Pronouns and Possessive AdjectivesPronouns and Possessive Adjectives

1.1. Definition of PronounsDefinition of Pronouns2.2. AntecedentAntecedent3.3. Types of PronounsTypes of Pronouns

PronounsPronouns

Replacements or substitutes for nouns Replacements or substitutes for nouns and noun phrasesand noun phrases

AntecedentsAntecedents

A word, phrase, or clause that is A word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun or other replaced by a pronoun or other substitute.substitute.

Note: Not all pronouns will refer to an Note: Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent.antecedent.

Pronouns and Adjectives to be Pronouns and Adjectives to be discusseddiscussed

Personal Personal ReflexiveReflexive DemonstrativeDemonstrative Relative Relative InterrogativesInterrogatives IndefiniteIndefinite IntensiveIntensive Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives SubstantivesSubstantives

Personal PronounsPersonal Pronouns

Show who or what is involved in the action.

EgoEgoTuTu Is, ea, idIs, ea, id

Personal PronounsPersonal PronounsSpecial NoteSpecial Note

·· The genitive of ego and tu is not The genitive of ego and tu is not used to show possession. There are used to show possession. There are possessive adjectives that mean possessive adjectives that mean (your, my, his, etc.) (your, my, his, etc.)

·· When “cum” is used with a 1st and When “cum” is used with a 1st and 2nd person pronoun, it is attached to 2nd person pronoun, it is attached to the end of the respective word. the end of the respective word. Mēcum, tēcum, nobiscum, vobiscumMēcum, tēcum, nobiscum, vobiscum

Reflexive PronounsReflexive PronounsA pronoun is reflexive when it refers A pronoun is reflexive when it refers

to the subject of the sentence to the subject of the sentence

1st and 2nd person1st and 2nd personUse a form of ego and tu.Use a form of ego and tu.

33rdrd person personUse a special form (Singular & Plural)Use a special form (Singular & Plural)

Gen. SuiGen. Sui

Dat. SibiDat. Sibi

Acc SēAcc Sē

AblAbl Sē Sē

Translated as Translated as “…self/selves”“…self/selves”

Ego mē video. I see myself.

Tu tē vides. You see yourself.

Marcus sē videt. Marcus sees himself.

Demonstrative Adjectives and Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsPronouns

May be used both as pronouns and as May be used both as pronouns and as adjectives. adjectives.

As pronouns, translate as – he, she, it, etc. As pronouns, translate as – he, she, it, etc. As adjectives they are translated as follows:As adjectives they are translated as follows:

A.Hic, haec, hoc = this (sing.) these (plural)A.Hic, haec, hoc = this (sing.) these (plural)B. Ille, illa, illud = that (sing.) those (plural)B. Ille, illa, illud = that (sing.) those (plural)C. Iste, ista, istud = that one of yours (sing.)C. Iste, ista, istud = that one of yours (sing.)

those one of yours (plural)those one of yours (plural)D. Idem, eadem, idem = the sameD. Idem, eadem, idem = the same

Demonstrative adjectives are placed before Demonstrative adjectives are placed before the nouns they modifythe nouns they modify

Relative PronounsRelative Pronouns

The pronoun “qui, quae, and quod“ is The pronoun “qui, quae, and quod“ is called a relative. They introduce a called a relative. They introduce a descriptive clause. descriptive clause.

Relative ClauseRelative Clause

A relative clause is introduced by a relative A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. It describes a noun.pronoun. It describes a noun.

Cornelia {quae in Italia habitat} est Cornelia {quae in Italia habitat} est Romana.Romana.

The words in { } are modifying Cornelia.The words in { } are modifying Cornelia.Cornelia is the Cornelia is the antecedentantecedent. An antecedent is . An antecedent is

the noun that the relative pronoun is the noun that the relative pronoun is modifying.modifying.

Relative ClauseRelative Clause

The relative pronoun must agree with The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in two ways. They are its antecedent in two ways. They are number and gender. It takes its case number and gender. It takes its case by its function in its own clause.by its function in its own clause.

Relative ClauseRelative Clause

A relative clause is introduced by a relative A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. It describes a noun.pronoun. It describes a noun.

Cornelia {quae in Italia habitat} est Cornelia {quae in Italia habitat} est Romana.Romana.

The words in { } are modifying Cornelia.The words in { } are modifying Cornelia.Cornelia is the Cornelia is the antecedentantecedent. An antecedent is . An antecedent is

the noun that the relative pronoun is the noun that the relative pronoun is modifying.modifying.

Meanings of the Relative PronounMeanings of the Relative Pronoun

Nom. Nom. who, which, thatwho, which, that

Gen.Gen. whose, of whom, of whose, of whom, of whichwhich

Dat.Dat. to whom (which), for to whom (which), for whom whom (which)(which)

Acc.Acc. who, which, thatwho, which, that

Abl.Abl. Depends on its functionDepends on its functionNote…The relative pronoun is only translated simply as “who”, “which”, or “that” in the nom. and acc. case.

