prospects for wind farm co-operatives

Upload: anumakonda-jagadeesh

Post on 04-Apr-2018

226 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    1/36

    Prospects for Wind Farm Co-operatives

    &

    Offshore Wind Farms in India

    India Wind Energy Summit

    Chennai,India

    19 20 April 2012

    Dr.A.JagadeeshHead R & D

    Head

    Centre for Energy and Sustainable Resources

    R.M.K.Engineering College

    Kavaraipettai 601 206

    Tamil NaduINDIA

    Ph: 91 44 27925338

    E-mail: [email protected]

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    2/36

    Wind turbine cooperatives - Origin from Denmark

    To encourage investment in wind power, families wereoffered a tax exemption for generating their own

    electricity within their own or an adjoining commune.

    While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright,

    more often families purchased shares in wind turbinecooperatives which in turn invested in community wind

    turbines. By 1996 there were around 2,100 such

    cooperatives in the country. Opinion polls show that

    this direct involvement has helped the popularity ofwind turbines, with some 86% of Danes supporting

    wind energy when compared with existing fuel sources.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_cooperativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Denmark
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    3/36

    The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to

    single turbines. The Middelgrunden offshore wind farm

    with 20 turbines the world's largest offshore farm atthe time it was built in 2000 is 50% owned by the

    10,000 investors in the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine

    Cooperative, and 50% by the municipal utility company.

    By 2001 over 100,000 families belonged to windturbine cooperatives, which had installed 86% of all the

    wind turbines in Denmark. By 2004 over 150,000 were

    either members or owned turbines, and about 5,500

    turbines had been installed, although with greaterprivate sector involvement the proportion owned by

    cooperatives had fallen to 75%.The cooperative model

    has also spread to Germany and the Netherlands.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelgrundenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelgrunden
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    4/36

    Financially, community-based wind projects are

    structured much differently than traditional wind

    farms. In the traditional model, the company thatbuilds and manages a wind farm retains sole ownership

    of the development. The owners of the land on which

    the wind turbines were built usually have no stake in

    development, and are instead compensated throughlease payments or by royalty-based contracts.

    The more people that become involved through

    community wind power, the more democratic the

    energy supply system becomes. Energy sellers make aprofit, landowners receive leasing fees, communities

    get improved infrastructure, local people get jobs,

    governments receive taxes, and consumers receive

    electricity at competitive prices.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    5/36

    Community wind farms

    Australia

    The Hepburn Wind Project is a wind farm at Leonards

    Hill near Daylesford, Victoria, north-west ofMelbourne,Victoria. It comprises two 2MW wind turbines which

    produce enough power for 2,300 households.

    This is the first Australian community-owned wind

    farm. The initiative has emerged because thecommunity felt that the state and federal governments

    were not doing enough to address climate change.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_Wind_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylesford,_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbournehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylesford,_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_Wind_Project
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    6/36

    Canada

    Community wind power is in its infancy in Canada but

    there are reasons for optimism. One such reason is thelaunch of a new Feed-in Tariff (FIT) program in the

    Province of Ontario . A number of community wind

    projects are in development in Ontario but the first

    project that is likely to obtain a FIT contract andconnect to the grid is the Pukwis Community Wind

    Park. Pukwis will be unique in that it is a joint

    Aboriginal/Community wind project that will be

    majority-owned by the Chippewas of Georgina Island

    First Nation, with a local renewable energy co-operative

    (the Pukwis Energy Co-operative) owning the

    remainder of the project.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pukwis_Community_Wind_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Energy_Act_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed-in_tariff
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    7/36

    GermanyIn Germany, hundreds of thousands of people have

    invested in citizens' wind farms across the country and

    thousands of small and medium sized enterprises are

    running successful businesses in a new sector that in2008 employed 90,000 people and generated 8 percent

    of Germany's electricity. Wind power has gained very

    high social acceptance in Germany, with the

    development of community wind farms playing a major

    role.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    8/36

    The Netherlands

    Sixty-three farmers in De Zuidlob, the southern part of the

    municipality ofZeewolde, have entered into a cooperativeagreement that aims to develop a wind farm of at least 108

