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Protection, Support, and Movement Protection, Support, and Movement Protection, Support, and Movement Protection, Support, and Movement-Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology Mrs. Laux AP Biology Mrs. Laux AP Biology Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Movement in animals I. Movement in animals I. Movement in animals I. Movement in animals A. Basics: A. Basics: A. Basics: A. Basics: 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated with each type of locomotion with each type of locomotion with each type of locomotion with each type of locomotion a. ex: swimming a. ex: swimming a. ex: swimming a. ex: swimming i. must overcome re i. must overcome re i. must overcome re i. must overcome resistance sistance sistance sistance ii. therefore, fusiform body shape ii. therefore, fusiform body shape ii. therefore, fusiform body shape ii. therefore, fusiform body shape b. walking/running animal b. walking/running animal b. walking/running animal b. walking/running animal i. must support against gravity i. must support against gravity i. must support against gravity i. must support against gravity ii. must overcome inertia ii. must overcome inertia ii. must overcome inertia ii. must overcome inertia c. flying c. flying c. flying c. flying i. must overcome gravity to become airborne i. must overcome gravity to become airborne i. must overcome gravity to become airborne i. must overcome gravity to become airborne 2. at cellular level, all movement are based on co 2. at cellular level, all movement are based on co 2. at cellular level, all movement are based on co 2. at cellular level, all movement are based on contraction of muscle cells ntraction of muscle cells ntraction of muscle cells ntraction of muscle cells by microfilaments by microfilaments by microfilaments by microfilaments and microtubules and microtubules and microtubules and microtubules B. Skeletons B. Skeletons B. Skeletons B. Skeletons 1. functions: 1. functions: 1. functions: 1. functions: a. maintain shape; give structure and support a. maintain shape; give structure and support a. maintain shape; give structure and support a. maintain shape; give structure and support b. protect soft body tissues b. protect soft body tissues b. protect soft body tissues b. protect soft body tissues c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can work duri work duri work duri work during movement ng movement ng movement ng movement d. humans d. humans d. humans d. humans-mineral storehouse, production of blood cells mineral storehouse, production of blood cells mineral storehouse, production of blood cells mineral storehouse, production of blood cells 2. Types: 2. Types: 2. Types: 2. Types: a. hydrostatic skeleton a. hydrostatic skeleton a. hydrostatic skeleton a. hydrostatic skeleton i. fluid under pressure in closed body compartment i. fluid under pressure in closed body compartment i. fluid under pressure in closed body compartment i. fluid under pressure in closed body compartment ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled compartments compartments compartments compartments iii. e iii. e iii. e iii. ex: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids x: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids x: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids x: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids iv. no protection iv. no protection iv. no protection iv. no protectioncould not support a large land animal could not support a large land animal could not support a large land animal could not support a large land animal b. exoskeleton b. exoskeleton b. exoskeleton b. exoskeleton i. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animal i. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animal i. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animal i. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animal ii. mollusks ii. mollusks ii. mollusks ii. mollusksCaCO CaCO CaCO CaCO 3 arthropods arthropods arthropods arthropodschitin chitin chitin chitinsecreted by endoder secreted by endoder secreted by endoder secreted by endodermis mis mis mis iii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal grows iii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal grows iii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal grows iii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal grows

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Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

