project lifecycle management

8/7/2019 Project Lifecycle Management

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Product& Project Lifecycle

Management

Introduction


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Product

In noun product is defined as a "thingproduced by labor or effort" or the "result ofan act or a process", and stems from the

verb produce, from the Latinprdce(re) '(to) lead or bring forth'. Since 1575, theword "product" has referred to anythingproduced. Since 1695, the word has referredto "thing or things produced". The economicor commercial meaning of product was firstused by political economist Adam Smith


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Product

In marketing, a product is anything that can beoffered to a market that might satisfy a want orneed. In retailing, products are called merchandise.In manufacturing, products are purchased as raw

materials and sold as finishedgoods. Commodities are usually raw materials such asmetals and agricultural products, but a commoditycan also be anything widely available in the openmarket. In project management, products are the

formal definition of the project deliverables thatmake up or contribute to delivering the objectives ofthe project


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Product

In general, product may refer to a single itemor unit, a group of equivalent products, agrouping of goods or services, or an industrial

classification for the goods or services. A related concept is subproduct, a secondary

but useful result of a production process.

Dangerous products, particularly physicalones, that cause injuries to consumers orbystanders may be subject to product liability


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Product

Tangible and intangible products

Products can be classified as tangible or intangible. Atangible product is any physical product that can betouched like a computer, automobile, etc. An intangible

product is a non-physical product like an insurance policy. In its online product catalog, retailer Sears, Roebuck and

Company divides its products into departments, thenpresents products to shoppers according to (1) function or(2) brand. Each product has a Sears item number and a

manufacturer's model number. The departments andproduct groupings that Sears uses are intended to helpcustomers browse products by function or brand within atraditional department store structure


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Project Life Cycle

The PLC refers to a logical sequence of activities toaccomplish the projects goals or objectives. Regardless ofscope or complexity ,any project goes through a series ofstages during its life. The Four phases are

1 Initiation In this first stage, the scope of the project isdefined along with the approach to be taken to deliver thedesired outputs..The Project manager is appointed and inturn, he selects the team members based on their skillsand experience. The most common tools ormethodologies used in this phase are Project charter,Business Plan, Project framework, Business case

justification and Milestones reviews.


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Project Life Cycle ( contd.)

2 -Planning The Second phase should include adetailed identification and assignment of eachtasks under the project. It should also include a

risk analysis and a definition of a criteria for thesuccessful completion of each deliverable. Thegovernance process is defined, stake holdersidentified and reporting frequency and channels

agreed. The most common tools ormethodologies used in the planning stage arebusiness plan and Milestones reviews.


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Project Life Cycle ( contd.)

3 Execution and Controlling THE MOST IMPORTANANTISSUE IN THIS PHASE IS TO ENSURE PROJECT ACTIVITIESARE PROPERLY EXECUTED ANDCONTROLLED.During theexecution phase, the planned solution is implemented to

solve the problem specified in the projects requirements.In product and system development, a design resulting ina specific set of product requirements is created. Thisconvergence is measured by prototypes, testing ,andreviews. As the execution phase progressess,groups acrossthe organization becomes deeply involved in planning for

the final testing, production and support. The mostcommon tools \ methodologies used in the executionphase are can update of Risk analysis and Score cards, inaddition to Business plan and Milestones reviews.


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Project Life Cycle ( Contd.)

4 Closure In this last phase, the project managermust ensure that the project is brought to its propercompletion. The closure phase is characterized by awritten formal project review report containing the

following components : a formal project review reportcontaining the following components : a formalacceptance of the final product by client WeightedCritical Measurement ( matching the initial requirementspecified by the client with the final delivered

product),rewarding the team, a list of lessons learned,releasing project resources and a formal project closurenotification to higher management. No special tool\methodology is needed during the closure phase.


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Definition

In Industry Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM) isthe process of managing the entire lifecycle of aproduct from its conception, thru Design andmanufacture to service and disposal.