    MW. The project will include the installation of three phases

    of 12 wind turbines with capacities of 3 to 4.5 MW each. The

    aim is to put the wind farm into service in 2012.The Netherlands has an active community of wind

    cooperatives. They build and operate wind parks in all regions

    of the Netherlands. This started in the 1980s with the first

    Lagerweij turbines. Back then, these turbines could be

    financed by the members of the cooperatives. Today, the

    cooperatives build larger wind parks, but not as large as

    commercial parties do. Some still operate self-sufficiently,

    others partner with larger commercial wind park developers.

    http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/10/dutch-farmers-ready-for-wind-energy-53986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeewoldehttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://www.duurzameenergie.org/site/web-links/ode-windco-peraties.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeewoldehttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/10/dutch-farmers-ready-for-wind-energy-53986
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    9/36

    United Kingdom

    As of 2012, there are 43 communities who are in the

    process of or already producing renewable energy

    through co-operative structures in the UK. They are setup and run by everyday people, mostly local residents,

    who are investing their time and money and together

    installing large wind turbines, solar panels, or hydro-

    electric power for their local communities.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    10/36

    United States

    Most of the wind farms in the United States are

    commercially owned. As of 2011, Iowa has just onecommunity owned wind farm, that is Hardin Hilltop

    near Jefferson, Iowa.

    National Wind is a large-scale community wind project

    developer, with thirteen families of projects indevelopment or operation. These projects have an

    aggregate capacity of over 4,000 MW. The vision of the

    company is to revitalize rural economies by promoting

    investment in domestic renewable energy resources.

    National Wind creates shared ownership with

    communities and allows them participation in decisions

    which are made.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Iowa
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    11/36

    A RENEWABLE ENERGY FUND can be created by

    Government with contributions from Individuals paying

    Income Tax to get tax Exemption under Section 80 C.

    This fund will invest in Community Wind Farms(Wind

    Farm Co-operatives).

    This way Wind and other Renewables will become amass movement.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    12/36

    WONDERS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION INWINDMILL

    The TvindMill is one of the biggest windmills in the

    world (54 m). It is an impressive building, constructedby the pupils of the school with the advice of experts.

    The construction of the mill started in 1975, and today

    the mill supplies the many school-buildings with

    electricity.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    13/36

    Tvind Mllen, Skorkrvej 8, Tvind, 6990 Ulfborg ,Denmark

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    14/36

    Tvindkraft was created to show the way forward for wind

    energy - and to show the way out for nuclear power. But the

    most important thing was probably that the Teacher Group

    showed that it was possible for normal people, without any

    significant scientific education, to build a large wind power

    plant. With their determination, their drive, their elbow

    grease and common sense, cooperation and support, where

    help was to be found, this unparalleled structure was created- despite comments like: "You are doing wind power a

    disservice by trying to build a windmill", and despite the fact

    that no authority wanted to give any financial assistance to

    the windmill construction, although it clearly followed therecommendations of the Akademiet for Teknisk Videnskaber

    [Academy for Technical Sciences] to promote the

    development of wind energy in Denmark, with both practical

    experiments as well as research projects.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    15/36

    The Tvind windmill, "Tvindkraft" wascreated during the years 1975-78

    It is a tourist attraction. There is a lift which takes

    people to the top. I visited the Tvindmill 3 times when

    I was in Denmark.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    16/36

    NEED FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS IN INDIAOffshore wind power

    Offshore wind powerrefers to the construction ofwind farms inbodies of water to generate electricity from wind. Better wind

    speeds are available offshore compared to on land, so offshore

    wind powers contribution in terms of electricity supplied is

    higher. However, offshore wind farms are relatively expensive.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_Farm
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    17/36

    Power P = 0.5 p A V (V Cube) .. .. (1)

    Where P = Power,p density of air,V=speed of the wind and A is

    the area of the intercepted airstream(equal to the swept by the

    rotor).

