prospects for wind farm co-operatives
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Prospects for Wind Farm Co-operatives
&
Offshore Wind Farms in India
India Wind Energy Summit
Chennai,India
19 20 April 2012
Dr.A.JagadeeshHead R & D
Head
Centre for Energy and Sustainable Resources
R.M.K.Engineering College
Kavaraipettai 601 206
Tamil NaduINDIA
Ph: 91 44 27925338
E-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Wind turbine cooperatives - Origin from Denmark
To encourage investment in wind power, families wereoffered a tax exemption for generating their own
electricity within their own or an adjoining commune.
While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright,
more often families purchased shares in wind turbinecooperatives which in turn invested in community wind
turbines. By 1996 there were around 2,100 such
cooperatives in the country. Opinion polls show that
this direct involvement has helped the popularity ofwind turbines, with some 86% of Danes supporting
wind energy when compared with existing fuel sources.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Denmark -
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The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to
single turbines. The Middelgrunden offshore wind farm
with 20 turbines the world's largest offshore farm atthe time it was built in 2000 is 50% owned by the
10,000 investors in the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine
Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company.
By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to windturbine cooperatives, which had installed 86% of all the
wind turbines in Denmark. By 2004 over 150,000 were
either members or owned turbines, and about 5,500
turbines had been installed, although with greaterprivate sector involvement the proportion owned by
cooperatives had fallen to 75%.The cooperative model
has also spread to Germany and the Netherlands.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelgrundenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelgrunden -
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Financially, community-based wind projects are
structured much differently than traditional wind
farms. In the traditional model, the company thatbuilds and manages a wind farm retains sole ownership
of the development. The owners of the land on which
the wind turbines were built usually have no stake in
development, and are instead compensated throughlease payments or by royalty-based contracts.
The more people that become involved through
community wind power, the more democratic the
energy supply system becomes. Energy sellers make aprofit, landowners receive leasing fees, communities
get improved infrastructure, local people get jobs,
governments receive taxes, and consumers receive
electricity at competitive prices.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm -
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Community wind farms
Australia
The Hepburn Wind Project is a wind farm at Leonards
Hill near Daylesford, Victoria, north-west ofMelbourne,Victoria. It comprises two 2MW wind turbines which
produce enough power for 2,300 households.
This is the first Australian community-owned wind
farm. The initiative has emerged because thecommunity felt that the state and federal governments
were not doing enough to address climate change.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_Wind_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylesford,_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylesford,_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_Wind_Project -
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Canada
Community wind power is in its infancy in Canada but
there are reasons for optimism. One such reason is thelaunch of a new Feed-in Tariff (FIT) program in the
Province of Ontario . A number of community wind
projects are in development in Ontario but the first
project that is likely to obtain a FIT contract andconnect to the grid is the Pukwis Community Wind
Park. Pukwis will be unique in that it is a joint
Aboriginal/Community wind project that will be
majority-owned by the Chippewas of Georgina Island
First Nation, with a local renewable energy co-operative
(the Pukwis Energy Co-operative) owning the
remainder of the project.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariff -
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GermanyIn Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have
invested in citizens' wind farms across the country and
thousands of small and medium sized enterprises are
running successful businesses in a new sector that in2008 employed 90,000 people and generated 8 percent
of Germany's electricity. Wind power has gained very
high social acceptance in Germany, with the
development of community wind farms playing a major
role.
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The Netherlands
Sixty-three farmers in De Zuidlob, the southern part of the
municipality ofZeewolde, have entered into a cooperativeagreement that aims to develop a wind farm of at least 108
MW. The project will include the installation of three phases
of 12 wind turbines with capacities of 3 to 4.5 MW each. The
aim is to put the wind farm into service in 2012.The Netherlands has an active community of wind
cooperatives. They build and operate wind parks in all regions
of the Netherlands. This started in the 1980s with the first
Lagerweij turbines. Back then, these turbines could be
financed by the members of the cooperatives. Today, the
cooperatives build larger wind parks, but not as large as
commercial parties do. Some still operate self-sufficiently,
others partner with larger commercial wind park developers.
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/10/dutch-farmers-ready-for-wind-energy-53986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeewoldehttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeewoldehttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/10/dutch-farmers-ready-for-wind-energy-53986 -
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United Kingdom
As of 2012, there are 43 communities who are in the
process of or already producing renewable energy
through co-operative structures in the UK. They are setup and run by everyday people, mostly local residents,
who are investing their time and money and together
installing large wind turbines, solar panels, or hydro-
electric power for their local communities.
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United States
Most of the wind farms in the United States are
commercially owned. As of 2011, Iowa has just onecommunity owned wind farm, that is Hardin Hilltop
near Jefferson, Iowa.
National Wind is a large-scale community wind project
developer, with thirteen families of projects indevelopment or operation. These projects have an
aggregate capacity of over 4,000 MW. The vision of the
company is to revitalize rural economies by promoting
investment in domestic renewable energy resources.