I. Movement in animalsI. Movement in animalsI. Movement in animalsI. Movement in animals A. Basics:A. Basics:A. Basics:A. Basics: 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have 1. different modes of transportation (running, flying, swimming) have evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated evolved with adaptations for animals to overcome difficulties associated with each type of locomotionwith each type of locomotionwith each type of locomotionwith each type of locomotion a. ex: swimminga. ex: swimminga. ex: swimminga. ex: swimming i. must overcome rei. must overcome rei. must overcome rei. must overcome resistancesistancesistancesistance ii. therefore, fusiform body shapeii. therefore, fusiform body shapeii. therefore, fusiform body shapeii. therefore, fusiform body shape b. walking/running animalb. walking/running animalb. walking/running animalb. walking/running animal i. must support against gravityi. must support against gravityi. must support against gravityi. must support against gravity ii. must overcome inertiaii. must overcome inertiaii. must overcome inertiaii. must overcome inertia c. flyingc. flyingc. flyingc. flying i. must overcome gravity to become airbornei. must overcome gravity to become airbornei. must overcome gravity to become airbornei. must overcome gravity to become airborne 2. at cellular level, all movement are based on co2. at cellular level, all movement are based on co2. at cellular level, all movement are based on co2. at cellular level, all movement are based on contraction of muscle cells ntraction of muscle cells ntraction of muscle cells ntraction of muscle cells by microfilamentsby microfilamentsby microfilamentsby microfilaments and microtubules and microtubules and microtubules and microtubules B. SkeletonsB. SkeletonsB. SkeletonsB. Skeletons 1. functions:1. functions:1. functions:1. functions: a. maintain shape; give structure and supporta. maintain shape; give structure and supporta. maintain shape; give structure and supporta. maintain shape; give structure and support b. protect soft body tissuesb. protect soft body tissuesb. protect soft body tissuesb. protect soft body tissues c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can c. provide firm attachment (leverage) against which muscles can work duriwork duriwork duriwork during movementng movementng movementng movement d. humansd. humansd. humansd. humans----mineral storehouse, production of blood cellsmineral storehouse, production of blood cellsmineral storehouse, production of blood cellsmineral storehouse, production of blood cells 2. Types:2. Types:2. Types:2. Types: a. hydrostatic skeletona. hydrostatic skeletona. hydrostatic skeletona. hydrostatic skeleton i. fluid under pressure in closed body compartmenti. fluid under pressure in closed body compartmenti. fluid under pressure in closed body compartmenti. fluid under pressure in closed body compartment ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled ii. move by using muscles to change shape of fluid filled compartmentscompartmentscompartmentscompartments iii. eiii. eiii. eiii. ex: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelidsx: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelidsx: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelidsx: cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids iv. no protectioniv. no protectioniv. no protectioniv. no protection����could not support a large land animalcould not support a large land animalcould not support a large land animalcould not support a large land animal b. exoskeletonb. exoskeletonb. exoskeletonb. exoskeleton i. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animali. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animali. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animali. hard encasement deposited on surface of an animal ii. mollusksii. mollusksii. mollusksii. mollusks����CaCOCaCOCaCOCaCO3333

arthropodsarthropodsarthropodsarthropods����chitinchitinchitinchitin����secreted by endodersecreted by endodersecreted by endodersecreted by endodermismismismis iii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal growsiii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal growsiii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal growsiii. exoskeleton must be shed (molted) as animal grows

Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

c. endoskeletonc. endoskeletonc. endoskeletonc. endoskeleton i. hard supporting skeleton buried within soft tissue of an i. hard supporting skeleton buried within soft tissue of an i. hard supporting skeleton buried within soft tissue of an i. hard supporting skeleton buried within soft tissue of an animalanimalanimalanimal ii. ex: spongesii. ex: spongesii. ex: spongesii. ex: sponges����inorganic materials or protein fibersinorganic materials or protein fibersinorganic materials or protein fibersinorganic materials or protein fibers iii. ex: chordatesiii. ex: chordatesiii. ex: chordatesiii. ex: chordates����cartilage and/or cartilage and/or cartilage and/or cartilage and/or bone skeletons bone skeletons bone skeletons bone skeletons divided into several areasdivided into several areasdivided into several areasdivided into several areas a. support and act as levers when their muscles a. support and act as levers when their muscles a. support and act as levers when their muscles a. support and act as levers when their muscles contractcontractcontractcontract II. Muscle MovementsII. Muscle MovementsII. Muscle MovementsII. Muscle Movements

• Animal movement is based on contraction of muscles working against some Animal movement is based on contraction of muscles working against some Animal movement is based on contraction of muscles working against some Animal movement is based on contraction of muscles working against some kind of skeletonkind of skeletonkind of skeletonkind of skeleton

• Muscles contract actively, onlyMuscles contract actively, onlyMuscles contract actively, onlyMuscles contract actively, only extend passively extend passively extend passively extend passively����therefore, to move body therefore, to move body therefore, to move body therefore, to move body part in opposite directions, the muscles must be attached in antagonistic part in opposite directions, the muscles must be attached in antagonistic part in opposite directions, the muscles must be attached in antagonistic part in opposite directions, the muscles must be attached in antagonistic pairspairspairspairs����flexor and extensorflexor and extensorflexor and extensorflexor and extensor