    In standard conditions(sea level, temperature 15 degrees

    Celsius) the density of the air is 1.225 kg/m3. So the amount of

    Power intercepted by each square rotor is:

    P=o.612 V Watts (2)

    For Example,if the wind speed is 6 m/s(a moderate breeze) thepower intercepted per square meter is 0.612 X 6 = 132 W; but if

    the speed rises to 24 m/s(a severe gale) the power becomes

    0.612 X 24 = 8460 W. This massive increase is due to cubic

    relationship between wind speed and power by equation (2).Here the wordintercepted rather than captured is used

    because the above figures relate to the power in the wind, not

    the amount actually extracted by a turbine rotor. Large modern

    turbines typically capture up of about 50% of the wind power

    presented to them.

    3

    3

    3

    3

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    18/36

    Betz's law is a theory about the maximum possible energy to be

    derived from a wind turbine developed in 1919 by the German

    physicist Albert Betz. According to Betz's law, no turbine can

    capture more than 59.3 percent of the kinetic energy in wind.

    The ideal or maximum theoretical efficiency n max (also calledpower coefficient) of a wind turbine is the ratio of maximum

    power obtained from the wind to the total power available in the

    wind. The factor 0.593 is known as Betz's coefficient. It is the

    maximum fraction of the power in a wind stream that can beextracted.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Betzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    19/36

    Economics and benefits

    Offshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce

    air pollution and greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel

    power generation), meet renewable electricity standards, and

    create jobs and local business opportunities. However, according

    to the US Energy Information Agency, offshore wind power is the

    most expensive energy generating technology being consideredfor large scale deployment". The advantage is that the wind is

    much stronger off the coasts, and unlike wind over the

    continent, offshore breezes can be strong in the afternoon,

    matching the time when people are using the most electricity.Offshore turbines can also be "located close to the power-

    hungry populations along the coasts, eliminating the need for

    new overland transmission lines".

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    20/36

    Most entities and individuals active in offshore wind power

    believe that prices of electricity will grow significantly from 2009,

    as global efforts to reduce carbon emissions come into effect.BTM expects cost per kWh to fall from 2014, and that the

    resource will always be more than adequate in the three areas

    Europe, United States and China.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTM_Consulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTM_Consulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissions
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    21/36

    The current state of offshore wind power presents economic

    challenges significantly greater than onshore systems - prices can

    be in the range of 2.5-3.0 million Euro/MW. The turbinerepresents just one third to one half of costs in offshore projects

    today, the rest comes from infrastructure, maintenance, and

    oversight. Larger turbines with increased energy capture make

    more economic sense due to the extra infrastructure in offshoresystems. Additionally, there are currently no rigorous simulation

    models of external effects on offshore wind farms, such as

    boundary layer stability effects and wake effects. This causes

    difficulties in predicting performance accurately, a critical

    shortcoming in financing billion-dollar offshore facilities. A reportfrom a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and

    government, lays out several things needed in order to bring the

    costs down and make offshore wind more economically viable:

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    22/36

    Improving wind performance models, including how design

    conditions and the wind resource are influenced by the presence

    of other wind farms.

    Reducing the weight of turbine materials

    Eliminating problematic gearboxes

    Turbine load-mitigation controls and strategies

    Turbine and rotor designs to minimize hurricane and typhoon

    damage

    Economic modeling and optimization of costs of the overall wind

    farm system, including installation, operations, and maintenance

    Service methodologies, remote monitoring, and diagnostics.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    23/36

    In 2011, a Danish energy company claimed that offshore wind

    turbines are not yet competitive with fossil fuels, but estimates

    that they will be in 15 years. Until then, state funding and

    pension funds will be needed.

    In Belfast, the harbour industry is being redeveloped as a hub foroffshore windfarm construction, at a cost of about 50m. The

    work will create 150 jobs in construction, as well as requiring

    about 1m tonnes of stone from local quarries, which will create

    hundreds more jobs. "It is the first dedicated harbour upgradefor offshore wind".

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DONG_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DONG_Energy
  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    24/36

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    25/36

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    26/36

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    27/36

    J f i h i d f d d i

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    28/36

    Just for comparison onshore wind farms and power production.

