proto-orthodox/early catholics apocryphal gospels, e.g. gospel of thomas, gospel of philip other...
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Proto-Orthodox/Early Catholics
Apocryphal Gospels, e.g. Gospel of Thomas,Gospel of Philip
Other apocryphal texts, e.g. Acts of Paul,Shepherd of Hermas
Heresies: GnosticismArianismMonophysitism
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God
Aeon Aeon Aeon Aeon
Aeon Aeon Aeon
AeonAeon Aeon Aeon
Sophia
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God
Aeon Aeon Aeon Aeon
Aeon Aeon Aeon
Sophia
AeonAeon Aeon Aeon
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God
Aeon Aeon Aeon Aeon
Aeon Aeon Aeon
AeonAeon Aeon Aeon
Demiurge
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Gnostics containing divine sparks wantingto return to divine realm.
Salvation could be achieved bygaining appropriateknowledge (gnosis) fromdivine realm
Knowledge brought by anaeon…
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Gnostic views of Christ:
1. Spiritual being who instructeddisciples while masqueradingas a human
2. Spiritual being temporarilyinhabiting human body of Jesus
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Classic features of Gnostics:
1. Elitist
2. Secretive
3. Often ascetic, despite claims ofcritics
4. Complex, opaque teachings
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319 Arius (d. 336), a priest of Alexandria,excommunicated for claiming Christnot eternal, but separate entity begottenby God
Further teachings:
Christ created so that God might createuniverse through him
Christ sharing divine power but subjectto sin
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325 Council of Nicea summoned by Constantine,produces Nicene creed
330-79 Arianism enjoys imperial favour
381 Council of Constantinople summoned byTheodosius I (r. 379-95), outlawsArianism
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c. 360 Apollinaris (d. c. 392), Bishop ofLaodicea, teaches that Christ has only one,divine nature inhabiting human body.Logos (Word) taking place of soul
In response, Nestorius (d. c. 451), Patriarch ofConstantinople, preaches that Christ hastwo natures and two persons, one human,one divine. Teaching known asNestorianism
(Mainstream view is two natures, one human,one divine, in one person)
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Theologians of Alexandria attack Nestorius’teaching. Some, led by Eutyches(d. c. 454), state that Christ has twonatures, one human, one divine, fusedinto one = Monophysitism
451 Council of Chalcedon. Monophysitismand Nestorianism condemned, butstill practiced centuries later (e.g. byCopts in Egypt)
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Influence of upper, rich classes onChristian clergy and practice
Latin as language of worship andwriting
Worship becoming highly ritualised
Eucharist as central, ritualised part ofMass, conducted by educated clergy
Wine only given to laity in 15th c.
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Cult of Saints Relics
Accounts of Saints’ Lives
Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
First accounts of saints’ lives written in late4th/early 5th c.
Growth of Cult of Saints in followingcenturies