project management project management is a systemized approach to: ◦ defining, ◦ organizing ◦...
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Project ManagementProject Management
Project management is a systemized approach to:◦defining,
◦organizing
◦planning
◦monitoring
◦controlling projects.
ProjectsProjects
A project is an interrelated set of activities with a definite starting and ending point, which results in a unique outcome for a specific allocation of resources.
What are the characteristics What are the characteristics of a successful project?of a successful project?
What are some questions that What are some questions that need to be addressed by any need to be addressed by any Project Management Project Management technique?technique?
In order to answer these In order to answer these questions what information questions what information do I need?do I need?
Use this information to create a Use this information to create a Network DiagramNetwork Diagram
A Network Diagram visually displays the interrelated activities (processes) using nodes (circles) and arcs (arrows) that depict the relationships between activities.
Two network planning methods (PERT & CPM) were originally distinctive, but today the differences are minor and will be jointly referred to as PERT/CPM.◦ PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
was utilized when activity times involved risk.◦ CPM (Critical Path Method) was used when activity
times were certain.
Network DiagramNetwork Diagram
Precedence Precedence RelationshipsRelationships
Precedence relationships determine a sequence for undertaking activities, and specify that any given activity cannot start until a preceding activity has been completed.
In the In the AON approachAON approach, the , the nodes (circles) represent nodes (circles) represent activities, and the arcs activities, and the arcs represent the precedence represent the precedence relationships between them. relationships between them.
AON
S T U
Activity On Node approach
““S” precedes “T” which S” precedes “T” which precedes “U”precedes “U”
Activity RelationshipsActivity Relationships
T
U
S
T & U cannot begin until T & U cannot begin until S has been completed.S has been completed.
S
T
U
S & T must be completed S & T must be completed before U can be startedbefore U can be started..
Activity RelationshipsActivity Relationships
S
T
U
V
U & V can’t begin until S & U & V can’t begin until S & T have been completed. T have been completed.
S
T
U
V
U cannot begin until S & T have U cannot begin until S & T have been completed. V cannot begin been completed. V cannot begin until T has been completed.until T has been completed.
Activity RelationshipsActivity Relationships
S T V
U
T & U cannot begin until S has been T & U cannot begin until S has been completed; V cannot begin until both completed; V cannot begin until both T & U have been completed.T & U have been completed.
Purchasing New Software: Purchasing New Software: First develop a list of First develop a list of activities activities A. Case for change B. Define RequirementsC. Prioritize RequirementsD. RFPE. BenchmarkingF. Evaluate ProposalsG. Select Software VendorH. Build Applications I. Test Applications J. DocumentK. TrainL. Deploy
The Sequence of Activities The Sequence of Activities A. Case for change -------
B. Define Requirements A
C. Prioritize Requirements B
D. RFP C
E. Benchmarking A
F. Evaluate Proposals D,E
G. Select Software Vendor F
H. Build Applications G
I. Test Applications H
J. Document H
K. Train G
L. Deploy I,J,K
Project Activities, Sequence and Project Activities, Sequence and Duration Duration
ACTIVITY ORDER DURATION
A. Case for change ------- 2
B. Define Requirements A 4
C. Prioritize Requirements B 2
D. RFP C 1
E. Benchmarking A 3
F. Evaluate Proposals D,E 2
G. Select Software Vendor F 1
H. Build Applications G 12
I. Test Applications H 8
J. Document H 6
K. Train G 5
L. Deploy I,J,K 3
To come up with a project To come up with a project schedule, find:schedule, find:
Earliest Start Time (ES) is the latest earliest finish time of the immediately preceding activities.
Earliest Finish Time (EF) is an activity’s earliest start time plus its estimated duration.
Latest Start Time (LS) is the latest finish time minus the activity’s estimated duration.
Latest Finish Time (LF) is the earliest latest start time of the activities that immediately follow.
For simplicity, all projects start at time zero.
Earliest & Latest Starting Earliest & Latest Starting Time for Each ActivityTime for Each Activity
Activity Duration Earliest Start Latest Start
A 2 0 0 B 4 2 2 C 2 6 6 D 1 8 8 E 3 2 6 F 2 9 9 G 1 11 11 H 12 12 12 I 8 24 24 J 6 24 26 K 5 12 27 L 3 32 32
Earliest & Latest Finish Time Earliest & Latest Finish Time for Each Activityfor Each Activity
Activity Duration Earliest Finish Latest Finish
A 2 2 2 B 4 6 6 C 2 8 8 D 1 9 9 E 3 5 9 F 2 11 11 G 1 12 12 H 12 24 24 I 8 32 32 J 6 30 32 K 5 17 32 L 3 35 35
St. John’s HospitalSt. John’s Hospital
ImmediateImmediateActivityActivity DescriptionDescription Predecessor(s)Predecessor(s) ResponsibilityResponsibility
AASelect administrative and medical staff.Select administrative and medical staff.BBSelect site and do site survey.Select site and do site survey.CCSelect equipment.Select equipment.DDPrepare final construction plans and layout.Prepare final construction plans and layout.EEBring utilities to the site.Bring utilities to the site.FFInterview applicants and fill positions inInterview applicants and fill positions in
nursing, support staff, maintenance, nursing, support staff, maintenance, and security.and security.
GGPurchase and take delivery of equipment.Purchase and take delivery of equipment.HHConstruct the hospital.Construct the hospital.IIDevelop an information system.Develop an information system.JJInstall the equipment.Install the equipment.KKTrain nurses and support staff.Train nurses and support staff.