National Wind creates shared ownership with
communities and allows them participation in decisions
which are made.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Iowa -
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A RENEWABLE ENERGY FUND can be created by
Government with contributions from Individuals paying
Income Tax to get tax Exemption under Section 80 C.
This fund will invest in Community Wind Farms(Wind
Farm Co-operatives).
This way Wind and other Renewables will become amass movement.
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WONDERS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION INWINDMILL
The TvindMill is one of the biggest windmills in the
world (54 m). It is an impressive building, constructedby the pupils of the school with the advice of experts.
The construction of the mill started in 1975, and today
the mill supplies the many school-buildings with
electricity.
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Tvind Mllen, Skorkrvej 8, Tvind, 6990 Ulfborg ,Denmark
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Tvindkraft was created to show the way forward for wind
energy - and to show the way out for nuclear power. But the
most important thing was probably that the Teacher Group
showed that it was possible for normal people, without any
significant scientific education, to build a large wind power
plant. With their determination, their drive, their elbow
grease and common sense, cooperation and support, where
help was to be found, this unparalleled structure was created- despite comments like: "You are doing wind power a
disservice by trying to build a windmill", and despite the fact
that no authority wanted to give any financial assistance to
the windmill construction, although it clearly followed therecommendations of the Akademiet for Teknisk Videnskaber
[Academy for Technical Sciences] to promote the
development of wind energy in Denmark, with both practical
experiments as well as research projects.
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The Tvind windmill, "Tvindkraft" wascreated during the years 1975-78
It is a tourist attraction. There is a lift which takes
people to the top. I visited the Tvindmill 3 times when
I was in Denmark.
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NEED FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS IN INDIAOffshore wind power
Offshore wind powerrefers to the construction ofwind farms inbodies of water to generate electricity from wind. Better wind
speeds are available offshore compared to on land, so offshore
wind powers contribution in terms of electricity supplied is
higher. However, offshore wind farms are relatively expensive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farm -
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Power P = 0.5 p A V (V Cube) .. .. (1)
Where P = Power,p density of air,V=speed of the wind and A is
the area of the intercepted airstream(equal to the swept by the
rotor).
In standard conditions(sea level, temperature 15 degrees
Celsius) the density of the air is 1.225 kg/m3. So the amount of
Power intercepted by each square rotor is:
P=o.612 V Watts (2)
For Example,if the wind speed is 6 m/s(a moderate breeze) thepower intercepted per square meter is 0.612 X 6 = 132 W; but if
the speed rises to 24 m/s(a severe gale) the power becomes
0.612 X 24 = 8460 W. This massive increase is due to cubic
relationship between wind speed and power by equation (2).Here the wordintercepted rather than captured is used
because the above figures relate to the power in the wind, not
the amount actually extracted by a turbine rotor. Large modern
turbines typically capture up of about 50% of the wind power
presented to them.
3
3
3
3
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Betz's law is a theory about the maximum possible energy to be
derived from a wind turbine developed in 1919 by the German
physicist Albert Betz. According to Betz's law, no turbine can
capture more than 59.3 percent of the kinetic energy in wind.
The ideal or maximum theoretical efficiency n max (also calledpower coefficient) of a wind turbine is the ratio of maximum
power obtained from the wind to the total power available in the
wind. The factor 0.593 is known as Betz's coefficient. It is the
maximum fraction of the power in a wind stream that can beextracted.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine -
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Economics and benefits
Offshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce
air pollution and greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel
power generation), meet renewable electricity standards, and
create jobs and local business opportunities. However, according
to the US Energy Information Agency, offshore wind power is the
most expensive energy generating technology being consideredfor large scale deployment". The advantage is that the wind is
much stronger off the coasts, and unlike wind over the
continent, offshore breezes can be strong in the afternoon,
matching the time when people are using the most electricity.Offshore turbines can also be "located close to the power-
hungry populations along the coasts, eliminating the need for
new overland transmission lines".
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Most entities and individuals active in offshore wind power
believe that prices of electricity will grow significantly from 2009,
as global efforts to reduce carbon emissions come into effect.BTM expects cost per kWh to fall from 2014, and that the
resource will always be more than adequate in the three areas
Europe, United States and China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTM_Consulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTM_Consulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissions -
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The current state of offshore wind power presents economic
challenges significantly greater than onshore systems - prices can
be in the range of 2.5-3.0 million Euro/MW. The turbinerepresents just one third to one half of costs in offshore projects
today, the rest comes from infrastructure, maintenance, and
oversight. Larger turbines with increased energy capture make
more economic sense due to the extra infrastructure in offshoresystems. Additionally, there are currently no rigorous simulation
models of external effects on offshore wind farms, such as
boundary layer stability effects and wake effects. This causes
difficulties in predicting performance accurately, a critical
shortcoming in financing billion-dollar offshore facilities. A reportfrom a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and
government, lays out several things needed in order to bring the
costs down and make offshore wind more economically viable:
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Improving wind performance models, including how design
conditions and the wind resource are influenced by the presence
of other wind farms.
