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Proprietor : Mahan Air Co.Under the Supervision of Editorial Boardand Policy CouncilCentral Office:4th Floor, Mahan Air Tower, Azadegan St.,Karaj High-way, Tehran,iranP.O.Box: 14515411Tel: 021-48381752

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Mahan Inf l ight Magazine

14 Touring Iran

22 Around the World

28 Entertainment

32 Lifestyle

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In the name of God

Welcome on board. It is a great pleasure having you experience our services today. Mahan Air introduced to aviation industry in 1992 and we

are extremely so proud of steadily growing our presence and services over the past 25 years and look forward to exciting years ahead to continue invest in

new aircrafts and new routes with specific focus on offering the highest standards of service and hospitality in the global airline industry competition.

We consider Mahan Air contribution to the border community across Iran and other places in the world where we are well positioned to make a real difference with providing frequent flight of approximately 5.6 million passengers per year. Today, Mahan Air operates a fleet of more than 60 new Airbus and Boeing aircrafts from Tehran hub to more than 54 routes inside Iran and 53 routes internationally across Europe, Asia, Middle East, Far East and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States(.

To join Mahan Air Frequent Flyer program, a loyalty program offered to our customers to enjoy a range of exclusive privileges and courtesy services (including: lounge access, check-in priority, increased baggage allowance, guaranteed award seats and more( kindly collect the application forms available at Mahan Air check-in counter or even on-board during your flight and immediately start collecting miles with the temporary card and take the advantages. For more information, Please visit (www.mahan.aero) to learn about the card benefits and services.

In addition to facilitate the check in process, Mahan air has provided web check in (online check- in) in most of domestic airports. This service will be operational 48-90 hours before flight

Following of increasing and expanding the flight route network, we as Mahan air, established new direct international routes to Barcelona, Spain in June 2017.

We are continually striving to provide high quality service to every one of our valued passengers. Hearing your ideas and feedback on what we do well and where we need to improve is fundamental to this. You can provide your feedback – good or bad – quickly and easily through the “Feedback Form” on board. The crew will be handing out these forms, during your flight.

We would like to thank you over and over for your continued support of Mahan and our services. Please sit back and enjoy our renowned Persian

hospitality. Our crew is friendly, professional & trained and shares a passion for ensuring your journey is as comfortable as possible.

Thank you once again for choosing to fly Mahan Air.

Editorial

Pasargadae, UNESCO World Heritage SitePasargadae was one of the oldest residences of the Achaemenid kings, founded by Cyrus the Great (r.559-530 BC(. It resembled a park of 2x3 km in which several monumental buildings were to be seen. According to the Roman geographer Strabo of Amasia, the palace of Pasargadae was built on the site where King Cyrus defeated the leader of the Medes, Astyages, in 550 BC.

The palace is beautifully situated in the center of a fertile plain, on all sides surrounded by mountains. It is essentially a valley that was filled by sediments from the River Pulvar. Cyrus’ palace consists of two units: the Presidential Palace (built from cold white natural stone(, and a columned audience hall. The Audience Hall was approached from the south-east; the visitors first had to pass a gate and then

had to cross a bridge over a branch of the River Pulvar. It is best to imagine Pasargadae as a group of garden pavilions in a park.The small tomb of King Cyrus is situated a little to the southwest. It was venerated by later rulers. King Darius I the Great (522-486 B.C( built a new capital, Persepolis, forty-three kilometers downstream along the River Pulvar. However, Pasargadae remained an important place.

Shiraz, City of Gardens

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Persepolis is the Greek name (from Perses Polis for ‘Persian City’( for the ancient city of Parsa, located seventy miles northeast of Shiraz in present-day Iran. The name Parsa meant ‘City of The Persians’ and it's construction began at the site in 518 BC under the rule of King Darius the Great. Darius made Parsa the new capital of the Persian Empire, instead of Pasargadae, the old capital and burial place of King Cyrus the Great. Administration of the Achaemenian Empire was overseen from Susa, from Babylon or from Ecbatana

Parsa, Persepolis, UNESCO World Heritage Siteduring the cold seasons. The Greeks never knew of Parsa until it was sacked and looted by Alexander the Great in 330 BC.Though building began under Darius, the glory of Parsa which Alexander found when he invaded was due mainly to the latter works of Xerxes I and Artaxerxes III, names of both have been found inscribed on tablets, over doorways and in hallways throughout the ruins of the city.Around 515 BC, construction of a broad stairway was begun up to the palace doors. This grand, dual

entrance to the palace, known as the Persepolitan stairway, was a masterpiece of symmetry on the western side of the building and the steps were so wide that Persian royalty and those of noble birth could ascend or descend the stairs by horseback, thereby not having to touch the ground with their feet. The top of the stairways led to a small yard in the north-eastern side of the terrace, opposite the Gate of all Nations. In 1931 excavations were begun which revealed the glory which had once been Persepolis.

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Naqsh-e Rostam is located about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran, with a group of ancient Iranian rock reliefs cut into the cliff, from both the Achaemenid (550–330 BC( and Sassanid (224–651 AC( periods. Naqsh-e Rostam includes four large tombs cut high into the cliff face. These have mainly architectural decorations, but the

Naqsh-e Rostam: Ancient Tombs of Powerful Persian Kingsfacades include large panels over the doorways, each very similar in content, with figures of the king above a zone with rows of smaller figures bearing tribute, with soldiers and officials. The entrance to each tomb is at the center of each cross, which opens onto a small chamber, where the king lay in a a stone coffin. Although carved over by a Sasanian

Valerian Defeated by Shapur IRelief at Naqsh-e Rostam, Iran, depicting Emperor Valerian’s capture by Shapur I in 260 BC.

relief, a portrait of a man with a forward pointing hat and a long dress-like garment (clothing not typical of the Achaemenids and Sasanians) can still be discerned on the extreme right of the latter relief. According to some sources, it was this figure that locals associated with the hero of Shahnameh writings in the “book of the kings”, named Rostam, hence the name of the site.


