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  • 7/28/2019 Provenzano 1987 Aquacultural-Engineering

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    Aq uacu l tura l E ng ineering 6 (1987) 15-26

    P e r f o r m a n c e o f a R e c ir c u l a ti n g F i sh P r o d u c t i o n S y s t e mS t o c k e d w i t h T il a p ia H y b r i d s

    A nthon y J. Pro venza no, Jr and Joseph G . W infieldDepartment of O ceanography,Old Do m inion University,No rfolk, V irginia 23508 , U SA

    A B S T R A C TT o d e m o n s t r a t e w h e t h e r p r a c t ic a l q u a n t i ti e s o f f o o d f i s h c o u l d b ep r o d u c e d i n a n i n e x p e n s i v e c l o s e d s y st e m s u i ta b l e f o r f a m i l y - s c a l e u se ,4 2 4 t il a p ia h y b r i d f r y w e i g h i n g a t o t a l o f 1 7 7 g w e r e s t o c k e d o n 8 M a y 1 98 1i n t o a 7 6 00 -1 it er (10 " 7 m e ) s t ee l -wa l l ed , v i n y l - l i n e d p o o l e q u i p p ed w i t h ar o t a t in g b i o l o g i c a l c o n ta c t o r , a s e t tl i n g b a s i n , s u p p l e m e n t a l a e r a t io n a n da p a s s i v e s o l a r c o ll ec to r . A m m o n i a , n i tr it e , n it ra t e, o x y g e n , t e m p e r a t u r e ,p H a n d t u r b i d it y w e r e m o n i t o r e d . N e w w a t e r w a s a d d e d a t i n te r v a lsd u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t , a t a n a v e r a g e ra t e e q u i v a l e n t t o 4 % p e r d ay . F l o a t -i n g c a tf is h c h o w w a s f e d . T o e s ta b l is h a g r o w t h c u r v e a n d b i o m a s s e s t im -a te , 3 0 f i s h w e r e r e m o v e d , w e i g h e d a n d r e s to c k e d e v e ry t w o w e e k s . A f t e r1 46 d a y s o f g r o w - o u t , 4 8 "6 k g o f f i s h w e r e h a r v es te d . F o o d c o n v e r s i o n w a s1 "25 :1 . W i th s u i t a b l e t em p er a t u r e s , 2 "5 c r o p s t o t a l i n g a t l ea s t 1 2 1 kg co u l db e p r o d u c e d a t a ra te e q u a l t o 1 2 1 0 0 0 k g / h a / y r o f w a t e r s u rf ac e .

    I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e w i d e s p r e a d i n t e r e s t i n s m a l l -s c a l e f o o d f i sh p r o d u c -t i on , b u t c o n v e n t i o n a l p o n d c u l tu r e t e c h n i q u e s a re n o t s u i ta b le f o r m a n ye n v i r o n m e n t s , a n d c l o s e d - s y s t e m in t e n s i v e c u l t u r e is o f t e n a s s u m e d t o b ef ea s ib l e o n l y o n a l ar g e sc ale . A t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o d e m o n s t r a t et h e t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y o f g r o w i n g f a m i l y q u a n t i t i e s o f e d i b l e f i s h i nu r b a n a s w e ll a s in o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t s ( fo r e x a m p l e , s e e B e n d e r , 1 9 8 4 ;V a n G o r d e r e t a l . , 1 9 8 1 ). O u r g o a l w a s t o d e v e l o p a s y s t e m s u f f ic i e n tl yp r o d u c t iv e a n d e c o n o m i c a l t ha t t h e i n te r e s t e d c o n s u m e r c o u ld p r o d u c eh is o w n f o o d fish . O f p r i m a r y c o n c e r n w a s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a l if e-s u p p o r t p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m c a p a b l e o f s u s ta i n in g a su i ta b l e b i o m a s s , t h ea s s u m p t i o n b e i n g t h a t , g i v e n a n e f f i c i e n t l o w - c o s t s y s t e m , a v a r i e t y o fs p e c i e s c o u l d b e r e a r e d w i t h l it tl e o r n o s i g n if i ca n t c h a n g e in d e s i g n . T h e15Aquacul tural Engineer ing 014 4-86 09/87 /S03 .50-- Elsevier" Appl ied SciencePublishers Ltd . En_land. 1987. Printed in G reat Britain

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    1 6 A . J . P r o v e n za n o , J r , J . G . W in f i e ldp u r p o s e o f th is p a p e r is t o p r e s e n t t h e p r o d u c t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e o f su c h as y s t e m u s e d f o r s e a s o n a l g r o w - o u t o f t il a p i a h y b r i d s .

