properties of portland cement concrete - civil … handouts/17 - properties of...properties of...
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Properties ofPortland Cement Concrete
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CIVL 3137 2
Concrete Ingredients
Gravel
Sand
Water
Cement
Air
40%
20%
5%10%
25%Pa
ste
Mor
tar
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Concrete Strength
1. Aggregate
2. Cement/Aggregate Bond
3. Cement Paste
CIVL 3137 3
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CIVL 3137 4
Water-Cement Ratio
0.2
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Water-Cement Ratio (Volume)
CIVL 3137 5
31 sack of cement 1ft bulk 94 lb
gallons of waterw/c gallons sacksacks of cement
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Water-Cement Ratio
CIVL 3137 6
mass of waterw/cm
mass of cement + SCMs
mass of waterw/c dimensionless
mass of cement
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CIVL 3137 7
Water-Cement Ratio
0.2
TYPICALRANGE
0.25 = Full Hydration
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CIVL 3137 8
Water-Cement Ratio
Rodded
Vibrated
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CIVL 3137 9
Water-Cement Ratio
WaterCement
0% Hydration
100% Hydration
Hydration Products WaterAir
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CIVL 3137 10
Cement Paste Strength
Air Content of Paste - percent
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Freeze-Thaw Durability
CIVL 3137 11
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Freeze-Thaw Durability
CIVL 3137 12
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Air Entrainment
CIVL 3137 13
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CIVL 3137 14
Air Entrainment
(data from tests on mortar cubes)
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Air Requirements
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
40 50 60 70 80
Tota
l Air
Con
tent
(%)
Mortar Content (%)
CIVL 3137 15
3"1½"
¾"
⅜"
Optimum Air Content = 9% of Mortar Volume
NMAS =
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CIVL 3137 16
Properties Affected by Air Content
durability
consistency
strength
bleeding
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CIVL 3137 17
Air Entrainment
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CIVL 3137 18
Air Entrainment
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CIVL 3137 19
Important Properties
workabilityharshness
compressive strengthtensile / flexural strength
stiffnessdurability
permeabilityshrinkage / creep
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CIVL 3137 20
Workability
workability (n.) the ease with which theconcrete ingredients (gravel, sand, cement,water) can be mixed, transported, placed,consolidated, and finished with minimumloss of homogeneity.
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CIVL 3137 21
Workability
workability = consistency + cohesion
refers to the fluidity of the concrete and how easily it can be transported, placed, and
consolidated without inhomogeneity
refers to the stickiness of the concrete and how easily it can be placed and finished
without inhomogeneity
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CIVL 3137 22
Inhomogeneity
segregation (n.) the tendency for the gravel particles to separate from the rest of the ingredients.
bleeding (n.) the tendency for the mixing water to separate from the rest of the ingredients.
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CIVL 3137 23
Causes of Segregation
improper placement
too much mixing water
over-vibration
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CIVL 3137 24
Causes of Bleeding
too little cement
too much water
over-vibration
over-working
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Concrete Strength
CIVL 3137 25
28-day
7-day
3-day
1-day
28-day
7-day
3-day
1-day
Air-entrainedNon-air-entrained
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Strength Gain Over Time
CIVL 3137 26
w/c = 0.3
w/c = 0.4
w/c = 0.5w/c = 0.6w/c = 0.7
0 20 40 60 80 100Age (days)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Com
pres
sive
Str
engt
h (M
Pa)
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Concrete Maturity
CIVL 3137 27
Log function
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CIVL 3137 28
Tensile Strength
0.1t cf f
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CIVL 3137 29
Tensile Strength
6.7t cf f cf in psi
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CIVL 3137 30
Beam Flexure Test
3L
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CIVL 3137 31
Modulus of Rupture
2
PLMORbd
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CIVL 3137 32
Concrete Behavior
1
E
1
E
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CIVL 3137 33
Beam Flexure Test
2
PLMORbd
ft
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CIVL 3137 34
Flexural Strength
8.4 cMOR f cf in psi
6.7t cf f cf in psi
1.25 or 0.8t tMOR f f MOR
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CIVL 3137 35
Flexural Strength
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CIVL 3137 36
Stiffness and Strength
1
E
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CIVL 3137 37
Stiffness and StrengthSource: ACI Manual of Concrete Practice
1.5cE 33w f
2
3
2c
E elastic modulus in lb inw unit weight in lb ftf compressive strength in lb in
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CIVL 3137 38
Stiffness and Strength
cE 57,000 f
Typical test data
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CIVL 3137 39
Stiffness and Strength
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CIVL 3137 40
Durability
Sources ofDeterioration
Alkali-SilicaReaction
SulfateAttack
Freeze-ThawCycles
aggregate typecement type
air contentw/c ratio
cementtype
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CIVL 3137 41
Shrinkage / Creep
Sources ofVolume Change
TemperatureChanges
CreepStrains
DryingShrinkage
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CIVL 3137 42
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
AggregateType
Coefficient(10-6 in/in/oF)
Quartz 6.6Sandstone 6.5
Gravel 6.0Granite 5.3Basalt 4.8
Limestone 3.8Average 5.5
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Example
How much strain would develop in a graniticconcrete due to a 60°F temperature change?
CIVL 3137 43
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CIVL 3137 44
Example
1
E
43.6 10
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CIVL 3137 45
Drying Shrinkage Coefficient
TensileStrength
(psi)
ShrinkageCoefficient
(in/in)300 or less 0.0008
400 0.0006500 0.00045600 0.0003
700 or more 0.0002Typical 0.0006
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Example
How much will a typical 14-ft pavement slabshrink during curing if it is unrestrained?
CIVL 3137 46
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Example
How much tensile stress will develop in theslab in the previous example if it is restrained?
CIVL 3137 47