Hafez’s Tomb, HafeziehIn memory of the celebrated Persian poet Hafez, the greatest master of Persian lyric poetry and the literary giant of the 14th century, two memorial structures have been erected in the northeast of Shiraz, Iran: the dome-like Hafez's Tomb and its associated memorial hall known as Hafezieh, featuring a main focus of tourism in this city. Situated in the charming Musalla Gardens, the present mausoleum has been designed by the French architect André Godard in 1935, and built at the site of previous structures during Karim Khan Zand's reign. The mausoleum includes two parts: the orange grove in the front, and the tombstone in the back with a marble slab placed over the grave. Elevating one meter above ground level and encircling with five steps, the marble tombstone consists of eight columns, supporting a copper dome made of enameled tile mosaic in the shape of a dervish’s hat. Beautifully inscribed with two of Hafez’s poems or Ghazals, the tombstone has been attracting visitors for centuries to pay homage to this spiritually rich poet and to take the omens or faals by picking a page randomly from a volume of Hafez, kept for this purpose.

Saadi’s Tomb, SaadiyehSaadi’s Tomb, Saadiyeh is a tomb and mausoleum dedicated to the Persian poet Saadi in the Iranian city of Shiraz. Saadi was buried at a khanqah at the current location. In the 13th century a tomb was built for Saadi by Shams al-Din Juvayni, the vizir of Abaqa Khan. In the 17th century, this tomb was destroyed. During the reign of Karim Khan a mausoleum of two floors of brick and plaster, flanked by two rooms was built there.The current building was built between 1950 and 1952 to a design by the architect Mohsen Foroughi and is inspired by the Chehel Sotoun with a fusion of old and new architectural elements. There are seven verses of Saadi’s poems on the walls around the tomb.




Nasir al-Mulk Mosque, A Mixture of Architecture and ArtThe 19th-century monument is an amalgam of history, architecture and arts. It is also known as “Pink Mosque”, which is driven from abundant pink-colored tile work that dominates its courtyard and exterior's facade.Nasir al-Mulk has arrays of delicate mirrorwork and stuccowork, which are interwoven with arabesque designs and tilework.The mosque is named after Mirza Hasan Ali (Nasir al-Mulk(, a Qajar-era merchant who ordered its construction.

Shah Cheragh, which is Persian for “King of the Light” is one of the most important places of pilgrimage in Shiraz. It is home to the tombs of the brothers Ahmad and Muhammad, sons of the 7th Shiite Imam Musa-al-Kadhim (P.B.U.H( who took refuge

in the area during the Abbasid persecution of Shia Muslims and were killed here in 835 AD.Shah Cheragh is a funerary monument and mosque and has been a place of pilgrimage since the 14th century when Queen Tashi Khatun erected a mosque and theological school in the area and ordered the tomb to be covered with “millions of pieces of colored glasses that would glitter in the light and magnify its brilliance a thousand times”.

Shah Cheragh, Marvelous Mirrored Mosque

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Eram Garden‘Eram’ is the Persian version of the Arabic word ‘Iram’ which means heaven in Islam’s Holy Qur’an. With its beautiful grounds,

Nerenjestan Museum/Qavam HouseQavam House is a traditional and historical house in Shiraz, Iran. It was built between 1879 and 1886 by Mirza Ibrahim Khan. Qavam family were merchants originally from Qazvin, but they soon became active in the government during the Zand reign, followed by the Qajar.Qavam "Naranjestan" preserves the elegance and refinement enjoyed by the upper-class families during the 19th century. The paintings on the low ceilings of the house are inspired by Victorian era Europe. Due to abundance of sour orange trees it is called Narenjestan. The house today is a museum and is open to the public.

lush plant life and cypress trees including one tree which is said to date back to 3000 years ago (Sarv-e naz), and aesthetic attractions, it’s easy to see why Eram evokes such a description. Although no one is quite sure when construction of the garden began, historical evidence suggests that the garden were built during the Seljuk Dynasty (11th-14th centuries( under the rule of one of its most celebrated monarchs, Ahmad Sanjar. Like many other attractions in Shiraz, Eram Garden have been restored and repaired in the Zand Era (1750-1794(.



Karim Khan Complex

Karim Khan Castle, Arg-e Karim KhanKarim Khan Castle also known as Arg-e Karim Khan, was built as part of a complex during the Zand dynasty and is named after Karim Khan.First it was Karim Khan's personal residence. During the Qajar period it was used as the governor’s seat. They also added tile works which represent legendary tales at the entrance gate of the citadel. Nowadays, it is a museum operated by Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization.Nazar Garden is one of the oldest gardens in Shiraz with an octagon structure in middle, called Kolah Farangi. It was connected to Karim Khan's Castle during his reign. Zand dynasty used this structure to host royal guests and holding official formalities. Karim Khan's Tomb is located in east part of the garden. In 1936 the pavilion became a museum and complex was named Pars museum.

Vakil BathVakil Bath is a construction built alongside other constructions in Zand Complex for public consumption during Zand reign. Its advanced architecture went beyond its own age due to the fact that it kept heat inside the bath. There is also some designs on the arches telling religious and mythical tales. Today this bath is used as a museum.



