach bar is anchored by screwing a nut and

washer tightly against the eod plares-

The Magrcl-Blaton post-tmiooirg syse.m adopts metallic sandwich plaJes, flat wedges, and a

distribution plate for ancbodng &e wfu€s. Each sandwich plate can house upto four pairs ofwircs.

57. Define the term chemi,I prcstressing. (A.u. Nov/DEc 2009)

Setf-stessing or demi:al of concrete was made possible by the development ofexpanding c€ments- Erga@ ml consists of 75% Portland cement, 150 high alumina

cement md I (FZ gpm, rhich resrlt in the formation of, caicium sulpho aluminate.

58. List any fm frors iLaciry d.flectiotrs. (A.u. NovlDEc 2011)

The deflectioos of,prtsrnd m* members are influenced by the following salient factors:

1. Imposed loed d sf ciiE2. ivlapitude of thc pt*tsig 6rce

3. Cable profile

4. Second romear of rte of crrc section

8

I't

I

51. Write the applications of post tensioning.

post tdnsioning is ideally suited for medium to long span in-situ work where the tensioning cost

is only a small proportion of the cost ofthe whole job.

5L Define the term Tendon splices. (A.u. MAY/JUNE 2002,2003)

In case of continuous prestressed concrete members involving long tendons, it is necessary t0

splice the tendons to achieve continuity. Several types of splices have been developed over the

yiuts to t it th" dif[erent types of wiies and stands used as tendons.

53. Briefly explain thermo elastic prestressing. 1e.u. ernnr'rAY 2008, MAY/JUNE 2002)

The method of prestressing by heat tendons, achieved by passing an electric current in the high-

tensile wires, ii generally ieferred to as 'thermo-electric prestressing'. The process consists ofelecrically heatirig the bars to a temperanre of 3004000 c.

54. Explain Hoyer,s effect in prestressed concrete, (A,U. MAY/JIiNE 2009, NOViDEC 2010)

For mass production of pretensioned elem'ents, the long-line process developed by Hoyer is

genaally used in a factory- In this method, the tendons are stretched betweeft tlvo bulk heads'

several hundred meters apart so that a number of similar units may be cast along the same goupof tensioned wires. The wires or skands wher teosioned hydraulic jacks or by a move able

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4xva-L - 4, vxr4L4+

P , ,6 tr-ut y /rtq.

P E.ltcoo MY.,t T =

-

= z,ilV N/wrnL i' i5 xto4

bq . mto.na()

-hon, 'tr't<-)

6

= 6t6 mmL

+oo x 6, t = 4stzoo N

ir y'.xutrtuea

/ocate"t 2 oomrn

Con Cr<tte h-a_o, rrt , p So mm. unde q

s 4vSolr<" t

5.7t+ lmmL

l+mn

g-t

u

- a. t7 N/-------:rn*

&e beam. -Il *lfie e.fle c+4 ve .9trsn ln - te Nirer

loo xl5^t, lll ha4- ,;, tfre rnar ' b'la +h'}t (aw ba

A.h+t lfed -b 4,e Sz*ior uimor* ttttttiry- {:eru f or

ar -lhe 3oJ./ir g -he bt-an !

b ,25omm- ,' d " 6oomm ; 9w)24 '6 " 4 oo N/mnL'

d, lumrn at h ho,4 t'ez 2oomm J-'1 orn bottorr- 'r '--' "d

', € a IOO tOrn

Sot-unou;

iS At-o = 9l - z|o ^ 600 = l5xtol ,n--

ib .lz,*f on Hod LLILw zz=9!-'"25oxbooL_ - 15, ,ob ^.!6

f e +3 l2-ouN x toomrhz.=----:--15 xtob mm\

' ?st ttrta . 2-37 + 2.3 + .

,=:-i-t Pl = 5'r+ Xl5 lroo 4vir M, - r. 1t. F:a;"r-xNq

tuu-aatu,,d

t-trfien the

gbr ze) e

g-z-am b

dte b"tt ^. s/

bLto,{L 4ribre

/autratir|t Jorct

he b-a.o*t uJfli(fu

Strtlttt dlu b

&m)

-!.ae-oaea

woultt

loaafn*.I

/ o o roft', dqqftnulLp a,

Gvep t

b=-sooinn: d,36o*-,

= .d . Laox?oo = |stlotmm\

.4KN/,yz;9=z+x^r7;

2 l. ++ KN/r^._

6,4 e kN,*

!9 KNm .

