PROTEIN METABOLISM

Umar Hayat

RCVetS

AN 301

PROTEIN METABOLISM

• Proteins provide the amino acids for vital functions, reproduction, growth and lactation.

• Non-ruminant animals need pre-formed amino acids in their diets, but ruminants can utilize many other nitrogen sources because of their rare ability to synthesize amino acids and protein from non-protein nitrogen sources.

• In addition, ruminants possess a mechanism to spare nitrogen. When a diet is low in nitrogen, large amounts of urea (from urine) return in the rumen where it can be used by the microbes.

• In non-ruminants, urea is always entirely lost in the urine. It is possible to feed cows with diets containing non-protein nitrogen as the only nitrogen source and still obtain a production of 580 g of high quality milk protein daily and 4000 kg milk throughout the lactation

PROTEIN TRANSFORMATIONIN THE RUMEN

• Feed proteins degraded by microorganisms in the rumen via amino acids into ammonia and branched chain fatty acids .

• Non-protein nitrogen from the feed and the urea recycled into the rumen through the saliva or the rumen wall contribute also to the pool of ammonia in the rumen.

• Too much ammonia in the rumen leads to wastage, ammonia toxicity, and in extreme cases, death of the animal. The bacterial population uses ammonia in order to grow.

• Use of ammonia to synthesize microbial protein is dependent upon the availability of energy generated by the fermentation of carbohydrates. On the average, 20 grams of bacterial protein is synthesized per 100 grams of organic matter fermented in the rumen.

• Bacterial protein synthesis may range from less than 400 g/day to about 1500 g/day depending primarily on the digestibility of the diet.

• The percentage of protein in bacteria varies from 38 to 55% .

• A portion of the dietary protein resists ruminal degradation and passes undegraded to the small intestine. Forage proteins degraded 60 to 80% Concentrates or industrial by-products degraded 20 to 60%.

• Major part of the bacterial protein flows to the abomasum attached to feed particles.

• The strong acids secreted by the abomasum stop all microbial activity and the digestive enzymes start breaking down the protein into amino acids.

Table 1: Composition and intestinal nitrogen digestibility of ruminal microbes

Nutrient Bacteria ProtozoaMean Range

Protein 47.5 38-55 -Nucleic acids 27.6 - -Lipids 7 4.25 -Carbohydrates 11.5 23-Jun -Peptidoglycan 2 - -Minerals 4.4 - -Crude Protein 62.4 31-78 24-49Digestibility 71 44-86 76-85

• Amino acids absorbed Approximately 60% from bacterial protein, 40% from undegraded dietary protein.

• The amino acid composition of bacterial protein is relatively constant regardless of the composition of dietary protein.

• All amino acids, including the essential ones are present in bacterial protein in proportion that is fairly close to the proportion of amino acids required by the mammary gland for milk synthesis.

• The conversion of dietary protein to bacterial protein is usually a beneficial process. The exception occurs when high quality protein is fed

PROTEIN IN FECES

1. Undigested protein About 80% of the protein reaching the small intestine is digested, 20% goes into the feces.

2. Digestive enzymes secreted into the intestine also major source of nitrogen in the feces

3. Fecal metabolic protein the rapid replacement of intestinal cells (On the average, for every increment of 1 kg of dry matter ingested by the cow, there is an increase of 33 g of body protein lost in the intestine and excreted in the feces.

• Ruminant feces rich in nitrogen (2.2 to 2.6% N) as compared to the feces of non-ruminant animals.

LIVER METABOLISM AND UREA RECYCLING

• Not all the ammonia produced in the rumen may be converted to microbial protein. Excess ammonia cross the ruminal wall and is transported to the liver.

• The liver converts the ammonia to urea which is released in the blood. Urea in the blood can follow two routes:1) Return to the rumen through the saliva or through the rumen wall.2) Excreted into the urine by the kidneys.

• When urea returns to the rumen, it is converted back to ammonia and can serve as a nitrogen source for bacterial growth.

• Urea excreted in the urine is lost to the animal. With rations low in crude protein, most of the urea is recycled and little is lost in the urine.

• However, as crude protein increases in the ration, less urea is recycled and more is excreted in the urine.

MILK PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

• The mammary gland needs large amounts of amino acids to syntesize milk protein.

• The metabolism of amino acids in the mammary gland is extremely complex.

• Amino acids may be converted into other amino acids or oxidized to produce energy. Most of the amino acids absorbed by the mammary gland are used to synthesize milk proteins.

• Milk contains about 30 g of protein per kg, but vary between cows /breed and among breeds.

Milk Protein Composition• About 90% of the protein in milk is casein. • There are many types of casein and they contribute to the high nutritive

value of many dairy products. • Whey proteins are also synthesized from amino acids in the mammary

gland. • The enzyme á-Lactalbumin is essential for the synthesis of lactose and

â−lactoglobulin is important in curd formation during cheese production. • Some proteins found in the milk (immunoglobulins) play a role in

immunity of newborn calf. The immunoglobulins absorbed directly from the blood and not synthesized within the mammary gland, so their concentration in the colostrum is high.

• Milk also contains non-protein nitrogen compounds in very small amount (e.g., urea: 0.08 g/kg).

DIGESTION

Protein Metabolism