    M A T E R IA L S A N D M E T H O D ST h e r e a r i n g c o n t a i n e r w a s a c i r c u l a r s te e l- w a l le d , v i n y l - li n e d s w i m m i n gpoo l , 3 -66 m i n d i a me t e r , w i t h 0 .91 m de p t h . Whe n f i l l e d t o ope ra t i ngd e p t h o f 0 . 7 2 m , t h e u n i t h o l d s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 6 0 0 l it er s. T h i s u n i t w a sc h os e n fo r i ts a va i l a b i l it y a n d r e l a t ive l y l ow c os t a nd be c a us e i ts c a pa c i t yw a s t h o u g h t t o b e c l o s e t o t h a t w h i c h m i g h t b e r e q u i r e d f o r a t a r g e t e dp r o d u c t i o n l e v e l o f 1 0 0 k g o r m o r e p e r y e a r. A s e tt li n g t a n k i n th e f o r mof a ba t h t u b w i t h a c a pa c i t y o f a bo u t 20 0 l it e rs w a s s et a t a le ve l s uc h t ha tp o o l w a t e r c o u l d r e t u r n f r o m t h e t a n k t o t h e p o o l b y g r av i ty a f te r b e i n gp u m p e d f r o m t h e p o o l i n to t h e s e t tl in g t a n k w i th a i r li ft p u m p s . A f r a m ew i t h ba f f l es w a s b u i l t t o f i t i n t o t he s e t tl ing t a nk a n d p l a s t ic f is h ne t t ingw a s us e d be t w e e n b a f f le s t o t r a p s us p e nd e d s o li d s. B i o l og i c a l f i l tr a t i ona n d s o m e m i x in g i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n p o o l w e r e a c c o m p l is h e d b y m e a n s o fa f l o a t i n g r o t a t i n g b i o l o g i c a l c o n t a c t o r ( R B C ) , m o d i f i e d a f t e r V a nG o r d e r a n d S t ra n g e ( 1 9 80 ) . T h e a r e a o f t h e 2 4 6 1 c m x 6 1 cm p l at es(17 .3 m 2) w a s s ubs t a n t i a l l y le s s t ha n t ha t i n un i t s u s e d i n p r e l i m i na rys t u d i e s i n 1 9 8 0 a n d b y V a n G o r d e r a n d S t r a n g e ( 1 9 8 0 ) . T h e p l a t e s ,m o u n t e d o n a s h a f t d r i v e n b y a D a y t o n 1 / 6 h p g e a r m o t o r , r e v o lv e d a t6 rp m (see F ig . 1 ).

    S u p p l e m e n t a l a e r a ti o n w a s p r o v i d e d b y t w o a i r l i ne s s u b m e r g e d n e a rt h e c e n t e r o f t h e p o o l . T h e e n t i r e p r o d u c t i o n u n i t w i th th e e x c e p t i o n o ft h e s et tl in g t a n k w a s c o v e r e d b y a g e o d e s ic d o m e m a d e o f P V C p i p e o v e rw h i c h a p o l y e t h y l e n e p l a st ic s k i n w a s f a s te n e d t o g a t h e r a n d c o n s e r v e

    i II Ji Ii lI I

    F i g . 1 . D i a g r a m o f c u l t u r e u n it , s h o w i n g R B C i n t a n k a n d l o c a t i o n o f s e tt li n g t a n k. A i rl in e s a n d d o m e c o v e r a r e o m i t t e d .

