Vol. 27 Issue 24 Fortnightly August 15, 2016 Page 24 ` 10

PSC Bulletin, Official Publication of Kerala Public Service Commission

SINCE 1985

website: www.keralapsc.gov.in E-mail: kpscbulletin@gmail.com Circulation : 0471-2546270

]nFkvkn _p≈-‰n\ns‚ ]-tXyI anj≥ kocokv Cu e°w Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]nFkvkn _p≈-‰n≥ A®Sn°p-∂-Xns‚ ASpØZnh-kw-Xs∂ sImdn-b¿ aptJ\ hn-Zym-`ym-k kv-Ym-]\ßfn-eq-sSDtZym-Km¿Yn-I-fn-se-Øn°p∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hn]p-eam-°nbn´p≠v. ap∏--tXmfw ]pXnb GP≥kn-Iƒ CubnsS G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. GP≥kn C√mØ ÿe-ß-fn¬ GP≥kn Bh-iy-ap-≈-]£wC˛-sa-bn¬ Ab-®m¬ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw At]-£m-t^m-dhpw e`n-°pw.t^mdw ]qcn-∏n®v GP≥kn-bpsS an\naw XpI-bmb 300 cq]-bpsSUn.-Untbm Sjdn sNemt\m klnXw Xncn®b-®m¬ sXm´-SpØe°w apX¬ _p≈-‰n≥ sImdn-b¿ hgn e`n-°pw. thW-sa-¶n¬Bdpamk-tØt°m Hcp h¿j-tØt°m D≈ XpI Hcp-an-®-S-bv°mw.Bÿm\ Hm^o-kn¬ t\cn-s´Ønbmepw GP≥kn kw_-‘-amb

GP≥kn°v an\naw 300 cq].Bdpamk-tØ°v 1800.

Hcp h¿jtØ°v 3600 cq].

CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øm-w. hnhn[ ]nFkvkn Hm^o-kp-I-fnepw ]Ww AS-bv°mw. tkh\at\m-`m-h-tØmsS \nc-h[n ¢∫p-Ifpw k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw dkn-U≥kv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-Ifpw P\-]-Xn-\n-[nIfpw Icn-b¿ ssKU≥kv ]h¿Ø-\ßfpsS `mK-ambnGP≥kn-sb-SpØv _p≈-‰n≥ DtZym-Km¿Yn-I-ƒ°v \¬Ip∂p-≠v. GP≥kn-Iƒ Ipd-hmb ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, hb-\mSv, Imk¿tImSv Pn√-Ifn¬ DtZym-Km¿Yn-I-fpsS Bhiyw]cn-K-Wn®v IqSp-X¬ GP≥kn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥-c-ambn G¿s∏-Sp-Øpw. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃°v: 0471 2546270

]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-j≥ AwK-ß-fmbn B¿ ]m¿hXn tZhnbpw tUm.-]n.-kp-tc-jvIp-am-dpwPqsse 26-˛\v ]nFkvkn Bÿm-\Øv \S∂ -]-Xn⁄m NS-ßn¬

sNb¿am≥ tUm.-sI Fkv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ apºmsI kXy-hm-NIw sNm√n- Npa-X-e-tb‰p.

alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsSPohNcn-X-Øns‚

aq∂mw- mKw,B[p\nI C¥y-bnseNne alm-c-Y≥amsc

Ip-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃,

555- ¬]cw

tNmtZym-Ø-c-߃F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØnB[p-\nI C¥ym-N-cn-

X-Øn\v ]m[m\yw\¬In kzmX¥yZn\kvs]jy-em-bn- mWv

Cu e°w]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

B[p-\nI C¥y

]tXyI ]Xn∏vkzm-X¥y-Zn-\

Biw-kIƒ-

2 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

hm¿-jn-I hcnkwJy ˛ $ 200

aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn Abt°≠ hnemkw:

]ªn-Iv- dn-tej≥-kv- Hm-^o-k¿,-tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩnj≥,-

]´w- ]m-ekv- ]n.-H., Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw-˛695004

h-cn-°m¿- _p-≈-‰n-≥ kw-_-‘n-®v- I-sØ-gp-Xp-tºm-gpw-t^m- - sN-øp-tºm-gpw- _p-≈-‰n-\n-s‚- te-_-en-ep-≈ k-_v-kv-ssI-_¿- \-º¿- Ir-Xy-am-bn- kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.-

Pn-√m- X-e- tkm¿-´n-Mn-\m-bn- h-cn-°m¿- hn-em-k-Øn¬- Pn-√-bp-sS- t]-cpw- ]n-≥tIm-Upw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.-

Im-em-h-[n- Xo-cm-dm-Ip-∂- h-cn-°m¿-°v- A-Xp- kw-_-‘-am-b- A-dn-bn-∏v- B-dp- e-°w- ap-ºv- ap-X¬- dm-∏-dn-se- hn-em-k-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-≠v.-

h-cn-kw-Jy- hn-hn-[- ]n-F-kv-kn- Hm- o-kp-I-fn¬- t\-cn- v- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-

hcn°mcpsS i≤bv°v

]Xm[n]kanXn A[y-£≥-

io.- Atim-I≥- Ncp-hn¬saw-_¿-, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

]Xm[n]kanXn Aw-K߃-

tUm.- sI Djsaw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

io.- ]n- in-hZm-k≥-saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

io-aXn.- kn-an- tdm-kv-s_¬- tPm¨-saw-_¿, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

AUz.- C cho-µ\m-Y≥-saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥

FUn-‰¿

km-Pp -tPm¿-Pv-

skI´dn-,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn-j≥ -

]ªnIv dntej≥kv Hm^ok¿

sI.- B¿.- a-t\m-PvIpam¿ ]n-≈

t^m¨ : 0471 2546368 OR 9446412483k¿°ptej≥ (]n.B¿.bqWn‰v): 0471 2546270

Bÿm\ Hm^okv F≥Iz-b-dnP\-d¬ F≥Iz-b-dn 0471 2546400,0471 2546401(]h¿Ø\ kabw cmhnse 8 apX¬ sshIp-t∂cw 6 aWn-h-sc).

tImƒ sk‚¿tImƒ sk‚¿: 0471 2444428, 0471 2444438,04712555538(]h¿Ø\ kabw cmhnse 10.15 apX¬ sshIp-t∂cw 5.15 aWn-h-sc).

taJem Hm- o-kp-IƒsIm√w: 0474 2745674, F-d-Wm-Ipfw: 0484 2317435,tImgn-t°mSv: 0495 2371500

Pn√m Hm- o-kp-IƒXncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-: 0471 2448188/ 0471 2546402,sIm√w: 0474 2743624, ]Ø-\w-Xn´: 0468- 2222665,-B-e∏pg: 0477 2264134, tIm´bw: 0481 2578278,-C-Sp°n: 04868 272359,- F-d-Wm-Ipfw: 0484 2314500,Xr»q¿: 0487 2327505, ]me-°mSv: 0491 2505398,ae-∏pdw: 0483 2734308, tImgn-t°mSv: 0495 2371971,hb-\mSv: 04936 202539, IÆq¿: 0497 2700482,Imk¿tKmU:v 04994 230102

icn-bp-ØcwHmKÃv 1 e°-Øn¬ 13-˛mw t]Pnse a√n-

Im¿Pp-\-t£Xw io-Ir-jvW\p ka¿∏n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p F∂-Xv inh\v ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p

F∂v XncpØn hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

tIc-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- hn-t√-Pp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- h-b-\m-Sm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- ]-kv-Xp-X-hn-h-cw- sX-‰m-bn- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- Pn-√-bp-sS- hn-h-c-߃-s°m-∏-am-Wv- sIm-Sp-Øn-cp--∂-Xv.

B¿.-]m¿hXn tZhnXncp-h-\-¥-]pcw kztZ-in-bmb B¿.-]m¿hXn tZhn ntem-k-^n-bn¬ tIcfk¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse _ncp-Z˛_ncp-Zm-\-¥c ]T\Øn\p-tijw aZmkv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n∂v Fw.-^n¬ t\Sn. ]Xn-s\m∂p h¿jw ]X-ta-J-e-bnepw8 h¿j-w sSen-hn-j-\n-ep-ambn am[y-a-cw-KØv c≠p Zim_vZ-Im-e-tØmfw A\p-`-h-]-cn-N-bw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]kv ¢_ns‚ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v tPW-en-k-Øn¬ ^m°¬´n, tImHm¿Un-t\-‰¿, Fd-Wm-Ip-fsØ tIcf aoUnb A°m-Z-an-bn¬ ^m°¬‰n, IpSpw-_-io- anjs‚ ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv Hm^o-k¿F∂o \ne-I-fnepw ]h¿Ø\w. A°mΩ sNdn-bms‚ Poh-N-cn-X-ambPohnXw Hcp ka-cw, tIc-f-Ønse hnZym¿Yn]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn-X-ambka-c-Xo-£vW-X-bpsS C∂-se-Iƒ F∂nhbpsS I¿Øm-hv. Ko°p-t\m-h-emb CkUv Cw•n-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v samgn-am‰w \SØnbn´p≠v.Hu´vsse≥kv Hm^v C¥y≥ ^ntem-k-^n- F∂ Cw•njv ]pkvXI-Øns‚ae-bmf ]cn-`mjbmWv `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-® `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-

kw-Klw F∂ IrXn. _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ A_p-Zm_n i‡n Ahm¿Un-\¿l-am-b ]Xw ]XwIp´n-Itf BWv as‰mcp cN\. PohnXw HmSn-Øo¿°p-∂h¿, \oe hnπ-h-Øns‚ _m°n-]-Xw, Imfn-b-Ω,ho≠pw kqtcym-Zbw F∂o tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

tUm.-]n.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿sIm√w Pn√-bnse s]cp-a¨ kztZ-inbmb tUm.-]n.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿ C°-tWm-an-Ivkn¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncp-Z-hpw \nb-a-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn-bXv tIcfk¿h-I-em-im-e-bn-¬\n∂mWv. Ipkm-‰n¬\n∂v AssπUv C°-tWm-an-Ivkn¬Fw^n√pw K-th-j-W-_n-cp-Zhpw kºm-Zn-®p. sImfn-Pn-b‰v FPyp-t°-j≥ hIp-∏n¬ Atkm-kn-tb‰v ]^-k-dmbnbncp∂p. B‰n-߬ Kh¨sa‚ v tImtf-Pn¬ t]mÃv KmPp-th‰v B≥Uv dn-k¿®v sk‚¿ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cns° hn-c-an-®p. XpS¿∂v sIm√w _mdn¬ A`n- m-j-I-\m-bn. sSIvt\m-fPn B≥Uv te_¿t]mkkv; ^njnMv C≥UkvSn C≥ tIcf F∂ ]pkvXIw FgpXpIbpwsUh-e-]vsa‚ v,s]mfn-‰nIvkv B≥Uv skmssk‰n; Z se^v‰v s]mfn-‰nIvkvC≥ tIc-f, F Unkn‚-d-ÃUv s]¿kvs]-IvSv F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ cN-\bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hpIbpw sNbvXn´p-≠v. kwbp-‡-ambn FUn‰v sNbvX]pkvX-I-ß-fmWv Kth-W≥kv B≥Uv sUh-e-]vsa‚ v; Z tIcf FIvkv]o-cn-b≥kv (Cw•n-jv), as‰mcp tIcfw km[y-amtWm (a-e-bm-fw) F∂nh. a\p-

jym-h-Im-i-߃, hnI-k-\Øns‚ cmjvSo-b- -k-ºZv hyh-ÿ-, ]cn-ÿnXn ]iv\-߃, tSUv bqWn-b-\p-Iƒ, Zmcn-Zy-]-T-\-߃, sP≥U¿ C°-tWm-anIvkv F∂nh kw_-‘-ambn Aº-Xn-e-[n-Iw Kth-jW teJ-\-߃ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v.

Pqsse 15 e°-Øn¬ Ggmw t]Pn¬25. "B-[p-\n-I πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-P-dnbp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:

(F) N-c-I≥ (_n) [-\z-¥-cn(kn) kp-ip-X≥ (Un) A-tX-b≥

F∂ tNmZyw "πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-P-dn bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv:F∂v XncpØn hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.XncpØv \n¿t±-in-®Xv _nµp, A¶am-en.sX‰p-]-‰n-b-Xn¬ tJZn-°p-∂p. icn-bp-Øcw Ab-®-h¿°v \µn.

Npa-X-e-tb‰

]nFkvkn AwK-߃

]n.-F-kv.kn. Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ-

]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n® DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-IƒH.-Sn.-B¿. ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v ho≠pw htc-≠-Xn-√

H‰-Ø-hW kq-£va-]-cn-tim-[\m \S-]-Sn-Iaw A\p-k-cn®v kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ \SØn ]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n-°pIbpw Sn XkvXn-I-bpsS tbmK-y-X-Ifpw A\p-_‘ hnh-c-ßfpw AtXm-sSm∏w kq£v-a-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-s≠-¶n¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ ho≠pw H‰-Ø-hW kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v lmP-cm-tI-≠-Xn-√. ]Icw Sn XkvXn-Ibv°v th≠ tbmK-y-X-Ifpw A\p-_‘hnh-c-ßfpw kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ \SØn CXn-t\m-SIw ]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n-®n- p≠v F∂v kX-y-hm-

Mvaqew s]mss -en¬ tN¿Øm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 3

B[p\nI C¥y˛555 tNmZy-߃

*- a-lm-fl-Pn-bp-sS- ti-jn-bp-≈- I-c-߃- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-A-en- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿-

*- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- -cm-Pv- \m-cm-b-¨- t_m-kv-

*- tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^v-_w-Kmƒ- F-∂-kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ˛-hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-

*- \m-´p-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- A-`n-]m-bw- ]-d-bpw-ap-ºv- C-¥y- ap-gp-h-≥ k-µ¿-in-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn-sb- D-]-tZ-in-®-Xm-cv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

*- \n-b-a-]-T-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw- Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬- ]m-Iv-So-kv- \-S-Øn-b- ÿ-e-߃-˛-t_mw-s_-bn-epw- cm-Pv-tIm-´n-epw-

*- \n-co-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂- hn-π-h-Im-cn-B-cm-Wv-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

*- \n- -l-I-c-W- ]-ÿm-\w- ]n-≥h-en-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn-sb- t]-cn-∏n-®- kw-`-hw- G-Xv-?- Nu-cn-˛-Nu-cm- kw-`-hw-(1922)-

*- `-K-Xv- kn-Mn-s\m-∏w- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-h¿-˛- cm-Pv-Kp-cp,- kp-Jv-tZ-hv-

*- `m-c-X-Øn¬- ]-tXy-I- \n-tbm-P-I- a-Wv-U-e- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏n¬- h-cp-Øn-b- \n-b-a-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- - C-¥y-≥ Iu- -kn¬- \n-b-aw-˛-1909

*- \o-ew- Ir-jn-°m¿-°m-bn- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-k-a-cw- \-S-Øn-b- N-ºm-c-≥ G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- _o-lm¿-

* -\-tc-µ-\m-Yv-Z-Ø- F-∂- _m-ey-Im-e-\m-a-ap-≈- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\v- B-Zy-an-´-t]-cv- ˛-ho-tc-iz¿- Z-Ø-

*- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xn-s‚- t]-cn¬-X-S-h-\p- -hn-t°-≠n-h-∂- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-≥ ˛-kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- ]-©m-_n-s\- _n- o-jv- C-¥y-tbm-Sv- tN¿-Ø- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- - U¬-lu-kn-

*- ]-©m-_v- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-

*- ]m-›m-Xy- ssh-Zy-im-kv-X-Øn¬- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-Iƒ- B-sc-√mw-˛- Im-Zw-_n-\n- Kmw-Kp-en,- B-\-µn-`m-bn- tPm-jn-

*- ]u-\m-dn-se- k-∂ym-kn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_- `m-sh-

*- 1857se- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚-B-Zy-sØ- c-‡-km-£n- - aw-Kƒ- ]m-Wv-sU-

* -1857se- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]-cm-P-b-ti-jw-_n- o-jp-Im¿- _-l-Zq¿-jm- c-≠m-a-s\- F-hn-sS-°m-Wv- \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- aym-≥a¿-(_¿-a-)-

* -_-lv-a-k-am-Pw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw-tam-l-≥tdm-bv-

* -_n-´n-jp-Im-cpw- ^-©p-Im-cpw- C-¥y-≥a-Æn¬-\-S-∂- kw-L¿-j-Øn-\v- G-Xv- k-‘n- ]-Im-c-am-Wv- Xn-c-»o-e- ho-W-Xv-˛- ]m-cn-kv-

* -_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-∏v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛-U¬-lu-kn-

*- _n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- A-Iv-_¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- sh-√-…n- ]-`p-

*- _¿-a-sb- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p- th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-b- \n-b-aw-˛- 1935˛-se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥ym-\n-b-aw-

* -_¿-tZm-fn- k-Xym-K-lw- \-bn-®-Xv-˛- k¿-Zm¿- h-√-`v-`m-bn- ]-t´¬-

*- _-Iv-km¿- bp-≤-Øn¬-(1764)- _n-´o-jp-Im¿- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - an¿- Im-knw-

*- _-ln-jv-Ir-X- `m-c-Xv- F-∂- ssZz-hm-cn-I-B-cw-`n-®-Xv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- _n- o-jv- C-¥y-≥ s]m-hn-≥kp-I-fn¬- Zzn-`-c-Ww- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1919

* -_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- Xp-S¿-∂- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- en-≥en-Xv-tKm- ]-`p-

*- _n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ-ssh-tkm-bn-˛- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p-

*- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-≥ a-dm-Øn- m-j-bn¬-\-S-Øn-b- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- - tI-k-cn-

*- _o-Kw- l-k-Øv- a-l¬- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- G-Xp- kw-`-h-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- 1857˛-se- I-em-]w-

*- _o-lm¿- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- -Xv- - cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zv-

*- _p-≤-\pw- _p-≤-[¿-a-hpw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-

˛- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´-

ssh-tkm-bn-˛- I-gv-k-¨- ]-`p-*- 1785¬- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- hn-

h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-X-Xm-cv-˛- Nmƒ-kv- hn¬-°n-≥kv-

* -1857 -se- I-em-]-Im-e-Øv- \m-\m- km-tl-_v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-Im-¨-]q¿-

*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-Im-e-Øv- km-bp-[- k-a-c-Øn-\v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X- bp-Km-¥-dn-s‚- ]-Xm-[n-]¿-˛- `q-t]-µ-\m-Yv- Z-Ø-

* -_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-sØ- C-¥y-bn-se- ln-µp-˛-ap-…nw- sF-Iy-Øn-s‚- ta¬-ho-W-t_mw-_v- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv- -kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- _w-Kmƒ- hn- -P-\w- d-±m-°n-b- _n- o-jv- cm-Pm-hv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥

*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1905*- 1920 ¬- F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn.-bp-sS- B-Zy- k-

tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-

* -1920¬- \n- -l-I-c-W- ]-ÿm-\w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- ]-tXy-I- tIm-¨-K- v- k-tΩ-f-\w-˛-I¬-°-´-

*- 1857 -se- H-∂mw- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv-_n-´o-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- hn-kv-Iu-≠v- ]m¬-a¿-tÃm-¨-

*- _w-Kmƒ- hn- -P-\w- d-±m-°n-b- h¿-jw- - 1911*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-Pn-®- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- I-gv-k-

¨- ]-`p-*- _w-Kmƒ- K-k-‰n-s‚- a-‰p- c-≠p- t]-cp-Iƒ-

˛- ln-°o-kv- K-k-‰v,- I¬-°-´- P-\-d¬- A-sUz¿-ss´-k¿-

*- _w-Km-fn¬- im-iz-X- q-\n-Ip-Xn- hy-h-ÿ-

\-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv-˛- tIm-¨-hm-en-kv-*- _w-Km-fn¬- Zzn- -c-Ww- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv- - tdm-

_¿-´v- ss¢-hv-*- `m-c-Xo-b- hn-Zym- -h-≥ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

ap-≥ssI- F-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛- sI.-Fw.-ap-≥jn-*- `m-c-Xv- \u-P-hm-≥ k-`- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-

˛- `-K-Xv- knw-Kv-*- `m-c-Xv- am-Xm- skm-ssk-‰n- F-∂- hn-π-h-

kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- A-Pn-Xv- kn-Mv-

*- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cn-°p-I- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-d-™- A-h-k-cw-˛- Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-cw-

* -1931 s^-_p-h-cn- 27\v- A-e-lm-_m-Zn-se-B¬-^-Uv- ]m¿-°n¬-sh-®v- t]m-eo-kp-Im-tcm-tS-‰p-ap-´n- a-cn-®- hn-π-h-Im-cn-˛- N-µ-ti-J¿- B-km-Zv-

* -1938 ¬- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- \m-j-W¬- πm-\n-Mv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bn- B-sc-bm-Wv-Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-lp-

* -C¬-_¿- v- _n¬- X¿-°-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- cm-Pn-h-®- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- dn-∏-¨-

* -]-kn-U-‚n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-b- cm-jv-S-]-Xn-`-h-≥ cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X-Xv- ˛- F-Uzn-≥ ep-Sy-≥k.v-

* -]m-tZ-in-I-`m-jm- ]-X- \n-b-aw- d-±m-°n-b- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- dn-∏-¨- ]-`p-

*- 1946˛- se- \m-hn-I- I-em-]w- G-Xv- Xp-d-ap-J-Øm-Wv- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- apw-ss_-

*- 1947 Hm-K-Ãv- 15\v- C-¥y-bp-sS- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- B-bn-cp-∂-Xv- - au-≠v-_m-‰- - ]- p-

* -1947 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- A-¥-cn-®- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛- A-Pn-Xv- kn-Mv-

* -_n- o-jn-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- Im-\n-Mv- ]-`p-

* -_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- Hu-dw-K-ko-_v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- I-gv-k-¨- ]-`p-

* -1857 -se- I-em-]-Im-e-Øv- e-Iv-\u-hn¬- I-em-]w- \-bn-®-Xm-cv-˛- _o-Kw- l-k-Øv- a-l¬-

*- 1864˛¬- _n- o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- th-\¬-°m-e- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e-

*- _n-´o-jn-¥y-bp-sS- th-\¬-°m-e- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂- \-K-cw-˛- jnw-e-

*- _n-´o-jp-Im¿- a-Zm-kn¬- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-tIm-´-˛- sk-‚ v- tPm¿-Pv- tIm-´-

* -_n-´o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-sØ- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-

* -_n- o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n¬- Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy-sØ- `m-c-Xo-b-≥ - Zm-Zm- m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- _n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- sk-≥S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-

* -_n-´o-jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- C-¥y-°m-cp-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-®m-Wv- `-c-Ww- \-S-tØ-≠-Xv- F-∂- B-i-bw- C-¥y-≥ cm-jv-So-b-cw-K-Øv- B-Zy-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- \n-b-aw-˛- 1861se- C-¥y-≥ Iu-¨-kn¬-kv-B-Iv-Sv-

* -_n-´o-jv-`-c-W-Im-e-Øv- G-Xv- \n-b-aw- ]-Im-c-am-Wv- I¬-°-´-bn¬- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛- 1773˛-se- d-Kp-te-‰n-Mv- B-Iv-Sv-

* -_n- -Wn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- _m-“-W-≥ - cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

* -_-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-1828

* -_-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw-tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

* -io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j-s‚- A-[y-£-\m-b-B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- kzm-an- cw-K-\m-Ym-\-µ-

* -io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-b-t_-eq¿- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- - ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ-

* -io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn- ]-Im-cw- Cw-•o-jv- Cu-kv-‰v- C-¥ym-I-º-\n-°v- e-`n-®- a-e-_m¿- ]-tZ-i-sØ- -c-Ww- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿- F-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1792

* -io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn-bn¬- (1792)-H-∏p-h-®-Xv-˛- Sn-∏p-hpw- _n-´o-jp-Im-cpw-

* -Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-I-Øn-s‚- Nn-”w-˛-D-Z-b- kq-cy-≥

*- Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-kn.-F-≥.-A-Æm-Zp-ssc-

*- Zm-hn-U- I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- C.-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an- \m-bv-°¿-

*- ¢-a-≥dv- B-‰v-en- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-¥yw-]-Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ- ssh-tkm-bn- B-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- th-h¬- ]-`p-

*- -a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-¥yw- kw-_-\v-[n-®- Xo-cp-am-\w- ]-Jym-]n-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1947 s^-_p-h-cn- 20

*- 1739˛¬- \m-Zn¿-jm- C-¥y- B-I-an-°p-tºmƒ- ap-Kƒ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- ˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv- jm-

*- 1857se- I-em-]-sØ- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-∂m-a-sØ- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-am-bn- B-Zyw- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- `m-c-Xo-b-≥˛- hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿-

*- 1857se- I-em-]w- s]m-´n-∏p-d-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛-ao-d-‰v-

*- 1876˛¬- B-\-µ- tam-l-≥ t_m-kp-am-bn-tN¿-∂v- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- A-tkm-kn-tb-j-≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xm-cv- -kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

* -1886 ap-X¬- 1937 h-sc- _n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- aym-≥a¿-

*- _n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ]-Z-hn-h-ln-®-Xv-˛- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv-

*- _n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hv- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- _n-√n¬- H-∏p-sh-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛-1947 Pq-sse- 18

* -1893¬- Nn-°m-tKm-bn¬- \-S-∂- a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- `m-c-Xo-b-≥˛- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥

* -1912¬- P-\-K-W-a-\- F-¥p- io¿-j-I-Øn-em-Wv- X-Øz-t_m-[n-\n-bn¬- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- `m-c-Xv- hn-[m-X-

*- 1914¬- k¿- _-lp-a-Xn- \n-c-kn-®- kzm-X-¥y- k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-tKm-J-se-

* -1920¬- tN¿-∂- F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn.-bp-sS- H-∂mw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-

*- 1921¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- tI-µ- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv-A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- B-Zy- kv-]o-°-dm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- ˛-k¿- ^-U-dn-Iv- ssh-‰v-

* -1926se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- a¬-k-cn-®- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-˛- I-a-em-tZ-hn- N-tXm-]m-[ym-b-

* -1927¬- _- ¬-kn¬- \-S-∂- a¿-±n-X- P-\-X-I-fp-sS- tem-I-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

* -1929 se- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂-ÿ-ew-˛- em-tlm¿-

* -1929¬- sk-≥S¬- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- t_mw-_v- s]m-´n-°m-≥ t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- B-cv-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

4 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

*- 1930 Hm-K-kv-‰n¬- \m-Kv-]q-cn¬- ]n-∂m-°-hn- m-K-°m-cp-sS- A-Jn-te-¥ym- k-tΩ-f-\w-kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*-A-cp-Wm-N¬- ]-tZ-in¬- _n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-an-´- I-cm¿-˛- bm-¥m-thm- I-cm¿- (1826 ^n-_-h-cn- 24)-

* -a-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- H-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- in-jy¿-˛- a-\p,- B-`-

*- 1930,- 1931,- 1932 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- \-S-∂- aq-∂v- h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn-epw- A-[-kv-Yn-X-cp-sS- ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- tZ-io-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- A-en-K-Vv- ap-…nw- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS-]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Z-≥ Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b-‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- -

*- A-h-km-\-sØ- t]-jzm- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-_m-Pn-dm-hp- c-≠m-a-≥(1795˛-1818)-

*- A-Jn-te-¥y- tS-Uv- bq-Wn-b-≥ tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- apw-ss_-

*- 1931 am¿-®v- 23\v- cm-Pv-Kp-cp,- kp-Jv-tZ-hv- F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv- -`-K-Xv-kn-Mv-

*- A-en-∏q¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-t°-kn¬- A-c-

hn-µ-tLm-jn-\p-th-≠n- lm-P-cm-b- A-`n-`m-j-I-≥˛- kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv-

*- A-Jn-te-¥ym- kz- m-h-ap-≈- B-Zy-sØ- cm-jv-So-b- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- C-¥y-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛- kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- 1945˛¬- ssh-tkm-bn- th-h¬- ]-`p- C-¥y-bp-sS- cm-jv-So-b- `m-hn- kw-_-‘n-®v-tIm-¨-K-kv- t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-am-bn- N¿-®-\-S-Øn-b- \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e-

*- 1946 Pq-Wn¬- ]o-∏nƒ- F-Uyq-t°-j-W¬-skm-ssk-‰n-°v- cq-]w- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

* -πm-kn- bp-≤-Øn-s‚- A-\-¥-c-^-ew- F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p- - C-¥y-bn¬- _n- o-jv- -c-W-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-In-

* -πm-kn- bp-≤w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw- ˛- 1757*- πm-kn-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- _w-Km-fn-se- \-hm-

_v-˛- kn-dm-Pv- D-Zv- Zu-f-* -πm-kn-bp-≤-Øn¬- hn-P-bn-°m-≥ tdm-_¿-

´v- ss¢-hn-s\- k-lm-bn-®-Xv-˛- an¿- Pm-^¿-*- A-[-Ir-X¿-°v- ]-tXy-I- \n-tbm-P-I-a-Wv-

U-ew- th-W-sa-∂p- hm-Zn-®- t\-Xm-hv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

* -A-[-kv-Yn-X-cp-sS- D-∂-a-\-Øn-\m-bn- _-ln-jv-Ir-X- ln-X-Im-cn-Wn-k-`- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- A-`n-\-h-`m-c-X- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿-

*- A- n-⁄m-\- im-Ip-¥-fw- Cw-•o-jn-te-°p-]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- hn-eyw- tPm-¨-kv-

* -a-Zm-kv- (sN-ss∂-)- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- ^m-≥kn-kv- tU-

*- A-¨-lm-∏n- C-¥y- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-

*- A-Æm- Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ˛-Fw.-Pn.-cm-a-N-µ-≥

*- A¿-[-\-·-\m-b- ^-°o¿- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- hn-fn-®- _n-´o-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- ˛-hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-

*- A-ar-Xv-k-dn-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cv- - cmw-Zm-kv-]q¿-*- A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\w- e-£y-an-´v- 1932¬- Km-

‘n-Pn- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®- kw-L-S-\-˛- A-Jn-te-¥ym- l-cn-P-≥ k-am-Pw-

*- A-e-lm-_m-Zn-se,- s\-lp-hn-s‚- Ip-Spw-_-ho-Sn-s‚- t]-cv-˛- B-\-µ-h-\w-

*- A-en- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿- F-∂- t]-cn¬- ]-kn-≤-cm-b-Xv-˛- au-em-\m- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en-bpw- ju-°-Øv- A-en-bpw-

*- A-en-∏q¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\m-t°-kn¬- A-d-Ãn-em-Ip-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- k-∂ym-kn-bm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xv- - A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-

*- A-l-Ω-Zo-b- ]-ÿm-\w- B-cw- n-®-Xv- - an¿-k- Kp-emw- A-l-Ω-Zv-

*- A-l-Ω-Zv- jm- A-_v-Zm-en- C-¥y- B-I-an-®-t∏mƒ- ap-Kƒ- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- - jm- B-ew- c-≠m-a-≥

*- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se- tkm-I-´o-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- -Xm-cv- -tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

* -a-lm-cm-Pm- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- knw-Kn-s‚- k-am-[n-F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-em-tlm¿

* -an-X-ta-f-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- hn- Un- k-hm¿-°¿-

*- an-t‚m- tam¿-en- `-c-W- ]-cn-jv-Im-cw- kw-_-‘n-®- N¿-®-\-S-Øm-≥ Cw-•-≠n¬- t]m-b-t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

* -an-t‚m- -tam¿-en- -c-W- ]-cn-jv-Im-cw- G-Xp-h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- 1909

*- A-P-¥m-Kp-l-I-sf- ho-≠pw- I-s≠-Øn-b-_n- o-jv- Hm- o-k¿- - tPm- - kv-an-Øv-

* -ap-…n-߃-°v- H-cp- ]-tXy-I- ]-hn-iy- F-∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m¬-

* -ap-…nw- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw- - 1906* -apw-ss_-bn¬- B-Zy- tIm- - -an¬- ÿm-

]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw- - 1854* -aq-∂mw- ]m-\n-∏- v- bp-≤-Øn¬- a-dm-Ø- ssk-

\y-Øn-s‚- X-e-h-≥ - k-Zm-in-h-dm-hp-* -aq-I-\m-b-Iv- F-∂- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚-

ÿm-]-I-≥˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-*- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zn-s‚-

P-∑-tZ-iw-˛- sa-°-*- au-em-\m- B-km-Zn-s‚- C-¥y- hn-≥kv- ^o-

Uw- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛-lp-a-bq-¨- I-_o¿-

* -au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- F-X-h¿-jw- tIm- -K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- 6

*- A-Xn¿-Øn- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- -Xv- - Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥

*- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy-bp-sS-bpw- ap-l-ΩZen - Pn -∂-bp -sS -bpw - P -∑-Zn -\w -˛ -Un-kw-_¿- 25

*- B-[p-\n-I- B-‘-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ho-tc-i-enw-Kw-

*- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-\p-jy-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

* -B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xv-˛- I¬-°-´- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-

*- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- k-jv-Sm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- U¬-lu-kn- ]-`p-

*- B-[p-\n-I- ssa-kq-dn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- Fw.-hn-iz-iz-c-ø-

*- B-\-µ-a-Tw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- _-¶nw-N-µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn-

*- B-\n- _-k-‚ v- hm-cm-W-kn-bn¬- sk-≥S¬- ln-µp- kv-Iqƒ- ÿm-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1898

*- B-\v-[- tI-k-cn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- t\-Xm-hv- B-cv-?- -Sn- ]-Im-iw-

*- B-‘m- ]-tZ-in-s‚- in¬-]n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- t]m-‰n- io-cm-a-ep-

* -B-‘m-tI-k-cn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Sn.-]-Im-iw-

*- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv-\¬-In-b- t]-cv-˛- j-lo-Zv- kz-cm-Pv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-

*- B-≥ Hm-t´m-_-tbm-K-^n- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

*- B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv.-˛-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- tI-i-hv-dm-hp- sl-Uv-tK-hm¿-

*- B-cp-sS- k-µ¿-i-\-Øn-s‚- kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-bm-Wv- apw-ss_-bn¬- tK-‰v- th- Hm-^v- C-¥y- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚-

*- B-cp-sS- t]-cp-am-bm-Wv- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-\p- _-‘w-˛- _m-Kv-Zm-Zn-\p- k-ao-]-ap-≈-D-jv- kz-tZ-in-bm-b- Jzm-Pm- Ip-Ø-_v-±o-≥