PLM integrates people ,data,processess and businesssystems and provides a product informationbackbone for companies and their extendedenterprises.

PLM describes the engineering aspect of a productfrom managing descriptions and properties of aproduct through its development and useful life.


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Benefits

Reduced time to market

Improved product quality

Reduced prototyping costs

More accurate & timely request for Quote generation

Ability to quickly identify potential sales opportunities &revenue contributions

Savings thru the re-use of original data

A frame work of product optimization

Reduced waste

Integration ofEngineering work flows

Ability to provide Contract Manufacturers with access to acentralized product record.


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Areas of PLM

1 Systems Engineering

2 Product & Portfolio Management-PPM

3

Product Design 4Manufacturing Process Management

MPM

5- Product Data Management - PDM


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Areas of PLM (contd.)

2Product & Portfolio ManagementPPM

Product management is a organational lifecycle functionwithin a company dealing with the planning or forecastingor marketing of a product \s at all stages of product life

cycle. Are differently Product management (inboundfocused) and product marketing(outbound focused) aredifferent yet complementary efforts with the objective ofmaximizing sales revenue, market share and profitmargins. The role of product management spans manyactivities from strategic to tactical and varies based on theorganization structure of the company. Productmanagement can be a function separate on its own and amember of marketing or engineering


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Areas of PLM ( contd.)

While involved with the entire product life

cycle, product managements main focus is

on driving new product development.

Superior and differentiated products ones

that deliver unique benefits and superior

value to the customer-is the number one

driver of success and product profitability.


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Areas of PLM

Product Design is concerned with the efficient & effectivegeneration and development of ideas through a process that leadsto new products.

Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making themtangible through products in a more systematic approach. Their

role is to combine art, science and technology to create tangiblethree-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitatedby digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualizeand analyze ideas in a way that would have takengreater manpower in the past.

Product design is sometimes confused with Industrial design

Industrial Design is concerned with the aspect of that process thatbrings that sort of artistic form and usability usually associatedwith craft design to that of mass produced goods.


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4Manufacturing Process Management- MPM is acollection of technologies and methods used to definehow products are to be manufactured.MPM differs fromERP ,which is used to plan the ordering of materials and

other resources, set manufacturing schedules andcomplete cost data.

A cornerstone of MPM is the central repository for theintegration of all these tools and activities aids in theexploration of alternative production line scenarios,making assembly lines more efficient with the aim ofreduced lead time to product launch, shorter producttimes and reduced WIP inventories as well as allowingrapid response to product\product changes.


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5 Product Data Management Product datamanagement (PDM) is the use of software or othertools to track and control data related to a particularproduct. The data tracked usually involves the

technical specifications of the product, specificationsfor manufacture and development, and the types ofmaterials that will be required to produce goods. Theuse of product data management allows a companyto track the various costs associated with the creation

and launch of a product. Product data management ispart of product life cycle management, and isprimarily used by engineers


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Areas of PLM-PDM

The central database will also manage metadata such asowner of a file and release status of the components. Thepackage will: control check-in and check-out of theproduct data to multi-user; carry out engineering change

management and release control on all versions/issues ofcomponents in a product; build and manipulate theproduct structure bill of materials

(BOM) for assemblies; and assist in configurationsmanagement of product variants.

This enables automatic reports on product costs, etc.Furthermore, PDM enables companies producing complexproducts to spread product data into theentire PLM launch-process. This significantly enhances theeffectiveness of the launch process


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Areas of PLM-PDM

Product data management is focused on capturing andmaintaining information on products and/or servicesthrough its development and useful life. Typicalinformation managed in the PDM module include

Part number Part description

Supplier/vendor

Vendor part number and description

Unit of measure

Cost/price

Schematic or CAD drawing

Material data sheet


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Areas of PLM- PDM

PDM Advantages:

Track and manage all changes to product relateddata

Accelerate Return of Investment with easysetup;

Spend less time organizing and tracking designdata;

Improve productivity through reuse of productdesign data;

Enhance collaboration


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Areas of PLM-PDM

PDM stems from traditional engineering design activitiesthat created product drawings and schematics on paperand using CAD tools to create parts lists (Bills of Materialstructures - BOM). The PDM and BOM data is used in

enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to plan andcoordinate all transactional operations of a company(sales order management, purchasing, cost accounting,logistics, etc.)

