protestant reformation. the protestant reformation the splintering of roman catholicism into other...
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Protestant Reformation
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The Protestant Reformation
• The splintering of Roman Catholicism into other Christian faiths
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Factors leading to Protestant Reformation
Criticisms by writers during the Middle Ages• 1380s: John Wycliff criticized the Church’s
wealth, corruption among the clergy, the pope’s claim to absolute authority
• 1400s: Jan Hus led Czech religious reform in the Holy Roman Empire; burned at the stake
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Factors leading to Protestant Reformation
• Political leaders (kings, princes) wanted more power & money
• Business leaders wanted less restrictions• Scholars began to read the Bible; many
disagreed with Church practices
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The Beginning
• Early 1500s: Pope Leo X sought to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome; sold church positions & indulgences
• Tetzel: promised peasants that indulgences would relieve them of guilt for future sins
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The Beginning
• 1517: German monk Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses on church door in Wittenberg (northern Germany, HRE)
• Criticized simony, indulgences, other Church practices
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The Beginning• 1520 - 21: Pope excommunicated Luther,
banned his writings
Excommunication: kick out of church Catholics thought the only way to heaven is through the church so
excommunication was ‘guarantee’ to go to hell
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The Beginning• Luther declared a heretic and outlaw; Frederick, Prince
of Saxony hid Luther• Luther translated the New Testament into German,
developed Lutheranism
Heretic: one who public disagrees with accepted theory or practices of Catholic Church
Vernacular: everyday language one speaks
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Lutheranism vs CatholicismSalvation between God and the
individualby good works &
by priests performing
sacraments on faithful
Sacrament Rejected all sacraments except
Baptism & communion
Has seven different
sacraments
Practices have to be based on the Bible
are based on the Pope, clergy &
the Bible
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Peace of Augsberg• 1546 – 1555: religious wars –
German princes wanted independence from HRE
• Peace of Augsberg: ended religious wars; allowed princes to choose religion his nation; Catholic Church only recognized Lutheranism
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The Holy Roman
Empire in the 16c
The Holy Roman
Empire in the 16c
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Spread of ReformationSwitzerland• mid-1500s: Calvin established
theocracy in Geneva• Believed in predestination,
strict rules of living, worshipping
• Democratic nature helped Calvinism spread to France, Netherlands, Scotland
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Spread of ReformationEngland• 1527: King Henry VIII
petitioned the Pope for a divorce Catherine of Aragon; Pope refused
• 1534: Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
• Made king head of the English Church (Church of England)
• King closed monasteries & convents, seized Catholic lands
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• Believed that you must be able to choose religion so child/baby baptism doesn’t count
• Don’t baptize until adults
• Persecuted by other Christians b/c they believed if you died un-baptized you go to hell
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists
The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists
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The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists
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ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
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Catholic (Counter) Reformation
Catholic Church attempted to reform itself:• 1530s: Catholic Church strengthened the
Inquisition (forced conversion of non-Christians to Catholicism)
• 1540: Pope recognized Society of Jesus or Jesuits: group that worked to spread Catholicism & combat heresy
• Founded by Ignatius Loyola
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Catholic (Counter) Reformation1543-1563 Catholic Church: Council of Trent• published the Index of Forbidden Books• affirm Church authority, beliefs• affirm concept of purgatory, indulgences, but no more selling them
or church offices • set up seminaries• encourage more to honor celibacy rules• educate people about faith, bible, and Church practices
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Results of the Protestant Reformation
• Appearance of several new religions – (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism/Church of England,
Presbyterianism)
• Kings & rulers gained more political power from HRE• Catholic Church lost power & prestige & LAND• No tolerance for new ideas which disagree w/ Cath• New interest in education • Edit of Nantes- French law, freedom to practice Protestantism