Mg * L4 gr

Z.

- &.+s+tyro6<----

J.

Ptodulu.r, Zo " Zt = bd." _ Le,\BooLI -- 3xtobmrnS

.hlt uA"r/A*, X - bxarf .

5.tt. du<- +e gL z .;.-l L

l-u den t€ LL = t^tLL7

.J tt-ttt @ brt-to*

o,2 ^

o.3 X ,4

it) l'++x6La

4.o x I L.--__-}

Y

4fi'b' 1 ,

6= 8.tb N

v1 T-z-tzti le

3 xtob

tb) f* j.ora,

1 ,- . .-.' p - 8,!,1. ,

g-3J.'* te'f

.

.l

btam" zfie

co n cLntPi ceLl*

/ir. rn

v

bX

; ur-- 4KN),m i t= 6m;P=)soKtL.9otuTtou:

. il -ilr*-o , -d - lzoy3oo = J jxro?mtrlL

iD .le.t&en r.todtLlur , z = kf . lzoxVoo L.= I gx ttorfsn*V6 "-_-?

ifis 3"n @ u, 4ntta f dpar, - L.t x+' * 1!!-'= ttllg,t) .Dfrrc* gtr_zrt = ? teo*tol4 =-l;;T *'N/'*^

.{tr-ut = kl t 8x to6= ' = lo A/t ^tpy to, ____:y-

Vi). SttuLtant Ab:_*arr @ cznt7-e * _!lz,n,@top = ?

,1 +tlz = a +15 .= lg- 1,,'/ t f*rnpr*"r"nJ@wn-= 7 - ni-; = 5-*/o s -tV--. flzrutorJ

@0.e,

11

. lo t^r'eapon4 f ry-

N,NeA z: - 'r

B,u-t- N= lCoxtd ,t

9ireeiStress

BeraTryt-Stresc

Psc bnom q Jaltfon- tzomrt .utnde by soom n d ee.p fiuJed ovel an eAf e t*iuc iparu y 6rD

by

Pl /8o rt g locatea' at an , eccentri ory *-

-Dt-tei rni nr 'Ete lotati on ed

!:__lyr*y'! _@tI(o.)a^ moa<.1 probkn:

inclu.ltt tle

h, Suppor-t a

/,U uf. b oorm . 7y'u

Cetble Ca-ntqf ry

a 4loru

fg mr,' ' +h' ,L+\rt-uJt l'"n"

Cantra.l 'Pav"

(t ley/tuatr aou)

udl ry 4 kN/r-, &rhfLh

b aarrt n fc r.q tt'q-raea

4 )olo+ )a )ooriilon A ?uarrcr {:, l-t c'i on'

a S*c,r6 hl

. tf N/mm L

-ft"*Zf N/mmL

?-uultant 3tr-ou

?ttuua liru

\"7: N

P= r't ' /9o kM.

2' le - loo rram ); tl . S6 rto3 rnmL

- l, t rf hrrt

JAm^-

ln ------

r bv:":: -"%-.1y1y"" !!y

29

H'*Fi

,:i

I.1[::$.-

rFll

I

:

I

'i

iiri

,''%;' f-l d.ru-o z. l2q xTo

l'5ro

ii) Jz&ion HoctL!,L,u.r) z E ';tL uor*]-4^ - 1o \3ooL,-v a 3oo

I - .--._-;-- z l?X toJ rnly;m?ri Ib

Y'. *rtu'v "; -Eryeit) Dfrz ot rJtr-t4 , ? t go I )D lA =-;;;; *{fu,

[irrEN::--.=P

Ic )2omm ;ez somrt- ..

d = Aoo mh /,

Itoxp3, Uo

. /8 XNm - u-,1

H - trxtrsz *-tgrtos

?walt ln

tt,) 8;H =

T,..t <-

z

Y) A,H @ cp ntye = N.!- !_-vvf) B'H @ top 1 zottotn .