PDM is a subset of a larger concept of product lifecyclemanagement (PLM). PLM encompasses the processesneeded to launch new products (NPI), manage changes toexisting products (ECN/ECO) and retire products at theend of their life .


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Areas of PLM-PDM

Component / Material Classification

Components and materials can be classified andorganized and attributes assigned. This supports

standardization by identifying similarcomponents/materials, eliminating redundancy, andestablishing a preferred parts list.Establishing classesand subclasses with attributes allows a designer tosearch and select a needed material, component or

assembly with minimal effort thereby avoiding havingto re-specifying an existing or similar component ormaterial


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Areas of PLM-PDM

Product Structure

Since the relationship of a product's parts is a logical onemaintained by the information system rather than a fixedphysical relationship as represented on a drawing, it is

possible to readily maintain more than one relationship.This will allow different views of part relationships inassemblies to correspond to the various departmentalneeds (e.g., engineering and manufacturing productstructures), while maintaining rigor and consistency of theproduct's definition through this single data base. Thus,this one logical data base can support product and processdesign requirements as well as maintain part relationshipsto serve as a manufacturing bill of materials for MRPII/ERP


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Areas of PLM-PDM

In other words, PDM provides the ability to hold not justthe physical relationships between parts in an assemblybut also other kinds of structures; for instance,

manufacturing, financial, maintenance or documentrelationships. So, it is possible for specialist teammembers to see the product structured from their point ofview. Product data can be accessed via this complete Billof Materials. This access includes assemblies, parts andrelated documents.An integrated approach to developing,

organizing and maintaining part and product definitiondata facilitates the design process, makes design datamore readily usable and enhances integration withprocess requirement


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Areas of PLM-PDM

Process Management and Workflow

PDM systems support process management by defining process steps

related to the development, distribution and use of product data. The

process is defined in the form of specified process steps and release or

promotion levels that the data must achieve. The manner in which theprocess is defined varies with every PDM system. Within a project,

responsibilities are defined for the process steps - who needs to approve

the data or work on the data before it moves to the next release or

promotion level. While, the current process is defined in a company's

configuration management or engineering change procedures and in its

new product development process, often changes have to be made totake advantage of the communication and coordination capabilities of

the PDM system. This new data is moved to the next person's "in basket"

within PDM or an email notification is sent.


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Areas of PLM-PDM

Collaboration

Collaboration can be supported in several ways. First, a PDM system may

be the gateway that a team uses to access the information under

discussion avoiding the need to copy and distribute a series of paper

documents. Second, the PDM system may provide a synchronous orasynchronous collaboration environment for team members to access,

present, review and produce feedback on product and process

information. Further, this collaboration tool may incorporate viewing and

mark-up capability, as well as provide the ability to store marked-up files

or documents submitted by collaborators. Third, what are now described

as collaborative product commerce systems (CPC), provide extendedPDM functionality and access control outside the enterprise for

customers, suppliers and interested third parties (e.g., regulatory

agencies). This speeds the distribution of information, enhances

coordination, and speeds the capture of feedback


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Introduction

The major key point events ,Design, freeze,Launch The reality is more complex ,people and

Departments can not perform their tasks in isolation

and one activity can not simply finish and the nextactivity start.Design is an iterative process, oftenDesigns need to be modified due to manufacturingconstraints or due conflicting requirements Whereexactly a customer order fits in time line depends on

the industry type,wthether the products are forexample Build to Order , Engineer to Order orAssemble to Order.


