protein synthesis & mutations all illustrations in this presentation were obtained from...
TRANSCRIPT
Protein Synthesis & MutationsAll illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com
Scientists
Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?
Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?
Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad
bacteria?
Avery
Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA
Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic
material being transferred was DNA?
Bacteriophage(Virus)
Bacteria Cell
Hershey & ChaseBacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and
replication.
Real Picture of a Bacteriophage
Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he
found TRANSFORMATION.This scientist injected mice with killed disease causing bacteria and good, live bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.
GriffithF for failing to find genetic material!
F for finding:
TRANSFORMATIONHe found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”
Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine
% Cytosine = % Guanine
What is this rule called?
CHARGAFF
Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!
DNA Structure
Empty slide to keep flashcards in order
1. What does DNA stand for ?2. What is its shape?3. What is its function?4. What sugar is in DNA?5. Where is it found in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
1. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid2. Double Helix3. Carries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain)4. Deoxyribose sugar5. Eukaryotes=nucleusProkaryotes=cytoplasm
What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus?
Chromosomes
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)
3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)
1
23
Why is DNA Replication important?
Must have 2 identical strands of DNA
Each has one original strand and one new strand
Cell Division
List the steps of DNA replication:
1. Original double helix unzips/unwinds
2. DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA
3. 2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G)
4. Two identical double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand
An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases
C G G T A T G A T
What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?
What holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?
C G G T A T G A T original strand l l l l l l l l l
G C C A T A C T A new strand
Hydrogen Bonds
What is this protein called that DNA wraps
around to coil up?
Histone
List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences
DNA RNASimilarities
Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases
DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose
SugarThymine UracilDouble Helix Single
Strand
List Similarities and Differences
DNA RNASimilarities
Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases
DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose
SugarThymine base Uracil baseDouble Helix Single
Strand
Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
Be able to explain the following:
1. Why did you use soap?2. Why did you use salt?3. Why did you use meat
tenderizer4. Why did you use cold
alcohol?
Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
You aren’t going to get the answers that easy!
RNA
Empty slide to keep flashcards in order
Name the 3 different types of RNA and what do each do.
mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (Sous chef)rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)
1. What does RNA stand for ?2. How many different kinds are there?3. What is its function?4. What sugar is in RNA?5. Where is RNA found?
RNA
1. What does RNA stand for ?Ribonucleic Acid
2. How many different kinds are there?3: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
3. What is RNA’s function?To make proteins
4. What sugar is in RNA?Ribose sugar
5. Where is RNA found?In the cytoplasm
mmRNA
mtRNA
rRNA
What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?
What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
List the steps to make mRNA
What is this process called?
List the steps to make mRNA“TRANSCRIPTION”
1. In the nucleus, DNA unzips
2. RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region
3. RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA and edits it
4. mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores
List the steps to make polypeptide chain (protein) from mRNA
What is this process called?
List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)
1. In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA
2. rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”
3. Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon
4. Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain =
PROTEIN
tRNA
Amino Acid
Polypeptide Chain =
PROTEIN
mRNArRNA
ribosome
What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?
Codon
What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?
What is the 3 base code on
the tRNA called?
Anti-codon
What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?
How many amino acids are there?
How many different codons code for those amino acids?
How many amino acids are there? 20
How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64
Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome
1 codon = 1 amino acid3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon
Translate this mRNA A U G U G C G U C U A A
What is the difference between exons and introns when m-RNA
is being made?
Introns (junk) are cut out
Exons (good) are kept
What is a gene mutation?Not a real picture
Change in nucleotide sequence
Of the following mutations, which one of these is not a gene mutation?
SubstitutionDeletion InsertionInversion
Gene mutation in mice.
Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation
I bet he can catch 3x more flies!
What type of gene
mutation is it when one nucleotide is replaced
with a different
one?
POINTMUTATION
What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?
What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?
FRAME SHIFT MUTATION
Name all types of chromosomal mutations
The binding site for RNA Polymerase is called the _____________________.
?
RNA Polymerase
The binding site for RNA Polymerase is called the ______Promoter________.
RNA Polymerase
____?_____ sites are important for controlling gene expression.
Regulatory sites are important for controlling gene expression.
An operon is a group of genes that operate together in _____________
(type of living things)
An operon is a group of genes that operate together in PROKARYOTES!!
(type of living things)
What genes control the basic plan for where organs and tissues are to go in an embryo (organism)?
Hox Genes
NOT a real picture!!!