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    A recirculat ingf ish pro duc t ion sys tem s toc ked with t ilapia hybrids 17s o l a r h e a t , r e d u c e w i n d e f f e c t s a n d p r o t e c t f r o m b i r d p r e d a t i o n . C i t yw a t e r ( n o t d e c h l o r i n a t e d ) w a s u s e d . H y b r i d s o f O r e o ch r o m i s m o s s a m b i -c u s f e m a l e s x O . h o r n o r u m m a l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d a s f r y f r o m N a t u r a lS y s t e m s I n c . , P a l m e t t o , F L , U S A , o n 2 2 A p r i l 1 9 8 1 , h e l d i n d o o r s i na q u a r i a a n d f e d A r t e m i a , D a p h n i a a n d g r o u n d f i s h c h o w u n t i l t h e yr e a c h e d a n a v e r a g e w e i g h t o f 0 .4 g .A t s t o c k i n g o n 8 M a y 1 9 8 1 , 4 2 4 f ry w e ig h i n g a t o ta l o f 1 7 7 g w e r ep l a c e d i n t h e r e a r i n g p o o l .E x c e p t f o r t r o u t c h o w g i v e n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t t h r e e t o f o u r w e e k s , a3 6 % p r o t e i n f l o a t in g c a tf is h c h o w w a s f e d d a i ly . O n t w o d a y s f is h d id n o tr e c e iv e f o o d a n d o n f iv e o t h e r o c c a s i o n s t h e y r ec e i v e d o n l y o n e f e e d in g .O t h e r w i s e , fe e d in g s w e r e m a d e t w o t o s e v e n t im e s d a il y. T h e w e i g h t o ff e ed g i v e n w a s r e c o r d e d d a ily . P h y t o p l a n k t o n p r o d u c e d i n th e p o o l w a sa l s o c o n s u m e d b y t h e f i sh a s e v i d e n c e d b y g r e e n f e c al st ra n d s .A t t w o - w e e k i n te r v a ls , a s a m p l e o f fi sh w a s r e m o v e d b y s e i n in g , t h ei n d i v id u a l s w e r e w e i g h e d a n d t h e y w e r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e p o o l . N o r m a l l y3 0 f i s h w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s a m p l e . A i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d et h e d o m e a n d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e w e r e r e c o r d e d s ev e ra l t im e s d a il y a n dw a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e w a s m o n i t o r e d w i th a c o n t in u o u s l y r e c o r d i n gt h e r m o g r a p h . O x y g e n r e a d in g s w e r e t a k e n w i t h a YS I o x y g e n m e t e r . I na d d i t i o n t o S e c c h i d is k r e a d in g s , w a t e r q u a l it y p a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e dr e g u l a r ly w i t h H a c h K i t e q u i p m e n t i n c l u d e d t u r b i d it y , w a t e r c o l o r , to t a la m m o n i a , n i t r i t e , n i t r a t e a n d p H . A m m o n i a a n d n i t r i t e r e a d i n g s w e r eu s u a l ly t a k e n b e t w e e n 1 0 0 0 h a n d 1 5 0 0 h . O n l e ss t h a n 1 0 o c c a s io n sr e a d in g s w e r e m a d e e a r l y i n th e m o r n i n g o r i n e a r ly e v en i n g , b u t t h e r ew a s l e s s v a r i a t i o n a m o n g s a m e - d a y r e a d i n g s t h a n b e t w e e n r e a d i n g s o nd i f f e r e n t d a y s. R e a d i n g s o f p H w e r e g e n e r a l ly ta k e n t w i c e e a c h d a y , i ne a r ly m o r n i n g a n d i n l a te a f te r n o o n .W a t e r l o ss e s r e s u l ti n g fr o m e v a p o r a t i o n a n d t h e f l u s h in g o f th e s e tt li n gt a n k w e r e m a d e u p b y a d d i n g c it y w a t e r to t h e p o o l w i th o u t a t t e m p t tod e c h l o r i n a t e . T h e t o t a l w a t e r a d d e d a m o u n t e d t o s l ig h tl y l es s th a n sixt a n k v o l u m e s , o r a n a v e r a g e o f 4 % p e r d a y . T h i s i n c l u d e s t w o t a n kv o l u m e s d u m p e d a n d r e p l a c e d f o r s a fe ty r e a so n s . ( O n o n e o c c a s i o nw a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e e x c e e d e d 3 6 C a n d w a t e r w a s e x c h a n g e d to lo w e r t h et e m p e r a t u r e ; o n t h e o t h e r o c c a s i o n a m a j o r w a t e r c h a n g e w a s m a d eb e f o r e a h o l i d a y w e e k e n d t o a v o i d p o s s i b l e w a t e r q u a l i t y p r o b l e m sdu r i ng a t i me w he n s t a f f c ou l d no t r e s p on d qu i c k l y (F ig . 2 ).

    R E S U L T SG r o w t h d a t a a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n F i g . 3 , w h i c h s h o w s t h a t f r o m a m e a nsize o f 0"4 g a t da y 1 o f the f e e d i ng e x pe r i m e n t , a m e a n w e i gh t o f 116 g

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    Fig. 2 . To ta l wa te r a dde d a f t e r s t a r t o f e xpe r im e n t t o r e p l e n i sh lo s se s due to fl u sh ing ,r e mova l o f s e t t l e d so l id s , a nd f o r p r e ve n t ive ma in t e na nc e o f wa te r qua l i t y . H or i zon ta lba r s i nd i c a t e c umula t ive t a nk vo lume s .