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Introduction..( contd.)

The main processes are

Conceive Specification ,Concept design

Design

detailed Design ,validation&analysis , Tool Design

Realize Plan manufacturing ,Manufacture,

Build\Assemble, Test

Service Sell & Deliver ,Use, Maintain &

Support ,dispose


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Phase 1-Conceive

Imagine ,specify, plan innovate

The first stage in idea is the definition of itsrequimentds based on customer ,company, marketband regulatory bodies' viewpoints. From this

specification of the products major technicalparameters can be defined. Parallel to therequirements specification the initial concept designwork is carried out defining the visual aesthetics ofthe product together with its main functional aspects.

For the Industrial design , styling work many differentmedia are used from pencil \ paper, clay models to 3DCAID computer aided industrial design software


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Phase 1- Conceive ( contd.)

Industrial Design is a combination of applied

art and applied science, herby aesthetics,

ergonomics and usability of products may be

improved for marketability and production.

The role of an Industrial Designer is to create

and execute design solutions towards problems

of form, usability , physical ergonomics,marketing ,brand development and sales


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Phase 2 -Design

Describe ,define,develop,test,analyze and validate

This is where the detailed design and development of theproducts form starts , progressing to prototype testing,through pilot release to full product launch. It can also

involve redesign and ramp for improvement to existingproducts as well as planed obsolescence The main tool fordesign ad development is CAD computer aided design.This can be simple 2D drawing \ drafting or 3D parametricFeature Based Solid\ Surface Modelling.Such softwareincludes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse

Engineering, KBE( Knowledge Based Engineering) , NDT (Non destructive testing ), Assembly construction


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Phase 2 Design ( contd.)

This step covers many engineering disciplines includingMechanical , Electrical , Electronic ,Software and domainspecific,such as Architectural ,Aerospace ,Automotive..along with theactual creation of geometry there is the analysis of thecomponents and product assemblies. Simulation ,validation and

optimization tasks are carried out using CAE

Computer AidedEngineering software either integrated in the CAD package orstand alone. These are used to perform tasks such as Stressanalysis,FEA ( Finite Element Analysis), Kinematics Computationalfluid Dynamics (CFD ) and mechanical event simulation( MED),CAQ(Computer Aided Quality) is used for tasks such as

Dimensional Tolerance engineering Analysis. Another taskperformed at this stage is the sourcing of bought outcomponants,possibly with the aid of Procurements systems


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Phase 3 - Realize

Once the Design of the products' components iscomplete , he method of manufacturing is defined.This includes CAD tasks such as tool design ,creationofCNC Machining instructions for the products parts

as well as tools to manufacture those parts ,usingintegrated or separate Cam (Computer AidedManufacturing) method has been identified CPMcomes into play . This involves CAP \ CAPPProduction Planning Tools for carrying out Factory ,

Plant , and Facility Layout and Production Simulation. For example Press Line simulation and Industrial

Engineering as well as Tool selection management.


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Phase 3 Realize ( contd.)

Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM is the use of computersoftware to control machine tools and related machinery in themanufacture of work pieces. This is not only the definition forCAM, but is the most common.CAM may also refer to the use of acomputer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant,

including planning ,management , transportation and storage. Itsprimary purpose is to create a faster production process andcomponents and tooling with more precise dimensions andmaterial consistency, which in some cases, uses only the requiredamount of raw material, thus minimizing waste, whilesimultaneously reducing energy consumption.

CAM is a subsequent computer aided process after computeraided design(CAD ) and sometimes Computer Aided Engineering (CAE ) ,as the model generated in CAD and verified in CAE can beinput into CAM software which then controls the machine tool.


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Phase 3 Realize ( contd.)

Desktop Publishing Also called DTP combines a personalcomputer and WYSIWYG page layout software to createpublication documents on a computer for either large scalepublishing or small scale multifunction peripheral output anddistribution.