A. Structure and Function of Vertebrate Skeletal MuscleA. Structure and Function of Vertebrate Skeletal MuscleA. Structure and Function of Vertebrate Skeletal MuscleA. Structure and Function of Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle 1. muscle1. muscle1. muscle1. muscle����bundle of long fibers running the length of bundle of long fibers running the length of bundle of long fibers running the length of bundle of long fibers running the length of the muscle; the muscle; the muscle; the muscle; attached to and responsible for the movement of bonesattached to and responsible for the movement of bonesattached to and responsible for the movement of bonesattached to and responsible for the movement of bones 2. muscle cells=muscle fibers2. muscle cells=muscle fibers2. muscle cells=muscle fibers2. muscle cells=muscle fibers 3. fibers are multinucleate3. fibers are multinucleate3. fibers are multinucleate3. fibers are multinucleate����one cell with many nucleione cell with many nucleione cell with many nucleione cell with many nuclei 4. inside each muscle fiber, you find many smaller myofibrils arranged 4. inside each muscle fiber, you find many smaller myofibrils arranged 4. inside each muscle fiber, you find many smaller myofibrils arranged 4. inside each muscle fiber, you find many smaller myofibrils arranged longitudinallylongitudinallylongitudinallylongitudinally����2 kinds 2 kinds 2 kinds 2 kinds of myofilaments in each myofibrilof myofilaments in each myofibrilof myofilaments in each myofibrilof myofilaments in each myofibril a. thin filamentsa. thin filamentsa. thin filamentsa. thin filaments i. two strands of actin and one strand of a regulatory i. two strands of actin and one strand of a regulatory i. two strands of actin and one strand of a regulatory i. two strands of actin and one strand of a regulatory protein arranged in a double helixprotein arranged in a double helixprotein arranged in a double helixprotein arranged in a double helix ii. troponin and tropomyosin molecules cover special ii. troponin and tropomyosin molecules cover special ii. troponin and tropomyosin molecules cover special ii. troponin and tropomyosin molecules cover special bonding sites along the length of molecubonding sites along the length of molecubonding sites along the length of molecubonding sites along the length of moleculelelele b. thick filamentsb. thick filamentsb. thick filamentsb. thick filaments i. bunches of filamentous protein, myosin found between i. bunches of filamentous protein, myosin found between i. bunches of filamentous protein, myosin found between i. bunches of filamentous protein, myosin found between thin filamentsthin filamentsthin filamentsthin filaments ii. thick headsii. thick headsii. thick headsii. thick heads 5. sarcolemma5. sarcolemma5. sarcolemma5. sarcolemma����plasma membrane of muscle fiberplasma membrane of muscle fiberplasma membrane of muscle fiberplasma membrane of muscle fiber a. invaginated by transverse (T) tubules that permeate through a. invaginated by transverse (T) tubules that permeate through a. invaginated by transverse (T) tubules that permeate through a. invaginated by transverse (T) tubules that permeate through cellcellcellcell

Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

6. sar6. sar6. sar6. sarcoplasmcoplasmcoplasmcoplasm����cytoplasmcytoplasmcytoplasmcytoplasm 7. sarcoplasmic reticulum7. sarcoplasmic reticulum7. sarcoplasmic reticulum7. sarcoplasmic reticulum a. specialized ERa. specialized ERa. specialized ERa. specialized ER b. specialized for Cab. specialized for Cab. specialized for Cab. specialized for Ca++++ storage storage storage storage----necessary during muscle necessary during muscle necessary during muscle necessary during muscle movementmovementmovementmovement 8. arrangement of thin and thick filaments8. arrangement of thin and thick filaments8. arrangement of thin and thick filaments8. arrangement of thin and thick filaments

Put drawing of sarcomere belowPut drawing of sarcomere belowPut drawing of sarcomere belowPut drawing of sarcomere below

B. Molecular Mechanism of B. Molecular Mechanism of B. Molecular Mechanism of B. Molecular Mechanism of Muscle ContractionMuscle ContractionMuscle ContractionMuscle Contraction Put more detailed drawing of sarcomere belowPut more detailed drawing of sarcomere belowPut more detailed drawing of sarcomere belowPut more detailed drawing of sarcomere below

Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

1. theory of muscle contraction1. theory of muscle contraction1. theory of muscle contraction1. theory of muscle contraction����sliding filament model (1950s)sliding filament model (1950s)sliding filament model (1950s)sliding filament model (1950s) a. muscles contract when filaments slide past each othera. muscles contract when filaments slide past each othera. muscles contract when filaments slide past each othera. muscles contract when filaments slide past each other b. happens because of the generation of an action pob. happens because of the generation of an action pob. happens because of the generation of an action pob. happens because of the generation of an action potential tential tential tential (electrical impulse)(electrical impulse)(electrical impulse)(electrical impulse) 2. molecular process:2. molecular process:2. molecular process:2. molecular process: motor neuron connected to muscle fiber receives a message for contraction of that motor neuron connected to muscle fiber receives a message for contraction of that motor neuron connected to muscle fiber receives a message for contraction of that motor neuron connected to muscle fiber receives a message for contraction of that

fiberfiberfiberfiber ↓

releases acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) across neuromuscular junctionreleases acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) across neuromuscular junctionreleases acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) across neuromuscular junctionreleases acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) across neuromuscular junction ↓

binds with receptors on the muscle fiber, causing a depolarization along its binds with receptors on the muscle fiber, causing a depolarization along its binds with receptors on the muscle fiber, causing a depolarization along its binds with receptors on the muscle fiber, causing a depolarization along its sarcolemmasarcolemmasarcolemmasarcolemma

↓ if depolarization is sufficient, an action potential will be generatedif depolarization is sufficient, an action potential will be generatedif depolarization is sufficient, an action potential will be generatedif depolarization is sufficient, an action potential will be generated

↓ travels to T tubutravels to T tubutravels to T tubutravels to T tubules (neuronles (neuronles (neuronles (neuron----like) which release IPlike) which release IPlike) which release IPlike) which release IP3333 (inositol triphosphate) which (inositol triphosphate) which (inositol triphosphate) which (inositol triphosphate) which

diffuses into SRdiffuses into SRdiffuses into SRdiffuses into SR ↓

IPIPIPIP3333 causes SR to release stored Ca causes SR to release stored Ca causes SR to release stored Ca causes SR to release stored Ca++++ Note: structure of actin filamentsNote: structure of actin filamentsNote: structure of actin filamentsNote: structure of actin filaments

Therefore, no muscle movementTherefore, no muscle movementTherefore, no muscle movementTherefore, no muscle movement

Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

↓ CaCaCaCa++++ from SR binds to troponin from SR binds to troponin from SR binds to troponin from SR binds to troponin

↓ an ATP molecule is bounan ATP molecule is bounan ATP molecule is bounan ATP molecule is bound to myosin head while muscle is at restd to myosin head while muscle is at restd to myosin head while muscle is at restd to myosin head while muscle is at rest

↓ Ca+ bonded to troponin causes the protein to change shapeCa+ bonded to troponin causes the protein to change shapeCa+ bonded to troponin causes the protein to change shapeCa+ bonded to troponin causes the protein to change shape

↓ exposes the myosin binding sites on actin filamentsexposes the myosin binding sites on actin filamentsexposes the myosin binding sites on actin filamentsexposes the myosin binding sites on actin filaments

↓ ATPATPATPATP����ADP + PADP + PADP + PADP + Piiii, which phosphorylates the myosin head, which phosphorylates the myosin head, which phosphorylates the myosin head, which phosphorylates the myosin head

↓ activated myosin bonds to exposed sites on actactivated myosin bonds to exposed sites on actactivated myosin bonds to exposed sites on actactivated myosin bonds to exposed sites on actin forming a crossin forming a crossin forming a crossin forming a cross bridgebridgebridgebridge

↓ ADP + PADP + PADP + PADP + Piiii are released are released are released are released

↓ sliding action results: myosin pulls actin filaments closer togethersliding action results: myosin pulls actin filaments closer togethersliding action results: myosin pulls actin filaments closer togethersliding action results: myosin pulls actin filaments closer together----bringing Z lines bringing Z lines bringing Z lines bringing Z lines

closer (this is muscle contraction)closer (this is muscle contraction)closer (this is muscle contraction)closer (this is muscle contraction) ↓

*muscle contraction will not continue without the presence of ATP**muscle contraction will not continue without the presence of ATP**muscle contraction will not continue without the presence of ATP**muscle contraction will not continue without the presence of ATP* ↓

ATP binds tATP binds tATP binds tATP binds to myosin head, causing filaments to unbindo myosin head, causing filaments to unbindo myosin head, causing filaments to unbindo myosin head, causing filaments to unbind ↓

if Caif Caif Caif Ca++++ is still present, myosin head will bind to next binding site and continue is still present, myosin head will bind to next binding site and continue is still present, myosin head will bind to next binding site and continue is still present, myosin head will bind to next binding site and continue contractioncontractioncontractioncontraction