* -B-cp-sS- tI-kv- hm-Zn-°m-\m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬- t]m-b-Xv-˛- tk-´v- A-_v-Zp-≈-

*- B-cy-≥am¿- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv- B¿-Sn-Iv- ]-tZ-i-Øm-sW-∂- hm-Zw- ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥

*- B-cy-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- bm-N-I-cp-sS- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy-

*- bp-≤-Øn-\v- tdm-°-‰p-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- Sn-∏p-

*- B-tcm-sSm-∏w- tN¿-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Jn-em- -Øv- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- - ap-l-Ω-Z-en-bpw- ju-°-Ø-en-bpw-

*- B-Zy- I¿-Wm-Sn-Iv- bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- k-\v-[n-˛- A-bn-Iv-kv-˛-em- Nm-t∏¬-

*- B-Zy- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿- ˛-72

*- B-Zy-am-bn- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw- th¿-]n-cn-°-s∏-´- `q-hn-`m-Kw-˛- _¿-a-

*- B-Zy-am-bn- t]m-ì- Ãm-ºv- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1840

*- c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- ]-ho-W-\m-bn-cp-∂-ssh-Zy-im-kv-X-ta-J-e-˛- tlm-an-tbm-∏-Xn-

*- C-¥y- `-cn-°m-≥ _n-´o-jp-Im¿- kzo-I-cn-®- X-¥w-˛- `n-∂n-∏n-®p- `-cn-°¬-

*- C-¥y- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- F-∂- B-lzm-\w-B-Zy-am-bn- ap-g-°n-b-Xv- - Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- C-¥y- hn-≥kv- ^o-Uw- (C-¥y- kzm-X-¥yw-t\-Sp-∂p-)-F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- - au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv-

*- C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- _n- o-jv- cm-Pm-hv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥

*- C-¥y- kz-X-¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- _n-´o-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-˛- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en-

*- C-¥y- kz-X-¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- _n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- B-dm-a-≥

*- C-¥y- kz-X-¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- _n-´-Wn¬-A-[n-Im-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xv- - te-_¿- ]m¿-´n-

*- C-¥y- kz-X-¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- tIm- -K-kv-]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- - sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n-

*- C-¥y-°m¿- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\- _-ln-jv-I-cn-°m-≥ Im-c-Ww-˛- Aw-K-ß-fn¬- C-¥y-°m¿- C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬-

*- C-¥y-°m-c-\-√m-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-

B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- kv-Ym-]-I¿-

B-Xv-ao-b-k-`- ˛ cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥- tdm-bv-_-lv-a-k-`- (1928)- ,,-_-lv-ak-am-Pw- (1829)- ,,-X-Xz-t_m-[n-\n- k-`- ˛ tZ-th-µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm¿-B-Zn- _-lv-a-k-am-Pw- ,,-`m-c-Xo-b- _-lv-a-k-am-Pw- ˛ tI-i-h- N-µ- sk≥-km[mc¨ _-lv-a-k-am-Pw- ˛ B-\-µ- tam-l≥- t_m-kv-Bcy-k-am-Pw- (1875)- ˛ Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬- skm-ssk-‰n- ˛ tI-W¬- Hmƒ-t°m- v,- am-Uw- ªm-h-Sv-kv-In-Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬- skm-ssk-‰n-Hm-^v- C-¥y- ˛ B-\n- _-k‚ v-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j≥- ˛ hn-th-Im-\-µ-Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym- A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ ˛ Zm-Zm-`m-b-v- \-hv-tdm-Pn-sk≥-S¬- ln-µp- kv-Iqƒ- ˛ B-\n- _k‚ v-]q-\- km¿-h-P-\n-Iv- k-`- ˛ Fw- Pn- dm-\-sU-t_mw-s_- A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥- ˛ sI- Sn- sX-e-m-Mv,- ^-n-tdm-kv- jm- ta-Ø,

_-Z-dp-±o≥ -X-b-_vPn-C-¥y≥- \m-j-W¬- tIm¨-K-kv- ˛ F.-H-.- lyqw-ap-…n-w-e-o-Kv- ˛ B-Km- Jm≥-bw-Kv- _w-Kmƒ- aq-hv-sa‚ v- ˛ sl≥-dn- hn-hn-b≥- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-k-Xytim-[-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n- ˛ tPym-Xn-_- ^p-se-G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ- ˛ hn-eyw- tPm¨-kv-tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n-Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ- ˛ hm-d≥- tl-kv-‰n-Mv-kv-A-l-Ω-Zo-b- ]-kv-Ym-\w- ˛ an¿-k- Kp-emw- A-l-Ω-Zv-sk¿-h‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- skm-ssk-‰n- ˛ tKm-]m-e-Ir-j-v- W- tKm-J-seK-±¿- ]m¿-Sn- ˛ em-em- l¿-Z-bm¬-ln-µ-p-kv-Ym≥- dn-∏-ªn-°≥-A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥- ˛ N-µ-ti-J¿- B-km-Zv-Jn-em-^-Øv- ]-kv-Ym-\w- ˛ A-en- k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿-kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-Sn- ˛ tam-Øn-em¬- s\-lv-dp, Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P≥- Zm-kv-_-ln-jv-Ir-X- ln-X-Imcn-Wn- k-`- ˛ _n- B¿- Aw-t-_-Zv-I¿-ln-µp- a-lm-k-`- ˛ a-Z≥- tam-l≥- am-f-hy-cm-jv-So-b- kz-bw- tk-h-Iv- kw-Lv- ˛ tUm.- sl-Uv-tK-hm¿-Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-Zv-a-Xv-K¿-(sk¿-h‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- tKm-Uv)- ˛ Jm≥- A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿ Jm≥-t_-Xq¨- kv-Iqƒ- ˛ Cu-iz-c-N-µ- hn-Zym-km-K¿-ap-l-Ω≥- Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- ˛ k¿- k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm≥-A-\p-io-e≥- k-an-Xn- ˛ _-co-µ- tLm-jv-hn-iz-`m-c-Xn- ˛ c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-kz-X-¥m-]m¿-Sn- (1959)- ˛ kn- cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-Pw- ˛ B-Xv-am-dmw- ]m-Wv-Up-cw-Kv-U-°m¨- F-P-yq-t°-j≥- skm-ssk-‰n- ˛ Pn.-Pn.- A-Km¿-°¿-tZ-h-k-am-Pw- ˛ in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-Kv-\n-tlmXntkm-jy¬- k¿-ho-kv- eo-Kv- ˛ F≥- Fw- tPm-jn-C-¥y≥- \m-j-W¬- tkm-jy¬- ˛ Fw- Pn- dm-\-tU-tIm¨-^-d≥-kv- (1887)-

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 5

K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- tPm¿-Pv- bqƒ-*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-\v- B-

t]-cp- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- A-¥n-a-am-b- e-£yw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]q¿-W-kzm-X-¥y-am-sW-∂v- ]-Jym-]n-®- 1929se- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\v- th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-cw- -em-tlm¿-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- A-¥n-a-am-b- e-£yw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]q¿-W-kzm-X-¥y-am-sW-∂v- k-tΩ-f-\w- ]-Jym-]n-®-em-tlm¿- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- ˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm- -K-kn-s‚- A-a-cm-h-Xn- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®- a-e-bm-fn- - kn.-i-¶-c-≥ \m-b¿-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- th-Zn- - apw-s_-bn-se-tKm-Ip¬-Zm-kv- tX-Pv-]m¬- kw-kv-Ir-X-tIm-tf-Pv-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm-]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- B-\n- _-k-‚ v-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-d¬- sk-I-´-dn-˛- F.-H.-lyqw-

* -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- ssh-tkm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- U-^-dn-≥ ]-`p-

* -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚-ÿm-]-I-≥˛- F.-H.-lyqw-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm- -K-kpw- ap-…nw-eo-Kpw- e-Iv-\u- I-cm-dn¬- G¿-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1916

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- \n- -l-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1920

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- \n- -l-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\w- kw-_-‘n-®- ]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv-˛- 1920

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]q¿-W-kz-cm-Pv- ]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛-1929(em-tlm¿-)-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚ v- ÿm-\-tØ-°v- 1939˛¬- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kn-s‚- F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- - ]-´m-`n- ko-Xm-cm-a-ø-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- B-Zy-am-bn- ]n-f¿-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1907

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1885

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- F-∂-t]-cv- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xm-cv- - Zm-Zm- m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- sN-ss∂-

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- h-tµ-am-X-cw- B-Zy-am-bn- B-e-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1896

*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- F.-H.-lyqw-

*- C-¥y-≥ \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

* -C-¥y-≥ ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp-im-kv-X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- I-Æn-Mv-lmw-

*- C-¥y-≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- in¬-]n- - tUm.-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- C-¥y-≥ A-cm-P-I-Xz-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-≥

*- C-¥y-≥ a-X- -km-aq-ln-I- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

*- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sn¬-_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hv- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv- F-t∏mƒ-˛- 1947 Pq-sse- 18

*- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sv- \n-

e-hn¬-h-∂- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1947 Hm-K-Ãv- 15*- C-¥y-≥ H-∏n-\n-b-\n-s‚- B-Zy- ]-Xm-[n-

]¿-˛- a-≥kp-Jv-em¬- \m-k¿-*- C-¥y-≥ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚- am-·m-Im¿-

´- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- hp-Uv-kv- sU-kv-]m-®v-

*- C-¥y-≥ in-£m-\n-b-aw- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-h¿-jw-˛- 1861

*- C-¥y-≥ km-aq-ln-I- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

*- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-¥y- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- \m-bn-I- cm-[m-tZ-hn- B-cp-sS- `m-cy-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-

*- C-¥y-≥ s]m-fn-‰n-In-kn-s‚-bpw- C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kn-s‚-bpw- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sc-bm-Wv-˛-kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- B-flo-b- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- ˛-kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥

*- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- B-sc-bm-Wv- - cm-Pv- \m-cm-b-¨- t_m-kv-

* -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-Xw- A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hv-˛- c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- ^-©p-`-c-W-Øn-\v- A-¥yw-Ip-dn-®- bp-≤w-˛- hm-≠n-hm-jv-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- _n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-In-b-Xv-˛- tdm-_¿-´v- Iv-ssf-hv-

* -C-¥y-bn¬- _n-´o-jv- km-am-Py-Øn-s‚-_m-_¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tdm-_¿-´v-ss¢-hv-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- _n-´o-jv- ta-[m-hn-Xzw- D-d-∏n-®- bp-≤w-˛- _-Iv-k¿- bp-≤w- (1764)-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\p-cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´- C-S-°m-e- a-¥n-k-`-bp-sS- D-]m-[y-£- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1857

*- C-¥y-bn¬- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- `-c-Ww- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- \n-b-aw-˛- 1858˛-se-\n-b-aw-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- `-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1858

*- C-¥y-bn¬- Cw-•o-jv- hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-s‚-am-·m-Im¿- - F-∂-dn-b-s∏- - in-]m¿-i- B-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- - sa-°m-sf- ]- p-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- D-∂-X- hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-s‚- am-[y-aw- Cw-•o-jv- B-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚n-Iv-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- bq-tdm-]y-≥ i-‡n- - t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-

* -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tIm-f-\n- `-c-W-Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-b- ]-tZ-iw-˛- tKm-h-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xp- h¿-j-am-Wv- k-Xn- \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- 1829

*- C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xv- ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv- k-Xn- F-∂- B-Nm-cw- kw-_-‘n-®v- G-‰-hpw-]-g-°-ap-≈- sX-fn-hv- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- G-dm-≥

* -C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂v- A-Xym-Uw-_-c-Øn¬- Z¿-_m¿- \-S-Øn-b- _n-´o-jv- N-I-h¿-Øn-˛-tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥

*- C-¥y-bn¬- hy-h-ÿm-]n-X-am-b- kn-hn¬-k¿-ho-kv- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv- B-cp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛- tIm-¨-hm-en-kv-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- H-∂mw- ]m¿-´n- tIm-¨-K-kv- \-S-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- apw-ss_-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-b-h-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]m-bw- Ip-d-™-Xv-˛- U¬-lu-kn-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- km-ap-Zm-bn-I- kw-h-c-Ww- sIm-≠p-h-∂- \n-b-aw-˛- 1909se- an-t‚m- tam¿-

en- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw-*- C-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-∏v- G-

Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- U¬-lu-kn-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- sd-bn¬-th- sIm-≠p-h-∂- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- t]m-ì- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- Xn-tbm-k- n-°¬- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- A-U-bm¿-

* -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- \n-b-a-_n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b- h-\n-X-˛- tIm¿-tW-en-b- tkm-dm-_v-Pn-(1894)-

*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- en- v-‰v- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-

*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- h-\n-Xm- ta-b¿- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- \-K-cw-˛- apw-ss_-

*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- kv-]o-°¿- ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b- A-\p-tZym-K-ÿ-≥ - hn-ج- m-bv- ]-t´¬-

*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- s]-¨-in-ip-l-Xy-

C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨KkvtIm¨Kkv ]knU‚pam¿

skj≥ h¿jw ÿew ]knU‚ v1. 1885 t_mws_ Uªyp.kn._m\¿Pn2. 1886 I¬°´ ZmZm`mbn \htdmPn3. 1887 aZmkv _Zdp±o≥ Xbm_vPn4. 1888 Aelm_mZv tPm¿Pv bqƒ5. 1889 t_mws_ k¿ hneyw thU¿t_¨6. 1890 I¬°´ k¿ ^ntdmkvjm taØ7. 1891 \mKv]q¿ ]n.B\µ Nm¿ep8. 1892 Aelm_mZv Uªyp.kn._m\¿Pn9. 1893 emtlm¿ ZmZm`mbn \htdmPn-10. 1894 aZmkv B¬^Uv sh_v11. 1895 ]q\ kptcµ\mYv _m\¿Pn12. 1896 I¬°´ dlnaØp≈ kbm\n13. 1897 AacmhXn k¿ kn.i¶c≥ \mb¿14. 1898 aZmkv B\µ taml≥ t_mkv15. 1899 eIv\u B¿.kn.ZØv16. 1900 emtlm¿ F≥.Pn.Nµhm¿°¿17. 1901 I¬°´ Un.C.hmN18. 1902 AlΩZm_mZv kptcµ\mYv _m\¿Pn19. 1903 aZmkv F¬.Fw.tLmjv20. 1904 t_mws_ sl≥dn tIm´¨21. 1905 _\mdkv tKm]meIrjvW tKmJse22. 1906 I¬°´ ZmZm`mbn \htdmPn* 1907 kqd‰v tUm.dmjv _nlmcn tLmjv23. 1908 aZmkv tUm.dmjv _nlmcn tLmjv24. 1909 emtlm¿ aZ≥taml≥ amfhy25. 1910 Aelm_mZv k¿ hneyw shU¿t_¨26. 1911 I¬°´ _n.F≥.[m¿27. 1912 _¶n∏q¿(]m‰v\) B¿.F≥. amt[m°¿28. 1913 Idm®n køZv aplΩZv _lmZq¿29. 1914 aZmkv `qt]µ\mYv _kp30. 1915 t_mws_ k¿ Fkv.]n.kn≥l31. 1916 eIv\u F.kn.aPqwZm¿32. 1917 I¬°´ B\n _k‚ v33. 1918 U¬ln(B\z¬ skj≥)Fw.Fw.amfhy** 1918 t_mws_ lk≥ Camw34. 1919 AarXvk¿ tam´nem¬ s\lp** 1920 I¬°´ emem ePv]Xvdmbn35. 1920 \mKv]q¿ (B\z¬ skj≥)kn.hnPbcmLhmNmcy¿36. 1921 AlΩZm_mZv l°nw APva¬ Jm≥37. 1922 Kb kn.B¿.Zmkv38. 1923 Im°n\U(B\z¬ skj≥) aplΩZv Aen** 1923 U¬ln auem\m A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv39. 1924 s_¬Kmw Fw.sI.Km‘n40. 1925 Im¨]q¿ ktcmPn\n \mbnUp41. 1926 Kzml´n Fkv.io\nhmk Aø¶m¿42. 1927 aZmkv Fw.F.A≥kmcn43. 1928 I¬°´ tamØnem¬ s\lp44. 1929 emtlm¿ Phml¿em¬ s\lp45. 1931 Idm®n h√`v`mbn ]t´¬46. 1932 \yqU¬ln Fw.Fw.amfhy47. 1933 I¬°´ s\√n sk≥ Kp]vX48. 1934 t_mws_ cmtPµ]kmZv49. 1936 eIv\u Phml¿em¬ s\lp50. 1937 s^bvkv]q¿ Phml¿em¬ s\lp51. 1938 lcn]pc kp`mjvNµt_mkv52. 1939 Xn]pcn kp`mjvNµt_mkv53. 1940 cmwKVv auem\m A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv54. 1946 aod‰v sP._n.Ir]em\n* kkvs]‚Uv skj≥** kvs]jy¬ skj≥1946, 1947 \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ktΩ-f-\-߃

6 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

s]m-Xp-P-\-i-≤-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛-tPm-\m-Y-≥ U-¶-≥

*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sS-en-t^m-¨- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-

*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tIm-´-¨- an¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø- (1818)-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- _n-´o-jv- `-c-Ww- F-X- h¿-jw- \o-≠p-\n-∂p-˛- 190

*- C-¥y-bn-se- _n-´o-jv- A-[n-Im-cw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- C-¥ym- Un-^-≥kv- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨-N¿-®n¬-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- B-[p-\n-I- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-]n-°-s∏- -Xv- - sIm¬-°-Ø-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- kn-a-‚ v- m-Iv-S-dn- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛-a-Zm-kv-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- t]-∏¿- an¬- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛- sk-lv-dmw-]q¿-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- [-\-X-Øz-im-kv-X-Nn-¥-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- - Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _n-´o-jv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- hm-d-≥ tl-kv-‰n-Mv-kv-

* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-a-h-Xv-Ir-X- sk-≥k-kv- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1881

*- C-¥y-bn -se- B-Zy-sØ- ayq -kn-bw-˛ -sIm¬-°-Ø-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B¿-´v- Km-e-dn-ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- F-hn-sS- - sIm¬-°-Ø-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv-tIm-tf-Pv-˛- dq¿-°n- (1847)-

* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-Æ-°n-W¿-˛-A-k-an-se- Zn-Kv-t_m-bn-

* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- _n-cp-Z-[m-cn-Iƒ-˛- N-µ-a-Xn- _-kp,- Im-Zw-_n-\n-Kmw-Kp-en-

* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b- ]q-s\-bn-se- F-kv.-F-≥.-Un.-‰n.- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- - Un.-sI.-Im¿-sh-

* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- tIm-tf-Pm-b- t_-Xq-¨- tIm-tf-Pv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-\n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-

* -kmw-_m-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an-˛- cm-Pm-dmw-*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I¬-°-cn-J-\n-˛-

dm-Wn-K-Rv-Pv-*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-a-‚ v- ^m-Iv-S-

dn- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-˛- sN-ss∂-* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-

tf-Pn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚n-Iv-*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t\-X-_m-¶v- ÿm-

]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tS-Uv- bq-Wn-b-

\m-b- a-Zm-kv- te-_¿- bq-Wn-b-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- in-¶m-c- th-ep- sN-´n-bm¿-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ar-K-im-e-˛-kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬- Km¿-U-≥kv,- sIm¬-°-Ø-

* -C-¥y-bn-se- hn-Zym-`ym-k- am-[y-aw- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- B-°m-\p-≈- in-]m¿-i- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- sa-°m-sf- ]-`p-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv-˛-hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- ssh-tkm-bn-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw-Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv- - en-≥en-Xv-tKm- ]-`p-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-Øn-s≥d-]n-Xm-hv-˛- dn-∏-¨- ]-`p-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bv-°v- cq-]w-\-In-b-Xv-˛- ]nw-K-en- sh-¶-ø-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ssI-am-‰-hpw- hn-`-P-\-hpw- F-X- Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛- 72

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-∂mw- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-cw- ]-

Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1857*- C-¥y-bp-sS- hm-\-ºm-Sn- F-∂p- hn-fn-®-Xm-

sc-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-*- C-¥y-bp-sS- sPm-hm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°v- F-

∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sc-˛- Qm-≥kn-dm-Wn-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-X- ]nw-K-en- sh-¶-ø- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛-B-‘-]-tZ-iv-

* -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- h-cp-am-\w- B-Zy-am-bn- I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-hv-tdm-Pn-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-Ko-X-am-b- h-tµ-am-X-cw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- _-¶nw- N-µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn-

*- C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- \n¿-W-bn-®- _n- o-jv- \n-b-a-⁄-≥˛- kn-dn¬- dm-Uv-¢n-^v-

*- C-¥y-bp-tS-Xm-b- H-cp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- P¿-a-\n-bn-se- Ã-Uv-K¿- n¬- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv- - am-Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a-

*- C-¥y-bv-°p-th-≠n- _n- o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v-]m-km-°n-b- A-h-km-\-sØ- \n-b-aw- - C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sv-

*- C-¥y-bv-°pw- ssN-\-bv-°p-an-S-bv-°p-≈- A-Xn¿-Øn-tc-J- \n-›-bn-®-Xv- - k¿- sl-≥dn-a-tlm-≥

*- C-¥y-bv-°v- H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®-Xv- ˛-Fw.-F-≥.-tdm-bv-

*- C-¥y-bv-°v- kzm-X-¥yw- In- p-tºmƒ- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn-se- ]-Xn-]-£- t\-Xm-hv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-

*- C-¥y-bv-°v- s^-U-d¬- kw-hn-[m-\w- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- \n-b-aw-˛- 1935se-K-h.- Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv-

*- C-¥ym- Sp-tU- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- B¿.-]n.-Z-Øv-

*- C-¥ym- tK-‰n-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv- - Bƒ- C-¥ym-hm¿- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬-

*- C-¥ym- Un-ssh-U-Uv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- tUm.- cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zv-

*- C-¥ym-tK-‰v- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X-Xv- ˛-F-Uzn-≥ ep-Sy-≥kv-

*- C-¥y-sb- I-s≠-ج-(1946),-H-c-—-≥ a-Iƒ-°-b-®- I-Øp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

*- C-≥ sk¿-®vv- Hm-^v- Km-‘n- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- dn-®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-

*- C-≥Izn-em-_v- kn-µm-_m-Zv- F-∂- ]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m¬-

*- C-≥Izn-em-_v- kn-µm-_m-Zv- F-∂-Xv- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛-`-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

*- C-≥tUm¿- `-cn -®n-cp -∂- cm-P-hw-iw-˛-tlmƒ-°¿-

*- C-≥Un-s]-≥U-‚ v- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-ÿm-]-I-≥˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- C-cp-≠- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-se- ]-Im-i-am-\-am-b- _n-µp- F-∂v- Qm-≥kn- dm-Wn-sb-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

*- cm-jv-S-]-Xn- -h-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- ssh-kv-do-K¬- ]m-e-kv-

* -cm-jv-S-Kp-cp- F-∂v- B-sc-bm-Wv- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- cm-jv-So-b- kzm-X-¥y-am-Wv- H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- Po-h-izm-kw- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-

*- cm-Py-kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂v- B-sc-bm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- ˛- kp-`m-jv-N-µ-t_m-kv-

*- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- kn-Mn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- em-tlm¿-

* -Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚n-\v- hn-t[-b-\m-b- K-h¿-W¿-P-\-d¬-˛- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-

* -Cw-•-≠n¬- Km-‘n-Pn- \n-b-a-]-T-\w- \-S-Øn-b- hn-Zym-e-bw-˛- C-∂¿- sS-ºnƒ-

*- Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- t\-Sn-b- _n-cp-Zw-˛- _m-cn-ÿ- A-‰v- em-

*- Cw-•-≠n-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- _m-“-W-≥˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

*- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-in-se- ap-Kƒ-k-cm-bn-bn¬-1904 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- c-≠n-\p- P-\n-®- C-¥y-≥ ]-[m-\-a-¥n-˛- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-Xn-

*- D-∏p- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-\v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-d-Ãp- sN-ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´- P-bn¬-˛- sb¿-hm-Z-

*- D-∏p- k-Xym-K-l-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bv-s°m-∏w- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- k-∂-≤-`-S-≥am-cp-sS- F-

Æw-˛-78*- D-∏p- k-Xym-K-lw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1930*- D-∏p-\n-b-a-sØ- B-I-an-®- B-Zy-sØ- tZ-

io-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

* -dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un--s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛-P∏m-≥

*- du-e-‰v- \n-b-aw- G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv- ˛- 1919*- e-≠-\n¬- C-¥ym- lu-kv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-

iymw-Pn- Ir-jv-W-h¿-a-

* temIv\m-b-Iv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- P-b-]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨- B-Wv.- tZ-ivv-\m-b-Iv-F-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kn-\p- \¬-In-b-Xv- Sm-tKm¿- B-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-bm-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I- B-\n- _-k-‚ v- B-Wv- .-C-¥y-≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- am-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- am-Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a- B-Wv.-

*- -cm-jv-S-Kp-cp- ˛-kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn.- cm-jv-S-I-hn-˛-ssa-Y-en- i-c-¨- Kp-]v-X.-*- -sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂- kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-tKm-J-

se- B-Wv.- sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- tKm-Uv- (Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-fl-Xv-Km¿-)- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-ÿm-]n-®-Xv- Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥ B-Wv.-

*- -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- P-\-d¬- sd-Pn-\mƒ-Uv- U-b-dm-Wv.- A-Xn-\p- ]-Xn-Im-c-am-bn- B- k-a-b-Øv- ]-©m-_v- K-h¿-W-dm-bn-cp-∂- ssa-°¬- H-U-b-dn-s\- 1940 am¿-®v- 13˛-\v- e-≠-\n¬-h-®v- D-±w-kn-Mv- F-∂- kn-°p-bp-hm-hv- sh-Sn-h-®p-sIm-∂p.-

*- -sam-t≠-Kp-˛-sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv- -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-®v- \n¿-t±-i-߃-k-a¿-∏n-°m-≥ _n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®- h¿-jw-1927 B-Wv.- I-Ωn-j-≥ C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂-Xv- 1928˛¬.- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-1930˛¬.-

*- -1923˛¬- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-cw-`n-®- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I¿- kn.-B¿.-Zm-kpw-tam-Øn-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hpw.- 1934˛¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv- B-Nm-cy- \-tc-µ-tZ-hpw- P-b-]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-Wpw.-

*- -1912˛¬- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv- Xp-S-ßn-b- D-dp-Zp- hm-cn-I-bm-Wv- A¬-ln-em¬. 1914˛¬- ]-X-am-c-W-\n-b-a-]-Im-cw- _n-´o-j-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- A¬- ln-em¬-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ- B-km-Zv- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv- A¬- _-em-Lv.-

*- -Xo-h-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- hn-π-h-Im-cn-I-sf-bpw- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- 1924˛¬- Im-¨-]q-cn¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ dn-∏-ªn-°-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-≥.- 1928˛-ap-X¬- kw-L-S-\- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv- dn-∏-ªn-°-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬- ]-h¿-Øn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.-

*- -`m-c-X- tI-k-cn- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- a-∂-Øp- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\m-Wv.- a-dm-Ø-tI-k-cn- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-\m-Wv.- \m-\m- ^-Uv-\m-hn-kv- B-Wv- a-dm-Ø- am-Iy-sh-√n.- C-¥y-≥ am-Iy-sh-√n- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-Nm-W-Iy-s\-bm-Wv.-

*- th-Z-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- io-[-c-ep- \m-bn-Up.- tZ-h-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-Xn.-

*- -1923˛¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥ tam-´n-em¬- s\-lp-hpw-Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P-≥ Zm-kp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bm-Wv- 1959˛¬- kz-X¥-]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-

*- -ap-…n-߃-°v- H-cp- ]-tXy-I- ]-hn-iy- F-∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m¬- B-Wv.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-∂- hm-°v- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv- d-lv-a-Øv- A-en-bm-Wv.-

*- -cm-a-Ir-jv-W- an-j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\m-Wv.- \-tc-µ-\m-Yv-Z-Ø-F-∂- _m-ey-Im-e-\m-a-ap-≈- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- B-Zy- t]-cv- ho-tc-iz¿- Z-Ø-F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -B-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- P-\n-®- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-bm-Wv- A-c-hn-µ- tLm-jv-(1872˛-1950).- F-∂m¬- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬-(1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 15)- A-¥-cn-®- t\-Xm-hm-Wv-`m-c-Xv- am-Xm- skm-ssk-‰n- F-∂- hn-π-h- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-\m-b- A-Pn-Xv-kn-Mv.-

*- -sX-°p-\n-∂p-≈- tbm-≤m-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bm-Wv.- sX-t°- C-¥y-bp-sS- Zo-]-in-Jm- hm-l-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv- F-kv.-k-Xy-aq¿-Øn-bm-Wv.-

*- -ap-l-Ω-Z-≥ en-‰-d-dn- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥ \-hm-_v- A-_v-Zpƒ- e-Øo-^v.-ap-l-Ω-Z-≥ Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b-‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- k¿- k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-≥.- C-Xv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- A-en-K-Vv- ap-…nw- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bm-bn.-

*- -tem-I-am-\y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥(1856˛-1920)- B-bn-cp-∂p.-a-lm-am-\y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy- (1861˛-1946)-B-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -j-lo-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv- B-Wv.- Izm-bn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-bm-Wv.-

*- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-s‚- ]-X-am-b- tI-k-cn,- a-dm-Tn- `m-j-bn-epw- a-dm-Ø- Cw-•o-jn-ep-am-Wv- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- -Kp-cp-tZ-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- c-ho-µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm-dpw- Kp-cp-Pn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- Fw.-F-kv.- tKm¬-h¬-°-dpw- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -sj-bv-Jv- A-_v-Zp-≈- (1906˛-82)-bm-Wv- I-iv-ao¿- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn- (1865˛-1928)-bm-Wv- ]-©m-_v- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- - ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- d-lv-a-Øv- A-en-bm-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- cm-Pv- \m-cm-b-¨- t_m-kv- B-Wv.