The term desktop publishing is commonly used to describe pagelayout skills. However the skills and software are not limited topaper and book publishing. The same skills and displays,promotional items, trade show exhibits, retail package designsand outdoor signs.

WYSIWYG is what you see when you get. The term is used in

computing to describe a system in which content displayed duringediting appears very similar to the final output, which may beprinted document, web page, slide presentation or even thecomputerized lighti8ng for a theatrical event.


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Phase 4- Service

Use , operate,maintain,support,sustain,phaseout,retire,recycle and disposal

The final phase of the lifecycle involves

managing of in service information. Providingcustomers and service engineers with supportinformation for repair and maintenance as wellas waste management \ recycling information.

This involves using such tools such asMaintenance ,Repair and OperationsManagement software.


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All phases ; product Life cycle

Communicate ,manage and collaborate

None of the above phases can be seen in isolation ofother product development projects. In reality aproject does nor run subsequently or in isolation of

other product development projects. Information is flowing between different people and

systems . A major part of PLM is the coordination ofand management of product definition date. Thisincludes managing engineering changes and release

status of componants,configeration productvariations, document management, planning projectresources and time scale and risk assessment.


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All phases : Product Life Cycle

For these tasks graphical, text and data such asBOM bill of Materials needs to be managed. Atthe engineering department level this is thedomain of PDM Product Data Management

software, these two definitions tend to blurhowever but it is typical to see two or moredata management systems within anorganization. These systems are also linked to

other corporate systems such as SCM,CRM,andERP . Associated with these systems are ProjectManagement for Project \ Program Planning


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This central role is covered by Collaborative ProductDevelopment tools which run throughout the wholelifecycle and across organizations. This requires manytechnology tools in the areas ofConferencing ,Datasharing ,and Data Translation. The field being Productvisualation which includes technologies such as DMU (Digital Mock Up ) ,Immersive Virtual Digital Prototypingand Photo realistic imaging.

Alphanumeric is a combination of alphabetic andnumeric ( also called alphabetic ) and is used to describe

the collection of Latin Letters and Arabic Digits used bymuch of western society. there are either 36 single case or62 case sensitive alphanumeric characters. The alphamericcharacter set consists of numbers 0 to 9 and letters A to Z


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Product Visualation involves visualation software technology forthe viewing and manipulation of 3D models, technical drawingand other related documentation of manufactured componentsand large assemblies of the product. Product visualation softwaretypically provides high level of photorealism so that a product can

be viewed before it is actually manufactured. This supportsfunctions ranging from design and styling to sales and marketing.

Technically visualization is an important aspect of productdevelopment. Originally technical drawings were made by hand,but with the rise of advanced computer graphics the drawingboard has been replaced by Computer Aided Design (CAD ) .CAD

drawings and models have several advantages over hand madedrawings such as the possibility of 3 D modeling, rapidprototyping and simulation.


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Visual Communication Visual

Communication- is the communication of

ideas through the visual display of

information.Primerly associated with two

dimensional images ,it includes alphanumeric

,art, signs and electronic resources. Recent

research in the field has focused on webdesign and graphically oriented use ability.


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All phases ; Product Life Cycle

Visualization techniques Examples

iConstructing isosurfaces - An isosurface is a threedimensional analog of a isoline.It is a surface thatrepresents point of constant value ( e.g.

pressure,temprature,velocity, density) within avolume of space

ii- Direct volume rendering is a technique used todisplay a 2D projection of a 3D discreetly sampleddata.

iii-Charts

pie chart, bar chart ,histogram etc iv Maps

v- Table , Matrix


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Product Development processes &