YiD futuhant rdtrsua A Ap =

-t*r-Ad @ -Boxtorn.

ix bt-s

= loA///nDL-

Tuuuoot

E'P P- FtA =:

-r- --:---

*n *-'*.= ,-f +)o.lo N/ -/mth <-

+

5*s-io. O l.t7r_t_

viiil 6,275, r /rlltaLl4r /f"t =

?x) B.H @ |uer.te. apan

t) A2rd?Z- rtfria 6

4i1 Rta ul ant ,E lr_ztt.t.

:lrr!.-llo)1 p31, z loOmrn

n

ut4e67on n ZyLL ._=_

" ,_x4x6Lo)_ -=" . tt:Z !!f , H

tuP f botlotn" /ssxtolN.

@ tot.Z-?. x, n >- *: p S_s+l.s = 7,s N/mmL@ bo+so 7n = 5 *, - 7.f = .2,,

^J/mm

I fti.o -- /.'/ 13 ' a x toL-i'--=- = a6 rnn

L

, xiD Shitt q lurlt.ttt

Sotwtott,-.--il Clrr-c,, d = -z5o x3oo = +Sxto3 mmL

fi) ,lzc*tan HduLA, = - g:^ 9.r",x aoo LZ . z:el ,tZf?iit s'N @ unter, H? - rye _ !!"!rs-1 .-----!. = 6] kNn

4:a-H@vua*etim7"ry=

6 8*r'ttt sm--* - E:z-t!y

Pez

e2ter.racll -led,r.Ylq,

AnL€lf-a r =Er xto6 N/s+s xrot iiJ_

ily ,t.r*,ol Ny3+Sr,or rrV{,

- .6.!_N/-,"

it) 5 trtns dut te lrartr*si ? Cforar.

ZA

- 54axto3 t/

54oxtd x 6or#^= 8.6 N/ryoz_

o?5 r tor ,nrt L

-u) 3,ttu4 dua- b

luazte+- '>

l5to3 rr>m. ' 7-'? lbo'

- l5- b,....N/-^.

oC

D d^^, d , (Jaoox tsoo) - Csoox thoo)

t-):

e - Soomn

Ctaa x UnTt un-

- lo4o mm-x )4 RNln,-

+l,f.oort*

J

ii) "fi+ autj,ht , t'

'.

i

i

i

,-

I 7' ,s tcutnl

9 ; 4ox,ot -*4

F,:L

ool I oo3\-' lPoo x t+oo3)

-

(fiU n.o.Z - Z.!!3h-

u) 4rN/ rylf

\tiD Shik al-

vi;i) lurlson*

25 x 4oL

a.\. a TI3.,sf"r

6rrrn.

Tbtoi Moment ,

= Sooo + 2oo o

vi) ltver dr*, ^. + =loooxro3 NflL

4ooo

/uu,auru ,ti ,et: &-e e .looo* goo = poomt^-

6 truNo, f,,* = f * ?: {##r .X:fr= 1.SC N/mmu

Pet

7t

M- 'f + Hr

, I ooo mrn-:

t?JF - -aA4++ xlob

. . :, . .. -: :.: ], ]

t P*. b;d.q- deot comPr2-

Jom. Tne els q a

'])4.

CaYry iry? an €-*f ecti

of aoi ru fo't otp| 2oo rnm /i e* 8" l.o{Pit el

ftal ma'a B'H @)

Anffe -4 - fth-an 7{et*ion' Zf fic tota] t'rq^'U

*he *entre of .dPai y gfrae:' b Sboo KNm ' Ettt-male

#u l<-.ttor* /Stzt*t clutlln@4 ab. Aw "Jettion- Luf rA'-

-bo fnternal td&dn9- Couple- metaod'/tt

.l , 6a rtoi nz..

zt

---------'--1---'

-*&ryeu: I I-- ---r----l t-zoohnl----r.f-/.

.L. aon i ? = 6eo xlt ,. uLc eboo ruluoonn

iotuit ott;t rff,-e{. a,*a,{e, } Lr$ Jr"o*

' fo? m!!t*-:......_,{

= ttzootz7o) * tzoa.YE?oo) t (5oo x+oo)

II

titY/tunt s

ultd

Z11O

ef{eetiur r{pan y tom. Tne Catb le t i tno

a.t *ro u_n*c el Aw

#1a &tttr z- ef -Jpan tt diot.