Confusing Facts

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 7

*- e-≠-\n¬-h-®p-I-≠- G-Xv- C-¥y-°m-c-s‚-in-jy-Xz-am-Wv- am¿-K-c-‰v- t\m-_¬- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥

*- em-e- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-bp-sS- a-c-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-°m-c-\m-b- km-≥tU-gv-kv- F-∂- t]m-eo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-s\- h-[n-®-Xv-˛- -K-Xv- kn-Mv-

* -em-tlm¿- Ãp-U-‚ v-kv- bq-Wn-b-≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- `-K-Xv- knw-Kv-

*- em-tlm¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-t°-kn-se- ap-Jy-]-Xn-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

*- F- t\-j-≥ C-≥ ta-°n-Mv- c-Nn-®-Xv- - kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv-_m-\¿-Pn-

*- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- Kzm-fn-tbm¿-

*- F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn-bp-sS- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w-\-S-∂- ÿ-ew-˛-apw-ss_-

*- F-X- h¿-j-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Z-£n-Wm-^n-°n-bn¬- Xm-a-kn-®-Xv-˛- 21 (1893˛-1914)-

*- F-√m- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Spw- B-Z-cw- ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpw- H-∂n-t\-bpw- ap-dn-th¬-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- m-c-Xo-b- B-Nm-c-Øn-s‚- t]-cv-˛- A-lnw-k-

* -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- ]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- U-ªyp.-kn.-_m-\¿-Pn-

*- F-h-d-Ãn-\v- B- t]-cp- e-`n-°m-≥ Im-c-W-°m-c-\m-b- tPm¿-Pv- F-h-d-Ãv- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-th-b¿- P-\-d¬-

*- F-h-d-Ãn-s‚- D-b-cw- I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛-tPm¿-Pv- F-h-d-Ãv-

*- F-h-d-Ãv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-°v- B- t]-cp- \¬-In-b-Xv- ˛- tI-W¬- B-≥Up-hm-Kv-

*- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv-˛- \m-Kq¿- (cm-P-ÿm-≥)-

*- F-Uzn-≥ ep-Sy-≥kv- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-

*- h-´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-Im-e-Øv- _n-´o-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-˛- dw-tk- a-Iv-sUm-Wmƒ-Uv-

*- Fw-U-≥ F-∂- ap-ßn-°-∏¬- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- P¿-a-\n-

*- G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- k-µ¿-in-®- ]-ap-J-t\-Xm-hv-˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-

*- G-‰-hpw- ]-_-e-\m-b- kn-Jv- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- c-Rv-Pn-Øv- kn-Mv-

*- G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv- tIm-tf-Pv- ˛- dq¿-°n-

*- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ-ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- hn-eyw- tPm-¨-kv-

*- G-Xp- bp-≤-Øn-em-Wv- Sn-∏p- sIm-√-s∏-´-Xv-˛- \m-emw- ssa-kq¿- bp-≤w-(1799)-

*- H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬- ho-c-ar-Xyp-h-cn-®- C-¥y-≥ P-hm-≥am-cp-sS- Hm¿-a-bv-°m-bn- D-≠m-°n-b- kv-am-c-Iw- - C-¥ym-tK-‰v-

* -h-√-`v-`m-bn- ]-t´-en-\v- k¿-Zm¿- ]-Z-hn- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-

*- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- C-¥y-≥hw-i-P-cp-sS- ]-iv-\-ß-fp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv-kn.-F-^v.-B-≥Uq-kn-\v- Zo-\-_-‘p- F-∂- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- ^n-Pn-

* -G-Xp- h¿-j-sØ- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv- P-\-K-W-a-\- B-Zy-am-bn- B-e-]n-®-Xv-˛- 1911

* -Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15 P-∑-Zn-\-am-b- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-

*- Hm-Sn-hn-f-bm-Sp-]m-∏- F-∂- tZ-i-`-‡n-Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- kp-_-a-Wy-`m-c-Xn-

*- G-Xp- k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn,-- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cn-°p-I- F-∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-cw-

*- G-Xp- kw-`-h-Øn¬- ]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-\m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ssI-k¿-˛-C-˛-ln-µv- Xn-cn-®p-\¬-In-b-Xv-˛- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-

*- G-Xp- t\-Xm-hn-s‚- a-I-W-ti-j-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- A-\n-tj-[y- t\-Xm-hm-bn- D-b¿-∂-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-

e-I-≥*- G-Xp- t]-cn-em-Wv- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv-

th-j-]-—-∂-\m-bn- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p- I-S-∂-Xv-˛- au-e-hn- kn-bm-hp-±o-≥

*- G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn- A-Jn-te-¥ym- Km-ao-W- hy-h-km-b- kw-L-S-\- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛-1934

*- G-Xv- t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv- tIm-¨-K-kv- ,-]q-\m- k-‘n-bn¬- G¿-s∏-´-Xv- -_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- G-Xv- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-am-Wv- t\-Xr-Xzw- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bv-°v- ssI-am-dn-b-Xv-˛- em-tlm¿-

*- h-[n-°-s∏-´- G-I- _n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se-ssh-tkm-bn-˛- ta-tbm- ]-`p-

*- h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-I-fp-sS- ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- £-Wn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-

*- h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-G-Xv- hn-`m-K-sØ-bm-Wv- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- A-[x-ÿn-X¿-

*- H-∂mw- h- -ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-°p-tºmƒ-ssh-tkm-bn-˛- C¿-hn-≥ ]-`p-

* -H-∂mw- kzm-X-¥y- k-a-cw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1857

* -H-∂mw- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-sØ- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- Im-\n-Mv- ]-`p-

* -H-∂mw- ssa-kq¿- bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-°m-≥ Im-c-W-am-b- k-‘n- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv-H-∏n-´-Xv-˛- sN-ss∂-

*- H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬- H-cp- I-Æp-\-jv-S-s∏- -ti-jw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ssh-tkm-bn-bm-b-Xv- ˛-th-h¬- ]-`p-

*- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- c-≠n-\p- P-\n-®- t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-Xn-bpw-

*- Hmƒ- C-¥ym- In-km-≥ k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- k-l-Pm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- Hm-K-Ãv- hn-π-hw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- - Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-cw-

*- hn-π-h-]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®v-A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv- k-∂ym-k-Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn-

* -hn-π-h-Nn-¥-Iƒ- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xn-\v- 1831˛¬-ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pn¬- \n-∂p- ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-´- Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥ I-hn-˛- sl-≥dn- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-

* -hn-iz- m-c-Xn- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bv-°p-≈n¬- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- ho-Sn-s‚- t]-cv- - D-Ø-cm-b-≥

*- hn-th-Im-\-µ- km-ln-Xy- k¿-h-kz-Øn-\v-A-h-Xm-cn-I- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X-

*- hn-Zy-t\-Sq,- kw-L-Sn-°q,- k-a-cw- sN-øq- F-∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X- t\-Xm-hv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- h-tµ-am-X-c-Øn-s‚- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- ]-cn-`m-j-\n¿-h-ln-®-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-

* -hy-‡n- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- A-d-Ãn-em-b-Xv-˛- hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh-

*- I-∏-tem-´n-b- X-an-g-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-hn.-H.-Nn-Zw-_-cw- ]n-≈-

*- I¬-°-´- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- N-S-ßn¬- B-[y-£yw- h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- k¿- Ãm-≥en- Pm-Iv-k-s\- sh-Sn-h-®- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-¥y- k-a-c-\m-bn-I-˛- _o-Wm-Zm-kv-

* -I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n- A-¥-cn-®- sIm- m-cw-- ]q-s\-bn-se- B-Km-Jm-≥ sIm- m-cw-

* -I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛- 1944(s^-_p-h-cn- 22)-

*- Im-_qƒ- B-ÿm-\-am-°n- ÿm-]n-®- kz-X-¥- `m-c-X- k¿-°m-cn¬- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏p-a-¥n-bm-bn- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-Im-c-≥˛- sN-º-I-cm-a-≥]n-≈-

*- Im-e-Øn-s‚- I-t]m-e-Øn-se- I-Æp-\o¿-Øp-≈n- F-∂v- Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s\- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-

* -in-]m-bn- e-l-f- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1857* -In-Mv-kv- t^m¿-Uv- F-∂- Pn-√m- a-Pn-kv-tS-

‰n-s\- sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tI-kn¬- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Jp-Zn-dmw- t_m-kv-

* -Ip-°- ]-ÿm-\w- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- ]-©m-_v-

*- ip-≤n- ]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ \-bn-®-Xv-˛- s]-Øn-Iv-tem-d-≥kv-

* -Izn-‰n-¥y- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- \m-bn-I- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- A-cp-W- A-k-^v- A-en-

*- Izn-‰n-¥ym- ]-ÿm-\w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw- - 1942*- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- I-

´-°v-*- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv-˛-

am¿-K-c-‰v- F-en-k-_-Øv- t\m-_nƒ-*- Ko-Xm-c-l-kyw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-

c-Xn-e-I-≥*- Izn-‰n-¥ym- ]-ta-bw- (1942)- ]m-km-°n-b-

tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- t_mw-s_-*- h-tµ-am-X-cw- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- h¿-jw- ˛-

1882*- hw-i-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s‚- t]-cn¬- C-¥y-≥

kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n- -kp-tc-µ-\m-

Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-*- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-Im-e-sØ- tIm-¨-K-kv-

]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw-B-km-Zv-

*- j-lo-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-`-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

*- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-hn-s\- C-¥y-bp-sS-hm-\-ºm-Sn- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- - c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-Kq¿-

* -Jn-em-^-Øv- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw-\¬-In-b-Xv-˛- A-en- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿-

* -Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-Xv-a-Xv-K¿- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-ÿm-]n-®- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n- - A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥

* -k¿- k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv-Jm-≥ ap-l-Ω-Z-≥Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b-‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- kv-Ym-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1875

*- I¬-°-´,- t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ-\n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1862

*- i-‡n-tb-dn-b- t_-°p-≈-Xpw- F-≥Pn-≥C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- b-¥w- F-∂v- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- ]-d-™-Xv-˛- 1935 se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥ym- B-Iv-Sv-

*- k-h¿-Æ- ln-µp-°ƒ-s°-Xn-cm-b- k-a-c-Øn-s≥d- `m-K-am-bn- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- I-Øn-®- t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- km-sc- P-lmw- tk- A-—m- F-∂p- Xp-S-ßp-∂- Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m¬-

*- kn-°p-Im-cp-sS- ]-Øm-a-sØ-bpw- A-h-km-\-sØ-bpw- Kp-cp-˛- tKm-hn-µv-kn-Mv-

*- I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛- B-K-Jm-≥ ]m-e-kv- P-bn¬-

*- Im-\n-Mv- ]-`p-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øv- 1860˛¬- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- k¿- sP-bnw-kv- hn¬-k-¨-

*- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1946

*- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ Nn-°m-tKm-bn-se-tem-I- a-X- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp-]-kw-Kn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1893

*- Izm-bn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-

* -kn-dm-Pv- D-Zv- Zu-f-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- ap¿-jn-Zm-_m-Zv-

* -kn-hn¬- B-⁄m-ew-L-\- ]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1930

*- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- ]m-km-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- C-¥ym-°m-c-≥˛- kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X- B-cp-sS- ]-kn-≤-in-jy-bm-Wv-˛- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-µ-≥

* -kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kn-s‚- cm-jv-So-b-Kp-cp-˛- kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv-

*- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-Øn-\v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-d-Ãp- sN-ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´- P-bn¬-˛- B-Km-Jm-≥ sIm-´m-cw-

*- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- Xm-Xv-Im-en-I- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- ÿm-]n-®-ÿ-ew-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-

*- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ P-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1863 (P-\p-h-cn- 12)-

*- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-hn-fw-_-cw- \-S-∂- ssa-Xm-\w-˛- t_mw-s_-bn-se- tKm-hm-en-b- Sm-¶v-( C-t∏mƒ- Hm-K-kv-Xv- Im-¥n- ssa-Xm-\w)-

*- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cn-s°- (1938)- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-tZ-io-bm-kq-X-W-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-≥˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-

*- Kp-cp-Pn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Fw.-F-kv.-tKm¬-hm¬-°¿-

*- kp-X-¥n-c- s]-cp-ssa- F-∂- I-hn-Xm- k-am-lm-cw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- kp-_-a-Wy- `m-c-Xn-

*- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛-ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-

*- K-W-]-Xn- D¬-k-h-sØ- P-\-Io-b-am-°n-b- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c- \m-b-I-≥˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥

*- kw-hm-Zv- Iu-ap-Zn- F-∂- ]-Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

* -Kw-K-tbm-Sv- Km-‘n-Pn- Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

*- k-Xn- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- hn-eyw- s_-≥dn-Iv-

*- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-s‚- P-∑-`q-an- ˛-Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-

*- k-Xym¿-Y-]-Im-iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- - Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tam-´n-em¬-s\-lp-hpw- kn.-B¿- Zm-kpw-

*- K-Zm-[¿- N-tXm-]m-[ym-b- G-Xp- t]-cn-em-Wv- C-¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn¬- ]-kn-≤-≥˛- io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W- ]-c-a-lw-k-≥

*- k-Xy-tim-[-Iv- k-am-Pw- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛- tPym-Xn-_- ^q-se-

* -kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j-≥ ÿm-]n-®- h¿-jw- ˛- 1897

*- Pm-en-b-≥ hm-em- _m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- k-a-b-sØ- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv-]-`p-

*- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-≈- C-¥y-bn¬- Zm-cn-Zy-tc-J-sb-°p-dn-®v- N¿-®- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- t\-Xm-hv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- kzm-X-¥y-e-_v-[n-h-sc- cm-P-ÿm-≥ A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- t]-cv-˛- c-P-]p-Øm-\-

*- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv- knw-K-∏q-cn¬- cq-]w- \¬-In-b- B-km-Zv- ln-µv- K-h-¨-sa-‚n¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- h-\n-X-˛- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-

* -kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-N-cn-X-Øn-se- t_m-kv-k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿- B-sc-√mw-˛- i-c-Xv-N-µ-t_m-kpw- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kpw-

*- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºv- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚m-b-Xv- - au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw-B-km-Zv-

*- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- Im¬-hn-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

*- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv- dn-∏-ªn-°-≥A-tkm-kn-tb-j-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- ˛-`-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

* -ln-µp-˛-ap-…nw- ssa-Xn-bp-sS- ]-Xn-]p-cp-j-≥ F-∂v- Pn-∂-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-

*- ln-µv- kz-cm-Pv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-*- lu-kv- Hm- v- tem¿-Uv-kn¬- Aw-K-am-b- B-

Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-≥ -F-kv.-]n.-kn-≥l-*- P-∏m-\n¬- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv-

eo-Kn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- - dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv-

*- P-am-_-¥n- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃- sIm-≠p-h-∂-

8 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

Xv-˛- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥

*- P-bn-en¬- H-≥]-Xv- B-gv-N- \n-cm-lm-c-a-\p-

jv-Tn-®v- a-c-Ww-h-cn-®- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-

\m-\n-˛- P-Xn-≥Zm-kv-

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- \n-b-a-]-co-£- P-

bn-®v- _m-cn-Ã-dm-bn- C-¥y-bn¬- Xn-cn-

s®-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1912

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- 1923¬- sN-b¿-am-

\m-b- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- - A-e-l-_m-Zv-

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- e-Iv-\u- tIm-¨-

K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-

B-Zy-am-bn- I-≠- h¿-jw-˛- 1916

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- I-a-em-Iu-fn-s\-

hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- 1916 s^-_p-h-cn-

16\v- (U¬-ln-bn¬-h-®v-).-

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- P-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛-

1889

* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºv-

(kn-‘v- [m-°v-)- ]p-d-Øn-d-°-s∏-´- \-K-cw-

˛- I-dm-®n-

*- C-¥y-bn¬- td-Un-tbm- ]-t£-]-Ww- B-

cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1927

*- Pm-en-b-≥ hm-em- _m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- A-

t\z-jn-®- I-Ωn-j-≥˛- l-≠¿- I-Ωn-j-≥

*- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-

Øm-Wv-˛- ]-©m-_v-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-e-Km-^v- sse-

≥˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-˛- U-b-a-≠v- lm¿-_¿-

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-lp-hn-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-

B¿-°m-Wv- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- - I-a-em-

s\-lp-

*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t]m-tÃm-^o-kv-

B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬-

* -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- \-S-∂-

\-K-cw-˛- A-ar-Xv-k¿-

* -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- \-S-∂-

Xo-b-Xn- ˛- 1919 G-]n¬- 13

*- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°p-

]-Xn-Im-c-am-bn- ssa-°¬- H- U-b-dn-s\- h-

[n-®-Xv-˛- D-±w- kn-Mv-

* -Pn-∂m-lu-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- apw-ss_-

bn¬-

* -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hn-s\- E-Xp-cm-P-≥

F-∂p-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- ˛- Sm-tKm¿-

* -Po-hn-X-Øn¬- k-Xy-k-‘-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww-

F-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn- Xo-

cp-am-\n-®-Xv- G-Xv- ]p-cm-W- I-Ym-]m-X-Øn-

s‚- kzm-[o-\-Øm-em-Wv-˛- l-cn-›-µ-≥

* -Rm-s\m-cp- Ip-‰-hm-fn-b-√- cm-Py- kv-t\-ln-

bm-Wv- F-∂v- ]-Jym-]n-®-Xv-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-

* -s\-lp- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- B-Zy- tIm-¨-K-kv-

k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- _-¶n-∏q¿-(1912)-

* -s\-t∏m-fn-b-\n-Iv- bp-≤-Øn¬- H-cp- ssI-

\-jv-S-am-b-ti-jw- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿-

P-\-d-em-b-Xv- ˛-lm¿-Un-©v- H-∂m-a-≥

* -s]-cn-tbm¿- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-

´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛-C.-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an-\m-bv-°¿-

*- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-∏v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-

h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-

*- sam-t≠-Kp- sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv- -c-W-]-cn-jv-

Im-cw- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1919

*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-

®- B-Zy- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- (1929)-

\-S-∂-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-em-tlm¿-

*- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- h-\n-Xm- sd-Pn-sa-‚n-s\-

\-bn-®-Xv-˛- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-

*- sh-√-kv-en- ]-`p-hn-s≥d- ssk-\n-I-k-lm-

b- hy-h-kv-Y-bn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- B-Zy-sØ-

\m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-

*- shm-U-bm¿- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-

\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ssa-kq¿-

* -sIm¬-°-Ø- ]-´-W-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛-

tPm-_v- Nm¿-t\m-°v-

* -sk-≥S¬- ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-

´- ÿ-ew-˛- hm-cm-W-kn-

*- sk-≥dv- tPm¿-Pv- tIm-´- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-?-˛-

sN-ss∂-bn¬-

*- sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂- kw-L-

S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-

J-se-

*- sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- tKm-Uv- F-∂- kw-L-

S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-

^¿- Jm-≥

*- Sm-tKm¿- P-\n-®-Xv-˛- 1861

*- Sm-tKm¿,- ]-`p-ÿm-\w- D-t]-£n-®-Xn-\p-

Im-c-Ww-˛- Pm-en-b-≥ hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-

s°m-e-

* -Sm-tKm-dn-s\- Km-‘n-Pn- kw-t_m-[-\- sN-

bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- Kp-cp-tZ-hv-

* -Sm-tKm-dn-s\- tK-‰v- sk-‚n-\¬- F-∂p- hn-

ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-

*- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ A-Sp-Ø- _-‘w- ]p-

e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂- ^-©v- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-

s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥

*- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ h-[n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-

1799

*- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂-

Xv-˛- io-cw-K-]-´-Ww-

*- Sn-∏p-hn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- ssl-Z-c-en-

*- Sn-∏p-kp¬-Øm-≥ h-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- K-

h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- sh-√-…n- ]-`p-

* -ssa- ssSw-kv- B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛-

sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n-

*- ssa-kq¿- sIm-´m-cw- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-

X-Xv-˛- sl-≥dn- C-≥hn-≥

*- sse-^v- Hm-^v- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- c-Nn-®-Xv-

˛- eq-bn- ^n-j¿-

*- sse-^v- Un-ssh-≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-

tLm-jv-

* -ssh-°w- ho-c¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- C.-hn.-

cm-a-kzm-an- \m-bv-°¿-

* -ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿- ]-Zw- h-ln-®- B-Zy-

C-¥ym-°m-c-≥˛- Kp-cp-Zm-kv- _m-\¿-Pn-

(1890˛-I¬-°-´-)-

*- ssh-kv-do-K¬- tem-Uv-Pv- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-

∂p-˛-jnw-e-

*- ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- Z-£n-

tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw- ˛-_mw-•q¿-

*- ssk-\n-I-k-lm-b- hy-h-ÿ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-

®- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- - sh-√-…n- ]- p-

* -ssk-a- - I-Ωn-j-≥ cq-]w-sIm-≠- h¿-jw-

˛- 1927

*- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ C-¥y-bn¬-h-∂- h¿-

jw-˛- 1928

* -ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- ]-Xn-

tj-[-k-a-c-Øn-\n-S-bn-te-‰- em-Øn-b-Sn-

Iƒ- G-Xp-t\-Xm-hn-\m-Wv- a-c-W-Im-c-W-

am-b-Xv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-

*- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-\m-aw-

˛- C-¥y-≥ Ãm-‰yq-´-dn- I-Ωn-j-≥

* -ssZ-h-Øn-s‚- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂pw- tem-I-

≠n-s‚- ]n-Xm-sh-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-

tKm-X-h¿-K-t\-Xm-hv-˛- _n¿-km- ap-≠-

* -t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv-N-µ-t_m-kn-s≥d- cm-

jv-So-b-Kp-cp-˛- Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P-≥Zm-kv-

*- t]¿-jy-\p-]-I-cw- Cw-•o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS-

Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-bn- kzo-I-cn-®- `-c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚n-Iv-

*- t]m-≠n-t®-cn- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- ^m-≥kn-kv-

am¿-´n-≥

*- t^m¿-th-Uv- _v-tfm-°v- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-

˛- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv-

*- t^m¿-th-Uv- t]m-fn-kn- sIm-≠p-h-∂- K-

h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- en-´-¨- ]-`p-

*- t_m-h¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- _n-´o-jp-Im-sc- k-

lm-bn-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn- B-cw- n-®-(1899)- ]-

ÿm-\w-˛- C-¥y-≥ Bw-_p-e-≥kv- tIm¿-

]v-kv-

*- t_m-h¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn- _n- o-jp-

Im¿-°p- \¬-In-b- tk-h-\-ß-sf- am-\n-®v-

\¬-I-s∏- - _-lp-a-Xn- - ssI-k¿- -C- -ln-µv-

* -t_mw-s_-bv-°p-ap-ºv- ]-›n-a-Xo-c-Øv- _n-

´o-jp-Im-cp-sS- ]-[m-\- Xm-h-f-am-bn-cp-∂-

\-K-cw- ˛-kq-d-Øv-

* -t_m-°-¨- hn-Mv-kv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-

\n- \m-bn-Up-

*- ta-tbm- ]-`p- B-Zy- sk-≥k-kv- X-øm-dm-

°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1872

*- tdm-_¿-´v- ss¢-hn-s‚- Ip-dp-°-≥ F-∂-dn-

b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- an¿- Pm-^¿-

*- tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm- v- _w-

Kmƒ- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- - hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-

* -td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS- P-\-ß-sf- A-`n-kw-

t_m-[-\- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-

hv-˛- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N-µ- t_m-kv-

*- tem-I-am-\y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- - t\-Xm-hv- - _m-

ew-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥

* -tem-I-ln-X-hm-Zn- F-∂- t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-

t\-Xm-hv-˛- tKm-]m¬- l-cn- tZ-iv-ap-Jv-

*- th-j-]-—-∂m-b- cm-Py-tZm-ln- F-∂v- _n-

´o-jp-Im¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-sc-˛-tKm-]m-e-

Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

*- thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-

˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

*- th-Z-ß-fn-te-°p- a-S-ßp-I- F-∂v- B-lzm-

\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-

* -th-Z-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ˛-io-[-c-ep-

\m-bn-Up-

* -th-Zm-¥- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛- cm-Pm-

dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-

*- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- ]-Y-a- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬-

B-Zy-am-bn- ]-kw-Kn-®-Xv-˛- F.-H.- lyqw-

*- tIm-¨-K-kp-am-bn- ]q-s\- D-S-º-Sn-bn¬-

G¿-s∏- - t\-Xm-hv- -_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

* -tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚m-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-

hn-tZ-in- ˛-hn-eyw- sh-U¿-t_-¨-

*- tIm-¨-K-kv- A-[y-£- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-

b- c-≠m-a-sØ- hn-tZ-i-h-\n-X- - s\-√n- sk-

≥Kp-]v-X- (1933)-

*- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂- B-Zy- Z-

£n-tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- a-Zm-kv-

*- tk-^v-‰n- hm¬-hv- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-

⁄m-Xm-hm-b- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- U-^-dn-≥

]-`p-

*- tK-‰v- th- Hm-^v- C-¥y- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-

bv-X-Xv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- hn-‰-‰v-

*- tk-hm-Kmw- ]-≤-Xn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- a-

lm-flm-Km-‘n-

*- tk-hm-Kmw- B-i-aw- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-

Øm-Wv-˛- a-lm-cm-jv-S-

*- tk-hm-Zƒ- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®v- km-aq-ln-I- ]-

h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿-∏-´-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬-

s\-lp-

* -tKmƒ-U-≥ sX-tjmƒ-Uv- B-cp-sS- c-N-

\-bm-Wv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-

* -tKm-hm-en-b- Sm-¶v- C-t∏mƒ- F-¥p-t]-cn¬-

A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛- Hm-K-kv-‰v- Im-¥n- ssa-

Xm-\w-

*- tKm-J-se- bp-sS- cm-jv-So-b-Kp-cp-˛-Fw.-Pn.-

dm-\-tU-

* -tlmw- dqƒ- ]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- B-

\n- _-k-‚ v-

* -tlmw-dqƒ- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ]-[m-\-e-

£yw-˛- _n-´o-jv- km-am-Py-Øn-\p-≈n¬-

kz-bw-`-c-Ww- t\-Sp-I-

* -tNm¿-®m- kn-≤m-¥w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xm-cv-

˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-

* -tPm-[v-]q¿- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬-h-®v- `-£y-hn-

j-_m-[-tb-‰v- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-

c-kz-Xn-

* -tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s≥d- k-µ¿-

i-\-Øn-s≥d- (1911)- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- \n¿-an-

°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- tK-‰v-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y-

* -tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s‚- C-¥y-≥

k-µ¿-i-\-k-a-b-Øv- ssh-tkm-bn-˛- lm¿-

Un-©v- ]-`p-

*- tPym-Xn-_- p-se-bp-sS- cm-jv-So-b- in-jy-

≥˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-

*- tZ-h-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ -in-h-\m-

cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-Xn-

*- tZ-i-_-‘p- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- kn.-B¿.-

Zm-kv-

*- tZ-iv-\m-b-Iv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-

hy-‡n-˛- kp-`m-jv- N-µ-t_m-kv-

*- tZ-io-b-]-Xm-I-bp-sS- C-∂-sØ- cq-]w- Aw-

Ko-I-cn-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1947 Pq-sse- 22

* -U¬-ln- U¿-_m¿- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1911

* -⁄m-\- ]-Im-iw- F-∂- ]-Xw- \-S-Øn-

b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-

* -Un-≠n-K-en-se- Km-\v-[n-Kmw- dq-d¬- C-≥kv-

‰n-‰yq- n-s≥d- kv-Ym-]-I-\m-b- Km-\v-[n-b-≥ -

Pn- cm-a-N-µ-≥

*- X-§p-I-sf- A-a¿-®- sN-bv-X- K-h¿-W¿- P-

\-d¬- ˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚n-Iv- ]-`p-

* -X-an-gv-\m-´n¬- D-∏p- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-s‚-

(1930)- th-Zn-˛-th-Zm-c-Wyw- I-S-∏p-dw-

*- X-an-gv-\m- n¬- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS-

t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- \-S-∂- D-∏p- k-Xym-K-l-

Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- a-e-bm-fn- -Pn.-cm-a-N-µ-≥

*- Xm-¥n-bm- tXm-∏n-sb- Xq-°n-te-‰n-b- h¿-

jw- ˛-1859

*- Xm-¥n-b-tXm-∏n-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛- cm-

a-N-µ-]m-Wv-Up-cw-K-

*- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- B-dp-h¿-jw- C-¥y-≥ \m-

j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn-

cp-∂-Xv-˛- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv-

*- Z- C-¥y-≥ kv-S-Knƒ- B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-

bm-Wv-˛- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- t_m-kv-

*- Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-]-Im-cw-

_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-tbm-Sp- tN¿-Ø- B-Zy- \m-

´p-cm-Pyw-˛- k-Øm-d-

*- Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-aw- B-hn-jv-

I-cn-®- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-

*- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- B-[p-\n-I- k¿-

h-I-em-im-e-˛-a-Zm-kv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-

* -Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn- B-Zy- k-am-Pw- ÿm-

]n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1875

* -Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛-

ap¬- i-¶¿-

*- Zn- _w-Km-fn- F-∂- ]-Xw- 1879˛¬- B-cw-

`n-®-Xm-cv- ˛-kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- Zo-\-_-‘p- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-

s∏-´-Xv-˛- kn.-F-^v.-B-≥Uq-kv-

* -Z-Wv-Un-bm-X- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1930

* -Z-Wv-Un-bm-X-bn¬- k-∂-≤-`-S-≥am¿-°v-

B-th-iw- ]-I¿-∂- Km-\w-˛- c-Lp-]-Xn- cm-

L-h- cm-Pm-dmw-

*- Zzn-cm-jv-S- kn-≤m-¥w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛-

ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-

*- B-flo-b- k- - ÿm-]n-®-Xv- - cm-Pm-dmw- tam-

l-≥ tdm-bv-

*- C-¥y-≥ a-Æn¬-h-®v- 1925¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv-

]m¿-´n- cq-]w-sIm-≠- ÿ-ew-˛- Im-¨-]q¿-

*- H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- P¿-a-

\n- B-I-an-®- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- sN-

ss∂-

*- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°v-

t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- D-tZym-K-ÿ-≥˛- P-

\-d¬- U-b¿-

* -km-≥^m-≥kn-kv-tIm-bn¬- K-±¿- ]m¿-´n-

°p- cq-]w- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- em-em- l¿-Z-bm¬-

* -km-hn-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 9

B[p-\nI `mc-X-Ønse alm-c-Y≥am¿

cm[mIm¥v tZhv (1784˛1867)* I¬°-´- ln-µp- skm-ssk-‰n-°v- t\-Xr-

Xzw- \¬-In-b- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv.- _-lp-`m-jm-hn-Z-Kv-[-\pw- Xn-I-™- ]-Wv-Un-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- 1822˛-\pw- 1856˛-\pw- C-S-bv-°v- F-´p- hm-ey-ß-fm-bn- ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- i-_v-Z- I-ev-]-Zp-a- F-∂- kw-kv-Ir-

X- \n-L-≠p-hn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hp-am-Wv.- tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- ]-iw-k-bv-°v- ]m-X-am-b- Cu- \n-L-≠p- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬- Sm-tKm¿- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-am-b- l-c- Ip-am¿- Sm-tKm¿- F-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-\pw- k-lm-bn-®n-cp-∂p.-

*- -hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬-cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- A-Xo-h- Xm¬-]-cyw- Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂p,- ]-tXy-In-®v- Cw-•n-jv- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- ln-µp-°ƒ-°v- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn¬.-1817˛¬- I¬-°-´- ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬- A-t±-lw- ap-Jy-am-b- H-cp-]-¶v- h-ln-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- 30 h¿-j-°m-ew- ]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

*- -kv-Xo-hn-Zym- ym-kw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- i-≤- ]p-e¿-Øn.-1818˛¬- A-Kn-Iƒ-®-d¬- B-≥Uv- tlm¿-´n-Iƒ-®-d¬- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm- v- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- Xp-S-°w-ap-X¬-X-s∂- ]-¶m-fn-bm-bn.- 1851˛¬- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- _n-´n-jv- C-¥y-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚-]-kn-U-‚m-b- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- a-c-Ww-h-sc- B- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®p.-

*- -hn-Zym- ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bv-°m-bn- A-im-¥-]-cn-i-aw- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-h-sb- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I- F-∂- ssh-cp-[ym-fl-I- k-ao-]-\-am-Wv- kzo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cm-b- cm-Pm- dmw- tam-l-≥tdm-bn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h-cp-sS- B-i-b-ß-sf-A-t±-lw- F-Xn¿-Øp.- _n- o-jv- -c-W-sØ-]n-¥p-W-®n-cp-∂- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv,- A-h¿- P-\-ß-fp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-hpw- a-X-]-c-hp-am-b- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-A-\p-Iq-en-®n-√.-

*- -kz-¥w- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- k-Xn- A-\p-jv-Tn-°p-∂- k-º-Zm-bw- C-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬-t]m-epw,- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- k-Xn- \n-tcm-[n-®-t∏mƒ- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- B- \o-°-sØ-]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-Wv- i-an-®-Xv.- C-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- Nn-e- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ-s°m-∏w,- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv-X-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- tKm-]n- tam-l-≥ tZ-hv- ÿm-]n-®- [¿-a-k-`- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- ssl-µ-h-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- Xm-Xv-]-cy-kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-\v- \n-th-Z-\w- k-

a¿-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-*- -1867˛¬- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- A-¥cn®p.

sl≥dn hnhnb≥sUtdmkntbm (1809˛1831)

* P\ßfp-sS- km-aq-ln-I- t_m-[-sØ- h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Øv- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS-km-aq-ln-I- am-‰-Øn-\v- ]-cym-]v-X-am-b- km-l-N-cyw- H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- h-en-b- ]-¶p-h-ln-®- ]-Xn-`m-im-en-bm-Wv- sl-≥dn- hn-hn-b-≥ sU-tdm-kn-tbm.-

*- -Bw-t•m-˛-C-¥y-≥ k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬- ^m-≥kn-kv- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bp-sS- a-I-\m-bn-1809 G-]n¬- 18˛-\v- sIm¬-°-Øn-bn-em-Wv- sl-≥dn- hn-hn-b-≥ sU-tdm-kn-tbm- P-\n-®-Xv.-

*- -_p-≤n-Po-hn-bpw- kz-X-¥- Nn-¥-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- 1826 -1831 Im-e-Øv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pn¬- Cw-•o-jv-A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn- tPm-en- t\m-°n.-

*- -km-aq-ln-I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v- X-S- -am-bn-cp-∂- ]-g-©-≥ B-i-b-߃-s°-Xn-sc- A-t±-lw- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-sb- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-cn-

°m-≥ i-an-®p.- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- sU-tdm-kn-b-≥am¿- F-∂pw-A-h-cp-sS- ]-ÿm-\w- b-Mv- _w-Kmƒ- aq-hv-sa-‚ v- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-

*- -kv-Xo-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\pw- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS-A-h-Im-i-߃-°pw- th-≠n- A-h¿- k-Po-h- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿-s∏- p.- C-Xv- _w-Km-fn¬- _u-≤n-I-am-b- ap-t∂-‰w- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bv-°v- hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-fp-sS-ta-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- kzm-[o-\w- tIm-tf-P-[n-Ir-X¿- B-i-¶-tbm-sS-bm-Wv- ho-£n-®-Xv- .-

*- -1831˛¬- A-t±-l-sØ- tPm-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-cn-®p-hn-´p.- A-[n-Iw- Xm-a-kn-bm-sX- sl-≥dn- hn-hn-b-≥ sU-tdm-kn-tbm- tIm-f-d-_m-[n-®v- a-c-W-s∏-´p.- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bp-sS- ]-ÿm-\w- km-[m-c-W-°m-sc- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- _-lp-P-\-]-ÿm-\-am-bn- h-f-cp-∂-Xn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

tZthµ\mYv SmtKm¿(1817˛1905)

* ]sØmºXmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- km-aq-ln-I-]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°-fn¬- ]m-X-kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-b- \m-a-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- tZ-th-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿.- _w-Km-fn- hy-h-km-bn-bm-b- Zzm-c-Im-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- a-I-\m-b- A-t±-lw-kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn¬- ]-th-in-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b- k-tXy-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚-bpw- (1842˛-1923)- a-lm-I-hn- c-_o-µ-\m-Yv-Sm-tKm-dn-s‚-bpw- (1861˛-1941)-]n-Xm-hm-Wv.-

*- -1817 sa-bv- 17˛-\v- h-S-°p-]-Sn-™m-d-≥sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- tPm-cm-km-t¶m- Xm-°p¿- _m-cn-bn¬- tZ-th-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-P-\n-®p.- Cu- `-h-\-am-Wv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-c-_o-µ- `m-c-Xn- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b-Xv.-hn-hn-[- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- I-\-Ø- kw-`m-h-\-

Iƒ- A¿-∏n-®- \n-c-h-[n- hy-‡n-Iƒ- ]n-d-∂- Sm-tKm¿- Ip-Spw-_w- _w-Kmƒ- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn¬- A-Xn-]-[m-\-am-b- H-cp- ]-¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.-

*- -cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bn-bp-sS- A-Sp-Ø-kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂p- Zzm-c-Im-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿.-A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- tZ-th-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- sN-dp-∏-Øn-te-X-s∂- _-“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- kzm-[o-\-Øn¬-h-∂p.- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- X-Øz-Nn-¥m-]-c-am-b- Ir-Xn-I-fp-am-bp-≈- k-º¿-°w-aq-ew-A-t±-lw- B-flo-b-am-bn- D-b¿-∂p.-

*- -X-s‚- A-\p-`-h-]-cn-N-b-hpw- A-dn-hpw- ]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- 1839˛¬- A-t±-lw- X-Øz-t_m-[n-\n-k-`- ÿm-]n-®p.- 1843˛¬- A-Xn-s‚- Pn-lz- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- X-Øz-t_m-[n-\n- ]-Xn-I- B-cw-`n-®p- (C-Xv- 1883h-sc-]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- Xp-S¿-∂p-).- A-tX-h¿-jw-X-s∂,- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bn-bp-sS-\n-cym-W-tØm-sS- (1833)- Zp¿-_-e-am-b- _-“-k-`-sb- k-Po-h-am-°m-\p-≈- D-Zy-a-ß-fn¬- A-t±-lw- G¿-s∏-´p.- _-“-k-`,- X-Øz-t_m-[n-\n-k-`-bp-am-bn- kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®v- I¬-°-´- _-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®p.-

*- -]n¬-°m-e-Øv,- tZ-th-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dp-am-bn- A-`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-b-Xn-\m¬-H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- tI-i-h-N-µ-sk-∂n-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- kw-L-Sn-°p-I-bpw- m-c-Xo-b-_-“-k-am-Pw- (Brahma Samaj of India-)-ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tZ-th-µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- hn-`m-Kw- B-Zn- _-“-k-am-Pw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.-

*- -1850˛¬- tZ-th-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- _-“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\- X-Øz-߃-]-Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v- _-“-[¿-a- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.-

*- -_w-Km-fn- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-\pw- k-\m-X-\-[¿-a-Øn-s‚- ]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-\pw- I-\-Ø- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ- \¬-In-b- tZ-th-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- 1905 P-\p-h-cn- 19˛-\v- A-¥-cn-®p.- A-t±-lw- a-l¿-jn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏Sp∂p.

_¶nw Nµ Nm‰¿Pn (1838˛1894)* _wKmfn- km-ln-Xy- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚-

am¿-K-Z¿-in-I-fn¬- ]-ap-J-\pw- tZ-io-b-Ko-X-am-b- h-tµ-am-X-c-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hp-am-b- _-¶nw- N-µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- 1838 Pq- - 27 -\v-_w-Km-fn-se- \-bv-l-Øn-bn¬- P-\n-®p.- _n-´o-jv- k¿-°m-cn¬- U-]yq- n- I-f-Iv-S¿,- U-]yq-´n- a-Pn-kv-tS-‰v- Xp-S-ßn-b- D-∂-X-]-Z-hn-Iƒ-h-ln-®- A-t±-lw- 1891˛¬- hn-c-an-®p.-

*- -I¬-°- - k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se- B-Zy- _n-cp-Z-[m-cn-I-fn-sem-cm-fm-Wv- _-¶nw-N-µ-≥ (b-Zp-\m-Yv- t_m-km-Wv- a-t‰-bmƒ-).- cm-Pv-tam-l-≥kv- ssh- v- F-∂- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- t\m-h-em-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- c-N-\.- C-Xn-

\v- th-≠-X- ]-i-kv-Xn- In- m-sX- t]m-bn.-*- -B-Zy- _w-Km-fn- t\m-h-em-b- Zp¿-tK-i-\-

µn-\n- F-gp-Xn-b-ti-jw- t_m-kv- I-]m¬-Ip-Wv-U-e,- ar-Wm-fn-\n,- N-µ-ti-J¿,- tZ-hn- Nu-[p-dm-Wn,- cm-P-knw-l,- B-\-µ-a-Tw- F-∂o- ]-i-kv-X- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- c-Nn-®p.-

*- -_w-K-Z¿-i-≥ F-∂- am-kn-I-bn¬- J-Wv-U-»- ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-\-µ-a-Tw- k-

∂ym-kn- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬-c-Nn-®- t\m-h-em-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-h-tµ-am-X-cw- F-∂- Km-\w.- 1872˛¬- Nm-‰¿-Pn- B-cw-`n-®-Xm-Wv- _w-K-Z¿-i-≥ (h-tµ-am-X-cw- F-∂- t]-cn¬- _n-]n-≥ N-µ-]m-epw- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-bpw- ]-tXy-Iw- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-B-cw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-).-

*- -1894 G-]n¬- F- n-\v- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬-_-¶nw- N-µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- I-Ym-h-ti-j-\m-bn.

inin¿Ipam¿ tLmjv(1840˛1911)

* ]X]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw- _w-Km-fn- ]-X-am-b-A-ar-X- _-km¿- ]-Xn-I-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-\pw- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-t\-Xm-hp-am-b- in-in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- 1840˛¬- P-\n-®p.- C-¥ym-eo-Kn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-Wv-A-t±-lw.-

*- -1857˛¬- I¬-°- - k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- F-≥S-≥kv- ]-co-£- ]m-km-b- B-Zy- _m-®v-hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.-

*- -Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- an-°-`m-K-hpw- in-in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- im-¥n-\n-tI-X-\n-em-Wv- sN-e-h-gn-®-Xv.- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- s]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- c-N-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- A-dn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- tbm-Km-fl-I-X-

bn¬- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]m-Wv-Un-Xyw- tem-I- ]-kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -1911˛¬- in-in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- A-¥-cn-®p.

dmjv _nlmcn tLmjv(1845˛1921)

* 1845 Un-kw-_¿- 23˛-\v- _w-Km-fn-se- _¿-

10 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

Zzm-\n-em-Wv- dm-jv-_n-lm-cn- tLm-jn-s‚- P-\-\w.- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- ]-kn-U-≥kn-tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- Cw-Kv-fn-jn¬- Fw.-F.-]m-km-b- A-t±-lw- Xp-S¿-∂v- \n-b-a-]-T-\-Øn-te¿-s∏-´p.- 1884˛¬- \n-b-a-Øn¬- tUm-Iv-S-td-‰v- t\-Sn.- I¬-°- - ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬-A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn- ]-i-kv-Xn- t\-Sn.-

*- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn¬- Aw-K-am-b- tLm-jv- A-Xn-s‚- an-X-hm-Zn- hn-`m-K-tØm-Sm-Wv- B- n-ap-Jyw- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xv.-tIm-¨-K-kn-se- an-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ- Xo-h-tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn- sX-‰n-∏n-cn-™- 1907˛-se- kq-d-Øv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-epw- A-Xn-\-

Sp-Ø-h¿-jw- a-Zm-kn¬- \-S-∂- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-epw- A-t±-lw- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®p.-

*- -1891˛-94,- 1906˛-09 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- _w-Kmƒ-\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k- -bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂-A-t±-lw- Iu- -kn¬- Hm- v- C-¥y-bn-epw-Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.- 1915˛¬- ss\-‰v-lp-Uv- e-`n-®p.- Cw-•-≠n¬- t]m-bn- k¿-°m-cn-\p-ap-ºm-sI- tIm- -K-kn-s‚- B-h-iy-߃- D-∂-bn-°m-≥ tIm-¨-K-kv- \n-tbm-Kn-®- k-an-Xn-sb- dm-jv-_n-lm-cn- tLm-jv- \-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-

*- -1921˛¬- dm-jv-_n-lm-cn- tLm-jv- A-¥-cn-®-p.

B\µv taml≥ t_mkv(1847˛1906)

* C¥y≥ \m-j-W¬- A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚-ÿm-]-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-b- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥t_m-kv- `m-c-X-Øn-se- B-Zy-Im-e- cm-jv-So-b- ]-h¿-Ø-I-cn¬- H-cm-fpw- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- ]m-Y-an-I- L-´-Øn-se- H-cp- ap-Xn¿-∂- t\-Xm-hp-am-Wv.-

*- -1847 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 23˛-\m-Wv- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ t_m-kv- P-\n-®-Xv.- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- ]-kn-U-≥kn- tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- _n.-F.-]m-km-bn.- 1870˛¬- t]w-N-µv- tdm-bv-N-µv- kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏n-\¿-l-\m-bn.- 1878˛¬-tI-i-hv- N-µ- sk-∂n-s\m-∏w- D-]-cn- ]-T-\-Øn-\v- Cw-•-≠n¬- t]m-bn.-

*- -hn-Zym-`ym-k-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ t_m-kv- _-“-[¿-a-Øn-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn- B-bn-cp-∂p.- t_m-kn-s‚- `m-cy- kz¿-W-]-`m-tZ-hn-bv-s°m-∏w- (P-K-Zo-jv- N-µ-t_m-kn-s‚- k-tlm-Z-cn-)- A-t±-l-sØ- tI-i-h-N-µ-sk-≥ _-“-a-X-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.-

*- -ssi-i-h-hn-hm-lw- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- tI-i-h-N-µ-sk-∂p-am-bn- A- n-]m-b-`n -∂-X- cq-£-am-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v -

1878˛¬- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ t_m-kv- a-‰p-Nn-e-cp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v- km-[m-c-W- _-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- B-Zy- ]-kn-U-‚m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

*- -1879˛¬- km-[m-c-W-_-“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚-hn-Zym¿-Yn-hn-`m-K-am-bn- Om-X-k-am-Pw-ÿm-]n-®p.- 1879˛¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se-kn-‰n- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®p.- I¬-°-´- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- ]-¶m-fn-bm-b- A-t±-lw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- I-Ωn-j-\n-se- H-cp- Aw-K-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.- in-in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- ÿm-]n-®-C-¥y-≥ eo-Kn-epw- A-t±-lw- ]-h¿-Øn-®p.-

*- -1884˛-h-sc- C-¥y-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚-sk-I- -dn-bm-b- A-t±-lw- a-c-Ww-h-sc- A-Xn-s‚- A-[y-£-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- \m- p- m-jm-]-X-\n-b-a-Øn-\pw- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- D-b¿-∂- ]m-b-]-cn-[n- Xm-gv-Øn-b-Xn-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- A-t±-lw- cw-K-sØ-Øn.-

*- -_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- ]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-≥ s^-U-td-j-≥ lm-fn¬- tN¿-∂-]-Xn-tj-[-tbm-K-Øn¬- t_m-kv- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- A-\m-tcm-Kyw-aq-ew- A-[y-£-]-kw-Kw- c-_o-µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- hm-bn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.-

*- -1906 Hm-K-Ãv- 20˛-\v- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ t_m-kv- A-¥-c-n®p.

B¿.kn.ZØv* knhn¬- sk¿-h-‚ v,- F-gp-Øp-Im-c-≥,- tIm-

¨-K-kv- km-c-Yn- F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- ]-kn-≤-\m-b- c-ta-jv- N-µ- Z-Øv- H-cp- _w-Km-fn- Im-b-kv-X- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- 1848 Hm-K-Ãv- 13˛-\v- P-\n-®p.-

*- -1864˛¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- ]-kn-U-≥kn-tIm-tf-Pn¬- tN¿-∂p.- 1866˛¬- F-^v.-F.-]-co-£- ]m-km-bn.-

*- -1868˛¬- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚- A-\p-a-Xn- Iq-Sm-sX- _n-lm-dn- em¬- Kp-]v-X,- kp-tc-µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn- F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- Cw-•-≠n¬-t]m-bn.- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- P-bn-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b- k-tXy-µ-\m-Yv-Sm-tKm-dn-s\-t∏m-se- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn¬-]-th-in-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- e-£yw.-

*- -1869˛¬- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- aq-∂mw-dm-¶n¬- hn-P-bn-®- A-t±-lw- A-en-∏q-cn-se-A-kn-Ã-‚ v- a-Pn-kv-tS-‰m-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-

Po-hn-Xw- B-cw-`n-®p- (1871).- Un-hn-j-W¬-I-Ωn-j-W¿- dm-¶n¬- \n-b-an-X-\m-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-Wv- Z-Øv- (1895).- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- 1892˛¬- Companionship of theIndian Empire - F-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- \¬-Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.- 1897˛¬- Z-Øv- k¿-ho-kn¬-\n-∂v- hn-c-an-®p.-

*- -1898˛¬- Cw-•-≠n-te-°v- t]m-b- B¿.-kn.-Z-Øv- e-≠-\n-se- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- tIm-tf-Pn¬- C-¥ym-N-cn-X-Øn¬- e-Iv-N-d-dm-bn.- B-dp-h¿-jw- A-hn-sS- sN-e-h-gn-®- Z-Øv- _-tdm-U-bn-se- Zn-hm-\m-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- a-S-ßn.- 1907˛¬- C-¥y-bn-se- hn-tI-µo-I-c-Ww- kw-_-‘n-®- tdm-b¬- I-Ωn-j-\n¬- Aw-K-am-bn.-

*- -1899˛-se- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-≥ B¿.-kn.-Z-Øv- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -B¿.-kn.-Z-Øn-s‚- \n-cym-Ww- 1909 \-hw-_¿- 30˛-\v- B-bn-cp∂p.

sI.Sn.sXemMv (1850˛1893)* t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn,- C-t¥m-

f-Pn-Ãv- F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- ]-kn-≤-\m-b-Im-in-\m-Yv- X-bw-_-Iv- sX-em-Mv- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- hn-Z-Kv-[-\m-bpw-]m-K-ev-`yw- sX-fn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.- ^n-tdm-kv-jm- ta-Ø,- sI.-Sn.-sX-em-Mv,- _-Z-dp-±o-≥

X-ø-_v-Pn- F-∂n-h-¿ Bombay Triumvi-rate F∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- -t_mw-s_-bn¬- 1850 Hm-K-kv-‰v- 20˛-\v- sI.-Sn.-sX-em-Mv- P-\n-®p.- Fw.-F.,- F¬.-F¬.-_n.- F-∂o- _n-cp-Z-߃- t\-Sn-b-ti-jw-1872˛¬- A-t±-lw- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn- F-≥tdmƒ- sN-bv-Xp.- Cw-Kv-fo-jn-ep-≈- ]m-S-hpw- kw-kv-Ir-X-hp-am-bp-≈- A-Sp-∏-hpw- Im-c-Ww- ssl-µ-h- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- A-\m-bm-kw- ]-Tn-°m-\pw- D-≤-cn-°m-\pw- km-[n-°p-∂-Xp-Im-c-Ww- bq-tdm-]y-≥ A-`n-`m-j-I-sc- A-°m-cy-Øn¬- ]n-∂n-em-°m-≥A-t±-l-Øn-\p- I-gn-™p.- 1889˛¬- t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn.-\ym-bm-[n-]-s\-∂- \n-e-bn¬- ssl-µ-h- \n-b-aw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈- i-t≤-b-am-b- \n-c-h-[n- hn-[n-\ym-b-߃- A-t±-lw- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.-

*- -1884˛¬- t_mw-s_- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k- -bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-b-s∏-´- sX-em-Mv- 1892˛¬- t_mw-s_- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬-ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e-dm-bn.- A-tX-h¿-jw-X-s∂-tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- ]m-tZ-in-I- im-J-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bpw- A-t±-lw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- p.-

*- - -K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bpw- ap-Zm-cm-£-k-hpw- A-t±-lw-kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- ]-cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.- 1893 sk-]v-Xw-_¿-H-∂n-\v- apw-ss_-bn¬- A-¥-cn-®p.

inh\mcmb¨ A·ntlmXn(1850˛1923)

* tZhkam-Pw- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-\m-Wv- in-h-\m-cm-b- - A-·n-tlm-Xn.-1850˛¬- B-Wv- A-t±-lw- P-\n-®-Xv.-

*- -dq¿-°n-bn-se- tXmw-k- - F-©n-\n-b-dn-Mv-tIm-tf-Pn¬- tN¿-∂- in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-Xn- 1873˛¬- em-tlm-dn-se- k¿-°m¿- kv-Iq-fn¬- tUm-bn-Mv- am-Ã-dm-bn-

tPm-en-bn¬- tN¿-∂p.-*- -A-·n-tlm-Xn-bpw- `m-cy-bpw- _-“-k-am-

P-Øn-s‚- k-Po-h- ]-h¿-Ø-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p.-A-`n-]m-b-`n-∂-X-aq-ew- 1886˛¬- B- ]-ÿm-\-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-cn-™v- 1887 s -_p-h-cn- 16˛-\v- tZ-h-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®p.- em-tlm-dm-bn-cp-∂p- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w.- B-flm-hn-s‚- \n-Xy-X,- Kp-cp-hn-s‚- ]-k-‡n,- k-Zv-]-hr-Øn-I-fp-sS- B-h-iy-I-X- Xp-S-ßn-b- aq-ey-ß-fn-eq-∂n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-Cu- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\w.-

*- -kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-t_m-[-\-߃- tIm-Uo-I-cn-®v- X-øm-dm-°n-b- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- tZ-h-im-kv-X.- kv-Xo-[-\w,- ]¿-Z- Xp-S-ßn-b-km-aq-ln-I- A-\m-Nm-c-ß-sf- F-Xn¿-Ø-tZ-h-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- B- n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- hn-Zym- ym-k- ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- B-cw- n-®p.- B-cy-k-am-Pw- 1888 -89˛¬- kn-Jp-Im-cp-sS- t\¿-°v- \-S-Øn-b- B-I-a-W-ß-sf- ]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- A-·n-tlm-Xn- cw-K-sØ-Øn.- hn-[-hm-hn-hm-l-sØ- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-®- A-t±-lw- B-Zy- m-cy-bp-sS- a-c-W-ti-jw-H-cp- hn-[-h-sb-bm-Wv- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xv.-

*- -in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-Xn- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- 1923 -em-Wv.- A-tXm-sS- ]-ÿm-\w- Zp¿-_-e-a-mbn.

A∫mkv Xø_vPn (1854˛1936)* KpPdmØn-s‚- h-µy- h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-

B-Z-c-]q¿-hw- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- a-‰p-≈-h-cpw-hn-fn-®n-cp-∂- A-∫m-kv- X-b-_v-Pn-bm-Wv- D-

∏p-k-Xym-K-l-k-a-b-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn- A-d-Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]-t£m-`- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv.- _-tdm-U- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- No- v- P-Ãn-km-bpw- A-t±-lw- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≠v.-

*- -H-cp- kp-sse-am-\n- t_m-lv-d- ap-…nw- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- 1854 s^-_p-h-cn- H-∂n-\v-t_mw-s_- ]-kn-U-≥kn-°v- Io-gn-ep-≈- _-tdm-U- tÃ-‰n-em-Wv- A-∫m-kv- X-b-_v-Pn-P-\n-®-Xv.-

*- -]-Xn-s\m-∂p-h¿-j-°m-ew- Cw-•-≠n¬- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- \-S-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- H-cp- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- kv-Xo-I-fp-sS-A-h-Im-i-߃,- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- F-∂n-h-bv-°m-bn- i-_v-Z-ap-b¿-Øn-b- B-Zy-Im-e- t\-Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-Wv- A-t±-lw.-

*- -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq- -s°m-e-sb-Øp-S¿-∂- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kv-\n-tbm-Kn-®- kz-X-¥- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-[y-£-≥ X-ø-_v-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Zp-c-¥-Øn-\v-Zr-Iv-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cp-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b- Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-Iƒ- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Po-hn-X-ho-£-Ww- X-s∂- am-‰n-a-dn-®p.-

*- -]m-›m-Xy-h-kv-X-[m-c-W-ssi-en- D-t]-£n-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X- A-\p-bm-bn-B-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw- tIm-¨-K-kn-\v- i-‡-am-b- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw- A-t±-lw- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-

*- -aq-∂mw- ¢m-kv- Xo-h-≠n-bn¬- cm-Py-sam-´m-sI- k-©-cn-®v- A-t±-lw- A-I-a-c-ln-X- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- B-i-b-߃- ]-N-cn-∏n-®p.-1928˛¬- _¿-tZm-fn- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-\v- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-\v- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In.-

*- -D-∏p-k-Xym-K-l-k-a-b-Øv- 1930 sa-bv- \m-

tZ-h-k-am-Pw-???????tk-h-k-am-Pw-

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 11

en-\v- Km-‘n-Pn- A-d-Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ- D-∏p-k-Xym-K-l-Øn-s‚- A-Sp-Ø-L-´-am-b- [-cm-k-\-bn-se- D-∏p-im-e- ]n-°-‰v- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv- X-ø-_v-Pn-bm-Wv.-

*- -[-cm-k-\-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- sa-bv- 12 -\v- X-ø-_v-Pn-bpw- 58 A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw- A-d-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏- -Xn-\m¬- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-hm-Wv- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]-t£m-`w- \-bn-®-Xv.-

*- -1936 Pq- - H-º-Xn-\v- D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-se- a- q-dn-bn¬- A-∫m-kv- X-ø-_v-Pn- A-¥-cn-®p.-

*- -A-∫m-kv- X-ø-_v-Pn-bp-sS- a-I-fp-sS- a-I-\m-Wv- ]-i-kv-X- N-cn-X-Im-c-≥ C¿-^m-≥ l-_-o_v.

Pn.kp_aWy Aø¿(1855˛1916)

* Zn ln-µp- ]-X-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥,- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm- -K-kn-s‚- ]-Y-a- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- B-Zy- ]-ta-b-Øn-s‚- A-h-Xm-c-I-≥,- km-aq-ln-I- Xn-∑-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- \n-c-¥-cw- t]m-cm-Sp-I-bpw- A-h-sb- \n¿-`-bw- sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- s]m-Xp-]-h¿-Ø-I-≥ F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y- kv-a-cn-°p-∂- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-\m-b-I-\m-Wv- Pn.-kp-_-a-Wy- A-ø¿.-

*- -1855 P-\p-h-cn- 19 -\v- A-∂-sØ- X-©m-hq¿-Pn-√-bn-se- Xn-cp-h-Sn-bn-em-Wv- Pn.-kp-_-a-Wy- A-ø¿- P-\n-®-Xv.- X-©m-hq-cn-se- sk-‚ v- ]o-t‰-gv-kv- tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- 1871˛¬-a-Sn-°p-te-j-≥ P-bn-®p.- 1874˛-75 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- a-Zm-kn¬- A-[ym-]-I- ]-cn-io-e-\w-t\-Sn.- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn- tPm-en- t\m-°n.- ]n-∂o-Sv- _n.-F.-]m-km-bn.-

*- -C-cp-]-Øn-aq-∂mw- h-b- n¬- 1878˛¬- Zn- ln-µp- ]-Xw- B-cw-`n-®p.- 1878 ap-X¬- 1898 h-sc- A-t±-lw- ln-µp-hn-s‚- ]-Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v- ]-Xw- i-‡-am-b- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In.- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- ]-Y-a- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-se- 72 sU-en-tK-‰p-I-fn¬-H-cmƒ- A-ø-cm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -1898˛¬- A-t±-lw- ln-µp-hn-s‚- ]-Xm-[n-]-ÿm-\-sam-gn-™p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- Xm-≥ t\-c-sØ- 1882˛¬- B-cw-`n-®- kz-tZ-in-an-Xw-F-∂- X-an-gv- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-em-Wv- i-≤- tI-µo-I-cn-®-Xv.- 1905˛¬- ln-µp-hn-s‚-D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw- I-kv-Xq-cn- cw-K- A-ø-¶m¿- kz-¥-am-°n.-

*- -hn-[-hm-hn-hm-lw- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- A-bn-Øm-N-c-W-hpw- _m-e-hn-hm-l-hpw- C-√m-bv-a- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw- A-t±-lw-

]-cn-i-an-®p.- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- h-b- n¬- hn-[-h-bm-b- a-I-fp-sS- ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw- \-S-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp- F-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- kz-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚- _-ln-jv-I-c-Ww- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.- B-\n- _-k-‚n-s‚- tlmw-dqƒ- ]-ÿm-\-sØ-bpw- A-t±-lw- ]n-¥p-W-®p.-

*- -X-an-gv- `m-j-bp-sS- i-‡-\m-b- h-‡m-hm-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- hn-ip-X- X-an-gv- I-hn- kp-_-a-Wy-`m-c-Xn-sb- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.- Xp-S¿-®-bm-b- \n-b-a-hy-h-lm-c-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- X-S-h-d-bn-se- Po-hn-X-hpw- A-t±-

l-Øn-s‚- B-tcm-Kyw- £-bn-∏n-®p.- am-c-I-tcm-K-Øn-\-Sn-s∏-´- A-t±-lw- 1916 G-]n¬- 18˛-\v- 61˛mw- h-b- n¬- A-¥-cn®p.

Aizn\nIpam¿ ZØ(1856˛1923)

* tZ-i-kv-t\-ln,- hn-Zym- ym-k- hn-Z-Kv-[-≥,- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv- F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- kv-a-c-Wo-b-\m-b- A-izn-\n-Ip-am¿- Z-Ø- H-cp- _w-Km-fn- Im-b-kv-X- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- 1856 P-\p-h-cn- 25˛-\v- P-\n-®p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- P-∑-ÿ-e-am-b- _-cn-i¬- C-t∏mƒ- _w-•m-tZ-in-em-Wv.-

*- -Ir-jv-W-\-K¿- tIm-tf-Pn-em-Wv- \n-b-a-]-T-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Po-hn-Xw- B-cw-`n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- _-cn-i-en¬- A-`n-`m-j-I-hr-Øn- B-cw-`n-®p.-

*- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- 1885˛¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- c-≠mw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- Bakarganj Hitaishini Sa-bha F-∂- kw-L-S-\- 1887˛¬- ÿm-]n-®p.-A-tX-h¿-jw-X-s∂- sN-ss∂-bn¬- aq-∂mw-tIm- -K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- t]m-Ip-I-bpw-se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu- -kn¬- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚- B-h-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®v- kw-km-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

*- -1888˛¬- _-≥i¬- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- ssh-kv- sN-b¿-am-\m-bn.- ]n-Xm-hn-s‚- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- 1889˛¬- _-tPm-tam-l-≥ tIm-tf-Pv-ÿm-]n-®p.- A-hn-sS- Hm-W-d-dn- e-Iv-N-d-dm-bn- 25 h¿-jw- ]-h¿-Øn-®p.- 1898˛¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn.-

*- -_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-Im-e-Øv- kz-tZ-in- ]-ÿm-\-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-b- A-izn-\n-Ip-am¿-Z-Ø- X-t±-io-b- D-ev-]-∂-߃- t]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- hn-tZ-i-\n¿-an-X- h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- _-ln-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-th-≠n-ÿm-]n-®- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- kz-tZ-iv- _m-‘-hv- k-an-Xn.-

*- -1907˛-se- kq-d-Øv- k-tΩ-f-Øn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]n-f¿-t∏mƒ- C-cp-hn-`m-K-߃-°p-an-S-bn¬- k-a-hm-b-Øn-\v- A-t±-lw- i-an-®p.-1908˛¬- In-g-°-≥ _w-Kmƒ- k¿-°m¿- A-izn-\n-Ip-am¿- Z-Ø-sb- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- s]m-hn-≥kn-te-°v- \m-Sp-I-S-Øn- e-Iv-\u- P-bn-en¬- A-S-®p.-

*- -1910˛¬- tam-Nn-X-\m-b- A-t±-lw- Xp-S¿-∂v-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øv- i-≤- tI-µo-I-cn-®p.-\n- -l-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\-Øn-\pw- Z-Ø- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In.- Cu- h-en-b- t\-Xm-hn-t\m-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-kq-N-I-sa-t∂m-Ww- Km-‘n-Pn-_-cn-i¬- k-µ¿-in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.- a-Xw,-X-Øz-Nn-¥- F-∂n-h-bn¬- \n-c-h-[n- Ir-Xn-I-fpw- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.-

*- -1923 \-hw-_¿- G-gn-\-v A¥cn®p.

tKm]m¬ KtWjv AKm¿°¿(1856˛1895)

* Nn-¥-I-\m-bpw- hn-Zym- ym-k-hn-N-£-W-\m-bpw- ]-kn-≤-\m-b- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hm-Wv- Pn.-Pn.-A-Km¿-°¿.- tem-I-am-\y-Xn-e-I-≥,- hn-jv-Wp-im-kv-Xn- Nn-]v-ep-¶m¿-F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- k-l-I-cn-®v- ]-h¿-Øn-®- A-t±-lw- \yq- Cw-•o-jv- kv-Iqƒ,- sU-

°m-¨- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥ skm-ssk-‰n,-s^¿-Kp-k-≥ tIm-tf-Pv- F-∂o- a-l-Øm-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]-\-߃- ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Øp-∂-Xn¬- \n¿-Wm-b-I- ]-¶p-h-ln-®p.-B-Z¿-i-\n-jv-T-bn-eq-∂n-bp-≈- B- am-Xr-Im-Po-hn-X-Øn-\v- 39˛mw- h-b- n¬- Xn-c-»o-e-ho-gp-tºm-tg-°pw- X-s‚- X-´-I-am-b- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-˛-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øv- I-\-Ø- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ- A-t±-lw-A¿-∏n-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-

*- -a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se- k-Øm-d- Pn-√-bn¬- 1856Pq-sse- 14 -\v- H-cp- _m-“-W- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬-A-Km¿-°¿- P-\n-®p.- km-º-Øn-I-am-b- ]n-∂m-°m-h-ÿ-sb- A-Xn-Po-hn-®v- hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-eq-sS- ap-t∂-dm-≥ i-an-®- A-t±-lw-1880˛¬- _n-cp-Zm-¥-c- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn.- k-a-Im-en-I-\m-b- _m-e- Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-≥ B-cw-`n-®- tI-k-cn- F-∂- a-dm-Øn- hm-cn-I-bp-sS-B-Zy- ]-Xm-[n-]¿- A-Km¿-°-dm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -F-∂m¬,- Xn-e-I-\p-am-bp-≈- A- n-]m-b-hy-Xym-kw- Im-c-Ww- A-t±-lw- tI-k-cn- hn-Sp-I-bpw- kp-[m-c-Iv- F-∂- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww-B-cw- n-®v- A-Xn-s‚- ]-Xm-[n-]- ÿm-\w- h-ln-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

*- -sXm- p-Iq-Sm-bv-a,- Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ- Xp-S-ßn-b-A-\o-Xn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- X-s‚- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- ]-Nm-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- `q-X-Im-e-sØ-bpw- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- B-Nm-c-ß-sf-bpw- A-‘-am-bn- a-l-Xz-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂- ]-h-W-X-I-sf- \n-cp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øn.- ]-t£,- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bn- i-‡-am-bn- \n-e-sIm-≈p-tºm-gpw- ]-g-b- ssl-µ-hm-Nm-c-ß-fn¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- A-h- ]m-en-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- X-s‚-]-Xv-\n-bp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- H-cn-°-epw- C-S-s]- n-√.-

*- -]q-s\-bn¬- 1885 ˛¬- sU-°m-¨- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥ skm-ssk-‰n- B-cw-`n-®- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- tIm-tf-Pm-b-s^¿-Kp-k-≥ tIm-tf-Pn-s‚- B-Zy- ]n-≥kn-∏-em-bn-cp-∂- s]m- .-hm-a-≥ in-h-dmw- B-]v-sX- 1892˛¬- hn-c-an-®-t∏mƒ- A-Km¿-°¿-A-Sp-Ø- ]n-≥kn-∏-em-bn.- B-kv-X-a- tcm-K-_m-[-Im-c-Ww- 1895˛- Pq-¨- 17˛-\v- A-Km¿-°¿- A-Im-e-Øn¬- hn-S-hm-ßn.- A-e-¶m-c- an-amw-k- F-s∂m-cp- ]p-kv-X-Iw- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.

IkvXqcncwK Aø¶m¿(1859˛1923)

* ]X]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw- cm-jv-So-b- t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂- I-kv-Xq-cn-cw-K- A-ø-¶m¿- 1859Un-kw-_¿- 15˛-\v- X-©m-hq-cn¬- P-\n-®p.-Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- k-_v- c-Pn-kv-Sm-dm-bn- tPm-en-sN-bv-X-ti-jw- A-t±-lw- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn.- A-hn-sS-\n-∂v- ]-X-]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-te-°pw- k-Po-h- cm-jv-So-b-Øn-te-°pw-A-t±-lw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂p.-

*- -1905˛¬- A-t±-lw- ln-µp- ]-X-Øn-s‚- A-h-Im-iw- hn-e-bv-°p-hm-ßn.- A-Xn-s\- kp-ÿn-c- A-Sn-Ø-d-bp-≈- H-cp- tZ-io-b- ]-X-am-bn- D-b¿-Øn.- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- Xo-h-tZ-io-b- hn-`m-K-sØ- ln-µp-hpw- I-kv-Xq-cn-bpw- ]n-¥m-ßn.- B-\n- _-k-‚n-s‚- tlmw- dqƒ- ]-

ÿm-\-sØ-bpw- I-kv-Xq-cn- ]n-¥p-W-®p.-*- -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- ln-µp-

_n-´-sW- A-\p-Iq-en-s®-¶n-epw- du-e-‰v-\n-b-a-hpw- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bpw- ln-µp-hn-s\- _n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc- Xn-cn-®p.-

*- -1923 Un-kw-_-dn¬- I-kv-Xq-cn-cw-K- A-ø-¶m¿- A-¥-cn-®p.-

l-°nw- A-Pv -a¬- Jm-≥(1868˛-1927)-

*- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm- -K-kn-s‚- A-[y-£-ÿm-\w- h-ln-®- ap-…nw- t\-Xm-°-fn¬-A-©m-a-\m-Wv- l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-≥.-

*- -l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-≥ 1868 s^-_p-h-cn- 11˛-\v- P-\n-®p.- ap-Kƒ- N-I-h¿-Øn- _m-_-dn-s‚-Im-e-Øv- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂- bp-\m-\n- ssh-Zy-≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]q¿-hn-I¿.- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-\pw- bp-\m-bn- ]-Tn-®v- ssh-Zy-hr-Øn-bn-te¿-s∏- p.-1892˛¬- A-t±-lw- dmw-]q¿- \-hm-_n-s‚-]-[m-\- `n-j-Kz-c-\m-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-bn.-

*- -1906˛¬- ssh-tkm-bn-sb-°-≠v- \n-th-Z-\w- k-a¿-∏n-°m-≥t]m-b- ap-…nw-t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- kw-L-Øn¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- Jm-≥ [m-°-bn¬- 1906 Un-kw-_¿- 30\v- \-S-∂- ap-…nw- eo-Kn-s‚- ÿm-]-\- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-epw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- A-t±-lw- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n,- au-em-\m- B-km-Zv,- au-em-\m- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en,- au-em-\m-ju-°-Øv- A-en- F-∂n-h-cp-am-bn- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘w- ]p-e¿-Øn.-

*- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm- -K-kv,- ap-…nw-eo-Kv,- Hmƒ- C-¥y- Jn-em-^-Øv- I-Ωn-‰n-F-∂n-h-bp-sS- A-[y-£-ÿm-\-tØ-°v-Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- G-I- hy-‡n-bm-Wv-l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-≥.-

*- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬- 1921˛¬- \-S-∂- tIm-

¨-K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-≥ A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®p.-

*- -Pm-an-b- an-en-b- C-…m-an-b- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-b- A-t±-lw-B-Zy- Nm-≥k-e¿-]-Zw- a-c-Ww-h-sc- h-ln-®p- (1920˛-27).- C-°m-e-Øv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- A-en-K-Vn¬-\n-∂v-U¬-ln-bn-te-°v- am-‰n.-

*- -lr-Z-b-kw-_-‘-am-b- A-kp-J-ß-sf-Øp-S¿-∂v- 1927 Un-kw-_¿- 27˛-\v- l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm≥ A¥cn®p.