Faloodeh Shirazi Faloodeh, originally Paloodeh is an Iranian cold dessert consisting thin vermicelli noodles made from corn starch mixed in a semi-frozen syrup made from sugar and rose water. It is often served with lime juice and sometimes ground pistachios. It is a traditional dessert in Iran. Paloodeh is originally from Shiraz and is famous as Faloodeh Shirazi. Paloodeh (Faloodeh( is one of the earliest forms of cold desserts, existing as early as 400 BC.

Kalam Polo Shirazi (Cabbage Rice)Kalam Polo Shirazi (Cabbage Rice((Kalam: Cabbage, Polo: Rice( is an Iranian traditional recipe originated in Shiraz. Its main ingredients are cabbage and rice.Cabbage and rice are high in dietary fiber as well. Kalam polo is very high in vitamin C and it is low in cholesterol.

Vakil Mosque Vakil Mosque is a beautiful mosque in Shiraz located near Vakil Bazaar entrance. This mosque was built between 1751 and 1773, during the Zand period; however, it was reconstructed in the 19th century during the Qajar period. Shiraz was the seat of Karim Khan’s government and he endowed many buildings, including Vakil mosque.

Vakil BazaarVakil Bazaar is the main bazaar of Shiraz, located in the historical center of the city.The bazaar has beautiful courtyards, caravanserais, bath houses, and old shops which make it one of the best places in Shiraz to buy all kinds of Persian rugs, spices, copper handicrafts, and antiques.


Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17 million within the urban area. Moscow is the largest city (both by population and by area) entirely on the European continent, and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world.Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth. By its territorial expansion on July 1 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq. mi(, resulting in Moscow becoming

the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people. With over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, Moscow is one of the greenest capitals and major cities in Europe and the world, having the largest forest in an urban area within its borders—more than any other major city—

even before its expansion in 2012. The demonym for a Moscow resident is “moskvich” for male or “moskvichka” for female, rendered in English as Muscovite. Capital has been in existence for more than 800 years and has enough to keep visitors busy for months from Europe’s oldest fortress and grandiose cathedrals to lively green spaces and futuristic skyscrapers.

Moscow Attractions

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The heart of Russia’s capital, Red Square is arguably Moscow’s most visited attraction. The cobblestone square is surrounded by beautiful architecture, and is the place where most of the city’s (and country’s( history unfolded. What was once a market square where traders would sell their goods is now a key location in the city, surrounded by unforgettable sites such as the Kremlin, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Lenin’s Mausoleum and

Red SquareWhere modern Russia meets its colorful past

other celebrated attractions.It’s a public space that has witnessed executions, coronations and Cold War-era military parades since its creation at the end of the 15th century. Home to both Lenin’s Tomb (open 10am-1pm, closed Mon, Fri; admission free( and the psychedelic onion domes of St Basil’s Cathedral, and flanked by the sprawling GUM department store, Red Square is where modern Russia meets its colorful past.



St. Basil’s CathedralThe onion-shaped domes were designed to make the building look like the shape of a flame on a bonfire. The cathedral was commissioned in the 1500s by Ivan the Terrible. Czar Ivan the Terrible ordered its construction to mark a huge military victory over Mongols. It was finished in 1560 and is also known as Pokrovsky Cathedral.The cathedral was designed with eight chapels, each representing a successful assault made on Kazan. A ninth chapel was added later to cover the grave of Basil the Blessed, the pious ascetic to whom the cathedral owes its popular name. Now it’s a museum and one of the major attractions of Red Square.



Moscow KremlinThe seat of Russian state power, the Kremlin (fortress( dates back to 1156. In the late 15th century, Italian architects were invited by Tsar Ivan III to oversee a massive reconstruction project, including the building of the eye-catching Faceted Palace.Once you get behind the 2,235 meter-long kremlin walls, there are five squares to wander around, various buildings to explore, 20 towers to learn the names of, and the world’s largest bell and cannon to see.

Ostankino TV TowerBuilt in 1967, Ostankino TV Tower was the tallest free-standing construction in the world at the time. Now it’s still the best observation deck with glass floor and breathtaking 360-degree views.

Lenin’s MausoleumLenin’s Mausoleum houses a glass sarcophagus with the embalmed body of the legendary Russian revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin. First opened to the public in August 1924, the Mausoleum attracts around 2.5 million visitors every year.


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Around the World

Novodevichy ConventThere are four cathedrals with a fascinating icon collection and a venerable cemetery. This splendid UNESCO-listed convent was founded in 1525 to celebrate Grand Prince Basil III’s recapture of Smolensk in 1514. Many aristocrats took their vows here and it became known as a nunnery of nobility.The convent was occupied in 1812 by Napoleon’s troops, and later used as a female prison before becoming a museum during Communism.

KolomenskoyeIn Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, you can get an idea of what Medieval Moscow looked like. Here you’ll find ancient churches (one dating back to the 16th century(, the oldest garden in Moscow and a favorite estate of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich, father of Peter the Great.

Pushkin Fine Arts MuseumThis stately museum has amassed over 500,000 artworks since its inauguration in 1912. It was envisaged as an educational institution, and was initially filled with plaster casts of sculptural masterpieces along with a world-class selection of Egyptian relics.

State Historical MuseumThe State Historical Museum, sheltered in a neo-Russian style building, was founded in 1872. What once was the Principal Medicine Store now houses an impressive collection, which includes relics of prehistoric tribes that once inhabited the territory of present-day Russia, the country’s largest coin collection.

