prospect of using single photons propagating through rydberg eit medium for quantum computation
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Ashok Mohapatra National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar. Prospect of using single photons propagating through Rydberg EIT medium for quantum computation. Outline. Introduction to quantum computation using photons Introduction to Rydberg EIT and its non-linearity - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
IOP, Bhubaneswar22nd Feb 2014
Prospect of using single photons propagating through Rydberg EIT medium for quantum computation
Ashok Mohapatra
National Institute of Science Education
and Research, Bhubaneswar
Outline
Introduction to quantum computation using photons
Introduction to Rydberg EIT and its non-linearity
Our experimental progress at NISER
Conclusion
Classical computer Quantum computer
Bit Qubit
0 or 1Polarization states: |H> or |V> |> = 1 |H> + 2 |V>
0 V or 5 V of atransistor output
2-level quantum system(e.g. Single photon)
Classical gatesAND, OR, NOT etc(Universal)
Single qubit rotation operatorsand 2-qubit Controlled-NOT gate(Universal quantum gates)
|α1|2+|α2|2=1
Qunatum computation using photons
• Single photon source• Single photon detctors• Optical elements for gate operation• A Kerr non-linear medium for interactions of
photons to devise a CNOT gate
Single qubit quantum gates
• Each photon as a qubit with two orthogonal polarized state
Quarter wave plateHadamard gate
Half wave platetwo Hadamard operation
CNOT gate:Interaction of photons
Kerr non-linearityof a medium
Increasing the length doesn‘t help due to strong absorption in the medium
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) provides a larger 3rd order non-linearity without absorption.
Innn 20 )3(2 nwhere
n2 ≈ 10-20 m2/W for typical glass
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
Probe (Ωp)
F=2F=1
87Rubidium
5S1/2
5P3/2 F‘=3
nS1/2
6 MHz
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
87Rubidium
6 MHz
500 kHz
Probe (Ωp)
F=2F=1
5S1/2
5P3/2 F‘=3
nS1/2
σ +
σ -Coupling (Ωc)
EIT still doesn‘t provide enough non-linearity at single photon level
Rydberg EIT
Rydberg EIT:Mohapatra et al., PRL, 98, 113003 (2007) (Thermal atoms)Weatherill et al., J. Phys. B, 41, 201002 (2008) (Cold atoms)
87Rubidium
6 MHz
500 kHz
Probe (Ωp)
F=2F=1
5S1/2
5P3/2 F‘=3
nS1/2
σ +
σ -Coupling (Ωc)
Rydberg state
Rydberg atoms
Size n2
Dipole moment n2
Lifetime n3
Polarizability n7
van der Waals n11
Sensitivity to electric fields
Scaling with principal quantum number n (low)
Long lived100 μsec for n > 40
Strongly interacting(QIP)Atom - atom interactions
Rydberg states: large n
Strong dipolar interaction
Giant Kerr effect
5S1/2
5P3/2 5P1/2
Few 100 nm
Rydberg Rydberg interaction
66)(r
CrV
11n
Simplest case: van der Waals
Atomic distance
E
g,r
r,r
g,g
Ω
Rydberg blockade
66)(r
CrV
11n
Simplest case: van der Waals
blockade condition
66»
block
C
a
blocka few µmAtomic distance
E
g,r
r,r
g,g
Ω
blocka
Rydberg blockade
grerg i ,,2
1
≡Ω
2eff Urban et al., Nature Phys. 5, 110 (2009)Gaetan et al., Nature Phys. 5, 115 (2009)Wilk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 010502 (2010)
g
r
g
r
1 21
1... ...
N
i Ni
W g g r gN
eff N
Vogt et al., PRL 97, 083003 (2006)Heidemann et al., PRL 99, 163601 (2007)Raitzsch et al., PRL 100, 013002 (2008)
Superatom
Non-linearity of Rydberg EIT
6 MHz
500 kHz
Probe (Ωp)
F=1
Coupling (Ωc)
Rydberg stater
e
g
rgDcp
p
cp
c
2222
Dark state that doesn‘t couple to the probe beam and hence probe beam become transparent
Non-linearity of Rydberg EIT
ekrgDcp
p
cp
c
2222
In the blockade sphere, more than one atom can not be excited which makes the dark state very fragile and get mixed with intermediate state.
For large probe power, the EIT peak reduces with larger probe absorption.
(a) One, (b) two, (c) three atoms per blockade sphere
Durham university, UK groupPritchard et al. PRL, 105, 193603 (2010)
Non-linearity of Rydberg EIT(Pushing to single photon level)
MIT groupPeyronel et al. Nature, 488, 57 (2012)
Non-linearity of Rydberg EIT(Pushing to single photon level)
MIT group, 2013, Firstenberg et al. www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature12512
Optical non-linearity of Rydberg EITin thermal vapor
• Rydberg blockade radius is only scaled approximately by a factor of 3 in thermal vapor
– Kuebler et al. Nature Photo. 4, 112 (2010)
• Optical pumping rate to the dark state is much faster than the transit time of the atoms
Dblock
Ca
66
Measurement of the non-linear refractive index Rydberg EIT medium
ω
ω+δ
Measurement of the non-linear refractive index Rydberg EIT medium
ω
ω+δ
Measurement of the non-linear refractive index Rydberg EIT medium
5s5s1/21/2(F=3)→5p(F=3)→5p3/23/2(F’)→45d(F’)→45d
5s5s1/21/2(F=3)→5p(F=3)→5p3/23/2(F’)→44s(F’)→44s
5s5s1/21/2(F=3)→5p(F=3)→5p3/23/2(F’)→49d(F’)→49d
Acknoledgement
Arup Bhowmik (PhD)
Sabyasachi Barik (Int. MSc)
Surya Narayan Sahoo (Int. MSc)
Charles Adams group at Durham University
Rydberg EIT with large probe power
EIT with large probe power
Rydberg EIT in thermal vapor
Rydberg EIT in thermal vapor
44d EIT spectra
Reference: Mohapatra et al. PRL (2007)
High precession spectroscopy (d - state fine structure splitting)
Mohapatra et al. PRL 98, 113003 (2007).K. C. Harvey et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 537 (1977).