12 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

alm-flmKm‘n

1948 P\phcn 30 sshIp-t∂cw 5.17. c≠mw kl-km-_m-ZvØnse G‰hpw alm-\mb `mcX]p-Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn\v ]q¿W-hn-cm-a-am-bn. C¥yIÆo-cn-em-gv∂p. temIw \Sp-°Øn-e-a¿∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn-I-sfm∂pw hln-°mØ Hcp t\Xm-hns‚ tZl-hn-tbm-K-Øn¬A\p-tim-Nn-°m≥ sFIy-cm-jvS-k` AXns‚Ncn-X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn ]XmI XmgvØn-s°-´n.temI-t\-Xm-°-fpsS A\p-tim-N\ ktµ-i-߃]h-ln-®p. ]Imiw am™p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p....-F-hn-sSbpw Ccp-´mWv ........s\lp lrZ-b-th-Z-\-tbmsS hne-]n-®p. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv De-™B thfbneqsS \ap°v H∂p IS-∂p-t]m-Imw.aq∂mw `mKtØmsS Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Poh-N-cn-XwChnsS ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂p.

B¿.-kn.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿rcsk1234@gmail.com

]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

*- -k-Xym-K-lw- F-∂- hm-°v- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-

*- -k-Xym-K-lw- _-e-hm-≥am-cp-sS- D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv- F-∂p-]-d-™-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-

*- -kzm-X-¥y- k-a-c-Im-e-Øv- C-¥y-≥ k-Xym-K-ln-°p-th-≠- G-gp- I-Tn-\- h-X-߃- Km-‘n-Pn- \n-jv-I¿-jn-®n-cp-∂p.-

*- -k-Xym-K-l-sØ- I-ev-]-hr-£-tØm-Sm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-bv-X-Xv.-

*- -tk-hm-Kmw- ]-≤-Xn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-*- -tk-hm-Kmw- B-i-aw- a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-em-Wv.- 1936˛-em-Wv-

C-Xv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-*- -A-[-:-ÿn-X¿-°v- Km-‘n-Pn- \¬-In-b- t]-cm-Wv- l-cn-P-≥.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X- am-Xr-Im- cm-Py-am-Wv- cm-a-

cm-Pyw.-*- -Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- F-∂- B-i-b-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- a-

lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- \-

bn- Xm-eow.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-Zy-am-bn- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v- \m-a-\n¿-

t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1937.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-kq-X-Ww- sN-bv-X- A-Sn-ÿm-\- hn-Zym-`ym-

k- ]-≤-Xn- tIm-¨-K-kv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv- l-cn-]p-c- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv- (1938).-

*- -1939˛¬- tIm- -K-kv- A-[y-£-ÿm-\-tØ-°v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- ]n-¥p-W-®- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-]-´m-`n- ko-Xm-cm-a-ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- [-cn-°m-≥ Ip-d-®p- h-kv-Xw- am-Xw- kzo-I-cn-°m-≥ Im-c-Ww- ]m-h-ß-tfm-Sv- sF-Iy-Zm¿-Vyw- ]p-e¿-Øp-I- F-∂- e-£y-am-Wv.-

*- -tk-hm-Kmw- B-i-a-Øn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-cn-N-cn-®n-cp-∂- Ip-jv-T-tcm-K- _m-[n-X-\m-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p-]m¿-®p-td- im-kv-Xn.-

*- -X-s‚- c-≠p- izm-k-tIm-i-߃- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- k-Xy-sØ-bpw- A-lnw-k-sb-bp-am-Wv.-

*- -kzm-X-¥y-Øn-s‚- Aw-K-h-kv-Xw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- Jm-Zn-sb-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- hn-izm-k-a¿-∏n-®n-cp-∂- Nn-In-’m- k-º-Zm-b-am-Wv- \m-®p-tdm-∏-Xn.-

*- -1929˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- ÿm-]n-®- \-h-Po-h-≥ S-Ãn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zm-Wv.-

*- -Rm-≥ ap- p-Ip-Øn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v- A-ß-tbm-Sv- A-∏w- tNm-Zn-®p.- F-∂m¬,- I-√m-Wv- A-ßv- F-dn-™p-X-∂-Xv- F-∂v-Km-‘n-Pn- ssh-tkm-bn- C¿-hn-≥ ]-`p-hn-\v- I-sØ-gp-Xn-b-Xv- kn-hn¬- B-Rv-Pm-ew-L-\- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p- ap-ºm-Wv.-

*- -cm-Py-kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- kp-`m-jv- N-µ- t_m-kn-s\-bm-Wv.- k-Xym-K-ln-I-fn¬- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- tb-ip-In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-bm-Wv.-

*- -1940˛-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- hy-‡n- k-Xym-K-lw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- C-Xn-\m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- k-Xym-K-ln-P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -hy-‡n- k-Xym-K-l-Øn-\m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- - c-≠m-a-sØ- Bƒ- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-flo-b- ]n-≥Km-an- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh-bm-Wv.-

*- -tK-‰v- sk-‚n-\¬- (a-lm-\m-b- Im-h¬-°m-c-≥)- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- a-lm-I-hn- Sm-tKm-dn-s\-bm-Wv.-

*- -1940˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- I-kv-Xp¿-_-bp-sam-Øv- im-¥n-\n-tI-X-≥ k-µ¿-in-®p.- Sm-tKm-dpw- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- A-h-km-\-am-bn- I-≠- k-µ¿-`-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- 1941˛¬- Sm-tKm¿-A-¥-cn-®p.- 1945˛¬- B-bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-sØ- im-¥n-\n-tI-X-≥ k-µ¿-i-\w.-

*- -]p-cp-tjm-Øw-Zm-kv- T-¨-U-s\- cm-P¿-jn- F-∂p- hn-fn-®-Xv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-

*- -Rm-≥ t]m-bm¬- A-t±-lw- F-s‚- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°pw-F-∂v- F-\n-°v- A-dn-bmw- F-∂v- 1941 P-\p-h-cn- 15˛-\v- F.-sF.-kn.-kn.- ap-ºm-sI- ]-kw-Kn-°p-tºmƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-d-™-Xv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-s\- D-t±-in-®m-Wv.-

*- -Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´- sN-°v- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-

®-Xv- In-]v-kv- an-j-s\-bm-Wv.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- ss]-h-‰v- sk-I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- a-lm-tZ-

hv- tZ-im-bn- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- 1942˛-em-Wv.-*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y- Kp-P-dm-Øn- `m-j-bn¬-\n-∂v-

Cw-Kv-fn-jn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn-bm-Wv.-

*- -1942 Hm-K-Ãv- 15˛-\m-Wv- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn- A-¥-cn-®-Xv.-*- -a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-ti-jw- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-

sS- ss]-h-‰v- sk-I-´-dn-bm-b-Xv- ]ym-tc-em¬- \-øm-dm-Wv.-*- -]ym-tc-em¬- \-øm-dp-sS- k-tlm-Z-cn- kp-io-em- \-øm-dm-

bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- t]-gv-k-W¬- ^n-kn-jy-≥.-*- -]-h¿-Øn-°p-I- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cn-°p-I- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-

B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-c-Im-e-Øm-Wv.-*- -Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-c-Øn-\v- A-d-Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- X-

S-h-\p-`-hn-®-Xv- ]q-sW-bn-se- B-Km-Jm-≥sIm-´m-c-Øn-em-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-am-bn- X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®-Xv- B-Km-Jm-≥ sIm-´m-c-Øn-em-Wv.- c-≠p-h¿-j-sØ- Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-sS- Po-hn-X-Øn-se-Xm-ßm-\m-hm-Ø- c-≠p- Zp-c-¥-߃- A-t±-lw- t\-cn-´p.- P-bn-en¬- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´v- B-dmw-Zn-h-kw- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- ss]-h-‰v- sk-I-´-dn- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn- A-¥-cn-®p.- ]-Xn-s\-´p-am-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- 1944 s^-_p-h-cn- 22˛-\v- I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n-bpw- X-S-h-d-bn¬-h-®p-X-s∂- A-¥-cn-®p.-

*- -Xp-S¿-∂v- _m-∏p-hn-\v- I-Sp-Ø- a-te-dn-b- ]n-Sn-s]-´p.- Km-‘n-Pn- X-S-h-d-bn¬- A-¥-cn-°p-∂-Xv- -b-∂- _n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- 1944 sa-bv-B-dn-\v- A-t±-l-sØ- hn-´-b-®p.-

*- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\-sØ- Km-‘n-Pn- F-Xn¿-Øp.- H-Sp-hn¬,- a-\- n-√m-a-\-t m-sS- A-t±-lw- A-Xn-\p- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X-\m-b- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-em-Wv- hn-`-P-\-Øn-\v- h-g-ßp-I-bm-Wv- cm-Py-Øv- \-S-am-Sp-∂- A-I-aw-A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p-≈- t]mw-h-gn-sb-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-tbm-Sv- ]-d-™-Xv.-

*- -F-s‚- H-‰-bmƒ- ]-´m-fw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- au-≠v- _m-‰-¨- ]-`p-hm-Wv.-

*- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\w- H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Pn-∂-sb- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-°m-≥ \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-

*- -1947 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15˛-\v- cm-Pyw- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\w- B-tLm-jn-°p-tºmƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- a-X-ku-lm¿-±-Øn-\p-≈- ]-cn-i-a-ß-fn¬-ap-gp-In- I¬-°-´-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\- k-tµ-iw- B-h-iy-s∏-´- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ssSw-kn-s‚- dn-t∏m¿-´-tdm-Sv- X-s‚- tkm-X- p-Iƒ- h-‰n-t∏m-bn- F-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-d-™-Xv.-

*- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\-sØ- B-[ym-fln-I- Zp-c-¥-sa-∂v- hn-ti-jn-

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 132016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥

∏n-®-Xv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-*- -kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-ti-jw- 1948˛¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-s\- tem-

Iv- tk-hm- kw-Lv- B-°n- am-‰-W-sa-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-\n¿-t±-in-®-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-sØ- k-Xym-K-lw- A-\p-jv-Tn-®-Xv-]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- C-¥y- \¬-Im-\p-≈- 55 tIm-Sn- cq-]- \¬-Im-≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠pw- ln-µp-˛-ap-…nw- kw-L-´-\-Øn¬- a-\- p-th-Z-\n-®p-sIm-≠p-am-Wv.- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-h-[n-°m-≥ tKm-Uv-sk-sb- t]-cn-∏n-®- Im-c-W-ß-fn-sem-∂v- Cu- k-Xym-K-l-am-bn-cp-∂p- ( Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn-s‚- hn-Nm-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-).-

*- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- 12˛-\v- U¬-ln-bn¬- B-cw-`n-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-sØ- k-Xym-K-lw.-

*- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- 20˛-\v- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-h-[n-°m-≥ i-an-®-bm-fm-Wv- a-Z-≥em¬- ]-lz.- Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-°p-‰-Øn-\v- a-Z-≥em¬- Po-h-]-cy-¥w- X-S-hn-\v- in-£n-°-s∏-´p.-

*- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- 30 \v- ssh-Ip-t∂-cw- 5.-17˛-\v- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬- _n¿-fm- lu-kn-\p-k-ao-]-Øp-h-®m-Wv- t]m-bn-‚ v-ªm-¶v- td-©n¬- \m-Yp-dmw- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- tXm-°n¬-\n-∂p-≈- aq-∂v- sh-Sn-tb-‰v- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-[n-®-ti-jw- Hm-Sn-b- tKm-Uv-sk-sb- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂v- Io-gv-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- H-Un-j- kz-tZ-in-bm-b- c-Lp- \m-b-Iv- B-Wv.-

*- -1944 sa-bv- am-k-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- H-cp- Iq-´w- Bƒ-°m-cpw- i-aw- \-S-Øn-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- ]-©v-K-\n.-

*- -a-c-W-Zn-h-kw- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- k-µ¿-in-®- ]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hv- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-em-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬- F-^v.-sF.-B-dn¬- sam-gn-\¬-In-b-Xv- N-µv-em¬- ta-Ø-bm-Wv.-

*- -F-gp-]-Øn-sbm-≥]-Xmw- h-b- n-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv.-

*- -a-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- H-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- a-\p-hpw- B-`-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Lm-X-I-\m-b- \m-Yp-dmw- hn-\m-b-Iv- tKm-Uv-sk- ln-µp- cm-jv-S- F-∂- ]-X-Øn-s‚- F-Un-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -1930 tam-U¬- bp-F-kv-F-^v- 73 F-∂- \-º-cp-≈- Ãp-Uv-t_-°¿- Im-dn-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-[n-°m-≥ tKm-Uv-sk- h-∂-Xv.-

*- -tKm-Uv-sk- c-Nn-®- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- May It Please YourHonour.

*- -C-‰m-en-b-≥ _-do-‰- Fw- 1934 sk-an- Hm-t´m-am-‰n-Iv- ]n-Ã- D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-[n-®-Xv.- tem-I-N-cn-X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Ip-]-kn-≤-am-b- tXm-°m-bn- C-Xv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

*- -tl- dmw- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-am-bn- ]-d-™-Xv.-

*- -sh-≈n-bm-gv-N-bm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏- -Xv.- A-t±-lw-P-\n-®-Xv- i-\n-bm-gv-N-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bn¬- 168 Zn-h-k-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- a-c-W-Øn¬- A-\p-tim-Nn-°m-\m-Wv- sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-k-`- A-Xn-s‚- N-cn-X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ]-Xm-I- ]-Ip-Xn- Xm-gv-Øn-s°-´n-b-Xv.-

*- -Cu- ]p-cm-X-\- cm-jv-S-sØ- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®- B- Zo-]w- \-sΩ- sX-‰p-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- i-cn-bm-b- ]m-X- Im-´n-Ø-cn-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- im-iz-X- k-Xy-ß-sf-bm-Wv- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv- F-∂v-Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-th-f-bn¬- ]-d-™-Xv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hm-Wv.-

*- -a-l-Øm-b- H-cp- ]-Xn-⁄-bp-sS- A-·n- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-D-≈n-ep-≠v- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv- s\-lp-hm-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- A-¥-cn-®- hm¿-Ø-b-dn-™v,- Iq-Sp-X¬-\-√-Xm-hp-∂-Xv- \-√-X-√- F-∂- A-\p-tim-N-\- k-tµ-i-a-b-®-Xv- tPm¿-Pv- s_¿-Wm-Uv- jm-bm-Wv.-

*- -F-s∂- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Cu-iz-c-\pw- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- c-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏m-g-h¿- H-∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-th-f-bn¬- C-]-Im-cw- ]-d-™-Xv-ao-cm- s_-≥.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- N-c-a-hr-Øm-¥w- A-dn-™-t∏mƒ- c-≠m-a-sØ- In-kv-Xp-hpw- Ip-cn-»n¬- X-d-bv-°-s∏-´p- F-∂p-]-d-™- A-ta-cn-°-≥ F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-Wv- t]ƒ- F-kv-_-°v.-

*- -b-ap-\m-Xo-c-Øp-≈,- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se- cm-Pv-L- m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- k-am-[n-ÿm-\w.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- i-h-a-©w-h-ln-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- hn-em-]-bm-X-bp-sS- (^yp-W-d¬- s]m-k-j-≥)- ssZ¿-Lyw- F-

´p- In-tem-ao-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p.-*- -C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-°p-∂- a-‰p-

cm-jv-S-Ø-e-h-≥am-cpw- hn-in-jv-Sm-Xn-Yn-I-fpw- \-´- a-c-ß-fp-≈- H-cp- ]m¿-°v- cm-Pv-L-´v- ]-cn-k-c-Øp-≠v.-

*- -cm-Pv-L- n-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- ]-ap-J- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS- k-am-[n- ÿ-e-߃.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-´- k-a-b-Øv- [-cn-®n-cp-∂- h-kv-X-߃- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- a-[p-c-bn-se- Km-‘n- ayq-kn-b-Øn-em-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-h-[-tØm-sS- \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv-B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv- (cm-„o-b-kz-bw- tk-h-Iv- kw-Lv-). -1949˛¬- \n-tcm-[-\w- ]n-≥h-en-®p.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- kv-a-c-Wm¿-Yw- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- kw-ÿm-\- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Km-‘n-\-K¿-(Kp-P-dm-Øv-).-

*- -c-‡-amw-k-ß-fn¬- C-ß-s\-sbm-cp- a-\p-jy-≥ q-an-bn¬-Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- h-cpw-X-e-ap-d- hn-iz-kn-s®-∂p- h-cn-√- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]-d-™-Xv- B¬-_¿-´v-sF-≥Ão-\m-Wv- (1944).-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-h-km-\-am-bn- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v-\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-bv-X-Xv- 1948˛-em-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-¥-cn-®- 1948˛¬- B¿-°pw- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- \¬-In-bn-√.-

*- -1948 Pq-¨- 18˛-\v- apw-ss_-bn-se- H-cp- B-ip-]-Xn-bn¬-I-c-fn-s\- _m-[n-®-tcm-Kw- aq-ew- \n-cym-X-\m-b- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- a-I-\m-Wv- l-cn-em¬- Km-‘n.-

*- -jnw-e-bn¬- ]-©m-_v- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-em-Wv- Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn-s‚- hn-Nm-c-W- \-S-∂-Xv.-

*- -Km-\v-[n- h-[-t°-kn¬- hn-[n- ]-kv-Xm-hn-®- \ym-bm-[n-]-≥ B-flm-N-c-¨- A-K¿-hm-fm-Wv- (1949 \-hw-_¿- 8).-

*- -Km-\v-[n- h-[-t°-kn¬- \m-Yp-dmw- hn-\m-b-Iv- tKm-Uv-sk-bv-s°m-∏w- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv- \m-cm-b-¨- Z-Øm-tX-b-B-]v-sX-bm-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-fl-Pn-bp-sS- Lm-X-I-\m-b- tKm-Uv-sk,- ln-µp-cm-jv-S- F-∂- ]-X-Øn-s‚- F-Un-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Km-Wn- F-∂- t]-cn-em-Wv- ln-µp- a-lm-k-`-bv-°p-th-≠n- tKm-Uv-sk-Cu- ]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.-

*- -ln-µp-a-lm-k- -bp-sS- k-Po-h- ]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p- tKm-Uv-sk.-

*- -Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn¬- h-[-in-£-bv-°v- hn-[n-°-s∏- -h-sc- in-£n-®-Xv- Aw-_m-e- P-bn-en¬-h-®m-Wv- (1949 \-hw-_¿- 15).-

*- -ssh- sF- In¬-Uv- Km-\v-[n- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- D-≈-S-°w- hn-Nm-c-W- th-f-bn-se- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fm-Wv.-

*- -Xq-°n-te-‰n-b-t∏mƒ- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- kz-¥w- ÿ-e-am-b- ]q-s\-bn¬- A-I-a- kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn.- C-¥y-bp-sS-a-‰p- Nn-e- `m-K-ß-fn-epw- A-I-a- kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn-

*- -tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- B-]v-sX-bpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn¬- F-´p-t]-cm-Wv- in-£n-°-s∏-´-Xv.- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS-k-tlm-Z-c-≥ tKm-]m¬- tKm-Uv-sk- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 6 t]¿-°v- Po-h-]-cy-¥w- X-S-hp-in-£- e-`n-®p.-

*- -Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn¬- B-Zyw- in-£n-°-s∏-s´-¶n-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-∏o-en¬- Ip-‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°-s∏-´- hy-‡n-bm-Wv-Z-Øm-tX-b- ]m¿-®p-td.-

*- -Km-‘n- h-[-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- A-d-kv-‰n-em-sb-¶n-epw-sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- A-`m-h-Øn¬- B-tcm-]-W- hn-ap-‡-\m-b- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿.-

*- -in-£- I-gn-™v- tKm-]m¬- tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- Iq-´-cpw- tam-Nn-X-cm-b-Xv- 1964˛¬- B-Wv.- C-h-cp-sS- tam-N-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v- ]q-s\-bn¬- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- H-cp- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬-A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-s‚- sN-dp-a-I-\pw- tI-k-cn-bp-sS- ap-≥ ]-Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-∂- tUm.-Pn.-hn.-tI-Sv-I¿- B-Wv- (1964 \-hw-_¿- 12).- tI-Sv-I-dp-sS-Nn-e- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ- a-lm-cm-jv-S- A-kw-ªn-bn-epw- C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚n-epw- tIm-em-l-e-߃-°n-S-bm-°n.- t_mw-s_- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- _n.-Pn.-tJ¿- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp- kw-_-‘n-®- ap-∂-dn-bn-∏n-s\-th-≠- Ku-c-h-tØm-sS- I-≠n-√- F-∂p-≈- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-

Ø-em-Wv- A-h-bn¬- ]-[m-\w.- tI-Sv-I¿- A-d-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´p.- Km-‘n- h-[-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-j-Ww- \-S-Øm-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-bn.-

*- -Km-‘n-h-[-Øn-\p-]n-∂n-se- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-sb-°p-dn-®-t\z-jn-°m-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- B-Zyw- \n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂- tKm-]m¬- kz-cq-]v- ]-Y-In-s\-bm-Wv.- A-t±-lw- tI-µ-a-¥n-bm-bn-´pw- Xp-S¿-∂v- ssa-kq¿- K-h¿-W-dm-bpw- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- I-]q¿- I-Ωn-j-s\- \n-b-an-®-Xv- (1966).-

*- -I-]q¿- I-Ωn-j-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚n-\v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- k-a¿-∏n-®-Xv- 1969˛-em-Wv.-

*- -kp-]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Po-h-≥em¬- I-]q-dm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- G-Imw-K- I-Ωn-j-\n-se- Aw-Kw.-

*- -I-]q¿- I-Ωn-j-≥ hn-kv-X-cn-®- B-Zy- km-£n- tI-Sv-I¿-B-bn-cp-∂p.- A-∂-sØ- t_mw-s_- ap-Jy-a-¥n- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn,- Km-‘n- h-[w- A-t\z-jn-®- sU-]yp-´n- I-Ωn-j-W¿- sP.-Un.-\-K¿-hm-e- F-∂n-h-cn¬-\n-∂pw- I-Ωn-j-≥ sam-gn-sb-Sp-Øp.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- P-∑-i-Xm-_v-Zn- h¿-j-Øn¬- B-cw-`n-®-kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- \m-j-W¬- k¿-ho-kv- kv-Iow- (1969).-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- N-c-a-Zn-\w- (P-\p-h-cn- 30)- C-¥y-bn¬- c-‡-km-£n-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-¥-cn-®- A-tX- h¿-jw- X-s∂- A-¥-cn-®-A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-So-b- ]-Xn-tbm-Kn-bm-Wv- ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂.-

*- -kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bn-se- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-Xw- A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´-B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-Wv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n.-

*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-Xw- A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´- `m-c-Xo-b-≥ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-sI- 2338 Zn-h-kw- P-bn¬-hm-kw- A-\p-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬- 2089 Zn-h-k-am-Wv- X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.-

*- -G-gp- Xn-∑-I-sf- C-√m-Xm-°m-\m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- \n-c-¥-cw- ]-cn-i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.- A-h- C-]-Im-c-am-Wv- 1.-X-Øz-t_m-[-an-√m-Ø- cm-jv-So-bw- 2.- tPm-en- sN-øm-sX-t\-Sp-∂- kz-Øv- 3.-\ym-b-Zo-£-bn-√m-Ø- I-®-h-Sw- 4.- kz-`m-h-ip-≤n- ]-Zm-\w- sN-øm-Ø- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- 5.- a-\- m-£n-bn-√m-Ø- kp-J-tem-ep-]-X- 6.- am-\p-jn-I- ap-J-an-√m-Ø- im-kv-Xw- 7.- Xym-K-Nn-¥-bn-√m-Ø- B-cm-[-\.-

*- -Km-‘n-b-≥ B-Z¿-i-߃- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- -c-W-L-S-\m-`m-Kw- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ß-fm-Wv.-

*- -ssa- en-‰n¬- Un-Iv-tS-‰¿- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- A-t±-lw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- Cw-K¿-tkmƒ- hm-®m-Wv.-

*- -1963˛¬- dn-eo-km-b- ss\-≥ A-th-gv-kv- Sp- cm-a- F-∂-_n-´n-jv- N-e-®n-X-Øn-s‚- ]-ta-bw- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-sØ- H-≥]-Xv- a-Wn-°q-dp-I-fm-Wv.- Ãm-≥en- thmƒ-s]¿-´n-s‚- C-tX- t]-cn-ep-≈- t\m-h-em-Wv- kn-\n-a-bv-°v-A-h-ew-_w.-

*- -Km-‘n- F-∂- Cw-•n-jv- kn-\n-a-bv-°v- 1982se- F-´v- Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ- e-`n-®p.- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- t\m-an-t\-j-\p-I-fm-Wv- B-sI- Cu- kn-\n-a-bv-°v- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.-

*- -55˛mw- Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Um-Wv- Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bv-°v- e-`n-®-Xv.-

14 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a- C-¥y-bn¬- 1982 \-hw-_¿- 30˛-\pw- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-U-Øn¬- Un-kw-_¿- aq-∂n-\p-am-Wv- dn-eo-kv- sN-bv-X-Xv.- 188 an-\n- m-Wv- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- ssZ¿-Lyw.-

*- -dn-®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-bm-Wv- Km-‘n- kn-\n-a- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- \n¿-am-Xm-hpw- A-‰-≥_-tdm-bm-Wv.-*- -tPm¿-Pv- s^-‚m-Wn-s\m-∏w- ]-Wv-Un-‰- c-hn-i-¶-dpw- kw-

Ko-Xw- \¬-In.-*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- th-jw- A-`n-\-bn-

®-Xv- s_-≥ In-Mv-kv-en-bm-Wv.- Ir-jv-W- `m-≥Pn- F-∂m-Wv- s_-≥ In-Mv-kv-en-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv.-

*- -tcm-ln-Wn- l-Øw-K-Un-bm-Wv- I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n-bm-bn- th-j-an-´-Xv.-

*- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hm-bn- A- n-\-bn-®-Xv- tdm-j-≥ tk-Øm-Wv.-

*- -k-ø-Zv- P-^n- A-`n-\-bn-®-Xv- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s‚- tdm-fm-Wv.-

*- -ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-bp-sS- tdm-fn-e-`n-\-bn-®-Xv- A-en-Iv- ]-Zw-kn-bm-Wv.-

*- -au-em-\m- B-km-Zn-s‚- th-j-Øn¬- ho-tc-µ- d-kv-Zm-≥A-`n-\-bn-®p.-

*- -kp-]n-b- ]-Y-Iv,- \o-\- Kp-]v-X- F-∂n-h¿- b-Ym-I-aw- a-\p-hn-s‚-bpw- B-`-bp-sS-bpw- th-j-ß-fn-e-`n-\-bn-®p.-

*- -tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- tdm-fn¬- l¿-jv- \-øm-dm-Wv- A-`n-\-bn-®-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- h-kv-Xm-e-¶m-c-Øn-\v- Hm-kv-I¿- e-`n-®- `m-\p- A-Ø-ø-bm-Wv- B- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\¿-l-X-t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥.-

*- -ta-°n-Mv- Hm-^v- a-lm-flm- F-∂- Nn-Xw- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- iymw- s_-\-K¬- B-Wv.-

*- -ta-°n-Mv- Hm-^v- a-lm-flm- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®- Z-£n-Wm-^n-°-≥ F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-Wv- ^m-Øn-a- an¿.-

*- -a-lm-flm- F-∂- tUm-Iyp-sa-‚-dn- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- hn-X¬-`m-bv- Pm-th-cn-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-h-[w- ]-ta-b-am-b- I-a-e-lm-k-≥ Nn-X-am-Wv- tl-dmw- (2000).-

*- -sF- t^m-tfm- Z- a-lm-fl- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv-sI.-Fw.-ap-≥jn-bm-Wv.-

*- -eq-bn- ^n-j¿- F-gp-Xn-b- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- sse-^v- Hm-^v-a-lm-flm-Km-‘n.-

*- -Km-‘n-˛-Po-hn-X-hpw- Nn-¥-bpw- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv- sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Po-h-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn-b- ^-©v- t\m-h-en-Ãm-Wv- sdm-a-bv-≥ tdm-f-≠v.-

*- -Km-‘n- B-≥Uv- Z- A-¨-kv-]o-°-_nƒ-:- ln-kv- ss^-\¬- F-Iv-kv-s]-cn-sa-‚ v- hn-Øv- Sq-Øv- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw-c-Nn-®-Xv- sP-bnw-kv- U-•-kv- B-Wv.-

*- -C-≥ sk¿-®v- Hm-^v- Km-‘n- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv-dn-®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- tam-l-≥ F-∂pw- Km-‘n-Pn- Nm¿-fn- F-∂pw-hn-fn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- kn.-F-^v.-B-≥Uq-kv.-

*- -Ãm-≥en- thmƒ-s]¿-´v- c-Nn-®- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Po-h-N-cn-X-am-Wv- Gandhi's Passion : The Life and the Legacyof Mahatma Gandhi (2001). Ct±-l-Øns‚ a‰v]ikvX cN-\-IfmWv Jinnah of Pakistan (1984),Nehru : A Tryst With Destiny (1996) F∂n-h.

* B¿.sI.-\m-cm-b-¨- B-Wv- sh-bv-‰n-Mv- t^m¿- Zv- a-lm-fl- c-Nn-®-Xv.-

*- -A-gp-°p-Nm¬- ]-cn-tim-[-I-bp-sS- dn-t∏m¿-´v- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-cm-a¿-in-®- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- Im-X-dn-≥ ta-tbm-bp-sS- a-Z¿- C-¥y.

* The Death And Afterlife of Mahathma GandhicNn®Xv Makarand R.Paranjpe.

* The Murder of the Mahathma and Other Cases Froma Judge’s Note Book cNn®Xv G.D.Khosla .

* Great Soul - Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle withIndia cNn®Xv Joseph Lelyveld.