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4 -fr" /xttttt-te /fru y'oro- ArouX"l, Ar

Valgif to ,omm @ Afi, Cz-rtxp , Co."uriu an e lfeelf ut

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/4Fn iar ZFoIA' bnaix?oru CA

qr rl {rc l-aad

ls. ,Fqa q b)

I*Ft ktt tL tl

gz-Ural .!)tad,

&tveal:

drt .lzcfi on LLnd oL *.r, a*"on oS ta,

i+ ui*97 and rt-rultt"ttt.

,i 6" tsomm ,' d.3oomtn,' .!-= lom; e= Sohm ,. P " fiao kN ; e = lii

:i

it, -^ot utt o u ,

ii-;i 7) dtua, ,l , tsomm x iootrrn = dfxto3_.,ilil ff,l S"ns * Hodcoh.ot t Z_, l,aL^ lSox jpo2_if 6 --- : = 225 )( tofmm3i\6,i:!

': iii) /iJ+ ttufq l.ut it, L---t,',, - "o *l* e/ fu,n'a =dxf : o't5xo.JxL4 - t.orFN/,t.it ,..,r ^:, '" ' )d tj'' incj-,'no.fron q -gu cabb b tfre horizon tal i, o,)i { & d-" (oncantra-&d 2d at aii

'Eqc' (tE ffie (zn tre Y )Pan ' 6Por

i; l-"a bahncing,

Cal &' zpgrn o =zparre= 9tloox 'o - /D.kt/.

,ilooO

fgoox,o'^/-t-_L 4sxptnn"

Soor rosx so7___.-lIts x to*J

+

6trlo @ bdha.ts,.Le N/rrrmL

vi,t

z{pat1 . (&xto14 ,-.,2.f &

-strez .fl,rg *,o{ 7/

.------- - /L o^artot J

/tau Aaor"( -fr.,- L.p/aaL

glibre -= o,-d*uu @ .U^ Lotbtn

= 22.)L

/,"ru

,,

:''::':":"', .t , .1. , , , t: , .,

Id n rt.n7ut-n conatte h-zatrn- Soonn uLt1e f Soonm

dpP ,,{ uPPort r il)re CDn tzntrdtect -/no& y a2 o kN

lalll ai fw Zra poirt*. y ct lpen Z 1-.a) SWAt a zlttitable abte /agli/e. q J*ut "runt

?r'y *

dl Ubte /uefte b toarnm. gar fr, bi,Ule 6.d porrTor.

O't tfu Stam , ealtulz're U- /l;<ut-t'ttt i7 d@ra reVk-t

-tt bat-an a #te b-z nafnq e,/{e c.( q -lh e Con antt otte'l/t

/oad,t - b) Vor -tnt rdame corbre fuik t *nd Jlrn ?l{' fuo'

&tyeN:

b" 3oomm; d, Soomh ) il, Je kN I e z loanln i Dc. z 24 Ki//m3,,

l'' 1nSouDtoat

--

U d'r.*, d. soo.n * goomn .. 2_+x tommL

if) Jteion HdutuJ, Z: E_ Joox gooL t..'--l- ' 32 x ro -mtn' '

't t )LaJ 9( frz-aVuoiaa| ab/e /uyi/e & .rt/ectel _ifn tt *u BtoD

dut b #t tt/n conctntrded _bad; n tta/u-z.oiaq_0 ,% AA^l

/.e u d-t ... p, &L. _ *Jla,.ry. ' ,, sa- ' -- ._- ._G = 6oo tet{lT- 600 xN I .t' /it) 6il/!- ou,,"yht , U . o.s^ o.g te+ - S.7b s<a/^

r"* ud- trtomtnt, Ha = ry" = u. ll:, l\= f,"Ja kNm_ ---:-,.^.hv) -b*ndlnfl- .-f tt--ttt - ! _ ge.g-z x1o6d .?- -a,I7;T_ - !:Z:_%^.

MornrtLt @ c-pn.h,e )* t- ,t-ead,t . 4./ - !"-? "'e'Prf " ---=-3It ---1I l'l ' 6o k N-l!' t

2r

t!

lril-ii ettl-l) rii dJil

iltilIil a':t-;l'I

tieIla4i-lil .

