Protecting DoD Maritime Mobility —Protecting DoD Maritime Mobility —The UN and the IMOThe UN and the IMO

CDR John Kauffman, JAGC, USNCDR John Kauffman, JAGC, USNHead, Law of the Sea Department, Office of the Navy JAG Head, Law of the Sea Department, Office of the Navy JAG

International & Operational Law DivisionInternational & Operational Law Division

CDR James Kraska, JAGC, USN, CDR James Kraska, JAGC, USN, Oceans & Maritime Policy, Oceans & Maritime Policy,

Strategic Plans and Policy (J-5), The Joint StaffStrategic Plans and Policy (J-5), The Joint Staff

Maritime MobilityMaritime Mobility

PDD 32 “Freedom of Navigation” PDD 32 “Freedom of Navigation”

DoDI C-2005.1 “Freedom of Navigation” DoDI C-2005.1 “Freedom of Navigation” ProgramProgram

CJCSI 2420.10B, “United States Freedom CJCSI 2420.10B, “United States Freedom of Navigation Program”of Navigation Program”

UNCLOSUNCLOS

BaselinesBaselines

Territorial SeaTerritorial Sea

Exclusive Economic Exclusive Economic

ZoneZone

High SeasHigh Seas

Straits Used for International NavigationStraits Used for International Navigation

UNCLOS - EEZsUNCLOS - EEZs

United NationsUnited NationsForumsForums– UNICPOLOS and UNGAUNICPOLOS and UNGA

IssuesIssues– MPAs in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction MPAs in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

(ABNJ) – Network of High Seas MPAs(ABNJ) – Network of High Seas MPAs– Eco-system Approach to Management (EAM)Eco-system Approach to Management (EAM)– Precautionary ApproachPrecautionary Approach

1992 Rio Declaration1992 Rio Declaration

Marine Protected Areas Marine Protected Areas

Designation processDesignation process– New implementing Agreement?New implementing Agreement?

Definition(s)Definition(s)

Protective measuresProtective measures– Clearly delineated impactClearly delineated impact– Strong causal linkStrong causal link– Consistent with UNCLOSConsistent with UNCLOS

Undefined or competing definitionsUndefined or competing definitions– Does “ecosystem” include humans?Does “ecosystem” include humans?

Ignores Juridical Boundaries Ignores Juridical Boundaries

Application of the Precautionary Application of the Precautionary ApproachApproach

Ecosystem Approach to Ecosystem Approach to ManagementManagement

International Maritime OrganizationInternational Maritime Organization

ForumsForums– MEPCMEPC– MSCMSC

IssuesIssues– PSSAsPSSAs

Torres StraitTorres Strait

Baltic SeaBaltic Sea

Particularly Sensitive Sea Particularly Sensitive Sea AreasAreas

PSSA GuidelinesPSSA Guidelines

Straits Used for International Straits Used for International NavigationNavigation– Torres Strait PSSATorres Strait PSSA

High Seas and the EEZHigh Seas and the EEZ– Baltic Seas PSSABaltic Seas PSSA

Australia proposed Australia proposed compulsory pilotage compulsory pilotage in the Torres Straitin the Torres StraitIMO approved a IMO approved a “recommendatory” “recommendatory” pilotagepilotageMandatory pilotage Mandatory pilotage as a condition of as a condition of port entryport entry

Torres Strait PSSATorres Strait PSSA

Baltic Sea PSSABaltic Sea PSSA

EU-supported proposal EU-supported proposal

Russia opposed – Russia opposed – overlap TS overlap TS

Northwestern Hawaiian IslandsNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands

USG actions – impact as precedent USG actions – impact as precedent

Questions?Questions?