* ao \m-Yp-dmw- tKm-Uv-sk- t_m¬-tØm-bv- F-∂- hn-hm-Z-a-dm-Øn- \m-S-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- ]-Zo-]v- Zm¬-hn-bm-Wv- .-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- aq-Ø-a-I-≥ l-cn-em-epw- ]-[m-\- I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fm-b- a-dm-Øn- \m-S-I-am-Wv- Km-‘n- th-gv-k-kv- Km-‘n.-

*- -ta- C-‰v- πo-kv- bp-h¿- Hm-W¿- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-tKm-Uv-sk- B-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- I-d-≥kn- t\m-´p-I-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- Nn-X-am-Wv.- 1996 -ap-X-em-Wv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- ko-co-kv- t\m-´p-Iƒ- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv.-

*- -B-Zy-sØ- Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ss]-kn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv- Xm-≥km-\n-b-bp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-\m-b-I-≥ Pq-en-b-kv- s\-tc-c-bm-Wv- (1995).-

*- -Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ss]-kn-\v- A¿-l-am-b- B-Zy-sØ- kw-L-S-\- cm-a-Ir-jv-W- an-j-\m-Wv- (1998).-

*- -Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ss]-kn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-≥ _m-_m- Bw-sX-bm-Wv.-

*- -B-[p-\n-I- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- _mw-_m- Bw-sX-bm-Wv.-

*- -A-Xn¿-Øn- Km-‘n- F-∂p- hn-fn-®-Xv- Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ-Km-^¿-Jm-s\-bm-Wv.- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-hn-iy-bn¬- Km-‘n-b-≥ k-a-c-ap-d-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-®- kzm-X-¥y- k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bm-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv- A-t±-l-sØ- A-]-Im-cw- hn-fn-®-Xv.-

*- -ap-c-fo-[¿- tZ-hn-Zm-kv- Bw-sX- F-∂m-Wv- _mw-_m- Bw-sX-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-sI- A-©p- ]m-h-iyw- k-am-[m-\- t\m-t_-en-\v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.-

*- -P-∏m-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv- tSm-tbm-ln-t°m- I-K-h-bm-Wv.-

*- -sI-∂-Xv- Iu-≠-sb-bm-Wv- B-^n-°-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂p-hn-fn-®-Xv.-

*- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- am¿-´n-≥ eq-X¿- In-Mm-Wv.-

*- -sIm-tkm-h-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-ÿm-\w- \-bn-®- C-_m-lnw-dp-tKm-h-bm-Wv- _mƒ-°-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- -Xv.-

*- -io-e-¶-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- F.-Sn.-A-cn-b- c-Xv-s\-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-b-≥ C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv- F-∂- ]-Zw- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- ]-i-kv-X- km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-X-⁄-\m-b- sP.-kn.-Ip-a-c-∏-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ^u-t≠-j-≥ ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1958 -em-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n- kv-am-c-I- \n-[n-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-j-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- I-Ωn-j-\m-Wv- Iq-S¬- I-Ωn-j-≥.-

*- -Km-‘n- in-£-¨- `-h-≥ apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-*- -Km-‘n- Km-aw- a-[p-c-bn-em-Wv.-*- -\m-j-W¬- Km-‘n- ayq-kn-bw- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv.-*- -C-¥y- I-gn-™m¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Nn-Xw- Ãm-ºn¬- A-

®-Sn-®- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- bp.-F-kv.-F.-B-Wv- (1961).- A-Xp-I-gn-™m¬- tImw-tKm- (1967).-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- 80˛mw- P-∑-Zn-\-Øn¬- ]p-d-Øn-d-°m-≥\m-ep- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- Ãm-ºp-Iƒ- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp- C-°m-cy-Øn¬-]-tXy-I- Xm¬-]-cyw- F-Sp-Øp.- F-∂m¬- P-∑-Zn-\-Øn-\v-F- p-am-kw- ap-ºv- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏- -Xn-\m¬- 1948 -se-kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\-Øn-em-Wv- Ãm-ºv- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- t]m-Ãv- Im¿-Un-d-°n-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- t]m-f-≠m-Wv.-

*- -1869˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- P-∑-i-Xm-_v-Zn- ]-am-Wn-®v- 40cm-Py-߃- t]m-ì- Ãm-ºn-d-°n.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- B-Z-cn-°m-≥ t]m-Ãv- am¿-°v- X-øm-dm-°n-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- aym-≥a-dm-Wv.- sN-t°m-t…m-hm-Iy-bpw-e-Iv-kw-_¿-Kp-am-Wv- C-]-Im-cw- sN-bv-X- a-‰p- cm-Py-߃.-

*- -C-¥y- I-gn-™m¬- Km-‘n- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- F-≥h-e-]v- C-d-°n-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- sdm-ta-\n-b- B-Wv.-

*- -Po-hn-®n-cn-s°- e-≠-\n-se- am-Uw- Xp-tkm-Zv-kv- ayq-kn-b-Øn¬- sa-gp-Ip- ]-Xn-a- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- `m-c-Xo-b-≥ a-lm-flm- Km-‘n-bm-Wv- (1939).-

*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- am-X-a-√,- tem-I-Øn-s‚- ap-gp-h-≥ \m-b-I-\m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- Xm-a-kn-®n-cp-∂- a-Wn-`-h-≥ k-µ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ- k-µ¿-i-\- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- _-cm-Iv- H-_m-a-bm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- N¿-°- Xn-cn-°p-∂- hn-Jym-X- t^m-t´m- F-Sp-Ø-Xv- ]-kn-≤- A-ta-cn-°-≥ h-\n-Xm- t^m-t´m-Km-^-dm-b- am¿-K-c-‰v- _p¿-s°- ssh-‰m-Wv- (1946).-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- t£-X-ß-fp-≈- ÿ-e-ß-fm-Wv- H-Un-j-bn-se- kmw-_¬-∏q-cpw- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se-Nn-Iv-a-K-eq-cpw.-

*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- X-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-bn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- Pn.-]n.-]n-≈.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- P-bn-en-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ- b-Mv- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-Xm-[n-]-cm-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-®- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- tPm¿-Pv- tPm-k-^v.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-Zy-am-bn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-in-®- h¿-j-am-Wv-1920.-

*- -Jn-em-^-Øv- ]-ÿm-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-Zy- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w.-

*- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-kw-Kn-®- tI-c-f-Øn-se-B-Zy- ÿ-ew.- tIm-gn-t°m-´v- Km-‘n-Pn- \-S-Øn-b- ]-kw-Kw- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- sI.-am-[-h-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-

*- -B-Zy- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-°v- H-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- ju-°-Øv- A-en.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-S-s]-´- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-Ø- k-Xym-K-l-am-Wv- ssh-°w- k-Xym-K-lw- (1924˛-1925).-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- c-≠mw- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w- ssh-°w- k-Xym-K-l-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -ssh-°w- k-Xym-K-l-Im-e-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ- (1925)-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- do-P-‚ v- dm-Wn- tk-Xp-e-£v-ao-`m-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\- k-µ¿-in-®- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1925.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-K-l-Im-e-Øv- \n-cm-lm-cw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- t\-Xm-hm-Wv-sI.-tI-f-∏-≥.-

*- -1934˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ- Iu-ap-Zn-F-∂- s]- -Ip- n- X-s‚- B- -c-W-߃- Km-‘n-Pn-°v- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X-Xv- h-S-I-c- h-®m-Wv.- l-cn-P-≥ -≠v- ]n-cn-°m-\m-Wv- A-]m-h-iyw- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-∂-Xv.-

*- -H-cp- Xo¿-Ym-S-\w- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w- 1937˛-em-bn-cp-∂p.-

*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- t£-X-]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-cw- \-S-∂v-A-[n-I-Im-ew- I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p- a-lm-flm-hn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w.-

*- -P-\-ß-fp-sS- B-[ym-fln-I- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-s‚- A-[n-Im-c-tc-J-bm-b- kv-ar-Xn- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-t£-X-]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-c-sØ-bm-Wv.-

*- -B-[p-\n-I- Im-e-sØ- A-¤p-Xw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xpw- t£-X-]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-c-sØ-bm-Wv.-

*- -tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\-Øn-\n-sS- sh-ßm-\q-cn¬- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- tbm-K-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn- ]p-e-b- cm-P- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- A-ø-≥Im-fn-sb-bm-Wv.-

*- -B-sI- A-©p-]m-h-iy-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-in-®-Xv- (1920,-1925,-1927,-1934,-1937).-

*- -tI-c-f- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- sI.-tI-f-∏-\m-Wv.-*- -U¬-ln- Km-‘n- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-

kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-

ÿm-\w- tIm-´-bw- Pn-√-bn-se- A-Xn-c-ºp-g-bn-em-Wv.-*- -a-lm-fl-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v- a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ]p-kv-

X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈.-]m-tZ-in-I-`m-j-bn¬- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-Zy- Po-h-N-cn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y- a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- tPm¿-Pv- C-cp-º-b-am-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- b-Mv- C-¥y-bn¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se- \m-bm-Sn-Iƒ- F-∂- B-Zn-hm-kn- hn-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn-®v- te-J-\w-F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v- F-s‚- Kp-cp-\m-Y-≥ F-∂- I-hn-X-c-Nn-®-Xv- h-≈-tØm-fm-Wv.-

*- -"-tem-I-ta- X-d-hm-Sv- X-\n-°o- ]p¬-s®-Sn-I-fpw....-'- F-∂p-Xp-S-ßp-∂- ]-Zy-am-Wv- F-s‚- Kp-cp-\m-Y-≥.- In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚- ]-cn-Xym-K-io-e-hpw- Ir-jv-W-s‚- [¿-a-c-t£m-]m-b-hpw- _p-≤-s‚- A-lnw-k-bpw- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS- _p-≤n-i-‡n-bpw- c-¥n-tZ-h-s‚- Z-bm-hm-bv-]pw- l-cn-›-µ-s‚-k-Xy-hpw- ]-hm-N-I-≥ ap-l-Ω-Zn-s‚- ssÿ-cy-hpw- kw-K-an-°p-∂- hy-‡n-Xz-am-bn-´m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-≈-tØmƒ- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ- h-≈-tØmƒ- a-\w-s\m-¥v- c-Nn-®- Im-hy-am-Wv- _m-∏p-Pn.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- F-∂- I-hn-X- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- F-≥.-hn.-Ir-jv-W-hm-cy-cm-Wv.-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- A-cm-P-I-Xz-hpw- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xv- kn.-i-¶-c-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-

*- -a-lm-flm-hn-s‚- am¿-Kw- c-Nn-®-Xv- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-Sv.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-\m-fp-Iƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv- sI.-F-≥.-Zm-tam-Z-c-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-

*- -Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- k¿-°m¿- Km-‘n- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Nn-Xm-`-kv-a-Øn-s‚- H-cp- m-Kw- \n-a-÷-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn-em-Wv.-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- \n-Xy-l-cn-X- \-K-cw- F-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.-

*- -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- In-g-t°-t°m- -bn-em-Wv- Km-‘n- ]m¿-°v.-

*- -H-cp- hy-‡n-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-Wv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- (]-g-b- t]-cv- Km-‘n-Pn- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-).-

*- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-S-s]- -Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- h-[-in-£- d-±v- sN-ø-s∏-- tI-c-f-Øn-se- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- sI.-]n.-B¿.-tK-m-]m-e≥.

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 15

B[p-\nI C¥y26

C¥y kzmX-¥amIp∂p......

a-’-c-∏-co-£-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈- kw-£n-]v-X-B-[p-\n-I- C-¥ym- N-cn-Xw- Cu- e-°-tØm-sS- A-h-km-\n-°p-∂p.- tIm-f-\n-`-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- tam-N-\w- ]m-]n-®p-sIm-≠v- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- C-¥y- ]n-d-°p-I-bm-Wv.- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- B-K-kv-Xv- 15 C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\-am-bn-?- F-X- Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-߃- ssh-tkm-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p-]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv-?- kzm-X-¥y-th-f-bn¬-Km-‘n-Pn- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-?- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-?- A-h-km-\-sØ-sk-I- -dn- Hm- v- tÃ-‰v- t^m¿- C-¥y- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-?- s\-lp-hn-\v- k-Xy-hm-N-Iw- sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv- B-cm-Wv-?- -A-\-h-[n- ]-co-£-I-fn¬- D-b¿-∂- dm-¶p-Im-sc- \n¿-W-bn-®- B- tNm-Zy-ß-fp-sS- D-Ø-cw- C-hn-sS- I-s≠-Ømw.- hm-b-\- Xp-S-cp-I.-

kn.B¿.t^m¿ape (1943)tIm¨Kkv- -ap-…nw-eo-Kv- k-l-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bn- tIm- -K-kv- t\-Xm-hpw- Km-‘n-Pn-tbm-Sv- h-f-sc- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘w-]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂- hy-‡n-bp-am-b- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-H-cp- hy-h-ÿ- (cm-Pm-Pn- t^m¿-ap-e-)- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p.- Km-‘n-Pn- C-Xn-\v- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- \¬-In.- C-]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-Pm-Pn- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- h-yhÿIƒ.1.- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-¥yw- eo-Kv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- tI-

µ-Øn¬- C-S-°m-e-tØ-°v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-cp-∂- Xm-ev-Im-en-I- k¿-°m-cn¬- eo-Kv- tIm-¨-K-kp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.-

2.- bp-≤-Øn-\p-ti-jw- ]-tXy-I- cm-Pyw- th-tWm- th-≠-tbm- F-∂p- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-≥ ap-…nw- q-cn-]-£-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- ap-…n-ß-f-√m-Ø-h-sc-bpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- ]m-b-]q¿-Øn-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- P-\-ln-X- ]-cn-tim-[-\- \-S-Ø-Ww.-

3.- F-√m- cm-jv-So-b- I-£n-Iƒ-°pw- P-\-ln-X-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬- A-`n-]m-bw- ]-d-bm-≥ A-h-k-cw- \¬-I-Ww.-

4.- hn- -P-\w- th-≠n-h-cn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬- ]-Xn-tcm-[w,- hm-Wn-Pyw,-hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw,- a-‰v- A-h-iy- k¿-ho-kp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-cp-cm-Py-ß-fpw- ]-c-kv-]-c- [m-c-W-bn-se-Ø-Ww.-

5.- P-\-ß-fp-sS- kz-¥w- C-jv-S-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-tßm- p-an-tßm- p-ap-≈- t]m-°p-h-c-hp-Iƒ.-

6.- Cw-•-≠v- C-¥y-°v- ]q¿-W- A-[n-Im-cw- ssI-am-dp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬-am-X-ta- ta¬-∏-d-™- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- km-[p-hm-Ip-I-bp-≈q.-ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂- kn.-B¿.- t^m¿-ap-e- ]q¿-W-am-bpw-

\n-cm-I-cn-®p.-]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂v- cm-Pm-Pn-bp-sS- \n-

e-]m-Sv- tIm-¨-K-kv- h¿-°n-Mv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS-bpw- F.-sF.-kn.-kn.-bp-sS-bpw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \n-e-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-cm-I-bm¬-A-t±-lw- tIm- -K-kv- hn- p-t]m-hp-I-bpw- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Aw-K-Xzw- cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- (ho-≠pw- tIm- -K-kn¬-tN¿-∂- cm-Pm-Pn,- s\-lp-hn-s‚- C-S-°m-e- a-¥n-k-`-bn¬-Aw-K-am-bn-).-

1943- se _wKmƒ £maw1943˛¬ _w-Kmƒ- A-Xn-s‚- k-ao-]-Im-e-N-cn-X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- cq-£-am-b- H-cp- £m-a-sØ- t\-cn-´p.- G-Xm-\pw- am-k-߃-°p-≈n¬- 30 e-£w- B-fp-Iƒ- ]-´n-Wn-Im-c-Ww- a-c-W-a-S-™p.- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-s‚- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂v- £m-aw- t\-cn-Sm-≥ ^-e-]-Z-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- D-≠m-Im-Ø-Xp-Im-c-W-am-Wv- a-c-W-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- kw-Jy- D-b-cm-\n-S-bm-b-sX-∂v- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-´p.- C-Xv- P-\-߃-°n-S-bn¬- B-g-Øn¬- tcm-jw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- tZ-io-b- ]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ]-_-e-t\-Xm-°ƒ- Cu- L-´-Øn¬- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v-P-bn-en-em-bn-cp-∂p.- £m-aw- H-cp- cm-jv-So-b- hn-j-b-am-bn- D-b¿-Ø-s∏-´-n√.

dmjv _nlmcn t_mkpwC¥y≥ C≥Uns]≥U≥kv eoKpwH∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v-\m-Sp-hn- v- P-∏m-\n-se-Øn-b- H-cp- hn-π-h-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv.- 1915˛¬- P-∏m-\n-se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw-H-cp- Pm-∏-\o-kv- h-\n-X-sb- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-Xv- P-∏m-\o-kv-]u-c-\m-bn- I-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- i-a-Øn¬-1942 am¿-®v- 28 ap-X¬- 30h-sc- tSm-°n-tbm-bn¬-tN¿-∂- H-cp-sN-dp-tbm-Kw- a-dp-\m-S-≥ C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- h-I-bm-bn- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kv- F-s∂m-cp- kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®p.- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- hn-]p-e-am-b- H-cp- k-tΩ-f-\w- 1942Pq-¨- 15 ap-X¬- 23 h-sc- _m-t¶m-°n¬- tN¿-∂p.- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\w- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-[y-£-ÿm-\-tØ-°v- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kn-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-I-bpw- C-¥y-°v- ]q¿-W-kzm-X-¥yw- D-S-\-Sn- In- m-\m-h-iy-am-b- ]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv- eo-Kn-s‚- e-£y-sa-∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- tbm-

K- Xo-cp-am-\-]-Im-c-ap-≈- £-Ww- kzo-I-cn-®m-Wv- kp-`m-jv-t_m-kv- tSm-°n-tbm-bn¬- F-Øn- eo-Kn-s‚- A-[y-£-ÿm-\w- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kn¬-\n-∂v- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv.

taml≥knßpwC¥y≥ \mjW¬ B¿anbpw

1941 Un-kw-_-dn¬- P-∏m-≥ ssk-\yw- a-e-bm-bn-te-°v- ap-t∂-dm-≥ Xp-S-ßn.- Cu- ap-t∂-‰-Øn¬- _n- o-jv- ]- m-f-°m¿-°v- Xn-cn-t™m-tS-≠n-h-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ ]-´m-f-°m¿- P-∏m-s‚-]-´m-f-Ø-S-hp-Im-cm-bn- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-´p.- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø- H-cp-

sN-dp-hn- m-K-hpw- A-Xn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw-\¬-In-b- Iym-]v-‰-≥ tam-l-≥kn-Mpw- Ip-td- Zn-h-k-߃-Iq-Sn- h-\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬- Np-‰n-k-©-cn-®-ti-jw- P-∏m-s‚- ]-´m-f- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v- Io-g-S-ßn.- Pm-∏-\o-kv- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿- tam-l-≥kn-Mn-\v- ap-∂n¬- H-cp- \n¿-t±-iw-h-®p.- C-¥y-°m-cm-b- bp-≤-Ø-S-hp-Im-sc- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- tam-l-≥kn-Mv- H-cp- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-Ww.- A-Xv- Pm-∏-\o-kv- ]-´m-f-hp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-®v- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- am¿-®p-sN-bv-Xv- _n-´o-jv- `-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww.- kn-Mv- C-Xv- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- A-ß-s\-B-km-Zv- ln-µv- ^u-Pv- (C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-)- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-bn-(1942).-Z-£n-W-]q¿-th-jy-bn-se- Xm-a-k-°m-cm-b- C-¥y-°m-sc-bpw- a-e-b-bn-epw- knw-K-∏q-cn-epw- _¿-a-bn-epw- P-∏m-≥ ssk-\yw- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-b- C-¥y-≥ ssk-\n-I-sc-bpw- Hm-^o-k¿-am-sc-bpw- H-∂n-®p-tN¿-Øm-Wv- sF.-F-≥.-F.- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv.- Cu- tk-\m-hn-`m-K-sØ- \n-b-¥n-°p-∂- `-c-W-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kn-s\- \n-b-an-®p.- ssk-\y-sØ- \-bn-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e- tam-l-≥kn-Mn-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- ]-e- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- Cu- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- kv-Xw-`-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn- (1942 Un-kw-_¿-).- A-ß-s\- H-∂mw- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- ]-h¿-Ø-\w-A-h-km-\n-®p.- 1943˛¬- t\-Xm-Pn- t_m-kv- h-∂v- t\-Xr-Xzw-G-s‰-Sp-Ø-ti-jw- c-≠mw- sF.-F-≥.-F.- ]-h¿-Ø-\w- \-S-°m-\m-cw-`n-®p.- A-Xv- t\-Xm-Pn-bp-sS- Xm-Xv-Im-en-I- `m-c-X-k¿-°m-cn-s‚- tk-\-bm-bn- ]-h¿-Øn-®p.- t_m-kn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ap-≥X-S-hp-Im-sc-bpw- a-e-b-bn-se-bpw- _¿-a-bn-se-bpw- k-∂-≤- ]u-c-≥am--scbpw sF.-F≥.-F.bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn. Cu tk\ P∏m-\okv Cw-]o-cn-b¬ B¿an-bp-ambntN¿∂v _¿a, sImln-a, Cw^m¬ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬_n´Wpw kJy-tk-\bv°pw FXnsc t]mcm-Sn.

t\XmPnbpw C¥y≥ \mjW¬B¿anbpw

kp`mjv- N-µ-t_m-kv- 1941 am¿-®n¬- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v-c-£-s∏-´v- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-te-°v- t]m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1941Pq-Wn¬- B- cm-Pyw- k-Jy-I-£n-I-tfm-Sv- tN¿-∂-t∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- P¿-a-\n-bn-te-°v- t]m-bn.- _n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc- H-cp- km-bp-[- t]m-cm-´w- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I- F-∂- e-£y-tØm-sS- 1943 s^-_p-h-cn-bn¬- t_m-kv- P-∏m-\n-se-Øp-I-bpw-

16 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-bn¬- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\m-bn- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- ]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- km-c-Yyw- G-s‰-Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

B-km-Zv- ln-µv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- F-∂- t]-cn¬- knw-K-∏q¿- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- H-cp- Xm-ev-Im-en-I- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- t_m-kv- ÿm-]n-®p- (1943 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 21).- Cu- Xm¬-°m-en-I-k¿-°m¿- _n-´-Wpw- bp-F- n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- bp-≤w- ]-Jym-]n-®p.- A-Xn-s\- A-®p-X-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.-t_m-kv- c-≠v- sF.-F-≥.-F.- B-ÿm-\-߃-˛-H-∂v- dw-Kq-Wn-epw- a-s‰m-∂v- knw-K-∏q-cn-epw-˛-ÿm-]n-®p.- 1944 Pq-sse-B-dn-\v- B-km-Zv- ln-µv- td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS- t_m-kv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-bv-Xp.- "-C-¥y-bp-sS- A-¥n-a- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-cw- B-cw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- \-Ωp-sS- cm-jv-S-]n-Xm-th- ...- C-¥y-bp-sS- tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bp-≈- Cu-bp-≤-Øn¬- R-߃- A-ß-bp-sS- A-\p-K-lm-»n- p-Iƒ-tX-Sp-I-bm-Wv-'.-

B-km-Zv- ln-µv- K-h-¨-sa-‚n¬- cm-jv-S-Ø-e-h-≥,- ]-[m-\-a-¥n,- bp-≤-Im-cy-a-¥n,- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-a-¥n- F-∂o- ]-Z-hn-Iƒ- h-ln-®- t\-Xm-Pn- t_m-kv- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-bp-sS- kp-]ow- I-am-≥U¿- F-∂- \n-e-bn-epw- ]-h¿-Øn-®p.-kv-Xo-I-fp-sS- hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚- ta-[m-hn- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-km-bn-cp-∂p- kp-]ow- A-ssUz-k¿.- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-jv-Sm-hv- F.-F-≥.-k¿-°m¿- B-bn-cp-∂p.-

"-sF-Iyw,- hn-izm-kw,- Xym-Kw-'- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- sF.-F-≥.-F-bp-sS- ]-am-W-hm-Iyw.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- hw-in-[¿- ip-¢- c-Nn-®v- cmw-kn-Mv- Xm-°q¿- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- "-I-Zw- I-Zw- _-Zm-sb-'- B-bn-cp-∂p- sF.-F-≥.-F-bp-sS- ]-S-b-Wn-Km-\w.- c-≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤m-¥-cw- Cu- Km-\w- cm-Py-tZm-l-]-c-sa-∂m-tcm-]n-®v- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-tcm-[n-s®-¶n-epw- 1947 Hm-K-Ãn¬- \n-tcm-[-\w- ]n-≥h-en-®p.- Nm-Sp-∂- I-Sp-h-bp-sS- Nn-X-ap-≈- Xn-h¿-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- sF.-F-≥.-F-bp-sS- ]-Xm-I.- sF.-F-≥.-F-bp-sS- Aw-K-_-ew- G-I-tZ-iw- 43000˛-\v- A-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.-

C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-bp-sS- d-Pn-sa-‚p-Iƒ-°v- Km-‘n- _n-tK-Uv,- s\-lp- _n-tK-Uv,- k¿-Zm¿- _n-tK-Uv- Xp-S-ßn-b- t]-cp-I-fm-Wv- \¬-In-b-Xv.- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bv-°v- H-cp- h-\n-Xm- d-Pn-sa-‚pw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\v- Qm-≥kn- dm-Wn-bp-sS- t]-cm-Wv- \¬-In-bXv.

sF.F≥.F. C¥y≥ aÆn¬_¿abn¬-\n-∂v- C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈- P-∏m-≥ ssk-\y-Øn-

s‚- ap-t∂-‰-Øn¬- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bpw- ]-¶p-sIm-≠p.- 1944 P-\p-h-cn-bn¬- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- kp-`m-jv- _n-tK-Uv- dw-Kq-Wn¬- ]-th-in-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- t_m-kn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-≥ tk-\- 1944 am¿-®n¬- C-¥y-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn- I-S-∂v- Cw-^m-en-s‚- A-Sp-Øp-h-sc- F-Øn.- P-∏m-≥ \n-b-¥-W-Øn-em-b- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-sF.-F-≥.-F.-bv-°p- ssI-am-dn.- sF.-F-≥.-F.- A-Xn-s\- j-lo-Zv- kz-cm-Pv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- F-∂v- ]p-\¿- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xp.- 1944˛-45 se- bp-≤-Øn¬- P-∏m-s\- k-Jy-I-£n-Iƒ- X-I¿-Ø-tXm-sS- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bpw- ]-cm-P-b-a-S-™p.- C-¥y-\-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬- ]-th-in-®- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-≥ tk-\-bv-°v- _¿-a-bn-te-°pw- A-hn-sS-\n-∂v- Xm-bv-e-≥Un-te-°pw- ]n-≥am-td-≠n-h-∂p.- 1945 Hm-K-Ãn¬- t_m-kv- H-cp- hn-am-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬-a-c-W-a-S-™p.- 1992˛¬- cm-jv-Sw- t_m-kn-\v- m-c-X- c-Xv-\w- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- _-lp-a-Xn- ]-Jym-]n-s®-¶n-epw- t_m-kn-s‚- a-c-Ww- kw-_-‘-am-b- X¿-°-߃- kr-jv-Sn-®- hn-hm-Zw- Im-c-Ww- _-lp-a-Xn- ]n-≥h-en-t°-≠n-h-∂p.-

kzm-X-¥yw- t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- ^m-kn-Ãv- i-‡n-I-sf- Iq-´p-]n-Sn-®- t_m-kn-s‚- X-¥w- A-°m-e-Øv- hn-a¿-i-\-ß-tf-‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-s∂-¶n-epw- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- kw-Lm-S-\-Øn-eq-sS- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- ap-ºm-sI- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚- B-th-i-I-c-am-b- H-cp- am-Xr-I- H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- A-t±-l-Øn-\v-km-[n-®p.- "-Zn-√n- N-tem-',- "-P-bv- ln-µv-'- F-∂o- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-߃- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bv-°v- B-th-i-]q¿-hw- k-Ωm-\n-®- t_m-kn-s\- sF.-F-≥.-F.- `-S-≥am¿- am-X-a-√,- cm-jv-S-sam-´m-sI-t\-Xm-Pn- F-∂m-Wv- h-nfn®Xv.

bp≤m\¥c C¥y1945 a[ytØmsS bqtdm∏n¬ bp≤Øn\v Xnc»oe

hoWpIgn™ncp∂p. 1945 HmKÃn¬ P∏m\n¬ Atacn°t_mw_n´tXmsS B cmPyw \ncp]m[nIw IogSßnbp≤w ]cyhkm\n®p. 1942˛se P\Iob apt∂‰ßfpwsF.F≥.F.bpsS XymK\n¿`camb ]h¿Ø\ßfpw[ocXbpsSbpw \n›b Zm¿VyØns‚bpw ]pXnb]mT߃ C¥y°v ]I¿∂p \¬Inbncp∂p. Aßs\,kzmX¥yØn\pth≠nbp≈ C¥y≥ P\XbpsSt]mcm´w ]pXnsbmcp L´Ønte°v IS∂p.

sF.F≥.F. hnNmcW (1945)_n´ojv knwlm-k-\-tØm-Sv- Iq-dv- Im-Wn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-

Xn-⁄- ew-Ln-®-Xn-\m¬- cm-Py-tZm-ln-I-fm-bn- am-dn- F-∂-Ip-‰-am-tcm-]n-®v- _n-´o-jv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bn-se-Aw-K-ß-sf- ssk-\n-I- A-®-S-°- ew-L-\-Øn-\v- hn-Nm-c-W-sN-øm-≥ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- F-Sp-Øp.- t\-c-tØ- _n-´o-jn-¥y-≥B¿-an-bn¬- Hm-^o-k¿-am-cm-bn-cp-∂,- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- Hm-^o-k¿-am-cm-b- jm- \-hm-kv- Jm-≥,- Kp¿-Z-bm¬- kn-Mv- [n-√-≥,- t]w-Ip-am¿- sk-lv-Kmƒ- F-∂n-h-sc- U¬-ln-bn-se- sN-t¶m-´-bn¬-h-®v- hn-Nm-c-W- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- P-\-߃- A-h-sc- tZ-io-b- \m-b-I-≥am-cm-bn- h-c-th¬-°p-I-bpw- A-h-sc- tam-Nn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏- p-sIm-≠v- cm-Py-sa-ºm-Spw- Iq-‰-≥ ]-I-S-\-߃- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- sF.-F-≥.-F.- hn-Nm-c-W-bn¬- ]-Xn-`m-K-Øn-\p-th-≠n- lm-P-cm-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- tIm- -K-kv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp,-tX-Pv- _-lm-Zq¿- k-]p,- `p-em-`m-bv- tZ-im-bn- F-∂n-h-cpƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- ]-K-ev-`- A-`n-`m-j-I- k-an-Xn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- cm-Py-hym-]-I-am-bn- H-®-∏m-Sp-≠m-°n-b- Cu- hn-Nm-c-W-s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-]m-bw-am-\n-®v- \n¿-Øn-h-bv-°m-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- ssk-\n-I- tIm-S-Xn- sF.-F-≥.-F.-X-S-hp-Im¿- Ip-‰-°m-cm-sW-∂v- hn-[n-s®-¶n-epw- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- A-h¿-°v- s]m-Xp-am-∏v- ]-Jym-]n-®p.- kzm-X-¥y- ]m-]v-Xn-°p-ti-jw- sF.-F-≥.-F.-°m-sc- C-¥y-≥ P-\-X- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-Øn-se- ap-∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-I-fm-bn- I-W-°m-°n-B-Z-cm-hm¿-∂- ]-cnKW\ \¬Int∏m∂p.

Asadn˛thh¬ ]≤Xn (1945)C¥ym ssh-tkm-bn-bm-bn- 1943˛¬- th-h¬- ]-`p- \n-b-

an-X-\m-bn.- ap-ºv- A-t±-lw- Ip-td-°m-ew- C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1945 a-[y-tØm-sS- bq-tdm-∏n¬-bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-®-tXm-sS- C-¥y-bn-se- cm-jv-So-b- kv-Xw-`-\-Øn-\v- ]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn,- sk-I-´-dn- Hm-^v-tÃ-‰v- B-bn-cp-∂- F¬.-F-kv.-A-sa-dn- Nn-e- \n¿-t±-i-߃-ap-t∂m-´p-h-®p.- ssh-tkm-bn-bp-sS-bpw- k-a-hm-bw- C-°m-cy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- A-sa-dn-˛-th-h¬- ]-≤-Xn-F-∂-dn-b-s∏- p.- C-¥y-bn-se- ap-Jy- cm-jv-So-b-∏m¿- n-Iƒ- k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂- ]m-\-ep-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-h-sc- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- ssh-tkm-bn-bp-sS- F-Iv-kn-Iyp- o-hv- Iu- -kn¬-]p-\-:-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-se- ]-[m-\-\n¿-t±-iw.- C-ß-s\- ]p-\-:-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- ]-[m-\- ]m¿-´n-I-fm-b- tIm- -K-kn-\pw- ap-…nw-eo-Kn-\pw- Xp-ey-F-Æw- ]-Xn-\n-[n-I-sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ømw- F-∂- hy-h-ÿ-bpw-Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏v- C-¥y-°v- ssI-am-dp-sa-¶n-epw- ]-Xn-tcm-[w- _n- -s‚- Np-a-X-e-bn¬-\n-e-\n¿-Øn- H-cp- Cw-•o-jp-Im-c-≥ ssk-\y-Ø-e-h-\m-bn- Xp-S-cpw.-]p-Xn-b- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-\v- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- ta¬- \n-b-¥-Ww- D-≠m-Ip-∂-X-√.- ssh-tkm-bn-bp-sS- ho-t‰m- A-[n-Im-cw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-sa-¶n-epw- A-Xv- A-\m-h-iy-am-bn- ]-tbm-Kn-°n-√- -C-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- a-‰p- ]-[m-\- \n¿-t±-i-߃.- C-h- ssh-tkm-bn- 1945 Pq-¨- 14˛-\v- td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS- ]-t£-]-Ww-sN-bv-Xp.- C-tX- Xo-b-Xn-bn¬- A-sa-dn-bpw- C-Xp- kw-_-‘-am-b- ]-kv-Xm-h-\- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬- \-S-Øn.

knwe ktΩf\w (1945)Asadn˛th-h¬- ]-≤-Xn- ]-kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-Xn-s\-Øp-

S¿-∂v- 1945 Pq-Wn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- h¿-°n-Mv- I-Ωn-‰n- Aw-K-߃- P-bn¬- hn-ap-‡-cm-bn.- ]p-Xn-b- \n¿-t±-i-ß-fn-≥ ta¬-N¿-®- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- 1945 Pq-¨- 25˛-\v- knw-e-bn¬- ssh-tkm-bn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-X-bn¬- F-√m- t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-sS-bpw- H-cp- tbm-Kw- \-S-∂p.- tIm-¨-K-kv- kw-L-sØ- \-bn-®-Xv- ]-kn-U-‚ v- au-em-\m- B-km-Zm-bn-cp-∂p.- Pn-∂- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ hm-Z-Øn¬- I¿-i-\- \n-e-]m-Sn¬- D-d-®p-\n-∂p.- am-X-a-√,- ssh-tkm-bn-bp-sS- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en-te-°v-ap-…nw- Aw-K-ß-sf- \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- ap-…nw-

eo-Kn-s‚- Ip-Ø-I-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- tIm- -K-kn-\v- ap-…nw-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-sf- \n¿-W-bn-°m-≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-s√-∂pw- Pn-∂- hm-in- ]n-Sn-®p.- Pn-∂-bp-sS- hm-Z-߃-tIm- -K-kv- X-≈n-°-f-bp-I-bpw- X-Xv- -e-am-bn- tbm-Kw- A-e-kn-∏n-cn-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tbm-Kw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xn-s‚-D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- ,- Pn-∂-bp-sS- Np-a-en-em-°n.- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- D-t±-iy-e-£y-ß-sf- ho-t‰m- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-h-k-cw- eo-Kn-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv- ssh-tkm-bn- ssI-s°m-≠-sX-∂pw- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏- p.- F-¥m-bm-epw- knw-e- k-tΩ-f-\w- eo-Kn-s‚-bpw- Pn-∂-bp-sS-bpw- \n-e- sa-®-s∏-Sm-≥ k-lm-b-I-am-bn.- 1945 -46˛¬- \-S-∂- Xn-c-™-Sp-∏n¬-A-Xv- hy-‡-am-bn- ]-Xn- -en-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

_n´Wnse 1945˛seXncs™Sp∏v

1945 Pq-sse- am-k-Øn¬- _n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n-te-°v-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- 1935˛-\p- ti-jw- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn-te-°v- \-S-∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv.- c-≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-e-Øv- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- k-kv-s]-≥Uv- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- bp-≤-Im-e- Iym-_n-\-‰n-s‚- \-bn-®v- P-\-]n-b-\m-bn-am-dn-b- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n-en-s‚- I-¨-k¿-th-‰o-hv- ]m¿-´n-sb- A-]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- A-´n-a-dn-®p-sIm-≠v- bp-≤-Im-e- Iym-_n-\-‰n-se- D-]-]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- \-bn-®- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- `-c-Ww- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp.- 640 Aw-K- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬- tI-h-e-`q-cn-]-£-Øn-\v- 321 ko-‰v- a-Xn-sb-∂n-cn-s°- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- 393ko-‰p-t\-Sn.- I-gn-™-]m-h-iyw- (1935)- 383 ko-‰p-t\-Sn-b- I-¨-k¿-th-‰o-hv- ]m¿-´n-°v- C-°p-dn- 197 ko-‰p-I-fn-te- hn-P-bn-°m-≥ I-gn-™p-≈p.- hy-‡-am-b- q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰v- B-Zy- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-hv- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- B-‰v-en-°v- kz-¥-am-bn.-

\m-hn-I- I-em-]w- (1946)-tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚- B-i-b-߃- _n-´o-jn-¥y-≥ K-h-

¨-sa-‚n-s‚- ]-[m-\- D-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂- B¿-an-bn-epw-s]m-eo-kn-epw- kn-hn¬- D-tZym-K-ß-fn-epw- tPm-en-sN-øp-∂-C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- a-\- p-I-fn¬- hym-]n-°-s∏- p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-A-h-cp-sS- Np-h-Sp-am-‰-߃- C-¥y-bn¬- _n-´o-jv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-Ø-d- D-e-bv-°p-hm-≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-°q- -Øn¬- ]-tXy-I- ]-cm-a¿-i-a¿-ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- 1946 s -_p-h-cn-bn¬- \-S-∂- apw-ss_- \m-hn-I- I-em-]w.-