Interrogative AdjectiveInterrogative Adjective

Modifies a noun and introduces a Modifies a noun and introduces a question. It has the exact same question. It has the exact same format as the relative pronoun.format as the relative pronoun.

Qui vir est ille?Qui vir est ille?

Which man is that?Which man is that?

Interrogative PronounsInterrogative PronounsIntroduce questionsIntroduce questions

SingularSingularM/FM/F N NQuisQuis QuidQuidCuiusCuius CuiusCuiusCuiCui CuiCuiQuemQuem QuidQuidQuQuōō QuQuōō

Plural form is the same form as the relative Plural form is the same form as the relative pronounpronoun

Indefinite PronounsIndefinite Pronouns May be used both as pronouns and as adjectives May be used both as pronouns and as adjectives Translated as follows:Translated as follows:

A. Quidam, quaedam, quoddam = certain (sing.), some (plural)A. Quidam, quaedam, quoddam = certain (sing.), some (plural) same as the relative plus “-dam”same as the relative plus “-dam”

B. Aliquis(aliqui), aliqua,, aliquid(aliquod) = someone, somethingB. Aliquis(aliqui), aliqua,, aliquid(aliquod) = someone, something

same as the relative plus “ali-”same as the relative plus “ali-”

C. Quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) = whoever, whicheverC. Quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) = whoever, whichever

Only the nom. and abl. (quoquo) are typically usedOnly the nom. and abl. (quoquo) are typically used

D. Quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) = everyone, everythingD. Quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) = everyone, everything

same as the relative plus “-que”same as the relative plus “-que”

IntensiveIntensive

Used to emphasize a person or thing Used to emphasize a person or thing already named.already named.

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum = himself, herself, Ipse, ipsa, ipsum = himself, herself, itself, itself, themselves, themselves, veryvery

Declined like “ille”Declined like “ille”

Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives

Adjectives used with nouns to show Adjectives used with nouns to show possession and ownership.possession and ownership.

RememberRemember

The following pronouns are not used to show The following pronouns are not used to show possession:possession:

11stst person person 22ndnd person person Reflexive pronounsReflexive pronouns

Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Adjectives Meus, -a, -umMeus, -a, -um my, my own, minemy, my own, mine

Tuus, -a, -umTuus, -a, -um your, your own, your, your own, yours (sing.)yours (sing.)

Suus, -a, -umSuus, -a, -um his own, her own, his own, her own, its own, their ownits own, their own

Noster, nostra, Noster, nostra, our, our own, oursour, our own, ours

nostrumnostrum

Vester, vestra, Vester, vestra, your, your own, yoursyour, your own, yours

vestrumvestrum

Delcined like 1st Delcined like 1st and 2and 2ndnd declension declension adjectives.adjectives.

SubstantiveSubstantive

Adjective used as a noun. There is no Adjective used as a noun. There is no noun named in the sentence that it is noun named in the sentence that it is modifying.modifying.

Let’s take a look at your pronoun Let’s take a look at your pronoun handout.handout.

You are expected to recognize all the You are expected to recognize all the pronouns that we have discussed. By that pronouns that we have discussed. By that I don’t mean decline each one. You must I don’t mean decline each one. You must memorize the nominative singular forms memorize the nominative singular forms of each pronoun and possessive adjective.of each pronoun and possessive adjective.

It may be hard to believe, but they all have It may be hard to believe, but they all have some things in common. some things in common.

Let’s figure out what they are.Let’s figure out what they are.

Sing.Sing.

Pl. Pl.

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine NeuterNeuter

Gen.Gen.

Dat.Dat.

Acc.Acc.

Abl.Abl.

Nom.Nom.

Gen.Gen.

Dat.Dat.

Acc.Acc.

Abl.Abl.

Sing.Sing.

Pl. Pl.

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine NeuterNeuter

Gen.Gen. -ius-ius -ius-ius -ius-ius

Dat.Dat. -i-i

-ic-ic-i-i

-ic-ic-i-i

-ic-ic

Acc.Acc. -um-um

-un-un-am-am

-an-an-d-d

Abl.Abl. -ō -ō ā ā ō ō

Nom.Nom. -i-i -ae-ae -a-a

-ae-ae

Gen.Gen. -orum-orum -arum-arum -orum-orum

Dat.Dat. -is-is

-ibus-ibus-is-is

-ibus-ibus-is-is

-ibus-ibus

Acc.Acc. -os-os -as-as -a-a

-ae-ae

Abl.Abl. -is-is

-ibus-ibus-is-is

-ibus-ibus-is-is

-ibus-ibus