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Around the World

Christ the Savior CathedralThis Cathedral was built in the 1990s where a 19th-century church of the same name once stood, prior to being demolished in 1931 on Josef Stalin's orders. For 50 years the place had been home to the world’s largest outdoor swimming pool, until the country’s new government decided to rebuild the sacred place.

Moscow State University The main building of Moscow State University is sure to leave a lasting impression. The Stalinist-era building is a tall, wide, white behemoth topped by a distinctive spire with a star. It was the tallest building in Europe at the time of its construction and still holds the title of tallest educational building in the world.

The Assumption CathedralOriginally founded in 1326, the cathedral was redesigned in 1470 in Renaissance spirit. For centuries it hosted Russia’s most important ceremonies, including the coronation of Ivan the Terrible in 1547. The cathedral retained its importance even after the capital was moved to St. Petersburg in 1713, but was closed by the Communists in 1918; religious services resumed in 1990.

Metro StationsOpened in 1935, the metro’s first stations were conceived as magnificent showcases of Soviet success. Today, retaining ubiquitous red stars and original Soviet artworks, the metro is a working museum of Communist design. The system carries 7 million passengers a day and currently has 177 stations on 12 lines.

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Entertainment

Legendary detective Sherlock Holmes and his partner Doctor Watson return for a comedic take on their classic literary partnership, as they use their incredible deductive minds to solve a mystery.Three years after the mysterious death of beloved detective Sherlock Holmes off Reichenbach Falls, Dr. John H. Watson receives a telegram that suggests his old friend may still be alive. The mysterious wire was sent from a doctor who states that three patients in his asylum’s care have each claimed to be the late Sherlock Holmes. Watson embarks on a journey to disprove these claims.

When Pete and Ellie decide to start a family, they stumble into the world of foster care adoption. They hope to take in one small child but when they meet three siblings, including a rebellious 15 year old girl, they find themselves speeding from zero to three kids overnight. Now, Pete and Ellie must hilariously try to learn the ropes of instant parenthood in the hopes of becoming a family. INSTANT FAMILY is inspired by the real events from the life of writer/director Sean Anders.

Holmes & Watson

Instant Family

Genres: Adventure, Comedy, Crime, Mystery Director: Etan Cohen Stars: Will Ferrell, John C. Reilly, Rebecca Hall,

Kelly Macdonald, Ralph Fiennes

Genre: Comedy Director: Sean Anders Stars: Isabela Moner, Mark Wahlberg, Rose Byrne,

Iliza Shlesinger, Octavia Spencer, Isabela Moner

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One night, MI7 receives a cyber-attack from an unknown entity which exposes the identities of all their current agents, leaving Johnny English as the secret service’s last hope. Called out of retirement, Johnny English currently a geography teacher secretly training his students in espionage, dives head first into action with the mission to find the mastermind hacker. As a man with few skills and analogue methods, Johnny English must overcome the challenges of modern technology to make this mission a success.

In his brief time on this planet (he died, in 1890, at 37), and the even briefer period of his full creative effusion, Van Gogh painted flowers, wheat fields, vineyards, cafés, chairs, boats, starry nights, and himself, but what he really painted was the light that bounced off those things and rippled through them. He painted the ecstatic holiness he saw in that light, with each brush stroke a mystic gob of sensuality and spirit.“At Eternity’s Gate,” a drama about Van Gogh’s last days, is a movie that channels the light — the evanescent glow of Van Gogh’s painting and being — as if it were lightning in a bottle. Shot with a hand-held camera, and set during the time that Van Gogh spent in the small Provencal town of Arles in the south of France, where he at one point completed 75 paintings (many of them legendary) in 80 days, it’s a flowingly intuitive and celebratory biopic — a bursting sunflower of a movie.

Johnny English

At Eternity’s Gate

Genres: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Sequel Director: David Kerr Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Olga Kurylenko, Jake Lacy,

Ben Miller, Miranda Hennessy

Genres: Biography, DramaDirector: Julian SchnabelStars: Willem Dafoe, Rupert Friend, Oscar Isaac,

Mads Mikkelsen, Mathieu Amalric

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Entertainment

When Tony Lip, a bouncer from an Italian-American neighborhood in the Bronx, is hired to drive Dr. Don Shirley, a world-class black pianist, on a concert tour from Manhattan to the Deep South, they must rely on “The Green Book” to guide them to the few establishments that were then safe for African-Americans. Confronted with racism, danger - as well as unexpected humanity and humor - they are forced to set aside differences to survive and thrive on the journey of a lifetime.“Green Book” was a handbook for black motorists seeking “vacation without aggravation,” an indispensable travel guide listing friendly places to stay, and tips for avoiding trouble in the Jim Crow South.

The story follows the upbringing of the human child Mowgli (Rohan Chand(, raised by a wolf pack in the jungles of India. As he learns the often harsh rules of the jungle, under the guardianship of a bear named Baloo (Andy Serkis(, and a panther named Bagheera (Christian Bale), Mowgli becomes accepted by the animals of the jungle as one of their own. All but one: the fearsome tiger Shere Khan (Benedict Cumberbatch(. But there may be greater dangers lurking in the jungle, as Mowgli comes face to face with his human origins.