_n- o-jv- A-[n-Ir-X-tcm-Sp-≈- ]-Xn-tj-[-kq-N-I-am-bn- cm-P-Io-b- C-¥y-≥ tk-\-bn-se- (tdm-b¬- C-¥y-≥ t\-hn-)- \m-hn-I¿- _m-c-°p-I-fp-sS- Np-a-cp-I-fn¬- "-Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-hn-Sp-I-',- "-ln-µp-ÿm-≥ kn-µm-_m-Zv-'- Xp-S-ßn-b- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-߃- F-gp-Xn-h-®p.- ap-Zm-hm-Iy-߃- F-gp-Xn-h-s®-∂- Ip-‰-am-tcm-]n-®v- td-Un-tbm- Hm-∏-td-‰-sd- A-d-Ãp-sN-bv-X-tXm-sS-F-®v.-Fw.-F-kv.-X¬-hm¿- F-∂- bp-≤-∏-en¬- 1946 s^-_p-h-cn- 18˛-\v- \m-hn-I-I-em-]-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-am-bn.- X-ß-fp-sS-B-h-iy-߃- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-]-£w- H-∂-S-¶w-cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-sa-∂v- A-h¿- Xm-°o-Xp-\¬-In.- Xp-S¿-∂v- aq-∂p-e-£-tØm-fw- \m-hn-I¿- ]-Wn-ap-S-°n,- \-K-c-sØ-cp-hp-I-fn-en-d-ßp-I-bpw- \m-´p-Im-cp-sS- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- I-em-]-ß-fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

hn-a-X-\m-hn-I¿- B¿-an-tbm-Spw- t\-hn-tbm-Spw- G-gp-a-Wn-°q¿- s]m-cp-Xn-\n-∂p.- a-‰v- ]-e- `m-K-ß-fn-se-bpw- \m-hn-I¿-A-\p-`m-h-kq-N-I-am-bn- k-a-cw- Xp-S-ßn.- tdm-b¬- C-¥y-≥F-b¿- t^m-gv-kn-epw- hym-]-I-am-b- k-a-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn.- 1946s^-_p-h-cn- 22˛-\v- \m-hn-I-tcm-Sp-≈- A-\p-`m-h-Øn¬- apw-ss_-bn¬- H-cp- ]q¿-W- l¿-Øm-epw- Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-epw- m-Iv-S-dn-I-fn-epw- Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS- s]m-Xp-k-a-c-hpw- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.- I-dm-®n-ap-X¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-h-sc- \m-hn-I-k-a-cw- A-e-sbm-en-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-®p.-

78 I-∏-ep-I-fpw- 20 Xo-c-tZ-i- ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- 20000 \m-hn-I-cpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- I-em-]w- tdm-b¬- _n-´o-jv- t\-hn-bp-sS- I-cp-Øv- ]-tbm-Kn-®v- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øn.- 228 t]¿- a-c-W-a-S-bp-I-bpw- 1048 t]¿-°v- ]-cn-t°¬-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tIm-¨-K-tkm- ap-…nw- eo-tKm- ]n-¥p-W-bv-°m-Ø- I-em-]-sØ-A-\p-Iq-en-®-Xv- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- am-X-am-Wv.-

tIm- -K-kv- \n-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-]-Im-cw- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- apw-ss_-bn-se-Øn.- A-t±-lw- t\-h¬- sk-≥S¬- kv-ssS-°v-I-Ωn-‰n- ]-kn-U-‚ v- Fw.-F-kv.-Jm-\p-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b- N¿-®-bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- k-a-cw- ]n-≥h-en-°-s∏-´p.- I-em-]w- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]-t´¬- H-cp- ]-kv-Xm-h-\- \-S-Øn.- k-am-\-am-bn- eo-Kn-\p-th-≠n- Pn-∂-sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-epw- ]-kv-Xm-h-\- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v-]-Wn-ap-S-°n-b- \m-hn-I¿- s^-_p-h-cn- 23˛-\v- Xn-cn-®v- tPm-en-bn¬- ]-th-in-®p.-

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 17

I-em-]w- Xo¿-s∂-¶n-epw- tIm-¨-K-kn-s‚-bpw- eo-Kn-s‚-bpw- k-lm-bw- hn-kv-a-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- \m-hn-I-sc- hym-]-I-am-bn- A-d-Ãp-sN-bv-Xp.- I-em-]-Im-cn-I-sf-∂p-ap-Z-Ip-Øn- A-h-sc- tIm¿- v-am¿-j¬- sN-øp-I-bpw tPm-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-Øm-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. C-h-sc- kzm-X-¥ym-\-¥-cw- C-¥y-tbm-]m-In-kv-Xm-t\m- Xn-cn-sI- k¿-ho-kn¬- ]-th-in-∏n-®n-√.-

1946 -se- ]-hn-iym- Xn-c-s™-Sp∏v1946˛- P-\p-h-cn-bn¬- ]-hn-iym- A-kw-ªn-I-fn-te-°v- Xn-

c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- _n- o-jn-¥y-bn¬- K-h.-Hm- v- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv- \-S-∏m-°n-b-ti-j-ap-≈- c-≠m-a-sØ-Xpw- A-h-km-\-tØ-Xp-am-b- Cu- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- C-Xv- kp-]-[m-\- cm-jv-So-b- kw--h-hn-Im-k-߃-°v- I-f-sam-cp-°n.- s]m-Xp-a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn¬-

tIm-¨-K-kv- Kw-`o-c- hn-P-bw- t\-Sn.- ap-…n-߃-°m-bn- \o-°n-h-®- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn¬- ap-…nw-eo-Kn-\v- h-ºn-®- q-cn-]-£w-e-`n-®p.- F-√m- ]-hn-iy-I-fn-se-bpw- `q-cn-]-£w- ap-…ow- ko-‰p-I-fpw- ap-…ow-eo-Kv- t\-Sn.- Nn-e- ]-hn-iy-I-fn¬- F-√m- ko-‰p-I-fpw- eo-Kn-\p- In-´n.- B-sI-bp-≈- 1585 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- 923 F-Æ-Øn-epw- (58%- `q-cn-]-£w-)- eo-Kv- 425 F-Æ-Øn-ep-am-Wv- hn-P-bn-®-Xv.-

B- mw,- _o-lm¿,-t_mw-s_,-sk-≥S¬- s]m-hn-≥kv,-a-Zm-kv,-t\m¿-Øv- sh-Ãv- t^m-≠n-b¿- s]m-hn-≥kv,- H-do- ,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- s]m-hn-≥kv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.- _w-Km-fn-epw- kn-‘n-epw- eo-Kv- a-¥n-k-`-Iƒ- `-c-W-ta-‰p.- tIm-¨-K-kpw- bq-Wn-b-\n-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bpw- A-Im-en-I-fpw tN¿∂v ]©m_n¬a¥nk` cq]hXvIcn®p.

Nne ]hniym Kh¨sa‚pIƒB man¬ B-sI-bp-≈- 108 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv-

58 t\-Sp-I-bpw- tKm-]n-\m-Yv- t_m¿-Z-tem-bv-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- k¿-°m¿- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-

1939 ap-X¬- K-h¿-W¿- -c-W-Øn-≥ Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂- a-Zm-kv- ]-kn-U-≥kn-bn¬- tIm- -K-kv- B-sI-bp-≈- 215 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- 163 ko-‰p-I-fn¬-hn-P-bn-®-Xn-s‚- -e-am-bn- Sn.-]-Im-i-Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂p-(1946 sa-bv- 1).- 1947 am¿-®v- 23 h-sc- A-t±-lw- -cn-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v-ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b-Xv- H.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an- sd-Õym-cm-Wv.-

_w-Km-fn¬- eo-Kv- t\-Xm-hv- F-®v.-F-kv.-kp-l-h¿-Zn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v A[nImcta‰p.

Iym_n\‰v anj≥tdmb¬- C-¥y-≥ t\-hn-bn-se- I-em-]-hpw- A-\p-_-‘-

kw- -h-ß-fpw- _n- o-jv- A-[n-Im-cn-I-fn-se- ]p-\¿-Nn-¥-\-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®p.- C-¥ym- k-ap-Z-ta-J-e-bn¬- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- _n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I-cpw- C-hn-sS- Xp-S-cp-∂-Xn-\v- Xm-ev-]-cy-°p-d-hv- ]-I-Sn-∏n-®p-Xp-S-ßn.- C-¥y-bn¬- A-[n-Im-cw-\n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv- m-hn-bn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zp-jv-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw-F-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv- _n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂-Xv.- C-¥y-bn-se- ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-Iƒ- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-b-ti-jw-A-[n-Im-cw- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- hn-i-Zmw-i-߃- X-øm-dm-°m-≥ _n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- H-cp- D-∂-X-X-e-k-an-Xn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- Cu- k-an-Xn- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.- C-¥ym- sk-I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- s]-Øn-Iv- tem-d-≥kv,- ssk-\y- -c-W-k-an-Xn-bn-se- H-∂m-a-sØ- ]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂- F.-hn.-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿,- hym-]m-c-t_m¿-Un-s‚- ]-kn-U-‚m-b- kv-‰m-t^m¿-Uv- In-]v-kv- F-∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-\n-se- Aw-K-ß-ƒ.

Iym_n\‰v anj≥ ip]m¿iIƒ1946 am¿-®v- 23˛-\v- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-

≥ C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°-fp-am-bn kp-Zo¿-L-am-b- N¿-®-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-b-ti-jw- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘n-®v- H-cp- cq-]-tc-J- X-øm-dm-°n.- 1946 sa-bv- 16˛-\v- ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- A-Xn-s‚- hn-i-Zmw-i-߃- C-]-Im-c-am-bncp∂p.1.- tZ-io-b- X-e-Øn¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂- H-cp- bq-Wn-b-≥

K-h-¨-sa-‚n-\m-bn-cn-°pw- hn-tZ-i-Im-cyw,- ]-Xn-tcm-[w,-hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- A-[n-Im-c-߃.-

2.- C-X-c- A-[n-Im-c-߃- tÃ-‰p-Iƒ-°m-bn-cn-°pw.-3.- `-c-W-L-S-\- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\v- H-cp- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v-

A-kw-ªn- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°pw.- C-Xn-se- Aw-K-ß-sf- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fpw-tN¿-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.-

4.- tI-µw,- Kq-∏p-Iƒ,- kw-ÿm-\-߃- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂p-X-´p-I-fn-em-hpw- `-c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬- h-cn-I.-

5.- Kq-∏p-I-fp-sS- A-[n-Im-cw,- ]-tXy-I- -c-W-L-S-\- F-∂o-Im-cy-߃- ]n-∂o-Sv- Xo-cp-am-\n-°pw.-

6.- Kq-∏n¬-\n-∂v- hn- p-\n¬-°m-≥ -c-W-L-S-I-߃-°v- kzm-

X-¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-7.- A-¥m-cm-f-L- -Øn¬- -cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- H-cp- C-S-°m-e- k¿-

°m¿- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°pw.- C-Xn¬- F-√m- ]-[m-\- cm-jv-So-b-I-£n-Iƒ-°pw- ]m-Xn-\n-[yw- D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-

Iym_n\‰v anj\pw C¥y≥cmjvSob∏m¿´nIfpw

Iym_n-\-‰v- an-j-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-߃- tIm- -K-kn-\v- kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- C-S-°m-e- K-h-¨-sa-‚n¬- tIm-¨-K-kn-\pw- eo-Kn-\pw- Xp-ey-]-cn-K-W-\- e-`n-°pw- F-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-am-Wv- ]-Xn-Iq-e- \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-°m-≥ tIm-¨-K-kn-s\- t]-cn-∏n-®-Xv.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v- h-gn-sX-fn-t®-°p-sa-∂- ]-Xo-£-bn¬- Pn-∂- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-k-ao-]-\w- ssI-s°m-s≠-¶n-epw- tIm-¨-K-kv- A-[y-£-\m-b- s\-lp,- Kq-∏n-Mn-t\m-Sp-≈- \n-tj-[m-fl-I- \n-e-]m-Sv-sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXm-sS- Pn-∂- ap-≥Xo-cp-am-\w- ]n-≥h-en-®p.-1946 Hm-K-kv-‰v- 16 ]-Xy-£-k-a-c-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°m-≥ eo-Kv- C-¥y-≥ ap-…n-ß-sf- D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏-n®p.

]Xy£kacZn\w(UbdIvSv B£≥ tU)

_n´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- N-cn-X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- c-‡-cq-£n-X-am-b- h¿-Ko-b- I-em-]w- eo-Kv- `-c-W-Øn-≥ Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂- _w-Km-fn¬- A-c-tß-dn.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-∂- ]-tXy-I- cm-Pyw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I- F-∂- B-h-iyw- H-∂p-Iq-Sn- D-d-∏n-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- ]-Xy-£- k-a-c-Zn-\m-N-c-W-Øn-s‚- e-£yw.-

_w-Km-fn-s‚- ]-e- m-K-Øpw- Zm-cp-W-am-b- A-I-a-kw- -h-߃-\-S-∂p.- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- 72 a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬- 4000 ¬-A-[n-Iw- t]¿-°v- Po-h-lm-\n- kw-`-hn-°p-I-bpw- H-cp- e-£-tØm-fw-t]¿- ho-Sp-t]-£n-®v- ]-em-b-\w- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- In-g-°-≥ _w-Km-fn-se- \-h-Jm-en-bn¬- h¿-Ko-b- I-em-]w- A-Xn-cq-£-am-bn.- C-hn-sS- c-‡-s®m-cn-®n¬- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn- t\-cn-s´-Øn.- I-ta-W- A-t±-lw- k-am-[m-\m-¥-co-£w- ho-s≠-Sp-Øp.- _o-lm¿,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv-s]m-hn-≥kv,- ]-©m-_v,- A-Xn¿-Øn- kw-ÿm-\w- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fpw- h¿-Ko-b- kw-L- -\-߃-°p- km-£yw- h-ln-®p.- im-¥n-k-tµ-i-hp-am-bn- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- _o-lm-dn-se-Øn.

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmWk -bn-te°p≈ Xnc-s™-Sp∏vIym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn- ]-Im-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-

Ωm-W- k-`-bn-te-°v- \-S-∂- ]-tcm-£- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-hn-iym- A-kw-ªn-I-fp-sS- k-¶o¿-Æ-X- ]-Xn-^-en-®p.- _n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- 296 Aw-K-ß-fpw- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- 93 Aw-K-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- B-sI- 389 Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-Ωm-W- k-`-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- 1946 Pq-sse-bn¬- \-S-∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- G-sg-Æw- H-gn-sI- ap-…o-߃-°m-bn- \o-°n-h-®- F-√m- ko-‰p-I-fn-epw- hn-P-bn-®- eo-Kn-\v- 73 ko-‰p-Iƒ- e-`n-®p.- ]-hn-iy-I-fn-se- B-sI- 296 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- (]-hn-iy-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- 292,- No-^v- I-Ωn-j-tW-gv-kv-s]m-hn-≥kp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- \m-ev-)- 212 P-\-d¬- ko-‰p-I-fn¬-203 F-Æ-Øn-epw- tIm-¨-K-kv- ÿm-\m¿-∞n-Iƒ- P-bn-®p.-tIm-¨-K-kv- ÿm-\m¿-∞n-Iƒ- Nn-e- ap-…ow,-kn-Jv- ko-‰p-I-fn¬-Iq-Sn- hn-P-bn-®-tXm-sS- tIm-¨-K- n-\v- B-sI- ko-‰p-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 208 B-bn- _m-°n- 15 ko-‰p-Iƒ- sN-dn-b- A-©p- Kq-∏p-Iƒ-°v- e-`n-®p.- A-ß-s\- k-`-bp-sS- 69%- tIm-¨-K-kv- `q-cn-]-£-am-bn.- hn-`-P-\m-\-¥-cw- ap-…ow- eo-Kn-s‚-Aw-K-_-ew- 28 B-bn- Ip-d-™-t∏mƒ- tIm-¨-K- ns‚`qcn]£w 82 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂p.

s\lp ho≠pw tIm¨Kkv ]knU‚v1949˛-46 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂-

au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- X-\n-°v- ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sm-

≥ B-K-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂v- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®- C-≥Uy-hn-≥kv- ^o-Uw- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- F-∂m¬,- Km-‘n-Pn- A-Xn-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Km-‘n-Pn- A-Sp-Ø- tIm- -K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚m-bn- a-\- n¬-I-≠n-cp-∂-Xv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hn-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- N-´-a-\p-k-cn-®v- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚n-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw- ]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨-K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ-°m-Wv.- A-∂v- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- 15 tIm-¨-K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-I-fn¬- 12˛-Dw- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s\-bm-Wv- A-Sp-Ø- tIm-¨-K-kv- A-[y-£-\m-bn- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- s\-lp-hn-s\- H-cp- ]n.-kn.-kn.-t]m-epw- ]n-¥p-W-®n-√.- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]-h¿-Ø-I- k-an-Xn- Aw-K-ß-fn¬- Nn-e-sc-s°m-≠v- s\-lp-hn-s\-\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øn-∏n-°m-≥ sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n- i-aw- Xp-S-ßn.- A-Xv- hn-P-bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Km-‘n-Pn- C-S-s]-´v-k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s\-s°m-≠v- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Xzw- ]n-≥h-en-∏n-®p.- A-tXm-sS- A-Sp-Ø- tIm-¨-K-kv- A-[y-£-\m-bn- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hn-\v- ]m-X-sbm-cp-ßn.- 1946G-]n¬- 26 -\v- A-Sp-Ø- tIm- -K-kv- A-[y-£-≥ s\-lp-hm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v- au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- ]-kv-Xm-h-\- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- X-s‚- hn-iz-kv-X- A-\p-bm-bn-sb- s\-lp-hn-\p-th-≠n- Km-‘n-Pn- H-cn-°¬-Iq-Sn- _-en-I-gn-®p-sh-∂v- tUm.-cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zv- hn-e-bn-cp-ج- \-S-Øn-b-Xv-Cu- k-µ¿- -sØ-bm-Wv.- A-ß-s\- 71 Im-c-\m-b- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s\- a-dn-I-S-∂v- 57 Im-c-\m-b- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-tIm-¨-K-kv- A-[y-£-]-Z-Øn-epw- A-Xp-h-gn- C-S-°m-e- a-¥n-k-`-bp-sS- t\-Xr-ÿm-\-Øpw- A-h-tcm-[n-X-\m-bn.

CS°me k¿°m¿1946 Pq-¨- 15˛-\v- C-S-°m-e- a-¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cm-≥ tIm-

¨-K-kpw- eo-Kpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 14 t]-sc- ssh-tkm-bn- £-Wn-®p.- F-∂m¬,- eo-Kv- a-¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- Pn-∂- Pq-sse- 29˛-\v- ]-Jym-]n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- 12 Aw-K-ß-fp-≈-C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m¿- 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.- ssh-tkm-bn- th-h¬- ]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂p- F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en-s‚- A-[y-£-≥.- C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ssh-kv- ]-kn-U-‚ v- ]-Zw- h-ln-®n-cp-∂- P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-lp- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- _-‘-ß-fp-sS-bpw- Np-a-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bp-tS-Xn-\p- k-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]-Z-hn.-B-`y-¥-cw,- C-≥^¿-ta-j-≥ B-‚ v- t_m-Uv-Im-Ãn-Mv- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zv- Ir-jn,- `-£y- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ- hn-Zym-`ym-kw,- B-tcm-Kyw- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- jm-^m-Øv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-s‚- Np-a-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- hm-Wn-Pyw- kn.-F-®v.- m- -bpw- ]-Xn-tcm-[w- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mpw- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-bv-Xp.- tPm-¨-a-Øm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- [-\-a-¥n.- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-°v-hy-h-km-b- h-Ip-∏n-s‚-bpw- P-K-Po-h-≥ dm-an-\v- sXm-gn¬-h-Ip-∏n-s‚-bpw- Np-a-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-b-a-h-Ip-∏v- a-¥n- k-ø-Zv- A-en- k-lo¿- B-bn-cp-∂p.- sd-bn¬-sh,- I-ayp-Wn-t°-j-≥kv,- X-]m¬,- thym-a-bm-\w- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- Np-a-X-e- A-

k-^v- A-en-°m-bn-cp-∂p.- a-cm-a-Øv,- J-\n,- Du¿-Pw- F-∂o- h-

Ip-∏p-Iƒ- i-c-Xv- N-µ-t_m-kn-\v- e-`n-®p.- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mv-

kn-Jv- k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-bpw- P-Kv-Po-h-≥ dmw- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- hn-`m-

K-sØ-bpw- tPm-¨- a-Øm-bn- In-kv-Xy-≥ hn-`m-K-sØ-bp-am-

Wv- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.-

ap-…nw- eo-Kv- a-¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cm-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xn-s‚-

^-e-am-bn- 1946 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 15˛-\v- a-¥n-k-`- ]p-\-:-kw-L-Sn-

∏n-®p.- tIm-¨-K-kv- Aw-K-ß-fm-b- i-c-Xv-N-µ-t_m-kv,- jm-

^m-Øv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-≥,- k-ø-Zv- A-en- k-lo¿- F-∂n-h¿- H-

gn-hm-°-s∏-´p.- A-©v- ap-…nw- eo-Kv- Aw-K-߃- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- a-

¥n-k- -bn¬- tN¿-∂p.- C-_m-lnw- C-kv-a-bn¬- Np-µn-K¿- hym-

]m-c-a-¥n-bm-bn.- en-bm-J-Øv- A-en- Jm-≥ [-\-a-¥n-bm-bn.-

L-k-≥^¿- A-en- Jm-\v- B-tcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏v- e- n-®p.- sP.-F-≥.-

a-Wv-U¬- \n-b-a-a-¥n-bm-bn.- A-_v-Zp¿- d-∫v- \n-jv-Xm-dn-\v- X-

]m¬,- thym-a-bm-\w- F-∂o- h-Ip-∏p-I-fm-Wv- e- n-®-Xv.- kn.-cm-

P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]p-Xn-b- hn-Zym- ym-k- a-¥n.- a-

cm-a-Øv,- J-\n,- Du¿-Pw- F-∂o- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- kn.-F-®v.- m- -bp-

sS- Np-a-X-e-bn¬-h-∂p.- A-tXm-sS- C-S-°m-e- a-¥n-k- -bp-sS-

AwK_ew ]¥≠n¬\n∂v ]Xn\membn Db¿∂p.

B‰venbpsS ]Jym]\wsF.F-≥.-F.- S-b¬- kr-jv-Sn-®- D-’m-l-hpw- C-¥y-bn¬-

cq-£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- h¿-Ko-b- kw-L¿-j-hpw- kr-jv-Sn-®- A-\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-bp-sS- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘n-®- H-cp- ]-Jym-]-\w- 1947 s^-_p-h-cn- 20˛-\v- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬-\-S-Øn-b-Xv.- A-Xp-]-Im-cw- 1948 Pq-Wn-\-∏p-dw- t]m-Im-Ø-H-cp- Xo-b-Xn-bv-°p-≈n¬- D-Ø-c-hm-Z-s∏-´- C-¥y-≥ I-c-ß-fn-

18 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

te-°v- ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- B-‰v-en- hy-‡-am-°n.- "-B-‰v-en-bp-sS- ]-Jym-]-\w-'- F-∂m-Wv- C-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Cu- ]-Jym-]-\-sØ- "-[o-c-am-b- H-cp-Im¬-sh-bv-]v-'- F-∂m-Wv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- ssh-tkm-bn-bm-bn- dn-b¿- A-Uv-an-d¬- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p- A-[n-Im-c-ta¬-°p-sa-∂pw- C-sXm-sSm∏w ]Jym]n°s∏´p.

Ahkm\sØ sshtkmbnC¥ybn-se- C-cp-]-Xm-a-sØ-bpw- A-h-km-\-sØ-bpw-

ssh-tkm-bn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b- au-≠v-_m-‰- - ]- p- 1947am¿-®v- 22 -\v- U¬-ln-bn-se-Øn- (1773 ap-X-ep-≈- K-h¿-W¿-P-\-d¬-am-sc-bpw- I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬- A-t±-lw- 34˛m-a-sØ-K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-Wv-).- c-≠p-Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- A-t±-lw-A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰-Øn-s‚- hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-am-bn- N¿-®-Iƒ- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈- ]q¿-Wm-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-am-bn- C-¥ym- ssh-tkm-bn-bm-b- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- _n- o-jv-cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-hp-am-bn- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-

_n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I- tk-\-bn¬- H-cp- Hm-^o-k¿- tI-U-‰m-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Po-hn-Xw- B-cw-`n-®- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- I-Tn-\m-[zm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- A¿-∏-W-t_m-[-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- \m-hn-I- tk-\-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X-]-Z-hn-bm-b- A-Uv-an-d¬- Hm-^v- Z- ^v-fo-‰v- h-sc- D-b¿-∂- hy-‡n-bm-Wv.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-]n-Xm-hpw- _n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I- tk-\-bn¬- A-Xyp-∂-X- ]-Z-hn-h-ln-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- a-lm-dm-Wn-bp-sS- ]-]u-X-\m-bn-cp-∂- au-≠v-_m-‰- - ap-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- ssh-tkm-bn-]-Zw- A-e-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂- G-sXm-cm-fn-s\-°m-fpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-A-[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-sS-bm-Wv- B- ]-Z-hn-bn¬- A-h-tcm-[n-X-\m-b-Xv.- F-Uzn-\- B-jv-en-sb-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xv.- ]-So-jy-bpw- ]-ao-e-bpw- ]p-Xn-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- Un-°n-F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- au-≠v-_m-‰-s‚- Hm-a-\-t∏-cv.-

t\Xm°fpambn N¿®Iym_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- H-

cp- G-Io-Ir-X- C-¥y-bv-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ]-cn-lm-c- am¿-K-ß-fm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b- ssh-tkm-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- tX-Sn-b-Xv.-

1947 Pq-¨- c-≠n-\v- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p- G-gv- C-¥y-≥t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- tbm-Kw- hn-fn-®p-tN¿-Øp.- tIm-¨-K-kn-s\-s\-lp-hpw- ]-t´-epw- tIm-¨-K-kv- ]-kn-U-‚ v- Ir-]-em-\n-bpw- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- tbm-K-Øn¬- eo-Kv- t\-Xm-°-fm-b- Pn-∂-bpw- en-bm-J-Øv- A-en-Jm-\pw- A-_v-Zp¿- d-∫v- \n-jv-Xm-dpw- kn-Jv- t\-Xm-hm-b- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-

tbm-K-Øn¬- au-≠v-_m-‰- - ]- p- cm-Py-sØ- cm-jv-So-b- A-\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈- X-s‚- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≈- A-

\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpw- A-t±-lw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p.- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ \n¿-t±-iw- X-≈n-°-f-™p-sIm-≠p-≈- \n-e-]m-Sn¬- am-‰w- h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- Pn-∂-bv-°pw- eo-Kn-\p-ap-≈- hn-tbm-Pn-∏n-

s\-°p-dn-®v- A-t±-lw- _n-´o-jv- k¿-°m-cn-s\- A-dn-bn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-hn-[- cm-jv-So-b- I-£n-I-fp-am-bn- ssh-tkm-bn- \-S-Øn-b- N¿-®-I-fn¬- tIm-¨-K-kpw- eo-Kpw- H-gn-sI-bp-

≈- I-£n-Iƒ-°v- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn- kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.- tIm-¨-K-kv- G-Io-Ir-X- C-¥y-°p-th-≠n- \n-e-sIm-≠-t∏mƒ- eo-Kv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ hm-Z-Øn¬- D-d-®p-\n-∂p.-

e-≠-≥ k-µ¿-i-\-Øn-\n-sS- ssh-tkm-bn- Iym-_n-\-‰v-an-j-s\-°p-dn-®pw- hn- -P-\-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- N¿-®- \-S-Øn.- kn-Jp-Im-cp-sS- Ip-g-∏w-\n-d-™- A-h-ÿ-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈- X-s‚-

Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- A-t±-lw- hy-‡-am-°n.- kn-Jp-Im¿-°v- hn-`-P-\-tØm-Sv- A-\p-Iq-e- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,-hn-`-P-\w- A-h-cp-sS- Xm-ev-]-cy-߃- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- H-

cp- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- ]-cn-lm-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.-cm-jv-So-b-am-b- k-Ω¿-±m-h-ÿ- Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ssh-

tkm-bn- a-‰p- t]mw-h-gn-Iƒ- tX-Sn.- \n¿-±n-jv-S- Xo-b-Xn-bv-°-

Iw- A-[n-Im-cw- kp-c-£n-X-am-b- co-Xn-bn¬- C-¥y-≥ ssI-I-fn-te-°v- am-dp-∂-Xn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- H-cp- ]-≤-Xn- A-t±-lw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p.- A-Xv- au-≠v-_m-‰-≥ ]-≤-Xn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

au≠v_m‰¨ ]≤XnPq-¨- tX-Uv- ]v-fm-≥ F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- au-≠v- _m-‰-

¨- ]-≤-Xn- ]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-¥y-sb- c-≠v- hy-Xy-kv-X- cm-Py-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®-Xv.- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- cm-Py-߃- sUm-an-\n-b-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Spw.- ]-≤-Xn- ]-Im-cw- ]-©m-_pw- _w-Km-fpw- C-cp-cm-Py-߃-°p-am-bn- hn- -Pn-®p- \¬-Ipw.- _n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- ]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- Hm-tcm- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-am¿- C-cp- cm-Py-Øpw- \n-b-an-X-cm-Ipw.- C-¥y-kz-X-¥-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sS- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-ta¬- _n-´-Wp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw- A-h-km-\n-°pw.- \m- p-cm-Py-߃-°v- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- sUm-an-\n-b-\n¬- tN-cm-\p-≈- A-h-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- C-¥y-bp-sS- N-I-h¿-Øn- F-∂- ]-Z-hn- _n-´o-jv- sam-Wm¿-°n-\v- C-√m-Xm-hpw.- ssk-\yw- Dƒ-s∏-sS,- kz-Øp-h-I-Iƒ- C-cp-cm-Py-߃-°p-am-bn- ]-¶n-Spw.-C-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- au-≠v-_m-‰- - ]-≤-Xn- hn- m-h-\w- sNbvXXv.

C¥y≥ C≥Uns]≥U≥kv BIvSv][m-\-a-¥n- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- 1947 Pq-sse- \m-en-\v- lu-

kv- Hm- v- tIm-a- -kn¬- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- _n¬-A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- _n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- `-c-W-kw-_-‘-am-bn-_n- o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚n¬- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏- - A-h-km-\-sØ-\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- 1947 Pq-sse- 15˛-\v- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kpw- sXm-´-Sp-Ø-Zn-h-kw- (Pq-sse- 16)-lu-kv- Hm-^v- tem¿-Uv-kpw- _n¬- ]m-km-°n.- Pq-sse- 18˛-\v- cm-P-Io-bm-\p-a-Xn- \¬-In-s°m-≠v- tPm¿-Pv- B-dm-a-≥ cm-Pm-hv- _n-√n¬- H-∏n-´-tXm-sS- A-Xv- \n-b-a-am-Ip-I-bpw- A-∂p-ap-X¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- 20 h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- am-X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sv- _n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- C-¥y-bv-°p-th-≠n- ]m-km-°n-b- G-‰-hpw-sN-dn-b- \n-b-a-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 15˛-\v- C-¥y-kz-X-¥-am-Ip-sa-∂pw- A-Xv- C-¥y-sb-∂pw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s\-∂pw- c-≠m-bn- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂pw- B-Iv-Sv- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-Xp.- 1858˛¬- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´- sk-I-´-dn- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰n-s‚- X-kv-Xn-I-bpw- \n¿-Ø-em-°-s∏´p (William FrancisHare AYhm- tem¿-Uv- en-tÃm-h¬- B-bn-cp-∂p- A-h-km-\-sØ- sk-I´dn Hm^v tÉv t^m¿ C¥y).

hn`P\wkzm-X-¥y-Øn-s‚- k-a-b-Øv- _n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- No-^v-

I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- 11 ap--Jy- ]-hn-iy-I-fpw- ssa-\¿- ]-hn-iy-I-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 17 ]-hn-iy-I-fm-Wv-D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- h-S-°p- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-hn-iy,-_n-´o-jv- _-eq-Nn-ÿm-≥,- Iq¿-Kv,- A-Pv-ao¿,- sa¿-hm-d,- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- No- v- I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿-`-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h.- hn-`-P-\-k-a-b-Øv- A-kw,- A-Pv-ao¿- sa¿-hm-d,- sI-In,- t_mw-s_,- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿,-_o-lm¿,- sk-≥S¬- s]m-hn-≥kv- B-‚ v- t_-cm¿,- ]-¥v- ]n-]v-tem-U,- Iq¿-Kv,- H-do-k,- sU¬-ln,- a-Zm-kv- F-∂o- 12 ]-hn-iy-Iƒ- C-¥y-bp-sS- m-K-am-bn.- kn-‘v,- h-S-°p- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-hn-iy,- _-eq-Nn-ÿm-≥ F-∂o- aq-∂v- ]-hn-iy-Iƒ- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- e-`n-®p.- ]-©m-_pw- _w-Km-fpw- C-cp- cm-Py-߃-°p-am-bn- hn-`-Pn-®p.- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ ]-©m-_v-]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- `m-K-am-b-t∏mƒ- In-g-°-≥ ]-©m-_v- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-am-bn.- _w-Km-fn-s‚- ]-›n-a-`m-Kw- C-¥y-°p-e-`n-®-t∏mƒ- In-g-°-≥ _w-Kmƒ- ]m-In-ÿm-s‚- `m-K-am-bn-(C-Xv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- 1971˛¬- _w-•m-tZ-iv- F-∂- t]-cn¬-kz-X-¥- cm-Py-am-bn-).- B-km-an-se- kn¬-l-‰v- Pn-√-bn¬- ln-X-]-cn-tim-[-\- \-S-Øn-b-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn- A-Xv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- e-`n-®p.- C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bn- _n-´o-jv- \n-b-a-⁄-\m-b- kn-dn¬- dm-Uv-Iv-fn-^n-s\- \n-b-an-®p.- 72Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-I-a-߃- ssh-tkm-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-bXv.

HmKkv‰v 15 kzmX¥yZn\wC¥ybp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\-am-bn- Hm-K-Ãv- 15 Xn-c-s™-

Sp-Ø-Xv- ssh-tkm-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p-hm-Wv.- hn-Iv-S-dn-Hm-h¿- P-∏m-≥ tU-bp-sS- c-≠mw- hm¿-jn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p- 1947Hm-K-Ãv- 15.- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- sX-°p-In-g-t°-t\-jy-bn¬- k-Jy-ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- ]-c-tam-∂-X- ta-[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p.- P-∏m-s‚- Io-g-S-ß-tem-sS- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\v- Xn-c-»o-e- ho-W,- X-s‚-Po-hn-X-Øn-se- A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b- Zn-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- A-h-km-\- ssh-tkm-bn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]n-d-hn-bv-°m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- £-W-]-Im-cw- ]p-Xn-b- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-°m-\pw- A-t±-lw- X-ø-mdmbn.

