PROMOTING GENDER PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITYEQUALITY

Evolution over last years about Evolution over last years about gender equality gender equality

Prior to 50s: women were defined mainly in terms of Prior to 50s: women were defined mainly in terms of their reproductive role and traditional role in the family: their reproductive role and traditional role in the family: C. 3 (maternity protection, 1919), C. 103 (revised 1952), C. 3 (maternity protection, 1919), C. 103 (revised 1952), R. 4 (excludes women from work involving exposure to R. 4 (excludes women from work involving exposure to lead poisining, 1919), C. 29 (the forced participation of lead poisining, 1919), C. 29 (the forced participation of women and children in prostitution,1939), C.45 women and children in prostitution,1939), C.45 (underground work in mines, 1935), C.89 (prohibition of (underground work in mines, 1935), C.89 (prohibition of night work for women in industry).night work for women in industry).

Women are protected as a vulnerable group Women are protected as a vulnerable group subordinate to mensubordinate to men

Convention 100 (equal remuneration-Convention 100 (equal remuneration-

19511951))

Applies to basic salaries and to any other Applies to basic salaries and to any other additional emoluments (supplements, additional emoluments (supplements, bonuses, allowances, etc.) paid directly bonuses, allowances, etc.) paid directly or indirectly to worker, in cash or in kind, or indirectly to worker, in cash or in kind, as a result of his or her workas a result of his or her workDefines equal pay for work of equal value Defines equal pay for work of equal value as a rate of pay fixed without as a rate of pay fixed without discrimination based on sexdiscrimination based on sexThe application of the C. is facilitated by The application of the C. is facilitated by the objective appraisal of jobs on the the objective appraisal of jobs on the basis of the work to be donebasis of the work to be doneGovernments are to co-operate with Governments are to co-operate with employers ’ and workers ’ organisation in employers ’ and workers ’ organisation in the practical applicationthe practical application

Convention 111 - DiscriminationConvention 111 - Discrimination(employment and Occupation - 1958)(employment and Occupation - 1958)

Promote equality of opportunity and treatment in Promote equality of opportunity and treatment in respect of employment and occupation without respect of employment and occupation without discrimination based on race, colour, sex, religion, discrimination based on race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social originpolitical opinion, national extraction or social origin

Covers access to vocational training, access to Covers access to vocational training, access to employment and to particular occupations, and employment and to particular occupations, and terms and conditions of employmentterms and conditions of employment

Any law and administrative instructionsor practices Any law and administrative instructionsor practices which are not in line with this policy, should be which are not in line with this policy, should be modifiedmodified

The policy is to be carried out under the direct The policy is to be carried out under the direct control of a national authority in its vocational control of a national authority in its vocational guidance and training, and placement services;guidance and training, and placement services;

C. 100 and 111 are reaffirmed as fundamental rightC. 100 and 111 are reaffirmed as fundamental right

THE WID APPROCH (women in THE WID APPROCH (women in developmentdevelopment))

The 70s focus on the division of labour The 70s focus on the division of labour based on sex: the different impact of based on sex: the different impact of development and modernization strategies development and modernization strategies on women and men respectively. on women and men respectively.

Initiatives emphazided women’s access to Initiatives emphazided women’s access to training, credit and employment in order to training, credit and employment in order to improve women’s contribution to and their improve women’s contribution to and their capacity to benefit from development to capacity to benefit from development to minimize disadvantanges on themminimize disadvantanges on them

The WID ApproachThe WID Approach

4 shortcomings:4 shortcomings:

passive beneficiaries in the development passive beneficiaries in the development process process

it accepted existing social structures which it accepted existing social structures which tend to perpetuate gender inequalitiestend to perpetuate gender inequalities

it focussed on the productive aspects of it focussed on the productive aspects of women ’s work and overlooked the burden women ’s work and overlooked the burden of social and reproductive functionsof social and reproductive functions

« women-only » marginal and isolated « women-only » marginal and isolated projects.projects.

GAD (Gender and GAD (Gender and development)development)

In the 80ths,In the 80ths,

Distinguishes biological differences (that are Distinguishes biological differences (that are universal) from the social differences (that are universal) from the social differences (that are variables) between women and menvariables) between women and men

Attention is given to the social processes and Attention is given to the social processes and institutions that result in inequalities between institutions that result in inequalities between women and men to the disadvantage of womenwomen and men to the disadvantage of women

C. 155 (Occupational safety and health-1981), C. 155 (Occupational safety and health-1981), C.156 (workers with family responsabilitiess, C.156 (workers with family responsabilitiess, 1981).1981).

GENDERGENDER

Social differencesSocial differences between men and between men and women that are: learned, changeable over women that are: learned, changeable over time, have wide variations with and between time, have wide variations with and between culturescultures

Socio-economic variableSocio-economic variable to analyse: roles, to analyse: roles, responsibilities, constraints, opportunities, responsibilities, constraints, opportunities, needs of men and women.needs of men and women.

Gender roles are affected by age, class, Gender roles are affected by age, class, race, ethnicity, religion and ideologies and race, ethnicity, religion and ideologies and by the geographical, economical and by the geographical, economical and political environment.political environment.

Gender analysisGender analysisIs a tool to identify:Is a tool to identify:

what women and men do and whywhat women and men do and why

Who has access to and control over Who has access to and control over resources of benefitsresources of benefits

What needs men and women have and What needs men and women have and whywhy

Linkage of above factors with the Linkage of above factors with the political and social environmental political and social environmental contex providing opportunity/constraint contex providing opportunity/constraint to ensure equality of oppotunityto ensure equality of oppotunity

GENDER PLANNINGGENDER PLANNING

STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME CONSTRAINTS AND UTILIZE CONSTRAINTS AND UTILIZE

OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

Addressing participation patterns and Addressing participation patterns and assistance requirement of men and assistance requirement of men and

women at all steps of policy and women at all steps of policy and programme developmentprogramme development

GAD APPROACHGAD APPROACH

To alter gender relations, women must To alter gender relations, women must participate in participate in decision-makingdecision-making and must and must be empowered to develop and pursue be empowered to develop and pursue strategies to address their own situation strategies to address their own situation and to influence the direction of social and to influence the direction of social changechange

EmpowermentEmpowerment is a process of awareness is a process of awareness and capacity building leading to greater and capacity building leading to greater participation, to greater decision-making participation, to greater decision-making power and control and to transformative power and control and to transformative action action

Mainstreaming women in Mainstreaming women in developmentdevelopment

Inherent to the GAD approach Inherent to the GAD approach

Requires explicit consideration of the Requires explicit consideration of the actual and potential role of women in actual and potential role of women in all sector of the economy and the all sector of the economy and the impact of all policies, plans and impact of all policies, plans and programmes on womenprogrammes on women

Can include affirmative measuresCan include affirmative measures

Other ConventionsOther Conventions

C. 156 (workers with family C. 156 (workers with family responsibilities, 1981)responsibilities, 1981)

C. 175 (part-time work, 1994)C. 175 (part-time work, 1994)

C. 177 (home work, 1996)C. 177 (home work, 1996)

C. 183 (maternity, 2000)C. 183 (maternity, 2000)