ImmediateImmediateActivityActivity DescriptionDescription Predecessor(s)Predecessor(s) ResponsibilityResponsibility
AASelect administrative and medical staff.Select administrative and medical staff. ——JohnsonJohnsonBBSelect site and do site survey.Select site and do site survey. ——TaylorTaylorCCSelect equipment.Select equipment. AAAdamsAdamsDDPrepare final construction plans and layout.Prepare final construction plans and layout. BBTaylorTaylorEEBring utilities to the site.Bring utilities to the site. BBBurtonBurtonFFInterview applicants and fill positions inInterview applicants and fill positions in AAJohnsonJohnson
nursing, support staff, maintenance, nursing, support staff, maintenance, and security.and security.
GGPurchase and take delivery of equipment.Purchase and take delivery of equipment. CCSampsonSampsonHHConstruct the hospital.Construct the hospital. DDCaseyCaseyIIDevelop an information system.Develop an information system. AAMurphyMurphyJJInstall the equipment.Install the equipment. E,G,HE,G,H PikePikeKKTrain nurses and support staff.Train nurses and support staff. F,I,JF,I,JAshtonAshton
St. John’s HospitalSt. John’s Hospital
Activity TimesActivity Times A = 12 Wks B = 9 Wks C = 10 Wks D = 10 Wks E = 24 Wks
F = 10 Wks
G = 35 Wks
H = 40 Wks
I = 15 Wks
J = 4 Wks
K = 6 Wks
AA — —
BB——
CCAA
DDBB
EEBB
FFAA
GGCC
HHDD
IIAA
JJE,G,HE,G,HKKF,I,JF,I,J
Immediate Predecessor
What AON Nodes look likeWhat AON Nodes look like
Latest Finish
Latest Start
Activity
Activity Duration
Slack
The earliest you can complete an activity -- determined by adding the activity time to the earliest start time.
The latest you can finish an activity without delaying the project completion date. It is the same as the Latest Start time of the next activity. If there are two or more subsequent activities, this time is the same as the earliest of those “Latest Start” times.
Determined by the earliest finish time of the precedent activity. If there are two or more precedent activities, this time is the same as precedent activity with the latest “Earliest Finish” time.
This is the Latest Finish time minus the activity time.
Slack is the difference, if any, between the earliest start and latest start times (or the earliest finish and latest finish times).
S = LS – ES or S = LF– EF
© 2007 Pearson Education
Earliest Start
Earliest Finish
Earliest Start and Earliest Finish TimesEarliest Start and Earliest Finish Times
K
6
C
10
G
35
J
4
H
40
B
9
D
10
E
24
I
15
FinishStart
A
12
F
10
© 2007 Pearson Education
Earliest start time Earliest finish time
Earliest Start and Earliest Finish TimesEarliest Start and Earliest Finish Times
© 2007 Pearson Education
Critical PathCritical Path
The Critical Path The Critical Path takes 69 weekstakes 69 weeks
K
6
C
10
G
35
J
4
H
40
B
9
D
10
E
24
I
15
FinishStart
A
12
F
10
0 9
9 33
9 19 19 59
22 5712 22
59 63
12 27
12 22 63 690 12
K
6
C
10
G
35
J
4
H
40
B
9
D
10
E
24
I
15
FinishStart
A
12
F
10
0 9
9 33
9 19 19 59
22 5712 22
59 63
12 27
12 22 63 690 12
LatestLatest Start and Start and LatestLatest Finish Times Finish Times
© 2007 Pearson Education
48 63
53 63
59 63
24 59
19 59
35 59
14 24
9 19
2 14
0 9
Latestfinishtime
63 69
Lateststarttime
© 2007 Pearson Education
K
6
C
10
G
35
J
4
H
40
B
9
D
10
E
24
I
15
FinishStart
A
12
F
10
0 9
9 33
9 19 19 59
22 5712 22
59 63
12 27
12 22 63 690 12
48 63
53 63
59 63
24 59
19 59
35 59
14 24
9 19
2 14
0 9
63 69
Earliest start time Earliest finish time
Latest start time Latest finish time
© 2007 Pearson Education
Activity Slack AnalysisActivity Slack AnalysisNode Duration ES LS Slack
A 12 0 2 2B 9 0 0 0C 10 12 14 2D 10 9 9 0E 24 9 35 26F 10 12 53 41G 35 22 24 2H 40 19 19 0I 15 12 48 36J 4 59 59 0K 6 63 63 0
K
6
C
10
G
35
J
4
H
40
B
9
D
10
E
24
I
15
FinishStart
A
12
F
10
0 9
9 33
9 19 19 59
22 5712 22
59 63
12 27
12 22 63 690 12
48 63
53 63
59 63
24 59
19 59
35 59
14 24
9 19
2 14
0 9
63 69
Project ScheduleProject Schedule
A Gantt Chart is a project schedule, usually created by the project manager using computer software, that superimposes project activities, with their precedence relationships and estimated duration times, on a time line.◦ Activity slack is useful because it highlights
activities that need close attention.Free slack is the amount of time an
activity’s earliest finish time can be delayed without delaying the earliest start time of any activity that immediately follows.◦ Activities on the critical path have zero slack and
cannot be delayed without delaying the project completion.
Gantt Chart for St John’s Gantt Chart for St John’s HospitalHospital
Number of workers assuming all Number of workers assuming all activities are started at earliest time & activities are started at earliest time & require one worker eachrequire one worker each
Number of workers assuming all activities are Number of workers assuming all activities are started at earliest time except F starts after E & started at earliest time except F starts after E & I starts latest possible time. Each activity I starts latest possible time. Each activity requires one worker stillrequires one worker still