Ii+tI

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:I

t L'ii,16;l:

i2ii ;ti/;

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i lt.!

I tt!

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Ffrtd : p.

. : ?. io+ ytoS N

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*1e c,,ffeutw /uttt*-ttth**'3 &* in fieeable hoviaa

/

q dPan f4ol7. /oadfy ton.tftioru .

e4 ecaJ>t fc.6qL q SonmZonaanln'" @ *An dupporu

e,qe& V /tnttb.rt?n6, dbtc, b nutr-trrtfea

4o, tft tnfa-tpart rlecfiotw _ ilA/ Lrt u/*in*b 5- -,, LL , 2l<r.t.ttcttt;ry 6Arc, t o @ e*t+fra' bzam @ cznlre - d - Apan- ieu?oa _

4 = er xr/^4"

2L

dtL

*

[ 4..*tnne

-{z

-rot.uTt oN.:

D d-,,nn,

/i) icca"* Hdyhu , 2 .

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tr) ^r?atttr.tavry 4lora

tb)V) qotat -Loxl

B'H ca CaDtre

t!-" - toox boo 1

6 - --- -:-- -1>

btam'fr = o'pto-6xt4

to xrolra 3

? -- 7t' I xgL= ---o . ie"_Eg.la g x o..

beztn -. .2,ga * ?,oo

H - /o,r" lcN/7,

hrLz?

7e 7r'?

.lt

.

:!

;t

ji

l

u/ .tpon - H . hlll9

- io,f9*gL:---:_-_..:_-

?

for -au bottont 4ft*bre;Jtr-ua to *c

87.o4y1s I

2u Pu HA z ";, Px{o'-r

/ 2 x toblzxlol

ltxob

ilr +lomm. fi' eS ukb b Sonll - lhe bza tn- u.,.,,.. : l

q l*omn @ uhtre--t-'sPrL f oaguPpora' The'

tL orL tfu bzam fr "t.f FN/rw- c) D-Lkrmfru =fr,

etfed ut dcerd in- V1, Cable 4lor bala neiV -t1, D L

lluttfalpra by a /taablic cabb uia't all e

f LL elL t4" b-zorv,, 51 ea-Lad-afu frt 5&* E

&ueu;

)

a50

. 25omm ) 4" t*So mm

) LL -- 2's X N/m

eLr"rlln'd 9-

l)r-uru^r t"'' ,

*s"'t 80

--S€)-

f =lrn;,, b

g- tSonm

3o t-s71911;r:::+=<.

il -d-*-ot d - q, *qz- *c/s

- (tsoxso) -t C, 89x2-1o)+ (27oxao)

z J-o, oo4t + ag ,60 + po, o o ol-ld , bs,i oo ^^

L l

Pt.u.\7, ? . a'Y, *qt!+*segt

{g=

ii),t Q t *q2 4-q' ,

, f"uo* sil xH * ewlJ +fn,nonp'* r"]1 +r^ 'J| (zsor*oluroo r'lI t;-) I

J

32

4A. a Somn I9_ qb ,r\i-\

'f 8o^,+

uu\,)

OJzOD

Y-\+5b

fY) .1, cti on- H odu-&,q - = Io

l' f1a xoTn nf

v) B"H 6)

Total

vt )-

aztu aJ-

7- 6.1 xtobrnm3

, Hqt Nx-L" t"r+xgzu^4--=

d',

I'l p z. Inx.-0L -- 2-eok s Li-=.8

l-lorntrd, H = t4g * Hs- r 12.56.tr

3p,;b x tal

le.f 6 kMt*

20 kNm -

*zo

P= ne - 2t7 ktJrfl,

vr D oLrzte r -g/ - ) pqrl rlectiort

virD 5hk* Y /utt tttttu

r--=-=--_l?= "t+K^JlL_..--.---.- /

?.xt t rrrn /;r-

-#- $..0_cLtu--

3a- s'b 4 ,rl2t+xto3

bincidet. uJ1'.lt tfu

D

^

9-t+xbl N632oo tnm o

'/r* - t4 -7 '^ l Sotnm

tpttt "rTao-t

32-f B Ki/m

Ttte.

ufia"

