project quality management tools
TRANSCRIPT
project quality management tools
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I. Contents of project quality management tools
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Quality for Project Managers applies quality principles to project management itself, as well as
to the products and services resulting from projects. It brings to the forefront the essentials of
project quality management and its vital link to business success, with a focus on the tools and
essentials of effective quality management that work for your organization, regardless of your
industry. The course shows you how to integrate quality management concepts with project
management program to support your business success.
You’ll learn about the philosophy and principles of quality management and learn how to
translate these concepts into specific actions that are key to successful project quality efforts. The
course presents a five-step model for successfully planning project quality, a five-step model for
effectively assuring project quality and a quality-control toolkit, all of which you can
immediately apply to your work environment. With a strong emphasis on exercises, this course
gives you the opportunity to apply quality strategies and skills to real-world scenarios. You will
practice concepts, tools and techniques using modularized case studies that require immediate
and direct application of skills learned.
The strategies of quality management and continuous improvement dovetail with project
management concepts to increase your control over objectives, work and performance. Master
these proven methods and discover how quality greatly contributes to and enhances project
success.
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III. Quality management tools
1. Check sheet
The check sheet is a form (document) used to collect data
in real time at the location where the data is generated. The data it captures can be quantitative or qualitative. When the information is quantitative, the check sheet is
sometimes called a tally sheet.
The defining characteristic of a check sheet is that data are recorded by making marks ("checks") on it. A typical check sheet is divided into regions, and marks made in
different regions have different significance. Data are read by observing the location and number of marks on
the sheet. Check sheets typically employ a heading that answers the
Five Ws:
Who filled out the check sheet
What was collected (what each check represents,
an identifying batch or lot number)
Where the collection took place (facility, room,
apparatus)
When the collection took place (hour, shift, day
of the week)
Why the data were collected
2. Control chart
Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts (after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior
charts, in statistical process control are tools used to determine if a manufacturing or business
process is in a state of statistical control. If analysis of the control chart indicates that the
process is currently under control (i.e., is stable, with variation only coming from sources common
to the process), then no corrections or changes to process control parameters are needed or desired. In addition, data from the process can be used to
predict the future performance of the process. If the chart indicates that the monitored process is
not in control, analysis of the chart can help determine the sources of variation, as this will result in degraded process performance.[1] A
process that is stable but operating outside of desired (specification) limits (e.g., scrap rates
may be in statistical control but above desired limits) needs to be improved through a deliberate effort to understand the causes of current
performance and fundamentally improve the process.
The control chart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.[3] Typically control charts are
used for time-series data, though they can be used for data that have logical comparability (i.e. you
want to compare samples that were taken all at the same time, or the performance of different individuals), however the type of chart used to do
this requires consideration.
3. Pareto chart
A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where
individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the
line. The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence,
but it can alternatively represent cost or another important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is
the cumulative percentage of the total number of occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of measure. Because the reasons are in decreasing order,
the cumulative function is a concave function. To take the example above, in order to lower the amount of
late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first three issues.
The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important among a (typically large) set of
factors. In quality control, it often represents the most common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer
complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006) devised an algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance
limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in the Pareto chart.
4. Scatter plot Method
A scatter plot, scatterplot, or scattergraph is a type of
mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data.
The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position
on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.[2] This kind
of plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, scatter diagram,[3] or scatter graph.
A scatter plot is used when a variable exists that is under the control of the experimenter. If a parameter exists that
is systematically incremented and/or decremented by the other, it is called the control parameter or independent
variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily
plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable exists, either type of variable can be plotted on either axis and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of
correlation (not causation) between two variables.
A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations between variables with a certain confidence interval. For example, weight and height, weight would be on x axis
and height would be on the y axis. Correlations may be positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated).
If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right, it suggests a positive correlation between the variables being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left
to lower right, it suggests a negative correlation. A line of best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in
order to study the correlation between the variables. An equation for the correlation between the variables can be determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear
correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution
in a finite time. No universal best-fit procedure is guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary relationships. A scatter plot is also very useful when we
wish to see how two comparable data sets agree with each other. In this case, an identity line, i.e., a y=x line, or an
1:1 line, is often drawn as a reference. The more the two data sets agree, the more the scatters tend to concentrate in the vicinity of the identity line; if the two data sets are
numerically identical, the scatters fall on the identity line exactly.
5.Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or
Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific event.[1][2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are
product design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or
reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify these sources of variation. The categories typically include
People: Anyone involved with the process
Methods: How the process is performed and the
specific requirements for doing it, such as policies, procedures, rules, regulations and laws
Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc. required to accomplish the job
Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc. used to produce the final product
Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality
Environment: The conditions, such as location, time, temperature, and culture in which the process
operates
6. Histogram method
A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability
distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative variable) and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.[1] To
construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of values -- that is, divide the entire range of values into a series of small intervals -- and then count how many
values fall into each interval. A rectangle is drawn with height proportional to the count and width equal to the bin
size, so that rectangles abut each other. A histogram may also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several
categories, with the sum of the heights equaling 1. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping
intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be adjacent, and usually equal size.[2] The rectangles of a histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to
indicate that the original variable is continuous.[3]
III. Other topics related to project quality management tools (pdf download)
quality management systems
quality management courses
quality management tools
iso 9001 quality management system
quality management process
quality management system example
quality system management
quality management techniques
quality management standards
quality management policy
quality management strategy
quality management books