Methodologies 1 Concurrent engineering work flow Also called

Simultanous engineering is a work flow that instead ofworking sequently through stages,carries out a number oftasks in parallel.For example : starting tool desigmn beforethe deatailed designs of the product are finished,or startingon deatail design solid models before the concept designsurfaces models are complete.Although this does notnecessarily reduce the amount of manpower required for aproject,it does drastically reduce lead times and thus timeto market.Feature based CAD systems have for many years

allowed the simultanous work on 3D solid models and the2D drawing by means of two separate files,with thedrawing looking at the data in the model,when the modelchanges the drawing will associatively update


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Product development processess &

Methodologies

Some CAD packages also allow associative copying ofgeometry between files.This allows ,for example ,thecopying of a part design into the files used by the toolingdesigner.The manufacturing engineer can the start work on

tools before the final design freeze,when a design changessize or shape, the tool geometry will thenupdate.Concurrent engineering also has the added benefitof providing better and more immediate communicationbetween departments,reducing the chance of costly ,late

design changes.It adopts a problem prevention method ascompared to the problem solving and re-designing methodof traditional sequential engineering.


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Product Dev.processes& methodoligies

2 Bottom up Design Bottom Up Design (CAD centric)occurs where the defination of 3D Models of a productstarts with the construction of indivudualcomponants.these are then virtually brought together

in subassemblies of more than one level untill the fullproduct is digitally defined.This is sometimes known asthe review structure showing what the product willlook like.The BOM contains all of the componants,itmay contain other items required for final

product.BOM such as Paint ,glue oil and othermaterials commonly described as bulk items.Bulkitems typically have mass and quantities but are notusually modelled with geometry .


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Product Dev. Processes\

Methodologies (contd)

Bottom up design tends to focus on the capabilities ofavailable real-world physicallytechnology,implementing those csolutions which thistechnology is most suited to.when these bottom up

solutions have real world value,bottom up design canbe much more efficient than top down design.The riskof bottom up design is that it very efficiently providessolutions to low-value problems.The focus of Bottom

Up design is what can we most efficiently do with thistechnology rather than the focus of Top-Down which iswhat is the most valuable thing to do.


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Product dev.Processes\Methodologies

3 Top Down Design Top Down Design is focussed on high levelfunctional requirements ., with relatively less focus on existingimplementation technology.A top level spec is decomposed intolower and lower level structuress and specifications,untill thephysical implementation layer is reached.The risk of a top down

design is that it will not take advantage of the most efficientapplications of current physical technology,especially with respectto hardware implementation.Top down design sometimes results inexcessive layers of lower level abstraction and inefficientperformance when the Top down model has followed anabstraction path which does not efficiently fit available physical level technology.The positive value of Top DOWN design is that itpreserves a focus on the optimum solution requirements.


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Product Dev. Process \Methodologies

A PartCentric Top Down Design may eliminate some of therisks of TopDown design. This starts with a layout model ,often a simple2D sketch defining basic sizes and some majordefining parameters. Industrial Design ,brings creative ideas toproduct development. Geometry from this is associatively

copied down to the the next level, which represents differentsub-systems of the product..The geometry in the subsystems isthen used to define more details in level .Depending on thecomplexity of the product, a number of levels of this assemblyare created until the basic definition of components can beidentified, such as position and principal dimensions. this

information is then associately copied to component files. Inthese files the components are detailed, this is where theclassic bottom up assembly starts.


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Product Dev. Process \ Methodologies

The top down assembly is sometimes known as acontrol structure. If a single file is used to define thelayout and parameters for the review structure it isoften known as Skeleton file.

Defense engineering traditionally develops btheproduct structure from the top down. the system,engineering process prescribes a functionaldecomposition of requirements and the physicalallocation of product structure to the functions. this

top down approach would normally have lower levelsof the product structure developed from CAD data asa bottom up structure or design.