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ryatrltrttt

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in Utlrtt

U loOmotl Fina

lrfur .1Ir ba'

bIrL U )oonih

frti lrndoru

22rx tol -^J

z lookM

x,oi/oo, 50 x 6,

Jauiona.-l

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,l"pporA /, q 4ht/m- f-Jgfrrh)

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il - toommL i

D -ilrus, g/ = too x3oo : goooornm L

fD Szeh'on . l<odula , 7 - / aexsoo 3

-z

lz-

t; i) ?tuttrta;ng 1prco , P-'/oaoN x too ry/a-

zb ?zadra.u Ap - 7.e u

n7r

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vD litt tal - ?. i!^//ryO. 4a 1 a. n 4. 7a kN/ra.

9------zr J6 y / o3ytes:r

/'a3

4pon

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loctea at a torutant euen*ici Zt gt ! SDtDrh ;, /ooo N//n m:

bd3

0. aols g *.Jii,uE"

flr"rya*y )

Net Q"rtation - O.oo529 * O- oo/E5

O.oo3 4 -ttaid fatn-t

f / ong,aa-on. E

vii) Zncruae ?rt

2.r 5-o x O'oo3+'"{tr-u,; d-u4 -b

z o- 34 nln|

/oo,af no - fu\O.34 uztottoj

6oao

6-= /z N/m_L

-4 t1r tl er-X ,6tr-.o,r,t irt Cable z looo N/mmz

/2x )oo '

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3t

Snut

Sntu in .t tect eo rrr/ Pan\,X b ,$rain -

Ea, . Total ptt ia ualt ,.{hrintage /gtrcL?n,

tq o 3oo x tob 4i'>r p":<*<tx ia n\,yL*

5)Loxt dur # a@?

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;+oy ponl -krufon fna"/

t.. ,{"' E

'.' Ez - Hoa uhtt q tb,ttiu't

ry .Ebee/.

rdnaln =

(it ) Clu4b Coeao6r'"1, * / Ee '.' E- = /r" = /[*]

[*.],

t

"dto''E L' .\D'wrK*,*$v "

\e$'\

r1 lals dtn b

31

ilri..I

'ithl tot, dw @,l

,.1

ti

il, at,N" Eni:l!l,t

I,l ,i l, O!.t;l.tii a'i, -o!r!ilt^ii .{.i:il (lrIItl, ,t .il'

lii:i

il':itf> Loss y .turA:,.:_ I;: l?^=:: l-:i

;t

,{3rbte *t & ?

E4l.ilre=*=L

f,eort

4otuTrw..vr.r.r.r.r-J,

?- tooo k^J

,l@m{ .

+oo x LooL

4oo x 600

6^,

lr-

Upwazs udJ provt"dea

downulcnzr!

I4t

ulc - *x t aoci x o, io

6-

k*

n'Lt-{

z{-t*o y th, btam ..ttdion, 3/ -

/-etn"o n ltod vtltts , 2

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2fp y *t tendon, o.l tn

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)otrl on #u btsm

M z 57.5t.Hnm

lz-

22,22 kM/h,)

" 35 -22'z^tz.7€ Rp/rn

--

le.7 yxL2-

I

- 2-i xtolmm r

8PL

N-t*

J-!a*' 8",.-t

J.

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fz*rtpt ,.8+u.u (q)

. 4,1* ! a.yo N/rwn|

e ], 1.1 f 3;t7o e 6.5? Nftnn?

bolnm. 4,1+-&,9o - l-?+ N/mnr-

4pt

2ztermine

A bt am

looa t

Jaturro rt:fg^/\-.'^^ -^,

UWard

,/J 4oo mm- x 6ao mm .

/& m$

t,t hror'ite y c. /oqa batancllt? . Cabte /o,dy 4lzan 6m (d$ulrry en aA fnrt af,r,<ru,$o 7u71n- 7ne p-u.u*rtufy /ara rn tra fendon,

b laob yu btqm .ltction

lToo F

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pru"tut t

g"- .a

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4a. 8oo lt

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gn - 9,Ph .-l 2-

4, taoo x lt,2-o

) 3oo x,1o3

pazaoolfe ?a bli ,8oo h- __j_ xN/*.

0" 15 in

D

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