    Top 10 countries by nameplate wind power capacity

    (2011 year-end)

    Country Wind power capacity

    (MW) provisional % world total

    ( Provisional)

    China 62,733 26.3

    United States 46,919 19.7

    Germany 29,060 12.2Spain 21,674 9.1

    India 16,084 6.7

    France 6,800 2.8

    Italy 6,747 2.8

    United Kingdom 6,540 2.7Canada 5,265 2.2

    Portugal 4,083 1.7

    (rest of world) (32,446) (13.8)

    World Total 238,351 MW 100%(Source: Global Wind Statistics 2011,Global Wind Energy Council 7-2-2012)

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    29/36

    Top 10 countries

    by wind power electricity production

    (2010 totals) Country Wind power production (TWh) % world total

    United States 95.2 27.6

    China 55.5 15.9

    Spain 43.7 12.7

    Germany 36.5 10.6

    India 20.6 6.0United Kingdom 10.2 3.0

    France 9.7 2.8

    Portugal 9.1 2.6

    Italy 8.4 2.5

    Canada 8.0 2.3

    (rest of world) (48.5) (14.1)

    World total 344.8 TWh 100%

    (Source: Electricity Production From Wind Sources: Main Wind Power

    Producing Countries 2010)

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    30/36

    Efforts in India on Offshore Wind Farms

    THE TIMES OF INDIA Chennai

    Govt plans offshore facility to tap wind energy

    TNN Jan 6, 2012, 06.07AM IST

    CHENNAI: The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET) plans to conduct a

    feasibility study in Dhanushkodi near Rameswaram to set up offshore

    windmills, following problems of land acquisition for onshore wind power

    projects.

    Sources said wind velocity at 100 metres from ground level would be

    measured and data collected. "It will be set up in a lagoon. If there is enough

    wind flow, we will set up a wind farm and start power generation," said a

    CWET source.Obviosly Offshore wind systems are costlier than their onshore counterparts,

    both in capital and operating costs. A summary of indicative cost data

    provided below is insightful.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    31/36

    COST COMPARISON OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

    Onshore

    Investment of about $1.5 million per MWLevelized cost of 6-7 cents per kWh

    O&M 1-3% of capital costs

    May be built in smaller units

    Offshore

    Investment of $2.3 million per MW

    Levelized cost of about 10-11 cents per kWh

    Higher O&M 40$ per kW and 0.7 cents per kWh variable

    Large turbines and farms required

    In spite of the higher costs and the uncertainties involved inoffshore wind, research in this sector has been significant, and

    the main reason is the potential offered by offshore wind

    turbines, especially in lands close to water

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    32/36

    Conclusions and Prognosis

    Offshore wind farms will be future energy option to supplementconventional power. With extensive research on large size wind

    turbines and installation techniques of offshore wind turbines,

    the cost of power generation through offshore wind farms is

    expected to come down to be competitive with conventionalpower. USA,China,South Korea,Taiwan,France and Japan have

    ambitious plans to go in for offshore wind farms on a massive

    scale.

    It is hoped MNRE will initiate at least a Pilot project of Offshore

    Wind Farm in India. All modern techniques of wind assessment

    have to be undertaken which will identify prospective locations

    to set up offshore wind farms in the country.

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    33/36

    Of all the forces of nature, I should think the wind contains the

    largest amount of motive powerthat is, power to move things.

    Take any given space of the earth's surface for instance,

    Illinois; and all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, andrunning-water, and steam, over and upon it, shall not equal the

    one hundredth part of what is exerted by the blowing of the

    wind over and upon the same space. And yet it has not, so far in

    the world's history, become proportionably valuable as a motivepower. It is applied extensively, and advantageously, to sail-

    vessels in navigation. Add to this a few windmills, and pumps,

    and you have about all. ... As yet, the wind is an untamed, and

    unharnessed force; and quite possibly one of the greatest

    discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the taming, andharnessing of it.

    Abraham Lincoln

    Lecture 'Discoveries and Inventions', (1860) in Discoveries and

    Inventions (1915).

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    34/36

    When the wind of change blows some build walls

    others build windmills - Chinese proverb,,

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    35/36

    Put the WIND to WORK: To get inexhaustible,

    pollution-free energy which cannot be misused.

    - Dr. A. Jagadeesh

  • 7/29/2019 Prospects for Wind Farm Co-Operatives

    36/36

    Thank You