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Both-Ends-Against-The-Middle design

Both-Ends-Against-The-Middle (BEATM) design is a designprocess that endeavors to combine the best features ofTop-Down design, and Bottom-Up design into oneprocess. A BEATM design process flow may begin with anemergent technology which suggests solutions which mayhave value, or it may begin with a top-down view of animportant problem which needs a solution. In either casethe key attribute of BEATM design methodology is toimmediately focus at both ends of the design process

flow:a top down view of the solution requirements, and abottom up view of the available technology which mayoffer promise of an efficient solution.


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Both-EndsAgainst-TheMiddle

design

The BEATM design process proceeds from bothends in search of an optimum mergingsomewhere between the top-downrequirements, and bottom-up efficient

implementation. In this fashion, BEATM hasbeen shown to genuinely offer the best of bothmethodologies. Indeed some of the best successstories from either top-down or bottom-up have

been successful because of an intuitive, yetunconscious use of the BEATM methodology.When employed consciously ,BEATM offersmore powerful advantage.


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Front loading design and work

has been defined or a project kick-off has beenauthorized. These assemblies of files constitutea template from which a family of products can

be constructed. When the decision has beenmade to go with a new product, the parametersof the product are entered into the templatemodel and all the associated data is updated.

Obviously predefined associative models willnot be able to predict all possibilities and willrequire additional work.


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Design in context

Individual components cannot be constructed inisolation. CAD; CAiD models of components aredesigned within the context of part or all of theproduct being developed. This is achieved

using assembly modelling techniques. Othercomponents geometry can be seen and referencedwithin the CAD tool being used. The othercomponents within the sub-assembly, may or maynot have been constructed in the same system, their

geometry being translated from other CPD formats.Some assembly checking such as DMU is also carriedout using Product visualization software


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Product and process lifecycle

management (PPLM) Product and process lifecycle management (PPLM) is

an alternate genre of PLM in which the process bywhich the product is made is just as important as theproduct itself. Typically, this is the life sciences and

advanced specialty chemicals markets. The processbehind the manufacture of a given compound is a keyelement of the regulatory filing for a new drugapplication. As such, PPLM seeks to manageinformation around the development of the process

in a similar fashion that baseline PLM talks aboutmanaging information around development of theproduct.


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Market size

Total spending on PLM software and services

was estimated in 2006 to be above $15

billion a year, but it is difficult to find any two

market analysis reports that agree on figures.

Market growth estimates are in the 10% area


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Product information management

The increasing number of channels for product data (e.g., web sites,print catalogs, electronic data feeds) emphasized the need for productinformation management, as information kept by businesses isfrequently scattered throughout disparate departments and held bycertain employees or systems instead of being available centrally.Product data often exists in ERP systems,

R&D PLM systems, spreadsheets and personal databases.Data are savedin various different formats or are only available in hardcopy form.Information is utilized in varying environments and contexts such as fordetailed product descriptions with pricing info in product catalogs or forsize and weight data for calculating freight costs in a logisticsdepartment. PIM in this example represents a solution for centralized,media-independent data maintenance for providing purchasing,

production and communications data for repeated use on/in multiple ITsystems, languages, output media and publications. It also provides asolution for efficient data collection, management, refinement andoutput

Th T Ni E B i T d f


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The Top Nine E-Business Trends for

the 21st Century

1-E-business will become a critical competitive strategy that will revolutionize theglobal economy.

2-Companies will learn to manage customers' relationships by virtually servingtheir needs "24 7"-24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

3-E-business that enables customers to personalize and customize products orservices will flourish.

4-Using the Net to find new customers and to better target customer preferenceswill be a standard practice.

5-Producing, marketing, and distributing products or services online will be acost-effective strategy for business.

6-Learning to develop and serve online communities with niche interests will beessential to building customer loyalty.

7-E-business models that provide greater choice for customers will change the

traditional economics of supply and demand. 8-Ready access to the Net from multiple gateways-cable TV, satellite, wireless

telephones, and other devices-will greatly expand e-business opportunities.

9-Highly efficient e-business virtual supply chains will intimately linkmanufacturers and producers directly to customers

project lifecycle management

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