*ATP is necessary for release of myosin head from actin filament; without it, *ATP is necessary for release of myosin head from actin filament; without it, *ATP is necessary for release of myosin head from actin filament; without it, *ATP is necessary for release of myosin head from actin filament; without it, muscle remains contractedmuscle remains contractedmuscle remains contractedmuscle remains contracted����shown in rigoshown in rigoshown in rigoshown in rigor mortisr mortisr mortisr mortis����no more ATP to release no more ATP to release no more ATP to release no more ATP to release

myosin heads, therefore, no further movementmyosin heads, therefore, no further movementmyosin heads, therefore, no further movementmyosin heads, therefore, no further movement

After contraction, muscle fibers return back to their resting placeAfter contraction, muscle fibers return back to their resting placeAfter contraction, muscle fibers return back to their resting placeAfter contraction, muscle fibers return back to their resting place 1. acetylcholine is inactivated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase1. acetylcholine is inactivated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase1. acetylcholine is inactivated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase1. acetylcholine is inactivated by enzyme acetylcholinesterase 2. Ca2. Ca2. Ca2. Ca++++ are pumped (using ATP) back into SR by are pumped (using ATP) back into SR by are pumped (using ATP) back into SR by are pumped (using ATP) back into SR by active transport active transport active transport active transport Even when not moving, muscles retain a state of partial contractionEven when not moving, muscles retain a state of partial contractionEven when not moving, muscles retain a state of partial contractionEven when not moving, muscles retain a state of partial contraction����muscle tonemuscle tonemuscle tonemuscle tone 1. stimulated by nerve cells1. stimulated by nerve cells1. stimulated by nerve cells1. stimulated by nerve cells 2. muscle tone is unconscious2. muscle tone is unconscious2. muscle tone is unconscious2. muscle tone is unconscious 3. prepare for action3. prepare for action3. prepare for action3. prepare for action 4. only way to completely relax a muscle is to cut motor neuron4. only way to completely relax a muscle is to cut motor neuron4. only way to completely relax a muscle is to cut motor neuron4. only way to completely relax a muscle is to cut motor neuron

Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

C. MovemC. MovemC. MovemC. Movements in other types of muscle:ents in other types of muscle:ents in other types of muscle:ents in other types of muscle: 1. Cardiac muscle1. Cardiac muscle1. Cardiac muscle1. Cardiac muscle a. hearta. hearta. hearta. heart b. striatedb. striatedb. striatedb. striated����appearance caused by filamentsappearance caused by filamentsappearance caused by filamentsappearance caused by filaments c. highly branchedc. highly branchedc. highly branchedc. highly branched d. can generate own action potentials (pacemakers)d. can generate own action potentials (pacemakers)d. can generate own action potentials (pacemakers)d. can generate own action potentials (pacemakers)����spreads spreads spreads spreads rapidly as electrical signals cross cells at gap junctions rapidly as electrical signals cross cells at gap junctions rapidly as electrical signals cross cells at gap junctions rapidly as electrical signals cross cells at gap junctions (spaces (spaces (spaces (spaces between cells)between cells)between cells)between cells)����not neuronnot neuronnot neuronnot neuron----generated signalgenerated signalgenerated signalgenerated signal 2. Smooth muscle2. Smooth muscle2. Smooth muscle2. Smooth muscle a. lack striationsa. lack striationsa. lack striationsa. lack striations b. less myosinb. less myosinb. less myosinb. less myosin c. does not have T tubule system or well developed SRc. does not have T tubule system or well developed SRc. does not have T tubule system or well developed SRc. does not have T tubule system or well developed SR d. therefore, contractions are relatively slow with a greater range d. therefore, contractions are relatively slow with a greater range d. therefore, contractions are relatively slow with a greater range d. therefore, contractions are relatively slow with a greater range of controlof controlof controlof control e. appropriate for functione. appropriate for functione. appropriate for functione. appropriate for function D. Energy supply in muscles:D. Energy supply in muscles:D. Energy supply in muscles:D. Energy supply in muscles: 1. initially ATP molecules in cells 1. initially ATP molecules in cells 1. initially ATP molecules in cells 1. initially ATP molecules in cells ����used up very quicklyused up very quicklyused up very quicklyused up very quickly 2. creatine phosphate2. creatine phosphate2. creatine phosphate2. creatine phosphate a. used after ATP runs outa. used after ATP runs outa. used after ATP runs outa. used after ATP runs out b. stored in muscle cellsb. stored in muscle cellsb. stored in muscle cellsb. stored in muscle cells c. can be converted to ATP as neededc. can be converted to ATP as neededc. can be converted to ATP as neededc. can be converted to ATP as needed d. also rd. also rd. also rd. also runs out quickly during vigorous exerciseuns out quickly during vigorous exerciseuns out quickly during vigorous exerciseuns out quickly during vigorous exercise 3. glycogen stored in muscle cells3. glycogen stored in muscle cells3. glycogen stored in muscle cells3. glycogen stored in muscle cells a. stores glucosea. stores glucosea. stores glucosea. stores glucose b. glycogen is degraded, releasing glucoseb. glycogen is degraded, releasing glucoseb. glycogen is degraded, releasing glucoseb. glycogen is degraded, releasing glucose c. broken down during respiration for energyc. broken down during respiration for energyc. broken down during respiration for energyc. broken down during respiration for energy d. can only happen in sufficient oxygend. can only happen in sufficient oxygend. can only happen in sufficient oxygend. can only happen in sufficient oxygen 4. strenuous exercise; circulatory system cannot deliver enough oxygen4. strenuous exercise; circulatory system cannot deliver enough oxygen4. strenuous exercise; circulatory system cannot deliver enough oxygen4. strenuous exercise; circulatory system cannot deliver enough oxygen a. resulta. resulta. resulta. result����oxygen debtoxygen debtoxygen debtoxygen debt b. muscle fibers respire anaerobically, producing lactic acidb. muscle fibers respire anaerobically, producing lactic acidb. muscle fibers respire anaerobically, producing lactic acidb. muscle fibers respire anaerobically, producing lactic acid III. SkinIII. SkinIII. SkinIII. Skin A. EpidermisA. EpidermisA. EpidermisA. Epidermis----outer layerouter layerouter layerouter layer 1. Several strata1. Several strata1. Several strata1. Several strata