A[nImc ssIam‰w]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- kw-L-Sn-

∏n-®-Xv- I-dm-®n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p-hn-\v- C-cp- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-Zv-Lm-S-\-®-S-ßn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.- Hm-K-Ãv- 14 ˛-\v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.- ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- ]-Y-a- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn- k-Xy-]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-Xp.-

C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-A-∂v- A¿-[-cm-Xn-bn-em-Wv.- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se-tIm- -Ãn-‰yp-

h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-lm-fn¬- cm-Xn- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- a-Wn-°v- B-cw-`n-®- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- tUm.-cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zm-Wv.- "-Cu- \n-an-jw- ap-X¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- N-I-h¿-Øn-A-√m-Xm-bn-Øo¿-∂n-cn-°p-∂-'- _n- o-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- B-iw-km- k-tµ-iw- A-h-km-\-sØ- ssh-tkm-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p- hm-bn-®p.- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-]-ta-b-sØ- Jm-en- Iyp- -a-≥ ]n-¥m-ßn.- ]-i-kv-X-am-b- "-hn-[n-bp-am-bn- D-S-º-Sn-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-kw-Kw- s\-lp-\-S-Øn-b-Xv- Cu- A-h-k-c-Øn-em-Wv- -"-Cu- A¿-[-cm-Xn-bn¬-tem-Iw- D-d-ßn-°n-S-°p-tºmƒ- C-¥y- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-te-°pw-]p-Xp-Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°pw- D-W-cp-I-bm-Wv.- N-cn-X-Øn¬- A-]q¿-h-am-bn-am-Xw- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂- Nn-e- \n-an-j-ß-fp-≠v.- A-ß-s\-sbm-∂m-Wn-Xv.- ]-g-b-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-Xn-b-Xn-te-°v- Im-eq-∂p-∂- \n-an-jw.- H-cp- Im-e-L-´w- A-h-km-\n-®v- a-s‰m-∂n-\v- B-cw-`w- Ip-dn-°p-∂- \n-an-jw.- A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø-s∏-´- cm-jv-S-Øn-s‚- aq-I-am-b- B-flm-hn-\v- `m-j-W-ti-jn- e-`n-°p-∂-\n-an-jw.....- '- (“At the stroke of the midnight hour, whenthe world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. Amoment comes, which comes but rarely in history, whenwe step out from the old to the new, when an age ends,and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, findsutterance.”).

Akw_vfn ]-kn-U-‚ v- tUm.-cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zv- kz-X-¥-C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-Ø- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- ]-`p-hn-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp.- cm-hn-se- F-´-c-a-Wn-°v- A-t±-lw- ÿm-\-ta-‰p.-

A-kw-ªn- Aw-K-߃- cm-Py-sØ- tk-hn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-Ø-ti-jw- H-cp- kw-Lw- h-\n-X-Iƒ- l-≥k-ta-Ø-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-A-kw-ªn- A-[y-£-≥ tUm.-cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zn-\v- k-a¿-∏n-®p.- s\-lp- kz-X-¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-Y-a- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-bn- k-Xy-]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-Xp.- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-Wv- k-Xy-hm-N-Iw- sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.-

]n-t‰-Zn-h-kw,- Hm-K-Ãv- 15\v- cm-hn-se- 10:-30 \v- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øn.- A-t∂-Zn-h-kw- D-®-bv-°p-ti-jw- B-Zy-sØ-]-ªn-Iv- ^v-fm-Kv- k-eyp-t´-j-≥ N-S-ßv- C-¥ym-tK-‰n-\v- k-ao-]w- ]n-≥kv- ]m¿-°n-se- hm¿- sa-tΩm-dn-b-en¬- \-S-∂p.- U¬-ln-bn-se- sd-Uv- t^m¿-´n-s‚- em-tlm¿- tK-‰n¬- B-K-kv-Xv-16˛-\v- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- Xp-S¿-∂v- F-√m- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\-Øn-epw- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- sd-Uv- t^m¿- n¬- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øn-b-ti-jw- cm-jv-S-sØ-A- n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-øp-I-sb-∂-Xv- ]-Xn-hp- N-S-ßm-bn.-

U¬-ln-bn¬- kzm-X-¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- \-S-°p-tºmƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- a-X-ku-lm¿-±w- sI-´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Xo-h-i-a-Øn-embncp∂p.

am\hNcn-X-ØnseG‰hpw henb ]em-b\w

_n´n-jn-¥y-bn¬ Ah-km-\-ambn sk≥kkv \S-∂Xv1941-˛-em-Wv. _n´n-jn-¥y, \m´p-cm-Py-߃, GP≥knIƒF∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-embn 383,643,745 t]cmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.P\-kwJy 294,171,961 Bbn-cp-∂ _n´n-jn-¥y-bn¬ ]Øp-i-X-am\w t]¿°p-am-X-amWv thm´-h-Imiw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C¥ym-hn- -P-\-Øns‚ e-ambn 18 iX-am\w qhn-kvXr-Xnbpw 23 iX-am\w P\-kw-Jy-bpw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-em-bn.ÿmhc PwKa kzØp-°fpw ssk\yhpw JP-\mhpw Ccp-cm-Py-߃°p-ambn ]¶n-s´-Sp-°m\pw hyh-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1951-˛se sk≥kkv ]Imcw C¥ybn-te°v h∂-h-cpsS FÆw 7,295,870 BWv.

hn -P-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v Ccp cmPy-ß-fn-te-°pw P\-߃]c-kv]cw ]em-b\w sNbvXp.]mIn-kvXm-\n¬\n∂v lnµp-°fpw knJp-Imcpw C¥y-bn-te°pw C¥y-bn-¬\n∂v ap…n-߃ ]mIn-kvXm-\n-te°pw ]h-ln-®p. sImebpw sIm≈n-hbv]pw ]nSn-®p-]-dnbpw hym]-I-ambn Ac-tß-dn. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Xma-kn-°p∂ aÆns\ Dt]-£n®v ]mIn-kvXm-\n-te°v t]mtI≠ F∂p Xocp-am-\n® ap…n-߃ C¥y-bnepw C¥y-bn-te°v t]mtI≠ F∂p Xocp-am-\n® lnµp-°fpw knJp-Imcpw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬, hºn® kzØv Dt]-£n®v cmPyw-hn´ Bfp-IfpwIpd-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√. c≠-c-e£w apX¬ A©p-e-£w-hscBfp-Iƒ lnµp- -ap-…nw- -knJv kwL¿j-ß-sf-Øp-S¿∂vAXn¿ØnbpsS Ccp-`m-K-Øp-ambn ac-W-a-S-™-Xm-bn-IW°m°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p-Nne IW-°p-Iƒ ]Imcw CXv15 e£w-hscbmWv. knJvIm¿ G‰hpw IpSq-X-embn D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]©m_ns\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn -®Xv AhnsSkwL¿jw cq£-am-°n. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t]¿ sIm√-s∏-´Xv ]©m-_n-em-Wv. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS km∂n[yw _olm-dnepw_wKm-fnepw ac-W-kwJy Ipd-bm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn.

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 19

]co-£m- Ie≠¿ -- ˛ 2016 HIv-tSm-_¿-* Examination Time includes half an hour as preparation time for the verification of Admission Tickets and original ID of the Candidates appearing for the examination.

Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website from the date shown in the respective column

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

1 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 03.15 PM 660/12 Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based

TVPM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK,EKM, on Core SubjectTSR, PKD, MPM, KKD,WYND, KNR, KSGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam2 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016

Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based

565/12 on Core SubjectST - KNR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam3 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016

Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based

084/14 on Core SubjectHN - KKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam4 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016

Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based

085/14 on Core SubjectSC- KNR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam5 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016

Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based

325/15 on Core SubjectHN - PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – MalayalamCOMMON TEST FOR SL.No.1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 ABOVE

6 04/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 20/09/2016Tuesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching

638/12 Part IV: Questions based on Core SubjectE/T/B - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)7 04/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 20/09/2016

Tuesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching

639/12 Part IV: Questions based on Core SubjectMUSLIM - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.6 & 7 ABOVE

8 05/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 22/09/2016Wednesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM 345/14 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)

9 05/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 22/09/2016Wednesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM 324/15 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

LC/AI - KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)

COMMON TEST FOR SL.No. 8 & 9 ABOVE10 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016

Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

593/13 on Core SubjectEzhava - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

20 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)11 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016

Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

594/13 on Core SubjectMUSLIM - IDK, PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)12 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016

Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

595/13 on Core SubjectOBC - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)13 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016

Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

596/13 on Core SubjectST - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)14 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016

Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

597/13 on Core SubjectSC - PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.10, 11, 12, 13 & 14 ABOVE

15 07/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 24/09/2016Friday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM 266/13 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)

16 14/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

438/13 on Core SubjectE/B/T - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English Part IV Tamil)17 14/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016

Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM 12/2014 & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

IDK, PKD on Core Subject(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English Part IV Tamil)

COMMON TEST FOR SL No.16 & 17 ABOVE18 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016

Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 03.15 PM 661/12 & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions

TVPM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM,IDK, EKM based on Core SubjectTSR, PKD, MPM, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)19 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016

Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions

79/14 based on Core SubjectSC - PKD, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)20 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016

Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions

81/14 based on Core SubjectMuslim - KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)21 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016

Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions

82/14 based on Core Subject

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 21

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

LC/AI - KKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)

22 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions

124/15 based on Core SubjectMUSLIM - PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)23 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016

Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions

384/15 based on Core SubjectLC/AI - KNR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)COMMON TEST FOR Sl.No.18, 19, 20, 21, 22 & 23 ABOVE

24 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

485/14 on Core SubjectKGD -LC/AI (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam25 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016

Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

46/14 on Core SubjectSC - PKD, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam26 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016

Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

48/14 on Core SubjectLC/AI -PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam27 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016

Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

49/14 on Core SubjectSIUC N - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam28 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016

Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

150/16 on Core SubjectSC - MPM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam29 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016

Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

151/16 on Core SubjectOX -KKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV MalayalamCOMMON TEST FOR SL No.24, 25, 26, 27, 28 & 29 ABOVE

30 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

422/12 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)SC - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II&III Kannada)

31 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

423/12 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)MUSLIM - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II&III Kannada)

32 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

424/12 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

22 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

SIUC N - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)33 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016

Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

321/15 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)OX - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)

34 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

322/15 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)DHEEVARA - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)

COMMON TEST FOR SL No.30, 31, 32, 33 & 34 ABOVE35 20/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016

Thursday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM (DIRECT RECRUITMENT) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

166/13 on Core SubjectTVM - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II&III English Part IV Tamil36 20/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016

Thursday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM 050/16 & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

KLM - WYD on Core Subject(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I,II&III English Part IV Tamil

COMMON TEST FOR SL No. 35 & 36 ABOVE37 21/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016

Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM 659/12 & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

TVPM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK, EKM on Core SubjectTSR, PKD, MPM, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II,III in English & Part IV Malayalam)38 21/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016

Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledgeto 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based

323/15 on Core SubjectSIUC N/AI - TSR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

(Medium of Questions: Part I,II,III in English & Part IV Malayalam )COMMON TEST FOR SL No. 37 & 38 ABOVE

39 22/10/2016 LOWER DIVISION CLERK KERALA STATE BEVERAGES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016Saturday 561/14 (MANUFACTURING & MAR prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* KETING ) CORPORATION Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 03.15 PM LIMITED Part II: General English Part III: Mental Ability & Simple Arithmetic

Part IV: Regional Language (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada )

40 22/10/2016 LOWER DIVISION CLERK KERALA STATE BEVERAGES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016Saturday (BY TRANSFER) (MANUFACTURING & MAR prescribed for the post.01.30 PM* (By Transfer from among Lower Grade KETING) CORPORATION Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 03.15 PM Employees working in Kerala State LIMITED Part II: General English Part III: Mental Ability & Simple Arithmetic

Beverages (Manufacturing and Marketing) Part IV: Regional Language (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)Corporation Limited) (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)416/15 (Medium of Questions (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada )

COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.39 &4 0 ABOVE41 25/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016

Tuesday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannadato 09.15 AM 356/12 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject

KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)

42 26/10/2016 STAFF NURSE GRADE II HEALTH SERVICES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 13/10/2016Wednesday (NCA NOTIFICATION) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* 442/15 Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM SIUC N - KNR Part II (a): Physics (b): Chemistry (c): Botany (d): Zoology Part III: Questions

based on General Nursing(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

43 26/10/2016 STAFF NURSE GRADE II MEDICAL EDUCATION Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 13/10/2016Wednesday (SR for SC/ST) prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* 35/16 Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM Part II (a): Physics (b): Chemistry (c): Botany (d): Zoology Part III: Questions

2016 BKkv-‰v-- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 23

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

based on General Nursing(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

COMMON TEST FOR SL.No. 42 & 43 ABOVE44 27/10/2016 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 14/10/2016

Thursday CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* 543/14 (ENGINEERING COLLEGES) Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM Part II (a): Engineering Mathematics (b): Basic Civil Engineering (c): Basic

Mechanical Engineering Part III(a): Basic Electrical Engineering(b): Basic Electronics Engineering (c): Basic Computer SciencePart IV: Questions based on core subject(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

45 27/10/2016 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION Syllabus:An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 14/10/2016Thursday INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* 545/14 (ENGINEERING COLLEGES) Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 09.15 AM Part II (a): Engineering Mathematics (b): Basic Civil Engineering

(c): Basic Mechanical Engineering Part III(a): Basic Electrical Engineering(b): Basic Electronics Engineering (c): Basic Computer SciencePart IV: Questions based on core subject(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

46 28/10/2016 THIRD GRADE OVERSEER/THIRD LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 15/10/2016Friday GRADE DRAFTSMAN DEPARTMENT prescribed for the post.07.30 AM* 198/14 Part I: Question based on Technical Qualification Part II: General Knowledge,to 09.15 AM Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala

(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

Hm¨-sse≥- ]co-£m- Ie≠¿ -- ˛ 2016 HIv-tSm-_¿-* Examination Time includes one hour as preparation time for the verification of Admission Tickets and original ID of the candidates appearing for the examination.Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website from the date shown in the respective column

Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v-/ kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-\w- kabw- kv-Ym-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

1 03/10//2016 HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL HIGHER SECONDARY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 24/09/2016Monday TEACHER (PHYSICS) EDUCATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* (SR FOR SC/ST) ONLINE EXAMINATION Part II: Research Methodology Part III: Indian Constitution &Social Welfareto 12.15 PM 33/2016 Legislations Part IV: Question based on Core Subject

(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)2 17/10/2016 ARCHITECTURAL HEAD DRAFTSMAN KERALA STATE HOUSING Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 07/10/2016

Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) BOARD Main Topics:- Part I: Questions based on Degree in Architecture Part II: General10.00 AM* 590/15 ONLINE EXAMINATION Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Keralato 12.15 PM EZHAVA (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

3 24/10/2016 MEDICAL RECORDS LIBRARIAN HEALTH SERVICES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 15/10//2016Monday GRADE II (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Questions based on Technical Qualification10.00 AM* 104/16 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)to 12.15 PM MUSLIM (Medium of Questions: English)

4 24/10/2016 MEDICAL RECORDS LIBRARIAN HEALTH SERVICES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 15/10//2016Monday GRADE II (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Questions based on Technical Qualification10.00 AM* 105/16 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)to 12.15 PM LC/AI ( Medium of Questions: English)

COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.3&4 ABOVE5 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON KERALA MUNICIPAL Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016

Monday 113/14 COMMON SERVICES Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* ONLINE EXAMINATION Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degreeto 12.15 PM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

6 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* 30/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degreeto 12.15 PM SC (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

7 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* 31/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degreeto 12.15 PM ST (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

8 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* 223/14 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degreeto 12.15 PM LC/AI (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

9 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* 317/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degreeto 12.15 PM OBC (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

10 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala10.00 AM* 318/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degreeto 12.15 PM E/B/T (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)

COMMON TEST FOR 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10 ABOVE

PSC BULLETINFortnightly

1. R.N. 44588/86 Reg. No. KL/TV (N)34/2015-172. Licence No. for posting without pre payment - KL/TV(N)/WPP/165/2015-17

Rupees 10August 15, 2016

Views and ideas expressed in the articles published in PSC Bulletin are not, necessarily, those of the Commission. Edited and Published by Saju George, SecretaryKerala Public Service Commission on behalf of Kerala Public Service Commission and Printed by him at P. Krishna Pillai Memorial Printing & Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram.

* GXv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´- ssk-\n-I- A-´n-a-dn- i-a-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- aq-∂p-am-k-sØ- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- ]-Jym-]n-®-Xv- - Xp¿-°n-

*- -hym-g-Øn-s‚- `-a-W-]-Y-Øn¬- ]-th-in-®-B-Zy- a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X- t]-S-Iw-˛- Pq-t\m-(2011˛¬- hn-t£-]n-®-Xv- \m-k-)-

*- -2016˛¬- thym-a-tk-\-bp-sS- m-K-am-b,- C-¥y-X-t±-io-b-am-bn- \n¿-an-®- e-Lp- t]m¿-hn-am-\w-˛- tX-P-kv-

*- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- X-\-Xv- \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS- in¬-]n- - Im-hm-ew- \m-cm-b-W-]-Wn-°¿-

*- -tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k- -bp-sS- kv-]o-°¿- - hn.-io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥

*- -tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k- -bp-sS- sU-]yq- n- kv-]o-°¿-˛- hn.-i-in-

*- -G-Xv- a-Wv-U-e-sØ-bm-Wv- hn.-i-in- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- Nn-d-bn-≥Io-gv-

*- -B-sc-bm-Wv- hn.-i-in- sU-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°¿-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- tXm¬]n-®-Xv-˛-sF.-kn.-_m-e-Ir-jvW≥ (tIm¨K-kv)2016-˛se anÿ thƒUv IncoSw t\Sn-b-Xv˛ Rohit Khandelwal

* 2016 Pqsse-bn¬ HmkvtS-en-b≥ ][m-\-a-¥n-bm-b-Xv˛ Malcolm Turnbull

* C¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-˛-tIm¿-´v- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- - ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-

*- -k-kv-s]-≥j-\n-em-b- _-ko¬- ]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- Zn¬-a- dp-k-^v-

*- -dn-tbm- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬- C-¥y-≥ kw-L-Øn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- kv-t]m-¨-k¿-˛- A-ap¬-

*- -tI-c-f- N-cn-X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv- - tXm-a-kv- sF-k-Iv- (2016).-

*- -I-ap-I-d- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-bm-b-Xv- - ]n.-kp-io-e-*- -s\¬-k-¨- a-t≠-e- A-¥m-cm-jv-S- Zn-\w-˛-

Pq-sse- 18*- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- A-cp-Wm-N-en-s‚- ap-Jy-a-

¥n-bm-bn- Np-a-X-e-tb-‰-Xv-˛- t]-a- J-≥Up-*- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- G-sXm-s°- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn-

se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- hn-⁄m-]-\-am-Wv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- N-cn-X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- I-a-t°-Sv- B-tcm-]-W-ß-sf-Øp-S¿-∂v- d-±m-°n-b-Xv-˛- X-©m-hq¿,- A-cp-hm-°p-dn-®n-

*- -2016˛-se- bq-tdm- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- In-co-Sw-^m-≥kn-s\- tXm¬-]n-®v- t\-Sn-b-Xv- - t]m¿-®p-K¬-

*- -Cu-bn-sS- C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv- kn-K-c-‰v- \n-tcm-[n-®- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- - tI-c-fw-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- th-Kw- Iq-Sn-b- Iw-]yp-´¿-˛- ssN-\-bn-se- k-¨-th- Xm-bv-lp-sse-‰v-

*- -F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n- kv-am¿-´v- kn-‰n- ]-≤-Xn- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- ]q-s\-

*- -bp-s\-kv-tIm-bp-sS- tem-I-ss]-Xr-I-∏- n-I-bn¬- ÿm-\w-]n-Sn-®- \-f-µ- a-lm-hn-lm-cw-G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- _o-lm¿-

*- -Ip-t^m-kn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-- tUm.-F.-cm-a-N-µ-≥

*- -2016 -se- hnw-_nƒ-U- - h-\n-Xm- knw-Knƒ-kv- tP-Xm-hv- -sk-do-\- hn-eyw-kv- (P¿-a-\n-bp-sS- A-Rv-P-en-Iv- sI¿-_-sd- tXm¬-]n-®p-)-

*- -2016˛-se- hnw-_nƒ-U-¨- ]p-cp-j- knw-Knƒ-kv- tP-Xm-hv-˛- B-≥Un- a-sd- (I-\-U-bp-sS-an-tem-kv- dm-thm-Wn-®n-s\-bm-Wv- Cu- _n-´n-jv- Xm-cw- tXm¬-]n-®-Xv-)-

*- -Pq- - H-∂p-ap-X¬- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- Ir-jn- I-eym-¨- sk-kv- F-X- i-X-am-\-am-Wv-˛- 0.-5%-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \m-j-W¬- Ko-≥ ssS-_yp-W-en-s‚- k¿-Iyq-´v- _-©v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- - sIm-®n-

*- -I-fn-b-—-≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- (25000 cq-]-)-A¿-l-\m-b-Xv- -Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h-≥ \m-b¿-

*- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- A-∫m-kv- In-tcm-kv-X-an- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- N-e-®n-X-Im-c-\m-Wv-˛-C-dm-≥

*- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥sh-Ãv-sa-‚ v- B-≥Uv- C-≥^m-kv-S-Iv-N¿- -≠n-s‚- ]-Y-a- kn-C-H-B-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv- - kp-tPm-bv- t_m-kv-

*- -\m-fn-tI-c- hn-I-k-\- t_m¿-Un-s‚- ]p-Xn-b-sN-b¿-am-≥˛- B-\-µv-Ip-am¿- kn-Mv-

*- -1952˛¬- an-ÿ- bq-Wn-th-gv-kv- B-b- C-¥y-°m-c-≥ Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®p.- t]m-°-‰v-

sl¿-°p-eo-kv- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏- - C-t±-l-Øn-s‚- t]-cv-?- a-t\m-l¿-sF-°v-

*- -C-¥y-≥ sd-bn¬-th- ]-co-£-W- Hm-´w- \-S-Øn-b- A¿-[- A-Xn-th-K- sS-bn-\m-b- Sm¬-tKm- \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- - kv-s]-bn-≥

*- -tI-µ- B-tcm-Ky- k¿-ho-kn¬- tUm-Iv-S¿-am-cp-sS- hn-c-an-°¬- ]m-bw- F-X- h-b- m-bn-´m-Wv- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv-˛- 65

*- -\-ho-I-cn-®- ]m-\-a- I-\m¬- Xp-d-∂-Xv- - 2016Pq-¨- 26

*- -k-t¥m-j- h-Ip-∏v- B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-[y-]-tZ-iv-

*- -C- -am-en-\yw- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬- C-¥y- tem-I-Øv- F-Xm-a-Xm-Wv-˛- 5

*- -A-Wp-t_mw-_n- -Xn-\p- ti-jw- P-∏m-≥ k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°-≥ ]-kn-U-‚ v-˛-_-cm-Iv- H-_m-a-

*- -^n-en-ss∏-≥kn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- ]-kn-U-≥dv-˛-tdm-Uo-tKm- Uyp-s´¿-´v-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- C-cp-]-Xm-a-sØ- ]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv- - c-ta-iv- sN-Øn-Ø-e-

*- -_n- n-jv- ]-[m-\-a-¥n-bm-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\n-X- -sX-tc-k- ta-

*- -sX-tc-k- ta-bp-sS- ]m¿-´n-˛- I-¨-k¿-th-‰o-hv- ]m¿-´n-

*- -kw-ÿm-\- s]m-eo-kv- ta-[m-hn- - tem-Iv-\m-Yv- s_-lv-d-

*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- `q-K¿-- Xp-c-¶w- \n¿-an-®-Xv- G-Xv- ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚-

A-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- - B¬-]v-kv- (bq-tdm-∏v-)-*- -Sn-_-‰-≥ ]-hm-kn- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ]-[m-\-a-

¥n-bm-bn- ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- -Xv- -tem-_v-km-Mv- km-t¶-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\-d¬-˛- kp-[m-I-c- ]-km-Zv-

*- -sF-F-≥F-kv- I¿-W- I-Ωn-j-≥ sN-bv-X-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- `o-ap-\n-]-´-Ww- (hn-im-

J-]- -Ww-)-*- -l-em-e- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw- o-I-c¿-°p-≈- [-\-

k-lm-b-hpw- \n-b-¥n-°p-∂-X-S-°-ap-≈- G-gv- I-cm-dp-I-fn¬- C-¥y- G-Xv- Kƒ-^v- cm-Py-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv- Cu-bn-sS- I-cm-dn¬- G¿-s∏--Xv- -J-Ø¿-

*- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th-tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚- kn-Fw-Un- B-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv- -k-Rv-P-bv- Kp-]v-X-

*- -2016 -se- tem-I- P-\-kw-Jy-Zn-\-Øn-s‚- ]-ta-bw˛ “Investing in teenage girls”

* t\∏m-fnse BZy h\nXm No v PÃn-kvkpioe I¿°n

* e≠≥ tab-dmb BZy ap…nw˛ kmZnJvJm≥

* kapZ tkh-\-Øn¬ [ocX Im´p-∂-h¿°v A¥m-cmjvS kapZ kwL-S\

\¬Ip∂ ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\v A¿l-bmbBZy h\n-X˛ cm[nIm tat\m≥ (a¿®‚ vt\hn)

* tIµ k¿°m-cns‚ kz]v\ ]≤-Xn-bmbtJtem C¥y-bpsS \n¿hm-lI kan--Xn-bn¬ AwK-amb- ae-bm-fn˛ ARvPpt_m_n- tPm¿-Pv-

*- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ-s]m- -j-W¬- p-Sv-t_mƒ- ]-cn-io-e-I-≥ -A-a¬-Z-Ø-

*- -I-Sp-h- kw-c-£-W- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-c-Ww- e-£y-an- v- sd-bn¬-th- B-cw- n-®- ]p-Xn-b- B-Uw-_-c- hn-t\m-Z- k-©m-c- sS-bn-≥˛- ssS-K¿- F-Iv-kv-]-kv-

*- -2016 Pq-¨- \m-en-\v- A-¥-cn-®- A-ta-cn-°m-

c-\m-b- t_m-Iv-kn-Mv- C-Xn-lm-kw- - ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en-

*- -cm-jv-S-]-Xn- -c-Ww- ]n-≥h-en-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- D-Ø-cm-J- -Un¬- ho-≠pw- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-b-Xv- - l-co-jv- dm-h-Øv- (tIm- -K-kv-)-

*- -thƒ-Uv- _m-¶n-s‚- 2016˛-se- tem-Pn-Ãn-Iv-s]¿-t^m-a-≥kv- C-≥U-Iv-kn¬- C-¥y-bp-sS-dm-¶v- -35

*- -a-Zm-kv,- t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fp-sS-]p-Xn-b- t]-cp-Iƒ-˛- sN-ss∂- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-,- apw-ss_- ssl-t°m-S-X-n-

*- -km¿-°n-s‚- 2016 -17 h¿-j-sØ- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- _w-•m-tZ-in-se- \-K-cw- -a-l-kv-X-≥K-Uv-

*- -an-ssk¬- sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn- I- -tSmƒ- sd-jn-an¬- Aw-K-am-b- F-X-a-sØ- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-¥y-˛- 35

*- -2016 -se- bp-th- - p-Sv-t_mƒ- Nm-ºy-≥am¿-- t]m¿-®p-K¬-

*- - m-‰v- Sm-Iv-kv- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛-_o-lm¿- (2016 P-\p-h-cn-)-

*- - m-‰v- Sm-Iv-kv- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- -tI-c-fw-

*- -bp-Wn-Iv- sF-U-‚n- n-t°-j-≥ A-tXm-cn-‰n-Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- kn-C-H- B-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv-˛- A-P-bv- q-j-¨- ]m-¨-sU-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- G-Xv- k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-Xn-bn-em-Wv- I-cƒ-am-‰n-h-bv-°¬- i-kv-X-In-b- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-

*- -A-k-an-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- ap-Jy-a-¥n-˛- k¿-_m-\-µ- sk-t\m-hmƒ-

*- -C-¥y- G-Xv- cm-Py-hp-am-bn- m-Wv- 2016 G-]n¬-H-∂n-\v- \n-e-hn¬-h-cp-∂- tkm-jy¬- sk-Iyp-cn-‰n- F-Kn-sa-‚ v- H-∏n-´-Xv-˛-P-∏m-≥

*- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- sI.-Pn.-kp-_-a-Wy-≥G-Xv- ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv- ]-i-kv-Xn- t\-Sn-b-Xv-- Nn-X-I-e-

*- -kw-ÿm-\- B-kq-X-W- t_m¿-Uv- D-]m-[y-£-\m-bn- \n-b-an-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\-am-b-Xv-˛-hn.-sI.-cm-a-N-µ-≥

*- -tI-µ- am-\-h-ti-jn- h-Ip∏v a¥n˛PrakashJavdekar

* kvarXn- C-dm-\n- C-t∏mƒ- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-øp-∂- h-Ip-∏v-˛- sS-Iv-ssì-kv-

*- -]m¿-´v- ssSw- Po-h-\-°m¿-°v- an-\n-aw- th-X-\w- sIm-≠p-h-∂- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- cm-P-ÿm-≥

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hm- ¿- sa-tSm- t]m-P-Iv-Sv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w-sN-bv-X-Xv- - tI-c-fw-

*- - -©v- Hm-∏- - (2016)- ]p-cp-j-Io-co-S- tP-Xm-hv- - s\m-hm-Iv- tZym-t°m-hn-®v- (sk¿-_n-b-).-

*- - -©v- Hm-∏- - (2016)- h-\n-Xm- Io-co-S- tP-Xm-hv- - Km¿-ss_-≥ ap-Kp-cq-k- (kv-s]-bn-≥)-

*- - -©v- Hm-∏- - (2016)- an-Iv-k-Uv- Io-co-S- tP-Xm-°ƒ- - en-bm-≠¿-]-b- pw- am¿- n-\- lnw-Kn-kpw-

*- -I-cn-b¿- Km-≥Uv- …mw- t\-Sn-b- (H-tc- k-a-bw- \m-ev- In-co-S-߃- -Hm-kv-tS-en-b-≥,- -©v,- hnw-_nƒ-U- - -bp-F-kv- Hm-∏- -)- aq-∂m-a-sØ- Xm-cw- - s\m-hm-Iv- tZym-t°m-hn-®v-

*- -tI-c-f- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- Iu- -kn¬- ]-kn-U-‚ v- ÿm-\w- cm-Pn-h-®-Xv-˛- A-Rv-Pp- t_m-_n- tPm¿-Pv-

*- -tIm-∏- A-ta-cn-°- I-∏v- (2016)- tP-Xm-hv- - Nn-en-*- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶n-s‚- F-

Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv- U-b-d-Iv-S-dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv- -kp-Z¿-i-≥ sk-≥

*- -]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ- ap-Jy-a-¥n-bm-bn- ho-≠pw-Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- a-a-X- _m-\¿-Pn-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-ar-Xv- \-K-cw-˛-]m-e-°m-Sv-

*- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- c-≠m-a-Xv- _n-Iv-kv- bq-Øv- D-®-tIm-Sn-°v- th-Zn-bm-b-Xv- - Kp-h-l-Øn-

*- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P-\-d¬-Hm-^v- t]m-kn-Iyq-j-≥˛- io-[-c-≥ \m-b¿-

*- -]p-Xp-t®-cn-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- ap-Jy-a-¥n-˛- hn.-\m-cm-b-W- kzm-an- (tIm-¨-K-kv-)-

*- -]-W-_v- ap-J¿-Pn-°v- ]-c-tam-∂-X- _-lp-a-Xn- \¬-In-b- ]-›n-am-^n-°-≥ cm-Pyw- - sF-h-dn- tIm-Ãv-

*- -C-¥y- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-B-Zy- ]-cn-io-e-\- hn-am-\w-˛- ln-µp-ÿm-≥S¿-t_m- sS-bn-\¿-

*- -]p-Xn-b- \m-hn-I- tk-\m- ta-[m-hn- - kp-\n¬-emw-_-

*- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-k-`-bp-sS- s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS-\n-b-a-Im-cy- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bn-\n-b-an-X-\m-b- C-k-tb¬- Aw-_m-k-U¿-˛- Um-\n- Um-t\m-¨-

*- -Cu-bn-sS- hn-c-an-®- A¿-P-≥do-\n-b-≥ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- C-Xn-lm-kw-˛- e-b-W¬- sa- n-

*- -C-¥y-≥ In-°-‰v- So-an-s‚- tIm-®m-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xv-˛- A-\n¬- Ipw-sª-

*- -2016˛-se- a-Kv-k-sk- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-cm-b-C-¥y-°m¿-˛- s_-kv-hm-U- hn¬-k-¨,- Sn-Fw- Ir-jv-W-

*- -G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- ln-a-b-Øv- ]-≤-Xn-\-S-∏m-°m-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- - P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿-

*- -L-Sw-]q¿- sX¿-a¬- ]-h¿- t]m-P-Iv-Sv- ÿm-]n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- D-Ø¿- ]-tZ-iv-

*- -tem-I- sl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv- Zn-\w-˛- Pq-sse- 28*- -2016˛-se- kw-Ko-X- I-em-\n-[n- ]p-c-kv-Im-

c-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b- h-b-en-\n-Ãv-˛- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-

*- -tem-Im-tcm-Ky- kw-L-S-\- ao-kn¬-kv- hn-ap-‡-am-bn- 2016˛¬- ]-Jym-]n-®- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- _-ko¬-

*- -_-Iv-kn-‰v- ln-X- ]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬- F-X-t]-cm-Wv- _n-´-¨- bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\n¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\- A-\p-Iq-en-®-Xv- -52

*- -ku-tcm¿-Pw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- q-an-sb- h-ew-h-®- B-Zy-sØ- F-b¿-Im- v-‰v- - tkm-fm¿- Cw-]¬-kv- -2

*- -F-¥n-s‚- Np-cp-°-cq-]-am-Wv- _-Iv-kn-‰v-?-_n-´-¨- F-Iv-kn-‰v-

*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Ko-≥ sd-bn¬- tIm-dn-tUm¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- X-an-gv-\m-Sv-

*- -C-¥y-°v- sh-fn-bn¬- U-_nƒ- sk-©z-dn- kv-tIm¿- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ In-°-‰v- Iym-]v-‰-≥ -hn-cm-S-v tImlven