Green Book

Mowgli

Genres: Biography, Comedy, Drama Director: Peter FarrellyStars: Linda Cardellini, Viggo Mortensen,

Mahershala Ali, Don Stark, Sebastian Maniscalco

Genres: Action, Adventure Director: Andy Serkis Stars: Benedict Cumberbatch, Andy Serkis,

Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Jack Reynor

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Entertainment

In the outskirts of Whoville, there’s an unpleasant fellow known only as The Grinch. He lives in a cave on Mt. Crumpet with his inventions and his dog, Max. He only ever sees his Who neighbors when he has to get himself food. One holiday season, the Grinch catches wind that the Whos plan to make their routine Christmas celebrations three times bigger this year, something he can’t tolerate in the slightest. Eventually, he has the ultimate epiphany: to keep the peace and quiet he loves so much, he must become Santa Claus and steal Christmas.Meanwhile, in the town of Whoville itself, one particular holiday loving Who, Cindy-Lou Who, just wants to thank Santa Claus for help for her overworked single mom. How does she do it? Plot with her friends to catch him, of course!

Six years after the events of the first film, the steering wheel controller on the Sugar Rush game console breaks, forcing Mr. Litwak to unplug the machine. Wreck-It Ralph and Vanellope Von Schweetz evacuate all of the Sugar Rush residents to other games before it is shut down, placing them in care of the recently-married Fix-it Felix and Sergeant Calhoun. Ralph and Vanellope then use the arcade’s new connection to the Internet to go looking for a replacement steering wheel.

Genres: Animation, Comedy, Family Directors: Yarrow Cheney, Scott Mosier Stars: Benedict Cumberbatch, Rashida Jones,

Angela Lansbury, Kenan Thompson

Genres: Animation, Adventure, Comedy, Family,Fantasy

Directors: Phil Johnston, Rich Moore Stars: John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman,

Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, Taraji P. Henson

The Grinch

Ralph Breaks the Internet

What Makes People Cooperate or Not?

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Researchers have been trying to understand what makes members of a social group cooperative. People, animals, plants, and even bacteria help each other.Researchers’ first finding deals with the kinds of relationships or ties organisms formed. Were these connections with random strangers? Or were they with those related or already known to them, such as with family members or friends of their parents?Not surprisingly, they learned that groups with many related connections became cooperative. However, as cooperation became more common, they noticed something new: Cooperating individuals also began to help people they were not related to. They helped everyone.But a few individuals did not give back. As a result, the cooperative nature of the group changed. Everyone began to act selfishly. Selfish societies were not a goal of researchers’ study. So they tried to find what could bring cooperation back. they looked again at the link between individuals.they observed that when making

a connection seemed costly, individuals were more likely to limit their efforts. For example, primates spend more time grooming family members than others in the group. Or, you and I may go to the trouble of sending a holiday gift to a distant relative, but not to someone we just met on a bus.As individuals spent time working on their connections with family members and friends, the cooperative nature of the group returned.And what about those who did not cooperate at all? The defectors “pay no cost and provide no benefit.”But they missed something, if everyone cooperated, they all would have received more in return. When good guys finish lastAnother study examines how we react to extremely cooperative or generous people. In brief: We don’t like those who make us look bad. Researchers He found that people across cultures enjoy punishing an individual they see as too good. They especially dislike very cooperative people at work or in

other competitive situations.When faced with a high-performer, others can answer in two ways: “One is to step up your own game. The other is to bring the other person down.”And often, people make the second choice. They claim the high-performer is a hypocrite or question his or her real reasons for being helpful. The goal is to reduce the social benefit such people earn for their generous acts. It is also to avoid having to do better themselves.Researchers suggest that one reason may be found in early human history. If one person was an excellent hunter, the others feared he would take control and become their leader. The group wanted to defend their equal status more than reward a really good hunter. There is a similar situation with activists who urge others to take action to improve the environment or society. Instead of joining the cause, others may choose to continue in their behavior and attack the activist.

New studies show cooperation does not always go the way people might expect.

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ــر ــن حج ــون م ــه المك ــل الخواج ــع جب يقــت األســود فــي ســهل سيســتان. هــذا البازلالجبــل الــذي يبلــغ ارتفاعــه عــن ســطح البحر 609 أمتار، يتوســط بحيرة هامــون كجزيرة.

ــن ــه م ــل بالخواج ــذا الجب ــمية ه ــاء تس جــی ــع عل ــي تق ــدي الت ــه مه ــرة الخواج مقبقمــة هــذا الجبــل. كان الخواجــه مهــدي أحــد المواليــن المحبيــن للعلوييــن؛ ممــا جعــل هــذا الجبــل مكانــًا مقدســًا لــدى والزرادشــتية. والمســيحيين المســلمين ــرة ــة كبي ــن قلع ــارة ع ــه عب ــل الخواج جبوحصــن مدنــي فريد مــن نوعــه يعــود تاريخه الــی العصريــن األشــكاني والساســاني. يقبــع فــي هــذا الجبــل معبد نــار يرجــع تاريــخ بنائه الــی القــرن االول بعــد الميــاد. في معبــد النار ــة ــطه اضاف ــة تتوس ــة مركزي ــاك قاع ــذا هن هالــی ممــرات محيطــة بــه تــؤدي الــی مدخــل رئيســي ذي أربعــة أقــواس بنيت علی أســاس ــت. ــك الوق ــي ذل ــم ف النمــط المعمــاري القائــي ــت ف ــي أجري ــة الت ــات األثري ــي التنقيب فــه، ــودة في ــاع الموج ــه والق ــل الخواج جبــة ــدران مبني ــی ج ــار عل ــاء اآلث ــر علم عثــر ــل اكث ــا قب ــی م ــا ال ــود بناؤه ــوب يع بالط