Protection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and MovementProtection, Support, and Movement----Skin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle NotesSkin, Skeleton, and Muscle Notes Mrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP BiologyMrs. Laux AP Biology

a. stratum basalea. stratum basalea. stratum basalea. stratum basale----deepestdeepestdeepestdeepest, next t, next t, next t, next to dermiso dermiso dermiso dermis b. stratum corneumb. stratum corneumb. stratum corneumb. stratum corneum----superficialsuperficialsuperficialsuperficial----sloughed offsloughed offsloughed offsloughed off i. pigment cells produce melanini. pigment cells produce melanini. pigment cells produce melanini. pigment cells produce melanin----gives skin colorgives skin colorgives skin colorgives skin color ii. keratinii. keratinii. keratinii. keratin----protein that gives skin strength/flexibility; protein that gives skin strength/flexibility; protein that gives skin strength/flexibility; protein that gives skin strength/flexibility; insolubleinsolubleinsolubleinsoluble B. DermisB. DermisB. DermisB. Dermis----beneath the epidermisbeneath the epidermisbeneath the epidermisbeneath the epidermis 1. dense, fibrous connective tissu1. dense, fibrous connective tissu1. dense, fibrous connective tissu1. dense, fibrous connective tissue; collagene; collagene; collagene; collagen 2. sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, sensory receptors 2. sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, sensory receptors 2. sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, sensory receptors 2. sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, sensory receptors (Pacinian corpuscle)(Pacinian corpuscle)(Pacinian corpuscle)(Pacinian corpuscle)----touch, pain, temperature, sebaceous glandstouch, pain, temperature, sebaceous glandstouch, pain, temperature, sebaceous glandstouch, pain, temperature, sebaceous glands----sebum, sebum, sebum, sebum, melanocytes, erector pili muscles (goosebumps)melanocytes, erector pili muscles (goosebumps)melanocytes, erector pili muscles (goosebumps)melanocytes, erector pili muscles (goosebumps) C. subcutaneous tissueC. subcutaneous tissueC. subcutaneous tissueC. subcutaneous tissue 1. skin rests on this1. skin rests on this1. skin rests on this1. skin rests on this 2. compo2. compo2. compo2. composed of adipose tissuesed of adipose tissuesed of adipose tissuesed of adipose tissue----insulationinsulationinsulationinsulation