Reducing the weight of turbine materials
Eliminating problematic gearboxes
Turbine load-mitigation controls and strategies
Turbine and rotor designs to minimize hurricane and typhoon
damage
Economic modeling and optimization of costs of the overall wind
farm system, including installation, operations, and maintenance
Service methodologies, remote monitoring, and diagnostics.
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In 2011, a Danish energy company claimed that offshore wind
turbines are not yet competitive with fossil fuels, but estimates
that they will be in 15 years. Until then, state funding and
pension funds will be needed.
In Belfast, the harbour industry is being redeveloped as a hub foroffshore windfarm construction, at a cost of about 50m. The
work will create 150 jobs in construction, as well as requiring
about 1m tonnes of stone from local quarries, which will create
hundreds more jobs. "It is the first dedicated harbour upgradefor offshore wind".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DONG_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DONG_Energy -
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J f i h i d f d d i
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Just for comparison onshore wind farms and power production.
Top 10 countries by nameplate wind power capacity
(2011 year-end)
Country Wind power capacity
(MW) provisional % world total
( Provisional)
China 62,733 26.3
United States 46,919 19.7
Germany 29,060 12.2Spain 21,674 9.1
India 16,084 6.7
France 6,800 2.8
Italy 6,747 2.8
United Kingdom 6,540 2.7Canada 5,265 2.2
Portugal 4,083 1.7
(rest of world) (32,446) (13.8)
World Total 238,351 MW 100%(Source: Global Wind Statistics 2011,Global Wind Energy Council 7-2-2012)
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Top 10 countries
by wind power electricity production
(2010 totals) Country Wind power production (TWh) % world total
United States 95.2 27.6
China 55.5 15.9
Spain 43.7 12.7
Germany 36.5 10.6
India 20.6 6.0United Kingdom 10.2 3.0
France 9.7 2.8
Portugal 9.1 2.6
Italy 8.4 2.5
Canada 8.0 2.3
(rest of world) (48.5) (14.1)
World total 344.8 TWh 100%
(Source: Electricity Production From Wind Sources: Main Wind Power
Producing Countries 2010)
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Efforts in India on Offshore Wind Farms
THE TIMES OF INDIA Chennai
Govt plans offshore facility to tap wind energy
TNN Jan 6, 2012, 06.07AM IST
CHENNAI: The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET) plans to conduct a
feasibility study in Dhanushkodi near Rameswaram to set up offshore
windmills, following problems of land acquisition for onshore wind power
projects.
Sources said wind velocity at 100 metres from ground level would be
measured and data collected. "It will be set up in a lagoon. If there is enough
wind flow, we will set up a wind farm and start power generation," said a
CWET source.Obviosly Offshore wind systems are costlier than their onshore counterparts,
both in capital and operating costs. A summary of indicative cost data
provided below is insightful.
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COST COMPARISON OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE WIND FARMS
Onshore
Investment of about $1.5 million per MWLevelized cost of 6-7 cents per kWh
O&M 1-3% of capital costs
May be built in smaller units
Offshore
Investment of $2.3 million per MW
Levelized cost of about 10-11 cents per kWh
Higher O&M 40$ per kW and 0.7 cents per kWh variable
Large turbines and farms required
In spite of the higher costs and the uncertainties involved inoffshore wind, research in this sector has been significant, and
the main reason is the potential offered by offshore wind
turbines, especially in lands close to water
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Conclusions and Prognosis
Offshore wind farms will be future energy option to supplementconventional power. With extensive research on large size wind
turbines and installation techniques of offshore wind turbines,
the cost of power generation through offshore wind farms is
expected to come down to be competitive with conventionalpower. USA,China,South Korea,Taiwan,France and Japan have
ambitious plans to go in for offshore wind farms on a massive
scale.
It is hoped MNRE will initiate at least a Pilot project of Offshore
Wind Farm in India. All modern techniques of wind assessment
have to be undertaken which will identify prospective locations
to set up offshore wind farms in the country.
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Of all the forces of nature, I should think the wind contains the
largest amount of motive powerthat is, power to move things.
Take any given space of the earth's surface for instance,
Illinois; and all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, andrunning-water, and steam, over and upon it, shall not equal the
one hundredth part of what is exerted by the blowing of the
wind over and upon the same space. And yet it has not, so far in
the world's history, become proportionably valuable as a motivepower. It is applied extensively, and advantageously, to sail-
vessels in navigation. Add to this a few windmills, and pumps,
and you have about all. ... As yet, the wind is an untamed, and
unharnessed force; and quite possibly one of the greatest
discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the taming, andharnessing of it.
Abraham Lincoln
Lecture 'Discoveries and Inventions', (1860) in Discoveries and
Inventions (1915).
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When the wind of change blows some build walls
others build windmills - Chinese proverb,,
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Put the WIND to WORK: To get inexhaustible,
pollution-free energy which cannot be misused.
- Dr. A. Jagadeesh
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Thank You