جبل الخواجهمــن ألــف ســنة مضــت. يصــل ارتفــاع هــذه الجــدران الــی 40 متــراً. فــي خضــم أبحاثــه وتنقيباتــه التــي أجراهــا الباحــث وعالــم ــی ــي »إرنســت هرتســفلد« عل ــار األلمان اآلثجبــل الخواجــه، ســّمی هــذه المجموعــة ــن الطــوب«. ــي م بـــ »تخــت جمشــيد المبنورد فــي بعــض المصــادر التاريخيــة ان جبــل ــع ــت م ــادة الزرتش ــكان عب ــه كان م الخواج

ــزدا. أهورامكمــا أن هنــاك معالــم أثريــة أخــرى يتضمنهــا ــوام الســكا. ــی أق ــود ال ــل الخواجــه، تع جبالزخــارف والتزيينــات المعمارية المســتخدمة فــي بعــض القــاع والحصــون تشــبه النمــط األعمــدة رؤوس اليونانــي. المعمــاري المســتديرة ذات إلتــواءات عريضــة بنيــت علــی أســاس نمــط دوريــك المعمــاري، وتزيينــات أخــرى علــی شــكل زهــور لوتــوس الصغيــرة، يشــبه بعضهــا الفــن المعمــاري اإلخمينــي والبعــض اآلخــر يشــبه النمــط المعمــاري القائــم فــي بيــن النهريــن.جبــل فــي قدمــًا المكتشــفات اكثــر ــة ــع فخاري ــن قط ــارة ع ــي عب ــه ه الخواجــر ــا عث ــي. كم ــد اإلخمين ــی العه ــود ال تع

ــل. ــي الجب ــف ف ــی كه ــار عل ــاء اآلث علمــي ــة ف ــة والتاريخي ــم األثري ــرة المعال ان كثسيســتان وبلوتشــتان وتنوعهــا دفعــت عــدداً كبيــراً مــن علمــاء اآلثــار والخبــراء االيرانيين ــة ــذه المنطق ــروا ه ــی أن يعتب ــب، ال واألجانــار«. ــاء اآلث ــة علم ــمس« و»جن »أرض الشالــی ذلــك، عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار أثنــاء علــی األثريــة وتنقيباتهــم حفرياتهــم رســومات جداريــة عــدة عــن صــور الملــوك ــة ــص الديني ــك القص ــاط وكذل ــال الب ورجوصــور أشــخاص فــي حــاالت مختلفــة مثل ــص ــيقية والرق ــی اآلالت الموس ــزف عل العــل ــی الحب ــب عل ــة واللع ــاب البهلواني واأللعــة ــة المهم ــافات األثري ــن االكتش ــا م وغيرهالرســومات مــن الخواجــه. جبــل فــي ــی ــارة ال ــن اإلش ــفة يمك ــة المكتش الجداريــم ــوك، ورس ــة مل ــن ثاث ــداري ع ــم ج رسألــة »أوروس« أي آلهــة النصــر الراكــب علــی ــك ــة ناهي ــك والملك ــم المل ــرس، ورس الفعــن صــور ورســومات عــن رجــال البــاط البارتــي وأبــراج القــاع التــي تعــّد مــن ــارة ــذه الحض ــن ه ــة م ــومات المتبقي الرس

ــران. ــا اي ــي عرفته ــة الت العظيم

العين االصطناعيةألول مــرة، تــم العثــور فــي المدينــة المحروقــة علــی عيــن اصطناعيــة تعــود الــی 4800 ســنة خلــت. عثــر علمــاء اآلثــار علــی هــذه العيــن االصطناعيــة التــي كانــت قــد زرعــت في جســد امــرأة يبلــغ عمرهــا مــا بيــن خمســة وعشــرين الــی ثاثيــن عامــًا، عثــروا عليهــا فــي إحــدى مقابــر هــذه المدينــة. العيــن االصطناعيــة هــذه قــد زرعهــا أطبــاء العيــون وقتــذاك ــن ــة العي ــی صناع ــنة عل ــو 4500 س ــی نح ــه مض ــم أن ــرى، ورغ ــرأة اليس ــن الم ــي عي فهــذه، إال أنهــا مازالــت ســالمة وعلــی شــكلها األول. المــواد المســتخدمة فــي هــذه العيــن ــت ــتخدم الزف ــن اس ــذه العي ــع ه ــن صن ــدو أن م ــه يب ــد، ولكن ــّدد بع ــم تح ــة ل االصطناعيالطبيعــي الممــزوج بنــوع مــن الدهــن الحيوانــي. يذكــر أنــه تــم طــاء الجــزء العلــوي للعيــن ــن، ــل العي ــي داخ ــة ف ــعيرات الدموي ــكل الش ــی ش ــة عل ــاك ذهبي ــذه بأس ــة ه االصطناعييصــل قطرهــا الــی أقــّل مــن نصــف ميليتــر؛ كمــا تــم تصميــم »انســان العيــن« أو »بؤبــؤ«

فــي وســط العيــن االصطناعيــة، تحيطــه خطــوط موازيــة عــّدة.

جراحة الدماغ قبل 5000 سنة مضتأحــد المكتشــفات الرائعــة للمدينــة المحروقــة يؤشــر علــی بــوادر علميــة- طبيــة تتحــدث عــن أقــدم جراحــة أجريــت علــی الدمــاغ هنــاك، يعــود تاريخهــا الــی قبــل 5000 عــام. ــرة او ــي عش ــر اثنت ــن العم ــغ م ــاة تبل ــة فت ــی جمجم ــت عل ــة أجري ــة الجراحي ــذه العملي هــع ــفالي« أي تجم ــرض »هيدروس ــن م ــي م ــت تعان ــاة كان ــذه الفت ــنة. ه ــرة س ــاث عش ثالســائل فــي الجمجمــة، مــا جعــل األطبــاء يجــرون عمليــة جراحيــة علــی جمجمــة الفتــاة

المريضــة ويســحبون جــزءاً مــن عظــم الجمجمــة.

