prokaryote diversity and biology. i. classification a. the original 5 kingdom system 1. monera...
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Prokaryote Diversity and
Biology
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I. Classification
A. The Original 5 Kingdom system
1. Monera (Prokaryotic, unicellular)
2. Protista (Eukaryotic, unicellular)
3. Fungi (Eukaryotic, uni or multi C)
4. Plantae (Eukaryotic, multicellular)
5. Animalia (Eukaryotic, multicellular)
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I. ClassificationB. The Modern 3-Domain System
1. Archaea - Primitive extremes
Prokaryotic
2. Prokarya - Bacteria
3. Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
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I. ClassificationC. Comparing Archaea and Bacteria
Archaea Bacteria
Nucleus? Absent Absent
Membrane lipids Branched UnBranched
Peptidoglycan Absent Present
RNA Polymerase Several kinds 1 kind
Introns Present Absent
Antibiotic Not sensitive Sensitive
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II. Prokaryote Origins
A. First fossils - 3.5 billion years ago
No other life until 1.5 bya
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II. Prokaryote Origins
B. Original forms appear to have been
Anaeorbic
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III. Prokaryote Structure
A. Lack membrane bound nucleus
Lack membrane bound organelles
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III. Prokaryote Structure
B. Basic shapes
1. Cocci - Spherical
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III. Prokaryote StructureB. Basic shapes
2. Bacilli - rod shaped
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III. Prokaryote Structure
B. Basic shapes
3. Spirilla - spiral shaped
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III. Prokaryote Structure
B. Basic shapes
4. Other terms
Staphylo - clusters
Strepto - chains
Spirochetes - long spirals
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III. Prokaryote StructureC. Prokaryote flagellum - movement
Protein structure
Attached by rotary rings ; uses a propeller movement.
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III. Prokaryote Structure
D. Short thin extensions - pili (pilus)
Sticks bacteria to eachother and other surfaces
Sex pili - exchange genes during sexual reproduction
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III. Prokaryote Structure
E. Endospores - long term dormancy
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III. Prokaryote Structure
F. Actinomycetes - branching chain colonies
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IV. Prokaryote Nourishment
A. Autotrophs - make own food
Photoautotrophs - photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophs - chemosynthesis
Hydrogen sulfide
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IV. Prokaryote Nourishment
B. Heterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs - both
Chemoheterotrophs - both
Saprophytes - feed off the dead
Parasites - feed off a living host
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V. The Domain ArchaeaA. Recent Discovery!
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V. The Domain Archaea
B. Radical Proteins - somewhat mysterious
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V. The Domain Archaea
C. Cells walls - different chemical components
No peptidoglycan
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V. The Domain Archaea
D. Membranes have unique structure
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V. The Domain Archaea
E. tRNA has unique structure
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V. The Domain ArchaeaF. Types
1. Euryarcaeota
Methanogens - anaerobic
Waste material - methane
Habitat - swamp bottoms
and animal guts
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V. The Domain ArchaeaF. Types
Euryarcaeota
Halophiles - extreme salty habitats
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V. The Domain ArchaeaF. Types
2. Crenarcaeota
Extreme thermophiles
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V. The Domain Archaea
F. Types
3. Korarchaeota
Very little known - recent discovery
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VI. The Domain Prokarya (bacteria)
A. Bacterial types and classification
1. Proteobacteria
Gram-negative
Large diverse group
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A. Bacterial types and classification
2. Clamydias
Gram-negative
Parasites in animals
Lack peptidoglycan
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A. Bacterial types and classification
3. Spirochetes
Spiral shape
Includes syphilis and Lyme
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A. Bacterial types and classification
4. Gram-Positive Bacteria
Large diverse group
Includes anthrax, botulism
staphyococcus and strepto...
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A. Bacterial types and classification5. Actinobacteria
Very large – 30 familiesBacilliOften filamentousMost harmless – found in soil & plantsException – Mycobacteria (TB)Many useful –
Antibiotic productionDairy products
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A. Bacterial types and classification
6. Cyanobacteria
Blue-green bacteria
Photoautotrophic
Aquatic
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B. Bacteria and Disease
1. Organisms causing disease - pathogen
2. Germ Theory of Disease
Diseases are caused by micro-organisms.
Louis Pasteur
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3. Bacterial pathogens release poisons
These cause disease symptoms
Exotoxins - Proteins secreted out
most dangerous
Botulism, staph infections
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B. Bacteria and Disease
Endotoxins - components of bacterial cell wall
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B. Bacteria and Disease
4. Medical treatment - antibiotics
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B. Bacteria and Disease
5. Koch’s Postulates - 1876
Criteria to prove the causative agent of a disease
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B. Bacteria and Disease
4. Koch’s Postulates - 1876
a. Same pathogen must be found in each victim host
b. Pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in culture
c. Cultured pathogen must produce the same disease in an experimental host
d. Same pathogen must be isolated from the experimental host after the disease develops.
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V. Microbiology techniques
A. Aseptic Technique - A standardized procedure for handling, transfering, and culturing micro-organisms
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V. Microbiology techniquesB. Culturing Bacteria
1. Sterilization
2. Isolation - To isolate a single cell for culturing
Provide culture environment
Streak plate method
Streak with inoculating loop
4 sections
Flame loop between
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3. Culture media
Bacteria grown on agar gel
Agar saturated with nutrient media
Defined media
pure chemicals, exact compostion
Complex media - natural sources
called broth
examples - blood, beef, yeast
casein (milk protein)
Nutrient broth - prepared mixture
Luria broth (lb)
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C. Bacterial staining methods
Gram stain - 1884
1. Primary stain - Gentian violet
Makes all bacteria purple
2. Mordant - sets the stain - iodine
3. Decolorization - ethanol
gram negative bacteria - lose color
gram positive - retain color
4. Counterstain - Safranin (red)
gram negative - pink
gram positive - deep purple
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