    w a s a c h i e v e d a f t e r 1 4 6 d a y s . T h e s a m p l e s o f f is h t a k e n i n t h e la s t w e e k so f t h e s e a s o n g a v e a b i a s e d e s t i m a t e o f g ro w t h , a s s m a l le r f is h t e n d e d t oe s c a p e t h e s e i n e . T h e t o t a l w e i g h t o f f i sh h a r v e s t e d b e t w e e n 2 4 A u g u s ta n d 1 O c t o b e r w a s 4 8 .6 k g.O f th e 4 2 4 f r y s t o c k e d , 4 1 i n d i v i d u a ls d i e d o f v a r i o u s c a u s e s b e t w e e n2 2 M a y a n d 2 1 S e p t e m b e r a n d w e r e re m o v e d , g i v in g a n a p p a r e n ts u r v iv a l o f 9 0 -3 % . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f li ve f is h re c o v e r e d , h o w e v e r , w a s4 0 9 , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t s o m e r e p r o d u c t i o n h a d o c c u r r e d . I n f ac t, f r y w e r eo b s e r v e d o n a n u m b e r o f o c c a s i o n s a n d i t is v e r y li k e l y t h a t s o m e o rp e r h a p s m o s t o f t h e s m a l l e s t f i s h h a r v e s t e d w e r e s u r v i v o r s o f e a r l ys p a w n s .

    T h e h y b r i d f r y s t o c k e d w e r e e x p e c t e d t o b e n e a r ly a ll m a l es . A l t h o u g hq u a n t i t a t i v e s e x i n g o f t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n w a s n o t f e a s i b l e a t h a r v e s t ,m a n y f e m a l e s w e r e f o u n d a n d 1 8 7 f i s h o f t h e s a m e o r i g i n a l s h i p m e n t ,g r o w n o u t i n a n o t h e r p o o l , c o n t a i n e d a t l e a st 4 4 % f e m a l e s a t h a r v e st .F i g u r e 4 s h o w s c u m u l a t iv e b i o m a s s a s d e t e r m i n e d b y m u l t i p l y in g t h eb i - w e e k l y m e a n s a m p l e w e i g h t b y t h e n u m b e r o f f is h s t o c k e d m i n u s t h en u m b e r k n o w n d e a d . O n t h e s a m e g r a p h i s t h e c u m u l a t i v e f e e d . T h eo v e r a l l fe e d c o n v e r s i o n r a t io w a s 1 .2 5 k g d r y f e e d p e r k g w e t f is hp r o d u c e d .F ig u re 5 s how s t he s ize f r e qu e nc y o f t he f i sh ha rve s t e d i n the l a s t f ivew e e ks o f t he p ro j e c t .T e m p e r a t u r e w a s g e n e r a l ly f a v o r a b l e f o r g r o w t h th r o u g h o u t t h ep e r i o d . O n o n e o c c a s i o n i n l a t e M a y a w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e o f 1 9 C w a s

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    r e c o r d e d , b u t o t h e r w i s e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e m a i n e d b e t w e e n 2 4 a n d 3 6 Cw i t h a d i u rna l f l uc t ua t i on o f 2 -5 C (F ig . 6 ).M o r n i n g p H r e ad i n g s te n d e d t o r e m a i n in th e r a n g e 7 - 8 w h i le a f te r -n o o n r e a d i n g s r a n g e d f r o m a b o u t 7 . 5 t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 ( F i g . 7 ) , a se x p e c t e d i n a p h y t o p l a n k t o n - d o m i n a t e d s y ste m .O x y g e n l e ve ls , a l s o a s e x p e c t e d i n a p h y t o p l a n k t o n - d o m i n a t e d s y st em ,v a r i e d m a r k e d l y o n a d i u r n a l b a s i s , w i t h s u p e r s a t u r a t i o n c o m m o n i n

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    D i s s o lv e d o x y g e n re a d in g s in r e ar in g t an k : m o r n i n g ( - - - ) a n d a f t e r n o o n{ ).a f t e r n o o n s b u t m o r n i n g l e v e ls fa l li n g a s l o w a s 2 m g / l i t e r o r s l i g h t lylow er (F ig . 8).S e c c h i d i s k r e a d i n g s a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n F ig . 9 . T h e w a t e r b e c a m e v e r yt u r b i d a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r s t o c k i n g a n d e v e n a f t e r m a j o r ( g r e a t e r

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    1Fig . 9 . R e la t ive t r a nspa r e nc y o f r e a r ing wa te r a s de t e r m ine d by S e c c h i d i sk de p th .P e a k cl a ri t y i n mid - J une wa s a t t ri bu t e d to p hy to p la nk ton m or t a li t y ; pe a ks i n S e p te m be rwe r e c a u se d b y e x t e ns ive wa te r c ha nge s .

    than 20%) water changes i t re turned to highly turbid levels (e .g . 9 July, 5 ,11 and 20 Au gus t , 3 , 7 and 18 September ) .Th e t o ta l a mm oni a -n i t roge n pe a k e d a t 6.5 mg / l i te r i n mi d - J une ,fa l l ing rap id ly the rea f t e r to a background l eve l in the range 1-2 mg/ l i t e rwi th sl ight indica t ion of a bui ld-u p ne ar the en d o f the seas on (Fig. 10) .

    Fig. 10.

    Aw

    E

    zI-cz,