مسطرة عمرها 5000 عامعثــر علمــاء اآلثــار خــال الحفريــات التــي أجروهــا فــي المدينــة المحروقــة، علــی مســطرة ــا ــنتيمرات ودقته ــا 10 س ــطرة طوله ــذه المس ــوس. ه ــجرة آبن ــن ش ــة م ــبية مصنوع خشنصــف ميليمتــر. المســطرة المكتشــفة هــذه تؤمــی الــی أن أهالــي المدينــة المحروقــة كانــت

لديهــم انجــازات وتطــّور ملحــوظ فــي علــم الرياضيــات.

أقدم طاولة نرد في العالمكمــا عثــر فــي مقبــرة المدينــة المحروقــة األثريــة علــی أقــدم طاولــة نــرد فــي العالــم اضافــة الــی 60 فــرزة منهــا. طاولــة النــرد هــذه هــي أقــدم مــن تلــك التــي اكتشــفت فــي مقبــرة

مدينــة »أور« الملكيــة فــي بيــن النهريــن.

أول صورة متحركة )األنيميشن( في العالمعثــر علمــاء اآلثــار أثنــاء تنقيباتهــم فــي مقبــرة تعــود الــی قبــل خمســة آالف ســنة، عثــروا علــی كأس نقشــت عليهــا صــورة عــن ماعــز وشــجرة. وبعــد اجــراء أبحــاث متعــددة علــی ــی ــی نتيجــة مهمــة وهــي أن الصــورة المنقوشــة عل ــار ال ــاء اآلث ــكأس هــذه، توصــل علم الهــذه الــكأس وخافــًا لباقــي المكتشــفات فــي محيــط المدينــة المحروقــة، تتبــع تكــراراً هادفــًا يؤمــی الــی توجــه الماعــز نحــو الشــجرة. وفــي الحقيقــة ان الفنــان والرســام الــذي جعــل مــن هــذه الــكأس الفخاريــة لوحــة للرســم، صمــم بريشــته وانطاقــًا مــن مهارتــه ونبوغــه، ماعــزاً يتحــرك باتجــاه الشــجرة وليتغــذى مــن أوراقهــا، وذلــك مــن خــال رســم خمــس حــركات مكــررة هادفــة؛ األمــر الــذي جعــل علمــاء اآلثــار يقّربــون هــذه الصــور الــی بعضهــا البعــض

ونجحــوا أخيــراً فــي إنتــاج صــورة متحركــة )األنيميشــن( تبلــغ مدتهــا عشــرين ثانيــة.

125 ماهنامه داخل پروازی ماهان Mahan Inflight Magazine اسفند 96

ــی ــة عل ــة« األثري ــة المحروق ــع »المدين تقــي ــل ف ــة زاب ــن مدين ــراً م ــد 56 كيلومت بعمحافظــة سيســتان وبلوتشســتان. تأتــي أهمية هــذه المدينــة االيرانيــة المســجلة فــي قائمــة ــخ ــن أن تاري ــكو م ــي لليونس ــراث العالم التــة آالف ــن خمس ــر م ــی اكث ــود ال ــا يع بناءهســنة مضــت أي عندمــا ظهــرت أولــی بــوادر حضــارة وثقافــة بشــرية قدمــت هــذه المنطقــة التــي عرفــت فيمــا بعــد بــأرض ايــران.قامــت هــذه المدينــة قبــل 3200 عــام قبــل ــوال ــكان ط ــة بالس ــت مؤهل ــاد، وكان الميأربــع مراحــل وحقــب تاريخيــة تخلخلــت مــا بيــن 3200 الــی 1800 ســنة قبــل الميــاد.

الفنــاء األثــري للمدينــة المحروقــة تــم بنــاؤه فــي األلفيتيــن الثانيــة والثالثــة قبــل الميــاد، علــی أيــدي مــن هاجــروا الــی هــذه المدينــة ــورة. ــع للمعم ــات االرب ــف الجه ــن مختل ملــم يعثــر بعــد الباحثــون وعلمــاء اآلثــار تاريخيــة وثيقــة او أثريــة كتيبــة علــی تتحــدث عــن االســم القديــم والحقيقــي ــق ــراء حري ــتهرت ج ــي اش ــة الت ــذه المدين لهــن اي ــن تاريخيتي ــال فترتي ــا خ ــع فيه وق

قبــل الــی 2750 بيــن ســنوات 3200 ــة«. ــة المحروق ــتهرت »بالمدين ــاد، اش الميــدن ــر الم ــن اكث ــي م ــة ه ــة المحروق المدينــت ــاء كان ــث أن النس ــن حي ــدرة م ــة ن األثريــدل ــرة. وت ــة لألس ــؤون المالي ــن إدارة الش لهاالكتشــافات األثريــة علــی ان المدينــة تتســع ــن ــی م ــا تبق ــير م ــاراً. يش ــی 151 هكت الالمعالــم األثريــة فــي المدينــة المحروقــة الــی ــاء ســكنية ــت تتضمــن خمســة أحي ــا كان أنهواقعــة فــي الشــمال الشــرقي للمدينــة، فضــًا المدينــة، ومنطقــة عــن أحيــاء تتوســط صناعيــة وأبنيــة تذكاريــة ومقبــرة، كلهــا يقــع علــی شــكل هضــاب وتــال متتاليــة مترابطة. االحيــاء الســكنية كانــت تشــمل ثمانيــن هكتــاراً مــن المدينــة المحروقــة. هــذه المدينة كانــت مركــزاً لنشــاطات صناعيــة وفنيــة ــة ــة المحروق ــي المدين ــت ف ــددة. أجري متع