W. Li, I. Mourachko, M. W. Noel, and T. F. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. A 67, 052502
(2003).
5s
5p
ns
Giant Kerr effect of Rydberg EIT mediumElectric field sensitivity of Rydberg state combined with the
non-linear properties of EIT
Giant Kerr effect of Rydberg EIT medium
5s
5p
ns ΔW
∆W:
1. Stark shift by applying an external Electric field (DC Kerr effect)
2. Interaction induced shift (Similar to AC Kerr effect)
20 0 0rn B E (DC Kerr effect)
Electric field sensitivity of Rydberg state combined with the non-linear properties of EIT
Experimental demonstration by phase modulation of light
AOM
+
-
Fast photodetector (1.2 GHz bandwidth)
Spectrum analyzer
Phase modulation of light (Sideband spectra)
Phase modulation of light (Sideband spectra)
N-dependence of the Kerr constant
α scales as n*7
Ωc scales as n*-3/2
c1 determines the absolute maximum
c2 determines the n* dependent scaling
20 0 0rn B E
Kerr effect in Rydberg EIT medium(Order of magnitude calculation)
• Gas (CO2, 1 atm) B0 ≈ 10-18 m/V2
• Water B0 ≈ 10-16 m/V2
• Glass B0 ≈ 10-14 m/V2
• Nitrobenzene B0 ≈ 10-12 m/V2
• Rydber dark state (thermal atoms) B0 ≈ 10-6 m/V2 6 orders of magnitude bigger
• 10 orders of magnitude is expected for cold atoms
Noise spectra
AOM
Spectrum analyzer
More on Electro-optic and electrometry
• Electro-optic control of Rydberg dark state polariton Bason et al. PRA 77, 032305 (2008)
• Enhanced electric field sensitivity of rf-dressed Rydberg dark states (Bason et al. Bason et al. New J. Phys. 12, 065015 (2010)
Outlook
• QIP using thermal atoms in microcell– Quantum computation using photon– Single photon source– Quantum computation using mesoscopic ensemble
of atoms
• Versatile electric field sensor• THz imaging
THz imaging
Replace the EO crystal by Rydberg EIT in a microcell filled with thermal atoms(Preliminary idea)
Prof. C. S. AdamsDr. K. J. WeatherillMr. M. G. BasonMr. J. PritchardMr. R. Abel
Durham University Group
Frequency stabilization of blue laser to a EIT peak using frequency modulation scheme (schematic)
TopticaSHG
@ 480 nm
LP filter
Toptica FALC module Fast feedback to master current (BW ~ 1 MHz)
Slow feedback to master piezo
PIDStabilized to Polarization spectroscopy
EC
DL
@ 7
80 n
m
λ/2 λ/2
λ/4 λ/4EOM
Phase shifter
30 dBm power amplifier
20 dBamplifier
Photodetector1 MV/W, 10 MHz
Di-chroic mirror
Mixer
Top
tica
DL
pro
Home made EOM
D. J. McCarron et al., Meas. Sci. Tech. 2008
Ultra-stable, no long term drift and 100 kHz of relative line-width observed with 1 μW of probe power
Stabilization demonstrated for 26D5/2 state by using less than 2 mW of blue light
For 58D3/2 state, less than 15 mW of blue light was used
Abel et al, under preparation
Frequency stabilization of blue laser to a EIT peak using frequency modulation scheme
Kerr effect in Rydberg EIT medium
Kerr effect in Rydberg EIT medium
In the re
gime
Kerr effect in Rydberg EIT medium
In the re
gime
Kerr effect in Rydberg EIT medium
Kerr effect (1875)
In the re
gime
Measurement of the Kerr effect of Rydberg EIT medium
5p - 32s
Jamin Interferometer
Measurement of the Kerr effect of Rydberg EIT medium
+ V
- V 5p - 32s
Jamin Interferometer
Both the lasers are locked to the EIT signalAbel et al., submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett.
Measurement of the Kerr effect of Rydberg EIT medium
N-dependence of the Kerr constant
Sidebands on Rydberg dark states
For small modulation frequency and Stark shift compared to any dipole allowed transition
Ω=-1/2αE2
Phase modulation of Rydberg dark states
Ω/2
2nd order sidebands
1st harmonic sidebands
For an ac electric field (E0) and dc field (E’)
1st harmonic sidebands
For an ac electric field (E0) and dc field (E’) 2nd harmonic sidebands
1st harmonic sidebands
Application toprecesion electrometry
Interaction of photons using EIT
F=1
nS1/2
1
2
3
Signalphoton 1
Coupling
Interaction of photons using EIT
F=1
nS1/2
Large 3rd order non-linearity with less absorption
But, still not enough to have π-phase shift to devise a useful phase gate at single photon level (Shapiro et al., PRA, 73, 062305 (2006))
2
3
4
1
Signalphoton 1
Photon 2
Coupling