GROUP NO. G-10

Title of the project.

HYBRID CAR WITH VARIOUS APLICATONS.

A vehicle with extra wheels which are hydraulic wheels that can lift a whole vehicle and then can move 90 degree direction of vehicle.

Hybrid cars carry with them a bundle of advantages.

Hybrids combine clean energy of the electrical motor with the power of the gas-powered engine which results into lower emissions and better mileage.

Thanks to the ever improving technology, hybrids perform at par with the normal ga-powered vehicles, if not better.

Hybrids are reliable and comfortable as any traditional car and they have a tax benefits (only till 2006).

There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state).

Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles with lesser CO and other greenhouse gas emissions.

Hybrids provide a better mileage.

The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology to improve engine efficiency.

Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by an external source.

Special warranties are provided for the battery pack, the electric motor other costly items.

Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directly affects fuel prices.

ADVANTAGE OF HYDRAULIC WHEELS.

That can park the vehicle at 90 deg. And less space. That can work as hydraulic jack. That can help in traffic. That can help to put out vehicle from bumpy roads/paths.

Objectives.

Research and development of optimized advanced hybrid vehicle concepts, for mass producible vehicles available on the European market from the beginning of the next decade, based on innovative and cost competitive highly integrated advanced thermal-electric hybrid power train architectures (patented series-parallel hybrid configurations) and adopting:

low cost and standardized common hybrid power train electric devices (derived from Hy-SYS IP and other European and national projects)

innovative vehicle and power train auxiliaries (electric after-treatment, vehicle heating, cooling and air conditioning) to enable the complete electric and thermal energy flows optimization

dedicated internal combustion engines for full hybrid applications and adjustable for future fuels

Needs.

Since the very conception of the automobile, engineers and designers have been searching for was to make them more efficient and save on fuel consumption. Petrol fuels the majority of vehicles and diesel fuel is used in heavier automotive equipment. The internal combustion engine is considered to be a major if not the biggest source of environmental pollution and the cost of fuel is increasing every day.

With a constant rise in fuel costs and the environmental concerns regarding automobiles, vehicle engineers have had to develop more economical and environmentally safer alternatives to the internal combustion engine that powers most cars. This has led to the birth of the hybrid automobile. These hybrid automobiles offer a number of benefits. The hybrid automobile is a car that is powered by both an electric motor and a gasoline engine. Compared to non hybrid vehicles, the hybrid car saves on the cost of fuel by being more fuel efficient and has a lower rate of fuel consumption.

Hybrid cars operate on a dual mode where the electric motor, powered by batteries, takes over once the gasoline engine has gotten the vehicle up to speed. Braking and deceleration generates energy that is used to charge the electric motor's batteries. This system allows the hybrid car to provide better fuel efficiency. This also means that the engine of a hybrid vehicle is shut the moment the car is stopped. Considered the biggest advantage to the hybrid car is the reduction of environmental pollution due to fewer emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases in to our atmosphere. Automobile manufacturers such as Honda, Toyota, and Ford have already introduced hybrid car models to the commercial market and several others are in development.

Currently there are two types of hybrid vehicles on the market. The first is the "Series" hybrid. A battery powered electric motor powers the Series hybrid car. It also has a gasoline powered

engine but it does not singularly power the vehicle. The gasoline engine powers a generator which is used in turn to charge the batteries of the electric motor. The electric motor is left on during the vehicles entire operation however the gasoline engine can be switched on or off depending on the needs of the vehicle. This type of hybrid automobile provides better mileage in city traffic.

The second type of hybrid vehicle on the market is called the "Parallel" hybrid. The Parallel hybrid car, like the Series type, has a gasoline engine and an electric motor. The electric motor and the electric motor can both be used to turn the transmission and power the vehicle. The major difference between the two types of hybrid cars is that the Parallel hybrid uses its electric motor to boost the vehicles power when required to increase the car's speed. The Parallel hybrid car is considered better suited for the open highway.

Hybrid automobiles provide several benefits due to some very unique features. The construction of the hybrid vehicle uses more lightweight materials than traditional automobile. This saves energy by using less to propel the hybrid car. Hybrid cars also increase energy efficiency because of their more aerodynamic shapes. Tires used by hybrid vehicles run on a higher pressure and are made of a more rigid material than general car tires. The higher pressure helps to increase the vehicles gas mileage per gallon of gasoline used. The overall efficiency of the vehicle is increased by these tires because they reduce friction on road surfaces and provided a grip. The braking system provided an energy transfer from the electric motor to the vehicles batteries when ever the brakes are applied. The overall gas mileage of a hybrid varies from model to model. The EPA test numbers report that the Lexus RX400h receives 31 MPG in the city and 27 MPG the highway while the Honda Insight receives 61 MPG in the city and 68 MPG on the highway.

In conclusion, the future of automobiles is currently the hybrid car and purchasing a hybrid vehicle will not only save you money but will also allow you to take responsibility and do you part in creating a safer, cleaner and greener environment.

Calculator Rationale and Methodology.

Concerns about air quality, greenhouse gas emissions and petroleum dependence have led a growing number of governments, businesses and other institutions to purchase low-polluting, energy-efficient vehicles for their fleets. Hybrid-electric vehicles hold much promise for enabling fleets to increase fuel efficiency without sacrificing convenience or performance. Because of the newness of this technology, and the additional cost of the electric drive train, however, the purchase price of a hybrid-electric vehicle can be several thousand dollars more than its conventional counterpart. For this reason, it is important for institutions to better understand the full costs and benefits of hybrid vehicles to determine if such vehicles provide a good value and how best to integrate them into their fleets.

What the Calculator Will DoThe HEV Cost and Benefit Calculator Tool allows fleets to evaluate the full costs and benefits of a hybrid electric vehicle in comparison to a conventional vehicle. Fleets also may use the tool to determine the cost and benefits of a fleet of hybrid vehicles versus a fleet of conventional vehicles. The tool assesses both capital and operating costs, over the lifetime of use, as well as

greenhouse gases and other air emissions. Outputs are provided per vehicle, per year, and per mile. Emissions benefits are not monetized.

Emissions DataEmissions estimates are based on data developed by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy for use in their publication, ACEEE’s Green Book®: The Environmental Guide to Cars and Trucks. While ACEEE’s methodology encompasses a broad range of emissions from the vehicle, fuel supply cycle, and manufacturing processes, the Hybrid-Electric Fleet Cost and Benefit Calculator Tool estimates in-use criteria emissions only. Detailed documentation on ACEEE’s rating methodology can be found in their report, “Rating the Environmental Impacts of Vehicles: ACEEE’s Green Book® Methodology”, available from ACEEE Publications.

Tailpipe emissions estimates in this tool reflect annual “real-world” in-use CO, HC, NOx, and PM10 emissions. Factors affecting these estimates are the vehicle’s certified emission standard, regulatory vehicle class, fuel type, and annual miles traveled.

CO2 estimates in this tool reflect in-use emissions only. Factors affecting these estimates are the vehicle’s city and highway fuel economy, fractional division of city and highway driving, and annual miles traveled. This tool assumes a conversion factor of 19 pounds of CO2 emitted per gallon of gasoline burned.

References.

http://www.allhybridcars.com/advantages-of-hybrid-cars.html

http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Need-for-Hybrid-Cars&id=168593

http://www.newdream.org/hybrid/methodology.php