ــة. ــة مختلف ــات أثري ــات وتنقيب حفريهــذه مــن السادســة المرحلــة فــي علــی اآلثــار علمــاء عثــر الحفريــات، ــة. ــی وآالت الزين ــن الحل ــة م ــاذج رائع نمكمــا أثبــت أعمــال الحفر فــي مراحلها الســابقة

المدينة المحروقةأن المدينــة المحروقــة كانــت مدينــة صناعيــة ــع ــدة لصن ــل ع ــل ومعام ــات عم ــّم ورش تضــن أن ــك ع ــرات، ناهي ــات والمجوه الفخاريســكان المدينــة كانوا يســتفيدون من األشــجار والنباتــات المتوفــرة فــي الطبيعــة المحيطة بهم ــة ــي المدين ــة ف ــفات األثري ــود. المكتش كوقالمحروقــة تنطــوي علــی الفخاريــات بمختلف أنواعهــا وأوان حجريــة وحياكــة األقمشــة وفن المعرقــات ممــا يــدل علــی وجــود صناعــات منوعــة فيهــا خاصــة النســيج وانتاج األقمشــة التــي كانــت شــهدت تطــورا ملحوظــًا آنــذاك.ــة ــة المحروق ــي المدين ــد اآلن ف ــف لح اكتشعلــی 12 نوعــًا مــن األقمشــة المحاكــة ذات لــون واحــد أو متعــددة األلــوان وصنــارة صيــد األســماك، ممــا يشــير الــی ان اهالــي المدينــة ــن أقصــاب المســتنقعات ــوا يســتفيدون م كانــات ــع الس ــون لصن ــرة هام ــة ببحي المحيطوالحصائــر، اضافــة الــی بنــاء ســقوف البيوت. ــون ــوا يحترف ــة كان ــة المحروق ــكان المدين سأيضــًا صيــد األســماك وحياكــة شــباك صيــد األســماك. وال ريــب فــي أّن المدينــة المحروقة كانــت تعــّد مــن المــدن المتطــورة جداً آنــذاك.

ماهنامه داخل پروازی ماهان Mahan Inflight Magazine اسفند 96 125

وبلوتشســتان سيســتان محافظــة تقــع هــذه اليــران. الشــرقي الجنــوب فــي ــدود ــا ح ــعة له ــة الواس ــة االيراني المحافظمشــتركة مــع كل مــن باكســتان وأفغانســتان ــذه ــان. ه ــر عم ــوب بح ــن الجن ــا م ويحدهالمحافظــة تعــّد مــن أكبــر المحافظــات تتميــز أنهــا كمــا مســاحة، االيرانيــة ــن ــًا م ــن تمام ــن مختلفتي ــا لبيئتي بامتاكهوالطبيعيــة. المناخيــة الظــروف حيــث المظاهــر الطبيعيــة فــي هــذه المحافظــة ــة ــاح الموســمية القوي ــن الري ــارة ع ــي عب هوالعواصــف الرمليــة وزخات المطــر والرطوبة العاليــة والضبــاب فــي الصبــاح. ايــام الضيف

فــي سيســتان و بلوتشســتان حــارة وطويلــة ــوق ــر. تف ــا قصي ــر أن فصــل الشــتاء فيه غيدرجــة الحــرارة فــي جميــع مــدن هــذه ســنتيغراداً. اربعيــن تفــوق المحافظــة

سيســتان و بلوتشســتان تذكرنــا بــأرض األبطــال األســطوريين االيرانييــن مــن أمثــال ورد غيرهــم. و زال و وســهراب رســتم ــب ــن الكت ــر م ــي كثي ــم ف ــذا االقلي ــم ه اســاعر ــی الش ــا أت ــة، كم ــادر التاريخي والمصالملحمــي االيرانــي ابوالقاســم الفردوســي فــي مــرات عــدة االقليــم باســم هــذا كتابــه الشــهير الشــاهنامة )ســيرالملوك(.هــذا وكانــت سيســتان وبلوتشســتان تحظــی

بأهميــة خاصــة فــي كافــة األدوار والعصــور التاريخيــة، ومــن األحــداث التاريخيــة المهمة التــي عرفتهــا هــذه المحافظــة االيرانيــة فــي ــی ــارة ال ــن االش ــامي، يمك ــر االس العصــد ــتقلة بع ــة مس ــة ايراني ــور أول حكوم ظهــوب ــد »يعق ــی ي ــران عل دخــول االســام ايــرة ــنة 248 للهج ــي س ــاري« ف ــث الصف ليــتان ــی سيس ــول عل ــوم المغ ــة وهج القمريــك ــة وكذل ــرة القمري ــنة 662 للهج ــي س فــور ــي تيم ــد المغول ــي للقائ ــوم الوحش الهجــم ــذا االقلي ــی ه ــور األعــرج( عل ــك )تيم لنــي ــه ف ــه مجــزرة بشــعة بحــق أهالي وارتكاب

ــة. ــرة القمري ــنة 785 للهج س

السياحة في ايرانمحافظة سيستان و بلوتشستان

proprietor : mahan air co. under the supervision of ... · ahmad and muhammad, sons of the 7th...

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